From: alves@calvin.usc.edu (William Alves)
Subject: Re: music composition languages
Date: 17 Jun 91 18:29:22 GMT

I once tried to compile a list of computer music languages, which I've
included below. I've posted it in the hopes that it will be useful and
that some readers out there can help fill in the missing information or
correct any mistakes. It brings up interesting questions about what,
exactly, is a computer music language. But I'll leave that to you to
decide. It's roughly in chronological order.

Bill Alves

----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY LISTING OF COMPUTER MUSIC LANGUAGES

		Computer			Author(s)
Language	or OS		Language	Year	(Institution)

MUSIC I		IBM 704		Assembler	1957	Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
MUSIC II	IBM 7094	Assembler	1958	Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
MUSIC III	IBM 7094	Assembler	1960	Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
MUSIC IV	IBM 7094	Macro		1963	Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
		assembler
MUSIC 4B	IBM 360?	FORTRAN IV	1964	Godfrey Winham and
							Hubert Howe (Princeton)
MUSIC 4F /	?		FORTRAN IV	1967	Arthur Roberts (Ar-
ORPHEUS							gonne National Lab-
							oratory)
GROOVE		Honeywell	FORTRAN IV	1968	Mathews, Moore (Bell 
		DDP-224		& assembler		Labs)
MUSIC V		independent	FORTRAN IV	1969	Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
				& assembler
MUSIC 360	IBM/360		FORTRAN IV	1969	Barry Vercoe (MIT)
				& 360 assembler
MUSIC 6	?	?		?			(Stanford)
MUSIC 4BF	?		FORTRAN IV	1972	Godfrey Winham and
							Hubert Howe (Prince-
							ton)
OUTPERFORM	PDP-11		FORTRAN IV	1972	D. Jaeger, D. Lester 
							(University of Toronto)
SYMPFONICS	?		FORTRAN IV	1972	B. Vassaur (U. of 
							Tulsa)
MUSIC 7		IBM 370		FORTRAN IV	?	Hubert Howe (Queens
 				Metasymbol		College)
MUSIC7		PDP-8		FORTRAN IV	?	L. Hiller (SUNY 
							Buffalo)
MUSIC 10	PDP-10		?		?	J. Chowning, A. Moorer 
							(Stanford)
MUSIC 11	DEC PDP-11	Macro-II	1973	Barry Vercoe (MIT)
POD6		HP-2116		FORTRAN IV	1973	Barry Truax (Institute
							of Sonology, Utrecht)
MUS10		PDP-10		FORTRAN IV	1974	Leland Smith (Stanford)
				& MACRO 10
MOM		HP2100A		HPassembler	1974	G. Winham, M. Zucker-
		HP2116C					man (Princeton)
ORGANUM 1	IBM 370		PL/I		1974	Tisato (? Italy)
ST		IBM/360?	FORTRAN IV	?	Iannis Xenakis 
							(CEMAMu, Paris)
DCMP		IBM 360		FORTRAN IV	?	Grossi, Paoli, Sommi
							(CNUCE, Pisa, Italy)
LPC		IBM 370		FORTRAN IV	1975	Mian, Offelli (? Italy)
PROD		?		?			M. Green 
SSP		PDP-15/20	MACRO-15	1975	G. M. Koeniq (Insti-
							tute of Sonology, 
							Utrecht)
POD7		HP-2116		FORTRAN IV	1975	Barry Truax (Simon
							Fraser University)
MUSCMP		DEC PDP-11	SAIL		?	(Stanford)
MUS8		MITS Altair	BASIC		1976	R. Boudinot
PILE		DEC PDP-15	Macro		1977	Paul Berg (Institute 
							of Sonology, Utrecht)
invokator	UNIX		C		1977	C. Abbott
SYNTA L-II	PDP-10		FORTRAN IV	1977	W. Slawson (Univ. of 
							Pittsburgh)
UPIC		Stand-alone?	Assembler	?	Xenakis (CEMAMu)
autoklang	Burroughs	Algol		?	Curtis Roads
		B6700
PLAY1		DEC PDP-11	PDP-11		1977	Joel Chadabe and Roger
				assembler		Myers (NYSU Albany)
PLAY2		DEC PDP-11?	XPL		1978	Joel Chadabe and Roger
							Myers (NYSU Albany)
PLACOMP	PLATO/	?		?		1978	D. Murray, J. Beau-
							champ, and G. Loitz
			 				(Univ. of Illinois)
TREE/COTREE	?		?		1978	Curtis Roads (MIT)
SSSP		UNIX		C		1978	Buxton, et. al.
							(University of Toronto)
SYN4B		DEC LSI-11	LSI-11 		1978	N. Rolnick (IRCAM) 
		assembler	
INV		UNIX		C		1978	Curtis Abbott (IRCAM)
CHANT		DEC PDP-11	SAIL		1979	Xavier Rodet, Yves 
							Potard, and Conrad
			 				Cummings (IRCAM)
MUSIC 1000	DEC PDP-11	?		1979	Dean Walraff (DMX)
4CED		DEC PDP-11	MACRO-11?	1979	Curtis Abbott (IRCAM)
Music Composi-	Fairlight	?		1980	(Fairlight Instruments)
tion Language	CMI
CMUSIC		UNIX		C		?	(UCSD)
Algorithmic	CP/M		?		1982	(Electronic Arts 
Music Language						Research)
Pla		?		SAIL		1983	Bill Schottstaedt
							(Stanford)
SCRIPT		Synclavier	XPL		1984?	(New England Digital)
Flavors Band	Lisp Machine	LISP		1984	C. Fry
Arctic		?		?		1984	Roger B. Dannenberg, 
							Paul McAvinney, and
			 				Dean Rubine (Carnegie
				 			Mellon)
FORMES		DEC VAX		LISP		1984	Xavier Rodet and Pierre
		11/780					Cointe (IRCAM)
HMSL		Macintosh,	FORTH		1985	Larry Polansky, David 
		Atari Amiga				Rosenboom, and Phil
			 				Burke (Mills College)
CSOUND		UNIX		C		1986	Barry Vercoe (MIT)
CMIX		UNIX		C		?	(Princeton)
MASC		?		?		?	Dan Kelley
FORMULA		?		?		?	Ron Kuivila

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: csz%well@apple.com (Carter Scholz)
To: piet@cs.ruu.nl
Subject: Computer Music Language LIst
Date: Sun, 24 Nov 91 18:35:21 pst

Earlier this year I volunteered to compile a list of music composition
languages, based on responses from the Net.  Thanks to all who
responded, especially Bill Alves and Roger Dannenberg, who submitted
the bulk of these entries, and suggested a format.

This list makes no pretense to completeness, timeliness,
usefulness, or to defining what a computer music language is or is
not.  It is simply an unedited compilation of data that Internet
users chose to send me after reading my query about computer music
languages.  If you have additions, emendations, or suggestions,
I'll be happy to hear them, and if I have the time I'll update the
list sometime in the future.  

Carter Scholz     csz@well.sf.ca.us

========================


Language: MUSIC I/II/III/IV
Computer or OS: IBM 7094
Language: Assembler
Year: 1957/58/60/63
Author: Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 4B
Computer or OS: IBM 360
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1964
Author: Godfrey Winham & Hubert Howe (Princeton)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIGOL
Computer or OS: Burroughs B5500
Language: 
Year: 1966
Author: Donald McInnis, Paul S. Davis, William A Wulf (U. of Virginia)
Reference: 
Description: There was an Algol based language MUSIGOL 
fashioned after the Bell Labs  MUSIC I-V  programs. It was created by 
Donald McInnis, Paul S. Davis and William A. Wulf in 1966 at the Univ 
of Virginia.   MUSIGOL ran on a Burroughs B5500 and used an Adage 
Ambilog 200 as a DAC.
From:  John Chalmers  (chalmers@violet.berkeley.edu)

Language: MUSIC 4F ORPHEUS
Computer or OS: 
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1967
Author: Arthur Roberts (Argonne National Laboratory)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: GROOVE
Computer or OS: Honeywell DDP-224
Language: Fortran IV & assembler
Year: 1968
Author: Mathews, Moore (Bell Labs)
Reference: Comm. Assoc. for Computing Machinery 13S:12
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC V
Computer or OS: independent
Language: Fortran IV & assembler
Year: 1969
Author: Max Mathews (Bell Labs)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 360
Computer or OS: IBM/360
Language: Fortran IV & 360 assembler
Year: 1969
Author: Barry Vercoe (MIT)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 6
Computer or OS: 
Language: 
Year: 
Author: (Stanford)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 4BF
Computer or OS: 
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1972
Author: Godfrey Winham and Hubert Howe (Princeton)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: OUTPERFORM
Computer or OS: PDP-11
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1972
Author: D. Jaeger, D. Lester (University of Toronto)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SYMPFONICS
Computer or OS: 
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1972
Author: B. Vassaur (U. of Tulsa)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC7
Computer or OS: PDP-8
Language: Forran IV
Year: 
Author: Lejaren Hiller (SUNY Buffalo)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 10
Computer or OS: PDP-10
Language: 
Year: 
Author: J. Chowning, A. Moorer (Stanford)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUSIC 11
Computer or OS: DEC PDP-11
Language: Macro-II
Year: 1973
Author: Barry Vercoe (MIT)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUS10
Computer or OS: PDP-10
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1974
Author: Leland Smith (Stanford)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MOM
Computer or OS: HP2100A
Language: HP assembler
Year: 1974
Author: G. Winham, M. Zuckerman (Princeton)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: ORGANUM 1
Computer or OS: IBM 370
Language: PL/I
Year: 1974
Author: Tisato
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: ST
Computer or OS: IBM 360
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 
Author: Xenakis (CEMAMu, Paris)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: DCMP
Computer or OS: IBM 360
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 
Author: Grossi, Paoli, Sommi
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: LPC
Computer or OS: IBM 370
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1975
Author: Mian, Offeli
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: PROD
Computer or OS: 
Language: 
Year: 
Author: M. Green
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SSP
Computer or OS: PDP-15/20
Language: Macro-15
Year: 1975
Author: G. M. Koenig (Inst. of Sonology, Utrecht)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: POD6, POD7
Computer or OS: HP-2116
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1973, 1975
Author: Barry Truax (Simon Fraser U.)
Reference: Computer Music Journal 1:3
Description: 
From: 

Language: MUSCMP
Computer or OS: DEC PDP-11
Language: SAIL
Year: 
Author: 
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MUS8
Computer or OS: MITS Altair
Language: BASIC
Year: 1976
Author: R. Boudinot
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: PILE
Computer or OS: DEC PDP-15
Language: Macro
Year: 1977
Author: Paul Berg (Inst. of Sonology, Utrecht)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: invokator
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 1977
Author: C. Abbott
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SYNTA L-II
Computer or OS: PDP-10
Language: Fortran IV
Year: 1977
Author: Wayne Slawson (U of Pittsburgh)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: autoklang
Computer or OS: Burroughs B6700
Language: Algol
Year: 
Author: Curtis Roads
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: UPIC
Computer or OS: ?
Language: ?
Year: 
Author: Xenakis (CEMAMu)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: 

Language: PLAY1, PLAY2
Computer or OS: DEC PDP-11
Language: XPL
Year: 1977-8
Author: Joel Chadabe & Roger Myers (NYSU Albany)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: PLACOMP
Computer or OS: PLATO/
Language: 
Year: 1978
Author: D. Murray, J. Beauchamp, G. Loitz (U of Ill.)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: TREE/COTREE
Computer or OS: 
Language: 
Year: 1978
Author: Curtis Roads (MIT)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SYN4B
Computer: LSI-11/03
Language: LSI-11 assembler
Year: 1978
Author: Neil Rolnick & Phillipe Prevot (IRCAM)
Reference: Computer Music Journal 2:2
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SSSP
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 1978
Author: Buxton et al. (U of Toronto)
Reference: Computer Music Journal 2:4, 3:4
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: INV
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 1978
Author: Curtis Abbott (IRCAM)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: Music-1000
Computer or OS: LSI-11
Language: LSI-11 assembler
Year: 1978
Author: Dean Wallraff
Reference: 3:4
Description: Score and orchestra language for DMX-1000 signal 
processor.
From: 

Language: CHANT
Computer or OS: PDP-11
Language: SAIL
Year: 1979
Author: Xavier Rodet , Yves Potard, Conrad Cummings (IRCAM)
Reference: Computer Music Journal
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: 4CED
Computer or OS: PDP-11
Language: Macro-11?
Year: 1979
Author: Curtis Abbott
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: Music Composition Language
Computer or OS: Fairlight CMI
Language: Forth
Year: 198?
Author: Fairlight Instruments
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: Cmusic
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 198?
Author: F. Richard Moore (UCSD)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: 

Language: Algorithmic Music Language
Computer or OS: CP/M
Language: ?
Year: 1982
Author: Electronic Arts
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: Pla
Computer or OS: ?
Language: SAIL
Year: 1983
Author: Bill Schottstaedt (Stanford)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: FOIL (Far Our Instrument Language)
Computer or OS: Buchla ??
Language: Forth
Year: 
Author: Lynx Crowe, D. Rosenboom?
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: SCRIPT
Computer or OS: Synclavier
Language: XPL
Year: 1984
Author: New England Digital Corp.
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: Flavors Band
Computer or OS: Lisp Machine
Language: LISP
Year: 1984
Author: Christopher Fry
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: FORMES
Computer or OS: DEC VAX
Language: Lisp
Year: 1984
Author: Xavier Rodet, Pierre Cointe (IRCAM)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: HMSL
Computer or OS: custom 68000, Amiga, Macintosh
Language: Forth
Year: 1985
Author: David Rosenboom, Larry Polansky, Phil Burk
Reference: Proceedings of the ICMC, 1985, 1987
Description: HMSL (Hierarchical Music Specification Language) is an
object-oriented software environment for experimental music
composition, with an emphasis on real-time user-machine interaction. 
Currently (10/91) at version 4.19, it's available from Frog Peak Music,
Box A36, Hanover NH 03755.
From: csz@well.sf.ca.us

Language: Csound
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 1986
Author: Barry Vercoe (MIT)
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: CMIX
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C
Year: 
Author: Paul Lansky?
Reference: 
Description: 
From: alves%calvin.usc.edu%usc%elroy.jpl.nasa.gov@com.dec.decwrl 
(William Alves)

Language: MASC
Computer or OS: Commodore C-64
Language: Forth
Year: 1986
Author: Dan Kelley
Reference: Keyboard, ?/86
Description: 
From: csz@well.sf.ca.us

Language: FORMULA
Computer or OS: Atari, Mac
Language: Forth
Year: 
Author: Dave Anderson (UC Berkeley) & Ron Kuivila (Wesleyan U)
Reference: July 1991 IEEE Computer
Description: 
From: Marc Sabatella <apple!hpfcso.fc.hp.com!mjs>
FORMULA is a language/multitasking OS for the Atari ST and Mac.  It is 
a project of David Anderson at UC Berkeley and Ron Kuivila as Wesleyan 
University in Connecticut; I worked on it as my Master's project three 
years ago.  It is based on (and built on top of) Forth.  The basic 
idea of FORMULA is to represent music as cooperating processes.  For 
instance, each part of a symphony might be a different process.  Also, 
the generation of pitches, durations, velocities, and tempo can 
similarly be controlled by separate processes.
From: Marc Sabatella (marc@hpmonk.fc.hp.com)

Language: AMPLE
Computer or OS: Acorn
Language: 
Year: 
Author: 
Reference: 
Description: Yes, I've got a copy of [AMPLE].  The hardware was a box 
that plugs into a BBC's 1MHz port and included 16 tone generators each 
capable of generating an arbitary waveform.  How they made it so cheap 
(200 quit initially, I bought one for 30) I can't imagine.  It was 
developed for ACorn by a co. called Hybrid (NOT Hybrid Arts, also in 
comp. music buisiness).  When Acorn finished selling the prod. Hybrid 
continued to develop it but a co. called Peartree(?) tried (it was 
rumoured) to produce a board for a PC. (I think!). 
     The original language was called AMPLE BCE.  Hybrid later altered 
it a bit (incl. made it run from ROM) calling it AMPLE Nucleus.  It's 
very like FORTH - It's a stack-based language.  All numbers are 16 bit 
integers.
     2 3 4 + * nout
prints "14" (nout prints the number on the top of the stack). Its got 
the control structures you'd expect.
     Music?  Well, the letters a-g are the musical notes.  A change to 
capitals indicates a change up an octave, to lowercase is down 
(symbols < and > do this expiccitly).  Eg CDEFGABCDEFGABC^ 
Cbagfedcbagfedc plays a rising 2 octave acale of C, one rest (^) and a 
descending scale, finishing of the same note. Oh, I nearly forgot - 
it's multi-tasking!  On a 6502! And it works! This is from memory - 
I've got the manual at home, Email me for more info.  I believe 
someone wrote an adventure prog in Ample Nucleus.
From: Andrew Morley - Flossie | abm88@uk.ac.soton.ecs ... 
abm88@ecs.soton.uk.ac
Description: For information on Ample, you should contact:
  Hybrid Technology Ltd
  Unit 273
  Science Park
  Milton Road
  Cambridge CB4 4WE
  England
  Tel: +44 223 420360
     They are the 'owners' (and I believe originators) of the 
language, and produce interpreters, synthesisers and so on. The 
language has a definite flavour of Forth to it.
     The Music page of the Acorn User magazine (published in England 
by Redwood Publishing) reviews a disc or two of Ample files most 
months; getting in touch with the authors should help your quest for 
users.
  Michael J Hardy
  Technical Publications
  Acorn Computers
From: "Michael Hardy, Tech Pubs" <apple!acorn.co.uk!mhardy>

Language: Kyma
Computer or OS: Mac
Language: Smalltalk
Year: 1986
Author: Carla Scaletti
Reference: "The Kyma/Platypus Workstation," Computer Music Journal, 
vol. 13, no. 2. "Composing Sound Objects in Kyma," Perspectives of New 
Music, vol. 27, no. 1.
Description:  I have developed a language called Kyma for specifying 
and manipulating sound.  It is a visual language and is based on units 
called "sound objects" rather than the "notes" of standard music 
notation.  Structures specified in Kyma can be compiled for real-time 
samples generation on a digital signal processor.  Kyma is described 
in an issue of CMJ devoted to object-oriented music applications.  The 
first version of Kyma was begun in 1986.  In 1989 I formed a company 
to further develop Kyma and to make it available to others. The 
current version of Kyma is already quite a bit different from the Kyma 
in the CMJ article (and it continues to evolve as more and more people 
use it and provide feedback).

Language: Arctic
Computer or OS: Unix
Year: 
Language: C
Reference: (ArcticCMJ
        ,key = "Dannenberg"
        ,author = "Dannenberg, R. B., P. McAvinney, and D. Rubine"
        ,title = "Arctic: A Functional Language for Real-Time Systems"
        ,journal = "Computer Music Journal"
        ,volume = "10"
        ,number = "4"
        ,month = "Winter"
        ,year = "1986"
        ,pages = "67-78"
        )

Language: Adagio
Computer or OS: Mac, PC, Atari, Amiga
Language: C
Year: 1984
Author: Roger B. Dannenberg
Reference: @inproceedings(cmt
        ,key "Dannenberg"
        ,author "Dannenberg, R. B."
        ,title "The CMU MIDI Toolkit"
        ,booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986
                International Computer Music Conference"
        ,year = "1986"
        ,organization = "Computer Music Association"
        ,address "San Francisco"
        ,pages "53-56"
        )

Language: Moxc
Computer or OS: Mac, PC, Atari, Amiga
Language: C
Year: 1984
Author: Roger B. Dannenberg
Reference: @inproceedings(cmt
        ,key "Dannenberg"
        ,author "Dannenberg, R. B."
        ,title "The CMU MIDI Toolkit"
        ,booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986
                International Computer Music Conference"
        ,year = "1986"
        ,organization = "Computer Music Association"
        ,address "San Francisco"
        ,pages "53-56"
        )

Language: Canon
Computer or OS: Macintosh
Language: C (XLisp)
Year: 1987
Author: Roger B. Dannenberg
Reference: @article(CanonCMJ
        ,key = "Dannenberg"
        ,author = "Dannenberg, R. B."
        ,title = "The Canon Score Language"
        ,journal = "Computer Music Journal"
        ,volume = "13"
        ,number = "1"
        ,month = "Spring"
        ,year = "1989"
        ,pages = "47-56"
        )

Language: Fugue
Computer or OS: Unix
Language: C + XLisp
Year: 1988
Author: Roger B. Dannenberg, Chris Fraley
Reference: @inproceedings(ICMCFugue
        ,key "Dannenberg"
        ,author "Dannenberg, R. B. and C. L. Fraley"
        ,title "Fugue: Composition and Sound Synthesis With Lazy 
Evaluation
        and Behavioral Abstraction"
        ,booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1989
                International Computer Music Conference"
        ,year = "1989"
        ,organization = "Computer Music Association"
        ,address "San Francisco"
        ,pages "76-79"
        )
	ALSO July 1991 IEEE Computer

Language: Keynote
Computer or OS: Unix, Mac, Amiga
Language: C
Year: 
Author: Tim Thompson (tjt@twitch.att.com)
Reference: 
Description: Keynote is an awk-like programming language and graphical 
editor for MIDI data, with both algorithmic and realtime applications.  
The graphical interface is based on only a few built-in functions - 
the entire user interface of a complete music editor (piano-roll style 
with pop-up menus) is written in Keynote itself, and is hence 
completely customizable and extensible by the user.  Although it works 
best on UNIX systems under the X Window System, Keynote is portable 
and runs on the Macintosh and Amiga. Complete C source code is 
available, contact tjt@twitch.att.com for more info.
From: Tim Thompson (tjt@twitch.att.com)

Language: Max
Computer or OS: Mac
Language: C
Year: 1986-
Author: Miller Puckette (IRCAM) and David Zicarelli (Opcode Systems)
Reference: Keyboard 2/91
Description: A graphical, object-oriented language in which pre-
compiled input/output primitives of specific function can be "patched" 
together graphically onscreen to create large interactive systems.  
Primarily but not exclusively MIDI-oriented.  User primitives can be 
compiled in Think C. Opcode Systems Inc., 3641 Haven Drive Suite A,
Menlo Park CA 94025
From: Carter Scholz (csz@well.sf.ca.us)

Language: Ravel
Computer or OS: IBM-PC
Language: C
Year: 1988?
Author: Jim Binkley
Reference: Keyboard, 11/88
Description: Ravel, C source for Ravel, and binaries for pip are 
available via anonymous ftp from 131.252.20.145 potemkin.cs.pdx.edu  
Look in the pub/music/ravel directory.  Ravel is a computer music 
prog. language that runs on the ibm-pc. It's a large system.  
Documentation in the form of ASCII files, binaries, and ravel music 
are on potemkin.  src for ravel has been uploaded  pip has been 
uploaded. pip is a programmable color organ for the pc. It requires 
EGA or VGA graphics capabilities plus an MPU-401 MIDI interface.  The 
idea is that music is turned into graphics. There are 3 pip demos with 
pip. 
From: jrb@jove.cs.pdx.edu (Jim Binkley)

Language: Symbolic Composer
Computer or OS: Atari
Language: Lisp
Year: 1991 
Author: Pekka Tolonen (igor@clinet.fi)
Reference: 
Description: SC allows the user to create music from almost any 
source: text, fractals, association-structures...  in almost any 
style.... It is quite a difficult language to learn, but it offers 
almost endless possibilities. It is not yet widely advertized; I 
learned of its existance by NetNews and Email. It happened that I was 
the first customer!  Feel free to contact the author on this subject, 
and if you want you can mention my name. I heartily can recommend this 
software for anyone who is willing to invest a lot of effort. He/she 
will be rewarded with new music, and a lot of new musical ideas. 
From: Fokke de Boer (mtvfb@rivm39.rivm.nl)

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