

phoneme l
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel l/2       // use 'dark' [l] after a vowel
  formants l/l
  after _ l/_l  t l/tl
  before _ l/l_2
endphoneme


phoneme r
  liquid starttype r endtype r
  length 100
  lengthmod 7
  beforenotvowel r/
  trill
  formants r/rr
  after _ r/rr
  after t r/trr p r/trr k r/trr
  before _ r/r_
endphoneme


phoneme r/   // used for [r] when not preceding a vowel
  liquid
  length 100
  lengthmod 2   //
  formants r3/r_+r3/rx
  before n   r3/r_n+r3/rx
  after _ r/rr
  after t r/trr p r/trr k r/trr
endphoneme


phoneme ts
  vls alv afr sibilant
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1700 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1700 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts
endphoneme


phoneme dz;
  vcd pal afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  formants dzh/dzh+x/dz_pzd
  before _ dzh/dzh_+x/dzh_
  after _ NULL
  after @ dzh/xdzh
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing ts;
endphoneme


phoneme ts;
  vls pal afr sibilant palatal
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts_pzd
  before _ ustop/ts_pzd
  switchvoicing dz;
endphoneme



// Palatalized versions of consonants

phoneme t
  vls dnt stop
  vowelin f1=0  f2=1600 -300 300  f3=-100 80
  vowelout f1=0 f2=1600 -300 250  f3=-100 80  rms=20
  lengthmod 2
  wave  ustop/t_dnt%60
  before _ ustop/t_dnt%30
  before r ustop/tr
  switchvoicing d
endphoneme

phoneme t;
  vls pal stop palatal
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  vowelout f1=1  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 70 len=50
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/t_pzd%60
  before _ ustop/t_pzd%30
  switchvoicing d;
endphoneme


phoneme d
  vcd dnt stop
  vowelin f1=2  f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80
  vowelout f1=2 f2=1500 -300 300  f3=-150 80
  formants d/d+x/d_dnt%110
  before _ d/d_+x/d_
  before r d/dr+x/d_dnt%110
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t
endphoneme

phoneme d;
  vcd alv stop palatal
  vowelin f1=2  f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 80 rate len=80
  vowelout f1=2 f2=2700 400 600  f3=200 80 rate len=100
  formants d/d+x/d_pzd%80
  before _ d/d_+x/d_pzd%40
  before r d/dr+x/d_pzd%80
  after _ NULL
  after @ d/xd_pzd
  lengthmod 5
  switchvoicing t;
endphoneme


phoneme c
  vls pal afr sibilant
  vowelin f1=0  f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 rate len=70
  vowelout f1=0 f2=2700 400 600  f3=300 80 colr=1
  lengthmod 2
  wave ustop/ts_pzd2%70
  before _ ustop/ts_pzd_
  switchvoicing J
endphoneme



//*******************************************************************
// VOWELS
//*******************************************************************

// stressed vowels

phoneme i
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 130
  formants vwl_ru/i
//  reduceto I  4    // done in function ChangePhonemes()
endphoneme

phoneme ii
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/ii
endphoneme

phoneme i#
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 130
  formants vwl_ru/i#
//  reduceto I  4    // done in function ChangePhonemes()
endphoneme

phoneme i&
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/i&
endphoneme

phoneme y      // close central unrounded (i-bar)
  vowel starttype (i) endtype (i)
  length 190
  formants vowel/i#
//  reduceto Y  4
endphoneme


phoneme E
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 200
  formants vwl_ru/E
//  reduceto I  4
endphoneme

phoneme E#
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/E#
endphoneme

phoneme E@
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (e)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/E@
//  reduceto I  4
endphoneme


phoneme E:
  vowel  starttype (e)  endtype (@)
  length 220
  formants vowel/ee_1
  reduceto I  4
endphoneme

phoneme e@
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (e)
  length 200
  formants vwl_ru/e@
endphoneme



phoneme A
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/A
//  reduceto V  4         // done in function ChangePhonemes()
endphoneme


phoneme @
  vowel  starttype (@)  endtype (@)
  length 210
  formants vowel/@
//  reduceto V  4         
endphoneme


//phoneme A
//  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (a)
//  length 150
 // formants vowel/aa_2
//  reduceto V  4
//endphoneme


phoneme O
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/O
//  reduceto V  4
endphoneme

phoneme o
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 100
  formants vwl_ru/o
//  reduceto V  4
endphoneme

phoneme u
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/u
endphoneme


phoneme u#          
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 80
  formants vwl_ru/u#
endphoneme

phoneme u"        
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/u"
endphoneme

phoneme yo          
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/yo
  reduceto V  4
endphoneme


// softened vowels

phoneme e
  vowel starttype (e) endtype (e)
  length 190
  formants vowel/e
//  reduceto I  4
endphoneme


phoneme &
  vowel  starttype (i)  endtype (i)
  length 150
  formants vwl_ru/&
//  reduceto V  4
endphoneme


phoneme 8
  vowel starttype (o) endtype (o)
  length 200
  formants vowel/8
//  reduceto V  4
endphoneme


//phoneme u"
//  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
 // length 190
//  formants vowel/u_3
//  reduceto U  4
//endphoneme

phoneme ju
  vowel starttype (u) endtype (u)
  length 190
  formants vwl_ru/ju
endphoneme


// reduced vowels

phoneme I
  vowel  starttype (i) endtype (a)
  length 200
  formants vwl_ru/I
 // linkout ;
endphoneme


phoneme V
  vowel  starttype (a)  endtype (@)
  length 100
  formants vowel/V_2
endphoneme


phoneme U
  vowel  starttype (u)  endtype (u)
  length 140
  formants vowel/uu
endphoneme


phoneme Y
  vowel  starttype (u)  endtype (u)
  length 140
  formants vowel/ii#
endphoneme


phoneme a
  vowel   starttype (a)  endtype (a)
  formants vwl_ru/a
  length 100
endphoneme


