ۥ-   	                  5  S                                                     R  $  R  $ $R    $R    $R    $R    $R  " FR          FR    FR    FR    FR  
 PR  
       ZR  s R    R    R    R    R    R    R    R                                              R  4 S  
 S    S                                                                                        The International Phonetic Alphabet
(revised to 1993, corrected 1996)

Consonants (Pulmonic)
	
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal


Glottal


Plosive
p  b

t  d


_  
c   
k  _
q  





Nasal
m

n











Trill


r











Tap or Flap














Fricative
  _
f  v
  _
s  z
  _
  
  
x  
_  
_  

h  


Lateral 
fricative



_  _











Approximant
_





j







Lateral approximant



l











Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

Clicks

Voiced implosives

Ejectives



Bilabial
_
Bilabial

Examples:


Dental

Dental/alveolar
p
Bilabial

!
(Post)alveolar

Palatal
t
Dental/alveolar


Postalveolar

Velar
k
Velar


Alveolar lateral

Uvular
s
Alveolar fricative

Vowels
Close	i y	    _ _	} u
		    		      
Close-mid	    e 	       	{ o
			        \
Open-mid	                  	_ 
				 
Open		          a 		 

Where symbols appear in paris, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Other symbols

	Voiceless labial-velar fricatives	 _	Alveolo-palatial fricatives
w	Voiced labial-velar fricatives		Alveolar lateral flap
	Voiced labial-palatal approximant		Simultaneous  and x
/	Voiceless epiglottal fricative	
_	Voiced epiglottal fricative	Affricates and double articulations
	Epiglottal plosive	can be represented by two symbols
		joined by a tie-bar if necessary
			
		kp   ths 

Diacritics   Diacritics may be place above a symbol with a descender, e.g. _
 _
Voiceless
n_
d_
 
Breathy voiced
b
a
 _
Dental
t5
d_

 
Voiced
s
t7
 _
Creaky voiced
b_
a_
 _
Apical
t%
d_

_
Aspirated
t_
d_
 
Linguolabial
tA
d
 __
Laminal
t5%
d__

 
More rounded


_
Labialised
t_
d_
 ~
Nasalised

e~

 
Less rounded


_
Palatalised
t_
d_
n
Nasal realease

dn

 _
Advanced
u_


Velarised
t
d

Lateral release

d

 
Retracted
e


Pharyngealised
t
d

No audible release

d

 
Centralised
e

 
Velarised or pharyngealised     "







 x  
Mid-centralised
ex

 
Raised                          e      ( = a voiced alveolar fricative)







 
Syllabic
n

 
Lowered                      e      (_ = voiced bilabial approximant)







 
Non-syllabic
e

 
Advanced tongue root             e








Rhoticity
|
a
 /
Retracted tongue root              e/









Suprasegmentals
	Primary Stress
	Secondary Stress	
		fon\ts\n
	Long		e
	Half-long	e
 	Extra-short	e
"	Minor (foot) group
	Major (intonation) group
.	Syllable break	.kt
  h	Linking (absence of a break)

Tones and Word Accents

e or		Extra high		e or		Rising
e'		High			e		Falling
e		Mid			e		High rising
e`		Low			e		Low rising
e		Extra low		e		Rising-falling


u  =/u w x   =/
u  =/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     g                        $  h  j                                                	             ¾      }y                                                     @                                                                                                         @          @    $ .  (  ,  6  8  ;  K  N  W  [  l  n  q                                              #  %  '  1  3  <  D  V  X  Z  _  a             ~z                                                                       @                                                                                                          .a  g  q  y  }              	  $  &  '  (  G  I  ^  `  a  b                                     e  l  m  q  }                         ~z                       @                                                                                                     @    @         @@    @                0              	  	  	  		  	  	  	  	  	  #	  2	  >	  F	  G	  H	  N	  P	  S	  ^	  j	  x	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	   ÿ  {wsok                                                                                                                                                                                           )	  	  	  	  
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                          !  #  1  3  5      |x                 @                                                                                                                                                ,                        )  2  9  A  M  O  Q  Z  \  Ż                                                                                                                                                                                      	       L           	       L  	                  	       L  	                 	       P   	       L         L                  \  ^  g  m  o  u  w  y                  zmmmmmm``VL                                                                         	         	       ( (          ( (          L( (   
       L( (         L( (          L( (   ^       P    #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                                 yyyyyyyyyl_UK                                                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          L( (   m       P      # &(*,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	                                                           yyyyyyyyyl_UK                                                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          L( (   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	    	   	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                                           	    
            yyyyyyyyyl_UK                                                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          L( (   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                               $  *  0  6  <  B  H  N  T  Z  `  b  h  j  yyyyyyyyyl_UK                                                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          L( (   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                           j  l  v                                {{nnnnnnaTJ@                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          LL(          L( (          L( (   ^       P    #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                                 yyyyyyyyyl_UK                                                                       	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (          L( (   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                                                          yynaaaaaaaTG=3                  	       L  	       ( (          L( (          ( (          L( (   
       L(         L( (          L( (   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                              	                                ||||||ME>6-             h         h        h        h .       P L $	$	HHll 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	         h                   m       P      #((,,  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	   	 	 	 	  	 	 	    	   	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	                               	        (  ,  6  8  ;  K  N  W  [  l  `XQI@8/                 h         h        h         h        h        h .       P L $	@Hdl    	                   	             	                   	         h         h        h         h        h        h .       P L $	@Hdl    	                 	 	       	     	                   	         h         hl  n  q                          ºqibZQI@                                                             h         h        h         h        h        h .       P L $	@Hdl    	                   	             	                   	         h         h        h         h        h        h .       P L $	@Hdl    	                   	             	                   	           %  3  X  a  {  }            &  `        :  ^  c  q  s                      	  	  		  yooo                            	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (          x             	                   .       P L $	@Hdl    	 	         	       	 	         	 	       	         	 	 &		  	  	  	  	  	  #	  2	  6	  :	  >	  F	  J	  N	  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
N	  P	  S	  ^	  b	  f	  j	  x	  |	  	  	  	  	  	  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
	  	  	  	  	  	  	  
  
  
  
  #
  %
  )
  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
)
  +
  /
  9
  =
  ?
  B
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  Q
  U
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  i
  k
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  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
o
  q
  u
  
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  
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  
  
  xnnn                                                                                                                                                       	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
  
  
  
  
  
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             
  pbbb                                                                                                                               
        
 ( (           
 ( (   
        
 ( (   
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

l$ #$&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	   	   	     	   	     	   	     	   	 	 
      #  '  )  -  y  {  }          pbbbb                                                                                                                               
        
 ( (           
 ( (   
        
 ( (   
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

&&&&&&&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	  	   	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	 
                            pbbbb                                                                                                                               
        
 ( (           
 ( (   
        
 ( (   
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

&&&&&&&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	  	   	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	 
              7  9  ;  =  ?  A  C  pbbbb                                                                                                                               
        
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 ( (   
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

&&&&&&&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	  	   	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	 
C  E  H  S  V  Z  ^                pbbbb                                                                                                                               
        
 ( (           
 ( (   
        
 ( (   
       ( (  	       ( (  
       ( (  R       P  p(

&&&&&&&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	  	   	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	 
                    
  $
  @
  Y
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  }
  
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  
  
  
    3  5                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ( (   R       P  p(

&&&&&&&  	 	 	     	   	     	   	     	   	     	 	 	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	  	   	    	   	    	   	    	   	 	        G      	
                P      5    C    W    5     5   s 
 Tms Rmn 	` Symbol   Helv   Arial 0 Courier New   Palatino 
  IPAPhon 
  Baghdad   Palatino-SC 
  Chicago  #                                              
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             