                                     400 BC
                                   APHORISMS
                                 by Hippocrates
                          translated by Francis Adams
                           APHORISMS

  SECTION I

  Life is short, and Art long; the crisis fleeting; experience
perilous, and decision difficult. The physician must not only be
prepared to do what is right himself, but also to make the patient,
the attendants, and externals cooperate.

  2. In disorders of the bowels and vomitings, occurring
spontaneously, if the matters purged be such as ought to be purged,
they do good, and are well borne; but if not, the contrary. And so
artificial evacuations, if they consist of such matters as should be
evacuated, do good, and are well borne; but if not, the contrary. One,
then, ought to look to the country, the season, the age, and the
diseases in which they are proper or not.

  3. In the athletae, embonpoint, if carried to its utmost limit, is
dangerous, for they cannot remain in the same state nor be stationary;
and since, then, they can neither remain stationary nor improve, it
only remains for them to get worse; for these reasons the embonpoint
should be reduced without delay, that the body may again have a
commencement of reparation. Neither should the evacuations, in their
case, be carried to an extreme, for this also is dangerous, but only
to such a point as the person's constitution can endure. In like
manner, medicinal evacuations, if carried to an extreme, are
dangerous; and again, a restorative course, if in the extreme, is
dangerous.

  4. A slender restricted diet is always dangerous in chronic
diseases, and also in acute diseases, where it is not requisite. And
again, a diet brought to the extreme point of attenuation is
dangerous; and repletion, when in the extreme, is also dangerous.

  5. In a restricted diet, patients who transgress are thereby more
hurt (than in any other?); for every such transgression, whatever it
may be, is followed by greater consequences than in a diet somewhat
more generous. On this account, a very slender, regulated, and
restricted diet is dangerous to persons in health, because they bear
transgressions of it more difficultly. For this reason, a slender
and restricted diet is generally more dangerous than one a little more
liberal.

   6. For extreme diseases, extreme methods of cure, as to
restriction, are most suitable.

  7. When the disease is very acute, it is attended with extremely
severe symptoms in its first stage; and therefore an extremely
attenuating diet must be used. When this is not the case, but it is
allowable to give a more generous diet, we may depart as far from
the severity of regimen as the disease, by its mildness, is removed
from the extreme.

  8. When the disease is at its height, it will then be necessary to
use the most slender diet.

  9. We must form a particular judgment of the patient, whether he
will support the diet until the acme of the disease, and whether he
will sink previously and not support the diet, or the disease will
give way previously, and become less acute.

  10. In those cases, then, which attain their acme speedily, a
restricted diet should be enjoined at first; but in those cases
which reach their acme later, we must retrench at that period or a
little before it; but previously we must allow a more generous diet to
support the patient.

  11. We must retrench during paroxysms, for to exhibit food would
be injurious. And in all diseases having periodical paroxysms, we must
restrict during the paroxysms.

  12. The exacerbations and remissions will be indicated by the
diseases, the seasons of the year, the reciprocation of the periods,
whether they occur every day, every alternate day, or after a longer
period, and by the supervening symptoms; as, for example, in pleuritic
cases, expectoration, if it occur at the commencement, shortens the
attack, but if it appear later, it prolongs the same; and in the
same manner the urine, and alvine discharges, and sweats, according as
they appear along with favorable or unfavorable symptoms, indicate
diseases of a short or long duration.

  13. Old persons endure fasting most easily; next, adults; young
persons not nearly so well; and most especially infants, and of them
such as are of a particularly lively spirit.

  14. Growing bodies have the most innate heat; they therefore require
the most food, for otherwise their bodies are wasted. In old persons
the heat is feeble, and therefore they require little fuel, as it
were, to the flame, for it would be extinguished by much. On this
account, also, fevers in old persons are not equally acute, because
their bodies are cold.

  15. In winter and spring the bowels are naturally the hottest, and
the sleep most prolonged; at these seasons, then, the most
sustenance is to be administered; for as the belly has then most
innate heat, it stands in need of most food. The well-known facts with
regard to young persons and the athletae prove this.

  16. A humid regimen is befitting in all febrile diseases, and
particularly in children, and others accustomed to live on such a
diet.

  17. We must consider, also, in which cases food is to be given
once or twice a day, and in greater or smaller quantities, and at
intervals. Something must be conceded to habit, to season, to country,
and to age.

  18. Invalids bear food worst during summer and autumn, most easily
in winter, and next in spring.

  19. Neither give nor enjoin anything to persons during periodical
paroxysms, but abstract from the accustomed allowance before the
crisis.

  20. When things are at the crisis, or when they have just passed it,
neither move the bowels, nor make any innovation in the treatment,
either as regards purgatives or any other such stimulants, but let
things alone.

  21. Those things which require to be evacuated should be
evacuated, wherever they most tend, by the proper outlets.

  22. We must purge and move such humors as are concocted, not such as
are unconcocted, unless they are struggling to get out, which is
mostly not the case.

  23. The evacuations are to be judged of not by their quantity, but
whether they be such as they should be, and how they are borne. And
when proper to carry the evacuation to deliquium animi, this also
should be done, provided the patient can support it.

  24. Use purgative medicines sparingly in acute diseases, and at
the commencement, and not without proper circumspection.

  25. If the matters which are purged be such as should be purged, the
evacuation is beneficial, and easily borne; but, not withstanding,
if otherwise, with difficulty.


  SECTION II.

  1. In whatever disease sleep is laborious, it is a deadly symptom;
but if sleep does good, it is not deadly.

  2. When sleep puts an end to delirium, it is a good symptom.

  3. Both sleep and insomnolency, when immoderate, are bad.

  4. Neither repletion, nor fasting, nor anything else, is good when
more than natural.

  5. Spontaneous lassitude indicates disease.

  6. Persons who have a painful affection in any part of the body, and
are in a great measure sensible of the pain, are disordered in
intellect.

  7. Those bodies which have been slowly emaciated should be slowly
recruited; and those which have been quickly emaciated should be
quickly recruited.

  8. When a person after a disease takes food, but does not improve in
strength, it indicates that the body uses more food than is proper;
but if this happen when he does not take food, it is to be
understood evacuation is required.

  9. When one wishes to purge, he should put the body into a fluent
state.

  10. Bodies not properly cleansed, the more you nourish the more
you injure.

  11. It is easier to fill up with drink than with food.

  12. What remains in diseases after the crisis is apt to produce
relapses.

  13. Persons in whom a crisis takes place pass the night preceding
the paroxysm uncomfortably, but the succeeding night generally more
comfortably.

  14. In fluxes of the bowels, a change of the dejections does good,
unless the change be of a bad character.

  15. When the throat is diseased, or tubercles (phymata) form on
the body, attention must paid to the secretions; for if they be
bilious, the disease affects the general system; but if they
resemble those of a healthy person, it is safe to give nourishing
food.

  16. When in a state of hunger, one ought not to undertake labor.

  17. When more food than is proper has been taken, it occasions
disease; this is shown by the treatment.

  18. From food which proves nourishing to the body either immediately
or shortly, the dejections also are immediate.

  19. In acute diseases it is not quite safe to prognosticate either
death or recovery.

  20. Those who have watery discharges from their bowels when young
have dry when they are old; and those who have dry discharges when
they are young will have watery when they are old.

  21. Drinking strong wine cures hunger.

  22. Diseases which arise from repletion are cured by depletion;
and those that arise from depletion are cured by repletion; and in
general, diseases are cured by their contraries.

  23. Acute disease come to a crisis in fourteen days.

  24. The fourth day is indicative of the seventh; the eighth is the
commencement of the second week; and hence, the eleventh being the
fourth of the second week, is also indicative; and again, the
seventeenth is indicative, as being the fourth from the fourteenth,
and the seventh from the eleventh.

  25. The summer quartans are, for the most part, of short duration;
but the autumnal are protracted, especially those occurring near the
approach of winter.

  26. It is better that a fever succeed to a convulsion, than a
convulsion to a fever.

  27. We should not trust ameliorations in diseases when they are
not regular, nor be much afraid of bad symptoms which occur in an
irregular form; for such are commonly inconstant, and do not usually
continue, nor have any duration.

  28. In fevers which are not altogether slight, it is a bad symptom
for the body to remain without any diminution of bulk, or to be wasted
beyond measure; for the one state indicates a protracted disease,
and the other weakness of body.

  29. If it appear that evacuations are required, they should be
made at the commencement of diseases; at the acme it is better to be
quiet.

  30. Toward the commencement and end of diseases all the symptoms are
weaker, and toward the acme they are stronger.

  31. When a person who is recovering from a disease has a good
appetite, but his body does not improve in condition, it is a bad
symptom.

  32. For the most part, all persons in ill health, who have a good
appetite at the commencement, but do not improve, have a bad
appetite again toward the end; whereas, those who have a very bad
appetite at the commencement, and afterward acquire a good appetite,
get better off.

  33. In every disease it is a good sign when the patient's
intellect is sound, and he is disposed to take whatever food is
offered to him; but the contrary is bad.

  34. In diseases, there is less danger when the disease is one to
which the patient's constitution, habit, age, and the season are
allied, than when it is one to which they are not allied.

  35. In all diseases it is better that the umbilical and
hypogastric regions preserve their fullness; and it is a bad sign when
they are very slender and emaciated; in the latter case it is
dangerous to administer purgatives.

  36. Persons in good health quickly lose their strength by taking
purgative medicines, or using bad food.

  37. Purgative medicines agree ill with persons in good health.

  38. An article of food or drink which is slightly worse, but more
palatable, is to be preferred to such as are better but less
palatable.

  39. Old have fewer complaints than young; but those chronic diseases
which do befall them generally never leave them.

  40. Catarrhs and coryza in very old people are not concocted.

  41. Persons who have had frequent and severe attacks of swooning,
without any manifest cause, die suddenly.

  42. It is impossible to remove a strong attack of apoplexy, and
not easy to remove a weak attack.

  43. Of persons who have been suspended by the neck, and are in a
state of insensibility, but not quite dead, those do not recover who
have foam at the mouth.

  44. Persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than
those who are slender.

  45. Epilepsy in young persons is most frequently removed by
changes of air, of country, and of modes of life.

  46. Of two pains occurring together, not in the same part of the
body, the stronger weakens the other.

  47. Pains and fevers occur rather at the formation of pus than
when it is already formed.

  48. In every movement of the body, whenever one begins to endure
pain, it will be relieved by rest.

  49. Those who are accustomed to endure habitual labors, although
they be weak or old, bear them better than strong and young persons
who have not been so accustomed.

  50. Those things which one has been accustomed to for a long time,
although worse than things which one is not accustomed to, usually
give less disturbance; but a change must sometimes be made to things
one is not accustomed to.

  51. To evacuate, fill up, heat, cool, or otherwise, move the body in
any way much and suddenly, is dangerous; and whatever is excessive
is inimical to nature; but whatever is done by little and little is
safe, more especially when a transition is made from one thing to
another.

  52. When doing everything according to indications, although
things may not turn out agreeably to indication, we should not
change to another while the original appearances remain.

  53. Those persons who have watery discharges from the bowels when
they are young, come off better than those who have dry; but in old
age they come off worse, for the bowels in aged persons are usually
dried up.

  54. Largeness of person in youth is noble and not unbecoming; but in
old age it is inconvenient, and worse than a smaller structure.


  SECTION III.

  1. The changes of the season mostly engender diseases, and in the
seasons great changes either of heat or of cold, and the rest
agreeably to the same rule.

  2. Of natures (temperaments?), some are well- or ill-adapted for
summer, and some for winter.

  3. Of diseases and ages, certain of them are well- or ill-adapted to
different seasons, places, and kinds of diet.

  4. In the seasons, when during the same day there is at one time
heat and at another time cold, the diseases of autumn may be expected.

  5. South winds induce dullness of hearing, dimness of visions,
heaviness of the head, torpor, and languor; when these prevail, such
symptoms occur in diseases. But if the north wind prevail, coughs,
affections of the throat, hardness of the bowels, dysuria attended
with rigors, and pains of the sides and breast occur. When this wind
prevails, all such symptoms may be expected in diseases.

  6. When summer is like spring, much sweating may be expected in
fevers.

  7. Acute diseases occur in droughts; and if the summer be
particularly such, according to the constitution which it has given to
the year, for the most part such diseases maybe expected.

  8. In seasons which are regular, and furnish the productions of
the season at the seasonable time, the diseases are regular, and
come readily to a crisis; but in inconstant seasons, the diseases
are irregular, and come to a crisis with difficulty.

  9. In autumn, diseases are most acute, and most mortal, on the
whole. The spring is most healthy, and least mortal.

  10. Autumn is a bad season for persons in consumption.

  11. With regard to the seasons, if the winter be of a dry and
northerly character, and the spring rainy and southerly, in summer
there will necessarily be acute fevers, ophthalmies, and
dysenteries, especially in women, and in men of a humid temperament.

  12. If the but the spring dry and northerly, women whose term of
delivery should be in spring, have abortions from any slight cause;
and those who reach their full time, bring forth children who are
feeble, and diseased, so that they either die presently, or, if they
live, are puny and unhealthy. Other people are subject to
dysenteries and ophthalmies, and old men to catarrhs, which quickly
cut them off.

  13. If the summer be dry and northerly and the autumn rainy and
southerly, headaches occur in winter, with coughs, hoarsenesses,
coryzae, and in some cases consumptions.

  14. But if the autumn be northerly and dry, it agrees well with
persons of a humid temperament, and with women; but others will be
subject to dry ophthalmies, acute fevers, coryzae, and in some cases
melancholy.

  15. Of the constitutions of the year, the dry, upon the whole, are
more healthy than the rainy, and attended with less mortality.

  16. The diseases which occur most frequently in rainy seasons are,
protracted fevers, fluxes of the bowels, mortifications, epilepsies,
apoplexies, and quinsies; and in dry, consumptive diseases,
ophthalmies, arthritic diseases, stranguries, and dysenteries.

  17. With regard to the states of the weather which continue but
for a day, that which is northerly, braces the body, giving it tone,
agility, and color, improves the sense of hearing, dries up the
bowels, pinches the eyes, and aggravates any previous pain which may
have been seated in the chest. But the southerly relaxes the body, and
renders it humid, brings on dullness of hearing, heaviness of the
head, and vertigo, impairs the movements of the eyes and the whole
body, and renders the alvine discharges watery.

  18. With regard to the seasons, in spring and in the commencement of
summer, children and those next to them in age are most comfortable,
and enjoy best health; in summer and during a certain portion of
autumn, old people; during the remainder of the autumn and in
winter, those of the intermediate ages.

  19. All diseases occur at all seasons of the year, but certain of
them are more apt to occur and be exacerbated at certain seasons.

  20. The diseases of spring are, maniacal, melancholic, and epileptic
disorders, bloody flux, quinsy, coryza, hoarseness, cough, leprosy,
lichen alphos, exanthemata mostly ending in ulcerations, tubercles,
and arthritic diseases.

  21. Of summer, certain of these, and continued, ardent, and
tertian fevers, most especially vomiting, diarrhoea, ophthalmy,
pains of the ears, ulcerations of the mouth, mortifications of the
privy parts, and the sudamina.

  22. Of autumn, most of the summer, quartan, and irregular fevers,
enlarged spleen, dropsy, phthisis, strangury, lientery, dysentery,
sciatica, quinsy, asthma, ileus, epilepsy, maniacal and melancholic
disorders.

  23. Of winter, pleurisy, pneumonia, coryza, hoarseness, cough, pains
of the chest, pains of the ribs and loins, headache, vertigo, and
apoplexy.

  24. In the different ages the following complaints occur: to
little and new-born children, aphthae, vomiting, coughs,
sleeplessness, frights inflammation of the navel, watery discharges
from the ears.

  25. At the approach of dentition, pruritus of the gums, fevers,
convulsions, diarrhoea, especially when cutting the canine teeth,
and in those who are particularly fat, and have constipated bowels.

  26. To persons somewhat older, affections of the tonsils,
incurvation of the spine at the vertebra next the occiput, asthma,
calculus, round worms, ascarides, acrochordon, satyriasmus, struma,
and other tubercles (phymata), but especially the aforesaid.

  27. To persons of a more advanced age, and now on the verge of
manhood, the most of these diseases, and, moreover, more chronic
fevers, and epistaxis.

  28. Young people for the most part have a crisis in their
complaints, some in forty days, some in seven months, some in seven
years, some at the approach to puberty; and such complaints of
children as remain, and do not pass away about puberty, or in
females about the commencement of menstruation, usually become
chronic.

  29. To persons past boyhood, haemoptysis, phthisis, acute fevers,
epilepsy, and other diseases, but especially the aforementioned.

  30. To persons beyond that age, asthma, pleurisy, pneumonia,
lethargy, phrenitis, ardent fevers, chronic diarrhoea, cholera,
dysentery, lientery, hemorrhoids.

  31. To old people dyspnoea, catarrhs accompanied with coughs,
dysuria, pains of the joints, nephritis, vertigo, apoplexy,
cachexia, pruritus of the whole body, insomnolency, defluxions of
the bowels, of the eyes, and of the nose, dimness of sight, cataract
(glaucoma), and dullness of hearing.


  SECTION IV.

  1. We must purge pregnant women, if matters be turgid (in a state of
orgasm?), from the fourth to the seventh month, but less freely in the
latter; in the first and last stages of pregnancy it should be
avoided.

  2. In purging we should bring away such matters from the body as
it would be advantageous had they come away spontaneously; but those
of an opposite character should be stopped.

  3. If the matters which are purged be such as should be purged, it
is beneficial and well borne; but if the contrary, with difficulty.

  4. We should rather purge upward in summer, and downward in winter.

  5. About the time of the dog-days, and before it, the administration
of purgatives is unsuitable.

  6. Lean persons who are easily made to vomit should be purged
upward, avoiding the winter season.

  7. Persons who are difficult to vomit, and are moderately fat,
should be purged downward, avoiding the summer season.

  8. We must be guarded in purging phthisical persons upward.

  9. And from the same mode of reasoning, applying the opposite rule
to melancholic persons, we must purge them freely downward.

  10. In very acute diseases, if matters be in a state of orgasm, we
may purge on the first day, for it is a bad thing to procrastinate
in such cases.

  11. Those cases in which there are tormina, pains about the
umbilicus, and pains about the loins, not removed either by
purgative medicines or otherwise, usually terminate in dry dropsy.

  12. It is a bad thing to purge upward in winter persons whose bowels
are in a state of lientery.

  13. Persons who are not easily purged upward by the hellebores,
should have their bodies moistened by plenty of food and rest before
taking the draught.

  14. When one takes a draught of hellebore, one should be made to
move more about, and indulge less in sleep and repose. Sailing on
the sea shows that motion disorders the body.

  15. When you wish the hellebore to act more, move the body, and when
to stop, let the patient get sleep and rest.

  16. Hellebore is dangerous to persons whose flesh is sound, for it
induces convulsion.

  17. Anorexia, heartburn, vertigo, and a bitter taste of the mouth,
in a person free from fever, indicate the want of purging upward.

  18. Pains seated above the diaphragm indicate purging upward, and
those below it, downward.

  19. Persons who have no thirst while under the action of a purgative
medicine, do not cease from being purged until they become thirsty.

  20. If persons free from fever be seized with tormina, heaviness
of the knees, and pains of the loins, this indicates that purging
downward is required.

  21. Alvine dejections which are black, like blood, taking place
spontaneously, either with or without fever, are very bad; and the
more numerous and unfavorable the colors, so much the worse; when with
medicine it is better, and a variety of colors in this case is not
bad.

  22. When black bile is evacuated in the beginning of any disease
whatever, either upward or downward, it is a mortal symptom.

  23. In persons attenuated from any disease, whether acute or
chronic, or from wounds, or any other cause, if there be a discharge
either of black bile, or resembling black blood, they die on the
following day.

  24. Dysentery, if it commence with black bile, is mortal.

  25. Blood discharged upward, whatever be its character, is a bad
symptom, but downward it is (more?) favorable, and so also black
dejections.

  26. If in a person ill of dysentery, substances resembling flesh
be discharged from the bowels, it is a mortal symptom.

  27. In whatever cases of fever there is a copious hemorrhage from
whatever channel, the bowels are in a loose state during
convalescence.

  28. In all cases whatever, bilious discharges cease if deafness
supervenes, and in all cases deafness ceases when bilious discharges
supervene.

  29. Rigors which occur on the sixth day have a difficult crisis.

  30. Diseases attended with paroxysms, if at the same hour that the
fever leaves it return again next day, are of difficult crisis.

  31. In febrile diseases attended with a sense of lassitude, deposits
form about the joints, and especially those of the jaws.

  32. In convalescents from diseases, if any part be pained, there
deposits are formed.

  33. But if any part be in a painful state previous to the illness,
there the disease fixes.

  34. If a person laboring under a fever, without any swelling in
the fauces, be seized with a sense of suffocation suddenly, it is a
mortal symptom.

  35. If in a person with fever, the become suddenly distorted, and he
cannot swallow unless with difficulty, although no swelling be
present, it is a mortal symptom.

  36. Sweats, in febrile diseases, are favorable, if they set in on
the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, fourteenth, seventeenth,
twenty-first, twenty-seventh, and thirty-fourth day, for these
sweats prove a crisis to the disease; but sweats not occurring thus,
indicate pain, a protracted disease, and relapses.

  37. Cold sweats occurring with an acute fever, indicate death; and
along with a milder one, a protracted disease.

  38. And in whatever part of the body there is a sweat, it shows that
the disease is seated there.

  39. And in whatever part of the body heat or cold is seated, there
is disease.

  40. And wherever there are changes in the whole body, and if the
body be alternately cold and hot, or if one color succeed another,
this indicates a protracted disease.

  41. A copious sweat after sleep occuring without any manifest cause,
indicates that the body is using too much food. But if it occur when
one is not taking food, it indicates that evacuation is required.

  42. A copious sweat, whether hot or cold, flowing continuously,
indicates, the cold a greater, and the hot a lesser disease.

  43. Fevers, not of the intermittent type, which are exacerbated on
the third day, are dangerous; but if they intermit in any form, this
indicates that they are not dangerous.

  44. In cases attended with protracted fevers, tubercles (phymata) or
pains occur about the joints.

  45. When tubercles (phymata) or pains attack the joints after
fevers, such persons are using too much food.

  46. If in a fever not of the intermittent type a rigor seize a
person already much debilitated, it is mortal.

  47. In fevers not of the intermittent type, expectorations which are
livid bloody, fetid and bilious, are all bad; but if evacuated
properly, they are favorable. So it is with the alvine evacuations and
the urine. But if none of the proper excretions take place by these
channels, it is bad.

  48. In fevers not of the intermittent type, if the external parts be
cold, but the internal be burnt up, and if there be thirst, it is a
mortal symptom.

  49. In a fever not of the intermittent type, if a lip, an
eye-brow, an eye, or the nose, be distorted; or if there be loss of
sight or of hearing, and the patient be in a weak state-whatever of
these symptoms occur, death is at hand.

  50. Apostemes in fevers which are not resolved at the first
crisis, indicate a protracted disease.

  51. When in a fever not of the intermittent type dyspnoea and
delirium come on, the case is mortal.

  52. When persons in fevers, or in other illnesses, shed tears
voluntarily, it is nothing out of place; but when they shed tears
involuntarily, it is more so.

  53. In whatever cases of fever very viscid concretions form about
the teeth, the fevers turn out to be particularly strong.

  54. In whatever case of ardent fever dry coughs of a tickling nature
with slight expectoration are long protracted, there is usually not
much thirst.

  55. All fevers complicated with buboes are bad, except ephemerals.

  56. Sweat supervening in a case of the fever ceasing, is bad, for
the disease is protracted, and it indicates more copious humors.

  57. Fever supervening in a case of confirmed spasm, or of tetanus,
removes the disease.

  58. A rigor supervening in a case of ardent fever, produces
resolution of it.

  59. A true tertian comes to a crisis in seven periods at furthest.

  60. When in fevers there is deafness, if blood run from the
nostrils, or the bowels become disordered, it carries off the disease.

  61. In a febrile complaint, if the fever do not leave on the odd
days, it relapses.

  62. When jaundice supervenes in fevers before the seventh day, it
a bad symptom, unless there be watery discharges from the bowels.

  63. In whatever cases of fever rigors occur during the day, the
fevers come to a resolution during the day.

  64. When in cases of fever jaundice occurs on the seventh, the
ninth, the eleventh, or the fourteenth day, it is a good symptom,
provided the hypochondriac region be not hard. Otherwise it is not a
good symptom.

  65. A strong heat about the stomach and cardialgia are bad
symptoms in fevers.

  66. In acute fevers, spasms, and strong pains about the bowels are
bad symptoms.

  67. In fevers, frights after sleep, or convulsions, are a bad
symptom.

  68. In fevers, a stoppage of the respiration is a bad symptom, for
it indicates convulsions.

  69. When the urine is thick, grumoss, and scanty in cases not free
from fever a copious discharge of thinner urine proves beneficial.
Such a discharge more commonly takes place when the urine has had a
sediment from the first, or soon after the commencement.

  70. When in fevers the urine is turbid, like that of a beast of
burden, in such a case there either is or will be headache.

  71. In cases which come to a crisis on the seventh day, the urine
has a red nubecula on the fourth day, and the other symptoms
accordingly.

  72. When the urine is transparent and white, it is bad; it appears
principally in cases of phrenitis.

  73. When the hypochondriac region is affected with meteorism and
borborygmi, should pain of the loins supervene, the bowels get into
a loose and watery state, unless there be an eruption of flatus or a
copious evacuation of urine. These things occur in fevers.

  74. When there is reason to expect that an abscess will form in
joints, the abscess is carried off by a copious discharge of urine,
which is thick, and becomes white, like what begins to form in certain
cases of quartan fever, attended with a sense of lassitude. It is also
speedily carried off by a hemorrhage from the nose.

  75. Blood or pus in the urine indicates ulceration either of the
kidneys or of the bladder.

  76. When small fleshy substances like hairs are discharged along
with thick urine, these substances come from the kidneys.

  77. In those cases where there are furfuraceous particles discharged
along with thick urine, there is scabies of the bladder.

  78. In those cases where there is a spontaneous discharge of
bloody urine, it indicates rupture of a small vein in the kidneys.

  79. In those cases where there is a sandy sediment in the urine,
there is calculus in the bladder (or kidneys).

  80. If a patient pass blood and clots in his urine, and have
strangury, and if a pain seize the hypogastric region and perineum,
the parts about the bladder are affected.

  81. If a patient pass blood, pus, and scales, in the urine, and if
it have a heavy smell, ulceration of the bladder is indicated.

  82. When tubercles form in the urethra, if these suppurate and
burst, there is relief.

  83. When much urine is passed during the night, it indicates that
the alvine evacuations are scanty.


  SECTION V.

  1. A spasm from taking hellebore is of a fatal nature.

  2. Spasm supervening on a wound is fatal.

  3. A convulsion, or hiccup, supervening on a copious discharge of
blood is bad.

  4. A convulsion, or hiccup, supervening upon hypercatharsis is bad.

  5. If a drunken person suddenly lose his speech, he will die
convulsed, unless fever come on, or he recover his speech at the
time when the consequences of a debauch pass off.

  6. Such persons as are seized with tetanus die within four days,
or if they pass these they recover.

  7. Those cases of epilepsy which come on before puberty may
undergo a change; but those which come on after twenty-five years of
age, for the most part terminate in death.

  8. In pleuritic affections, when the disease is not purged off in
fourteen days, it usually terminates in empyema.

  9. Phthisis most commonly occurs between the ages of eighteen and
thirty-five years.

  10. Persons who escape an attack of quinsy, and when the disease
is turned upon the lungs, die in seven days; or if they pass these
they become affected with empyema.

  11. In persons affected with phthisis, if the sputa which they cough
up have a heavy smell when poured upon coals, and if the hairs of
the head fall off, the case will prove fatal.

  12. Phthisical persons, the hairs of whose head fall off, die if
diarrhoea set in.

  13. In persons who cough up frothy blood, the discharge of it
comes from the lungs.

  14. Diarrhoea attacking a person affected with phthisis is a
mortal symptom.

  15. Persons who become affected with empyema after pleurisy, if they
get clear of it in forty days from the breaking of it, escape the
disease; but if not, it passes into phthisis.

  16. Heat produces the following bad effects on those who use it
frequently: enervation of the fleshy parts, impotence of the nerves,
torpor of the understanding, hemorrhages, deliquia, and, along with
these, death.

  17. Cold induces convulsions, tetanus, mortification, and febrile
rigors.

  18. Cold is inimical to the bones, the teeth, the nerves, the brain,
and the spinal marrow, but heat is beneficial.

  19. Such parts as have been congealed should be heated, except where
there either is a hemorrhage, or one is expected.

  20. Cold pinches ulcers, hardens the skin, occasions pain which does
not end in suppuration, blackens, produces febrile rigors,
convulsions, and tetanus.

  21. In the case of a muscular youth having tetanus without a
wound, during the midst of summer, it sometimes happens that the
allusion of a large quantity of cold water recalls the heat. Heat
relieves these diseases.

  22. Heat is suppurative, but not in all kinds of sores, but when
it is, it furnishes the greatest test of their being free from danger.
It softens the skin, makes it thin, removes pain, soothes rigor,
convulsions, and tetanus. It removes affections of the head, and
heaviness of it. It is particularly efficacious in fractures of the
bones, especially of those which have been exposed, and most
especially in wounds of the head, and in mortifications and ulcers
from cold; in herpes exedens, of the anus, the privy parts, the
womb, the bladder, in all these cases heat is agreeable, and brings
matters to a crisis; but cold is prejudicial, and does mischief.

  23. Cold water is to be applied in the following cases; when there
is a hemorrhage, or when it is expected, but not applied to the
spot, but around the spot whence the blood flows; and in inflammations
and inflammatory affections, inclining to a red and subsaguineous
color, and consisting of fresh blood, in these cases it is to be
applied but it occasions mortification in old cases; and in erysipelas
not attended with ulceration, as it proves injurious to erysipelas
when ulcerated.

  24. Cold things, such as snow and ice, are inimical to the chest,
being provocative of coughs, of discharges of blood, and of catarrhs.

  25. Swellings and pains in the joints, ulceration, those of a
gouty nature, and sprains, are generally improved by a copious
affusion of cold water, which reduces the swelling, and removes the
pain; for a moderate degree of numbness removes pain.

  26. The lightest water is that which is quickly heated and quickly
cooled.

  27. When persons have intense thirst, it is a good thing if they can
sleep off the desire of drinking.

  28. Fumigation with aromatics promotes menstruation, and would be
useful in many other cases, if it did not occasion heaviness of the
head.

  29. Women in a state of pregnancy may be purged, if there be any
urgent necessity (or, if the humors be in a state of orgasm?), from
the fourth to the seventh month, but less so in the latter case. In
the first and last periods it must be avoided.

  30. It proves fatal to a woman in a state of pregnancy, if she be
seized with any of the acute diseases.

  31. If a woman with child be bled, she will have an abortion, and
this will be the more likely to happen, the larger the foetus.

  32. Haemoptysis in a woman is removed by an eruption of the menses.

  33. In a woman when there is a stoppage the menses, a discharge of
blood from the nose is good.

  34. When a pregnant woman has a violent diarrhoea, there is danger
of her miscarrying.

  35. Sneezing occurring to a woman affected with hysterics, and in
difficult labor, is a good symptom.

  36. When the menstrual discharge is of a bad color and irregular, it
indicates that the woman stands in need of purging.

  37. In a pregnant woman, if the breasts suddenly lose their
fullness, she has a miscarriage.

  38. If, in a woman pregnant with twins, either of her breasts lose
its fullness, she will part with one of her children; and if it be the
right breast which becomes slender, it will be the male child, or if
the left, the female.

  39. If a woman who is not with child, nor has brought forth, have
milk, her menses are obstructed.

  40. In women, blood collected in the breasts indicates madness.

  41. If you wish to ascertain if a woman be with child, give her
hydromel to drink when she is going to sleep, and has not taken
supper, and if she be seized with tormina in the belly, she is with
child, but otherwise she is not pregnant.

  42.  A woman with child, if it be a male, has a good color, but if a
female, she has a bad color.

  43. If erysipelas of the womb seize a woman with child, it will
probably prove fatal.

  44. Women who are very lean, have miscarriages when they prove
with child, until they get into better condition.

  45. When women, in a moderate condition of body, miscarry in the
second or third month, without any obvious cause, their cotyledones
are filled with mucosity, and cannot support the weight of the foetus,
but are broken asunder.

  46. Such women as are immoderately fat, and do not prove with child,
in them it is because the epiploon (fat?) blocks up the mouth of the
womb, and until it be reduced, they do not conceive.

  47. If the portion of the uterus seated near the hip-joint
suppurate, it gets into a state requiring to be treated with tents.

  48. The male foetus is usually seated in the right, and the female
in the left side.

  49. To procure the expulsion of the secundines, apply a
sternutatory, and shut the nostrils and mouth.

  50. If you wish to stop the menses in a woman, apply as large a
cupping instrument as possible to the breasts.

  51. When women are with child, the mouth of their womb is closed.

  52. If in a woman with child, much milk flow from the breasts, it
indicates that the foetus is weak; but if the breasts be firm, it
indicates that the foetus is in a more healthy state.

  53. In women that are about to miscarry, the breasts become slender;
but if again they become hard, there will be pain, either in the
breasts, or in the hip-joints, or in the eyes, or in the knees, and
they will not miscarry.

  54. When the mouth of the uterus is hard, it is also necessarily
shut.

  55. Women with child who are seized with fevers, and who are greatly
emaciated, without any (other?) obvious cause, have difficult and
dangerous labors, and if they miscarry, they are in danger.

  56. In the female flux (immoderate menstruation?), if convulsion and
deliquium come on, it is bad.

  57. When the menses are excessive, diseases take place, and when the
menses are stopped, diseases from the uterus take place.

  58. Strangury supervenes upon inflammation of the rectum, and of the
womb, and strangury supervenes upon suppuration of the kidney, and
hiccup upon inflammation of the liver.

  59. If a woman do not conceive, and wish to ascertain whether she
can conceive, having wrapped her up in blankets, fumigate below, and
if it appear that the scent passes through the body to the nostrils
and mouth, know that of herself she is not unfruitful.

  60. If woman with a child have her courses, it is impossible that
the child can be healthy.

  61. If a woman's courses be suppressed, and neither rigor nor
fever has followed, but she has been affected with nausea, you may
reckon her to be with child.

  62. Women who have the uterus cold and dense (compact?) do not
conceive; and those also who have the uterus humid, do not conceive,
for the semen is extinguished, and in women whose uterus is very
dry, and very hot, the semen is lost from the want of food; but
women whose uterus is in an intermediate state between these
temperaments prove fertile.

  63. And in like manner with respect to males; for either, owing to
the laxity of the body, the pneuma is dissipated outwardly, so as
not to propel the semen, or, owing to its density, the fluid
(semen?) does not pass outwardly; or, owing to coldness, it is not
heated so as to collect in its proper place (seminal vessels?), or,
owing to its heat, the very same thing happens.

  64. It is a bad thing to give milk to persons having headache, and
it is also bad to give it in fevers, and to persons whose hypochondria
are swelled up, and troubled with borborygmi, and to thirsty
persons; it is bad also, when given to those who have bilious
discharges in acute fevers, and to those who have copious discharges
of blood; but it is suitable in phthisical cases, when not attended
with very much fever; it is also to be given in fevers of a chronic
and weak nature, when none of the aforementioned symptoms are present,
and the patients are excessively emaciated.

  65. When swellings appear on wounds, such cases are not likely to be
attacked either with convulsions, or delirium, but when these
disappear suddenly, if situated behind, spasms and tetanus
supervene, and if before, mania, acute pains of the sides, or
suppurations, or dysentery, if the swellings be rather red.

  66. When no swelling appears on severe and bad wounds, it is a great
evil.

  67. In such cases, the soft are favorable; and crude, unfavorable.

  68. When a person is pained in the back part of the head, he is
benefited by having the straight vein in the forehead opened.

  69. Rigors commence in women, especially at the loins, and spread by
the back to the head; and in men also, rather in the posterior than
the anterior side of the body, as from the arms and thighs; the skin
there is rare, as is obvious from the growth of hair on them.

  70. Persons attacked with quartans are not readily attacked with
convulsions, or if previously attacked with convulsions, they cease if
a quartan supervene.

  71. In those persons in whom the skin is stretched, and parched
and hard, the disease terminates without sweats; but in those in
whom the skin is loose and rare, it terminates with sweats.

  72. Persons disposed to jaundice are not very subject to flatulence.


  SECTION VI.

  1. In cases of chronic lientery, acid eructations supervening when
there were none previously, is a good symptom.

  2. Persons whose noses are naturally watery, and their seed
watery, have rather a deranged state of health; but those in the
opposite state, a more favorable.

  3. In protracted cases of dysentery, loathing of food is a bad
symptom, and still worse, if along with fever.

  4. Ulcers, attended with a falling off of the hair, are mali moris.

  5. It deserves to be considered whether the pains in the sides,
and in the breasts, and in the other parts, differ much from one
another.

  6. Diseases about the kidneys and bladder are cured with
difficulty in old men.

  7. Pains occurring about the stomach, the more superficial they are,
the more slight are they; and the less superficial, the more severe.

  8. In dropsical persons, ulcers forming on the body are not easily
healed.

  9. Broad exanthemata are not very itchy.

  10. In a person having a painful spot in the head, with intense
cephalalgia, pus or water running from the nose, or by the mouth, or
at the ears, removes the disease.

  11. Hemorrhoids appearing in melancholic and nephritic affections
are favorable.

  12. When a person has been cured of chronic hemorrhoids, unless
one be left, there is danger of dropsy or phthisis supervening.

  13. Sneezing coming on, in the case of a person afflicted with
hiccup, removes the hiccup.

  14. In a case of dropsy, when the water runs by the veins into the
belly, it removes the disease.

  15. In confirmed diarrhoea, vomiting, when it comes on
spontaneously, removes the diarrhoea.

  16. A diarrhoea supervening in a confirmed case of pleurisy or
pneumonia is bad.

  17. It is a good thing in ophthalmy for the patient to be seized
with diarrhoea.

  18. A severe wound of the bladder, of the brain, of the heart, of
the diaphragm, of the small intestines, of the stomach, and of the
liver, is deadly.

  19. When a bone, cartilage, nerve, the slender part of the jaw, or
prepuce, are cut out, the part is neither restored, nor does it unite.

  20. If blood be poured out preternaturally into a cavity, it must
necessarily become corrupted.

  21. In maniacal affections, if varices or hemorrhoids come on,
they remove the mania.

  22. Those ruptures in the back which spread down to the elbows are
removed by venesection.

  23. If a fright or despondency lasts for a long time, it is a
melancholic affection.

  24. If any of the intestines be transfixed, it does not unite.

  25. It is not a good sign for an erysipelas spreading outwardly to
be determined inward; but for it to be determined outward from
within is good.

  26. In whatever cases of ardent fever tremors occur, they are
carried off by a delirium.

  27. Those cases of empyema or dropsy which are treated by incision
or the cautery, if the water or pus flow rapidly all at once,
certainly prove fatal.

  28. Eunuchs do not take the gout, nor become bald.

  29. A woman does not take the gout, unless her menses be stopped.

  30. A young man does not take the gout until he indulges in coition.

  31. Pains of the eyes are removed by drinking pure wine, or the
bath, or a fomentation, or venesection, or purging.

  32. Persons whose speech has become impaired are likely to be seized
with chronic diarrhoea.

  33. Persons having acid eructations are not very apt to be seized
with pleurisy.

  34. Persons who have become bald are not subject to large varices;
but should varices supervene upon persons who are bald, their hair
again grows thick.

  35. Hiccup supervening in dropsical cases is bad.

  36. Venesection cures dysuria; open the internal veins of the arm.

  37. It is a good symptom when swelling on the outside of the neck
seizes a person very ill of quinsy, for the disease is turned
outwardly.

  38. It is better not to apply any treatment in cases of occult
cancer; for, if treated, the patients die quickly; but if not treated,
they hold out for a long time.

  39. Convulsions take place either from repletion or depletion; and
so it is with hiccup.

  40. When pains, without inflammation, occur about the
hypochondria, in such cases, fever supervening removes the pain.

  41. When pus formed anywhere in the body does not point, this is
owing to the thickness of the part.

  42. In cases of jaundice, it is a bad symptom when the liver becomes
indurated.

  43. When persons having large spleens are seized with dysentery, and
if the dysentery pass into a chronic state, either dropsy or
lientery supervenes, and they die.

  44. When ileus comes on in a case of strangury, they prove fatal
in seven days, unless, fever supervening, there be a copious discharge
of urine.

  45. When ulcers continue open for a year or upward, there must
necessarily be exfoliation of bone, and the cicatrices are hollow.

  46. Such persons as become hump-backed from asthma or cough before
puberty, die.

  47. Persons who are benefited by venesection or purging, should be
bled or purged in spring.

  48. In enlargement of the spleen, it is a good symptom when
dysentery comes on.

  49. In gouty affections, the inflammation subsides in the course
of forty days.

  50. When the brain is severely wounded, fever and vomiting of bile
necessarily supervene.

  51. When persons in good health are suddenly seized with pains in
the head, and straightway are laid down speechless, and breathe with
stertor, they die in seven days, unless fever come on.

  52. We must attend to the appearances of the eyes in sleep, as
presented from below; for if a portion of the white be seen between
the closed eyelids, and if this be not connected with diarrhaea or
severe purging, it is a very bad and mortal symptom.

  53. Delirium attended with laughter is less dangerous than
delirium attended with a serious mood.

  54. In acute diseases, complicated with fever, a moaning respiration
is bad.

  55. For the most part, gouty affections rankle in spring and in
autumn.

  56. In melancholic affections, determinations of the humor which
occasions them produce the following diseases; either apoplexy of
the whole body, or convulsion, or madness, or blindness.

  57. Persons are most subject to apoplexy between the ages of forty
and sixty.

  58. If the omentum protrude, it necessarily mortifies and drops off.

  59. In chronic diseases of the hip-joint, if the bone protrude and
return again into its socket, there is mucosity in the place.

  60. In persons affected with chronic disease of the hip-joint, if
the bone protrude from its socket, the limb becomes wasted and maimed,
unless the part be cauterized.


  SECTION VII.

  1. In acute diseases, coldness of the extremities is bad.

  2. Livid flesh on a diseased bone is bad.

  3. Hiccup and redness of the eyes, when they supervene on
vomiting, are bad.

  4. A chill supervening on a sweat is not good.

  5. Dysentery, or dropsy, or ecstacy coming on madness is good.

  6. In a very protracted disease, loss of appetite and unmixed
discharges from the bowels are bad symptoms.

  7. A rigor and delirium from excessive drinking are bad.

  8. From the rupture of an internal abscess, prostration of strength,
vomiting, and deliquium animi result.

  9. Delirium or convulsion from a flow of blood is bad.

  10. Vomiting, or hiccup, or convulsion, or delirium, in ileus, is
bad.

  11. Pneumonia coming on pleurisy is bad.

  12. Phrenitis along with pneumonia is bad.

  13. Convulsion or tetanus, coming upon severe burning, is bad.

  14. Stupor or delirium from a blow on the head is bad.

  15. From a spitting of blood there is a spitting of pus.

  16. From spitting of pus arise phthisis and a flux; and when the
sputa are stopped, they die.

  17. Hiccup in inflammation of the liver bad.

  18. Convulsion or delirium supervening upon insomnolency is bad.

  18a. Trembling upon lethargus is bad.

  19. Erysipelas upon exposure of a bone (is bad?).

  20. Mortification or suppuration upon erysipelas is bad.

  21. Hemorrhage upon a strong pulsation in wounds is bad.

  22. Suppuration upon a protracted pain of the parts about the bowels
is bad.

  23. Dysentery upon unmixed alvine discharges is bad.

  24. Delirium upon division of the cranium, if it penetrate into
the cavity of the head, is bad.

  25. Convulsion upon severe purging is mortal.

  26. Upon severe pain of the parts about the bowels, coldness of
the extremities coming on is bad.

  27. Tenesmus coming on in a case of pregnancy causes abortion.

  28. Whatever piece of bone, cartilage, or nerve (tendon?) is cut
off, it neither grows nor unites.

  29. When strong diarrhoea supervenes in a case of leucophlegmatia,
it removes the disease.

  30. In those cases in which frothy discharges occur in diarrhoea
there are defluxions from the head.

  31. When there is a farinaceous sediment in the urine during
fever, it indicates a protracted illness.

  32. In those cases in which the urine is thin at first, and the
sediments become bilious, an acute disease is indicated.

  33. In those cases in which the urine becomes divided there is great
disorder in the body.

  34. When bubbles settle on the surface of the urine, they indicate
disease of the kidneys, and that the complaint will be protracted.

  35. When the scum on the surface is fatty and copious, it
indicates acute diseases of the kidneys.

  36. Whenever the aforementioned symptoms occur in nephritic
diseases, and along with them acute pains about the muscles of the
back, provided these be seated about the external parts, you may
expect that there will be an abscess; but if the pains be rather about
the internal parts, you may also rather expect that the abscess will
be seated internally.

  37. Haematemesis, without fever, does not prove fatal, but with
fever it is bad; it is to be treated with refrigerant and styptic
things.

  38. Defluxions into the cavity of the chest suppurate in twenty
days.

  39. When a patient passes blood and clots, and is seized with
strangury and pain in the perineum and pubes, disease about the
bladder is indicated.

  40. If the tongue suddenly lose its powers, or a part of the body
become apoplectic, the affection is of a melancholic nature.

  41. In hypercatharsis, of old persons, hiccup supervening is not a
good symptom.

  42. In a fever, is not of a bilious nature, a copious allusion of
hot water upon the head removes the fever.

  43. A woman does not become ambidexterous.

  44. When empyema is treated either by the cautery or incision, if
pure and white pus flow from the wound, the patients recover; but if
mixed with blood, slimy and fetid, they die.

  45. When abscess of the liver is treated by the cautery or incision,
if the pus which is discharged be pure and white, the patients
recover, (for in this case it is situated in the coats of the
liver;) but if it resemble the lees of oil as it flows, they die.

  46. Pains of the eyes are removed by drinking undiluted wine,
plenteous bathing with hot water, and venesection.

  47. If a dropsical patient be seized with hiccup the case is
hopeless.

  48. Strangury and dysuria are cured by drinking pure wine, and
venesection; open the vein on the inside.

  49. It is a good sign when swelling and redness on the breast
seize a person very ill of quinsy, for in this case the disease is
diverted outwardly.

  50. When the brain is attacked with sphacelus, the patients die in
three days; or if they escape these, they recover.

  51. Sneezing arises from the head, owing to the brain being
heated, or the cavity (ventricle) in the head being filled with
humors; the air confined in it then is discharged, and makes a
noise, because it comes through a narrow passage.

  52. Fever supervening on painful affections of the liver removes the
pain.

  53. Those persons to whom it is beneficial to have blood taken
from their veins, should have it done in spring.

  54. In those cases where phlegm is collected between the diaphragm
and the stomach, and occasions pain, as not finding a passage into
either of the cavities, the disease will be carried off if the
phlegm be diverted to the bladder by the veins.

  55. When the liver is filled with water and bursts into the
epiploon, in this case the belly is filled with water and the
patient dies.

  56. Anxiety, yawning, rigor,-wine drunk with an equal proportion
of water, removes these complaints.

  57. When tubercles (phymata) form in the urethra, if they
suppurate and burst, the pain is carried off.

  58. In cases of concussion of the brain produced by any cause, the
patients necessarily lose their speech.

  59. In a person affected with fever, when there is no swelling in
the fauces, should suffocation suddenly come on, and the patient not
be able to swallow, except with difficulty, it is a mortal symptom.

  59a. In the case of a person oppressed by fever, if the neck be
turned aside, and the patient cannot swallow, while there is no
swelling in the neck, it is a mortal sign.

  60. Fasting should be prescribed the those persons who have humid
flesh; for fasting dries bodies.

  61. When there are changes in the whole body, and the body becomes
sometimes cold and sometimes hot, and the color changes, a
protracted disease is indicated.

  62. A copious sweat, hot or cold, constantly flowing, indicates a
superabundance of humidity; we must evacuate then, in a strong
person upward, and in a weak, downward.

  63. Fevers, not of the intermittent type, if they become exacerbated
every third day are dangerous; but if they intermit in any form
whatever, this shows that they are not dangerous.

  64. In cases of protracted fever, either chronic abscesses or
pains in the joints come on.

  65. When chronic abscesses (phymata) or pains in the joints take
place after fevers, the patients are using too much food.

  66. If one give to a person in fever the same food which is given to
a person in good health, what is strength to the one is disease to the
other.

  67. We must look to the urinary evacuations, whether they resemble
those of persons in health; if not at all so, they are particularly
morbid, but if they are like those of healthy persons, they are not at
all morbid.

  68. When the dejections are allowed to stand and not shaken, and a
sediment is formed like scrapings (of the bowels), in such a case it
is proper to purge the bowels; and if you give ptisans before purging,
the more you give the more harm you will do.

  69. Crude dejections are the product of black bile; if abundant,
of more copious, and if deficient, of less copious collections of it.

  70. The sputa in fevers, not of an intermittent type, which are
livid, streaked with blood, and fetid, are all bad, it is favorable
when this evacuation, like the urinary and alvine, passes freely;
and whenever any discharge is suppressed and not purged off it is bad.

  71. When you wish to purge the body, you must bring it into a
state favorable to evacuations; and if you wish to dispose it to
evacuations upward, you must bind the belly; and if you wish to
dispose it to evacuations downward, you must moisten the belly.

  72. Sleep and watchfulness, both of them, when immoderate,
constitute disease.

  73. In fevers which do not intermit, if the external parts be
cold, and the internal burning hot, and fever prevail, it is a
mortal sign.

  74. In a fever which does not intermit, if a lip, the nose, or an
eye be distorted, if the patient lose his sense of sight or of
hearing, while now in a weak state,-whatever of these symptoms
occurs it is mortal.

  75. Upon leucophlegmatia dropsy supervenes.

  76. Upon diarrhoea dysentery.

  77. Upon dysentery lientery.

  78. Upon sphacelus exfoliation of the bone.

  79 and 80. Upon vomiting of blood consumption, and a purging of
pus upward; upon consumption a defluxion from the head; upon a
defluxion diarrhoea; upon diarrhoea a stoppage of the purging
upward; upon the stoppage of it death.

  81. In the discharges by the bladder, the belly, and the flesh
(the skin?) if the body has departed slightly from its natural
condition, the disease is slight; if much, it is great; if very
much, it is mortal.

  82. Persons above forty years of age who are affected with frenzy,
do not readily recover; the danger is less when the disease is cognate
to the constitution and age.

  83. In whatever diseases the eyes weep voluntarily, it is a good
symptom, but when involuntarily, it is a bad.

  84. When in quartan fevers blood flows from the nostrils it is a bad
symptom.

  85. Sweats are dangerous when they do not occur on critical days,
when they are strong, and quickly forced out of the forehead, either
in the form of drops or in streams, and if excessively cold and
copious; for such a sweat must proceed from violence, excess of
pain, and prolonged squeezing (affliction?).

  86. In a chronic disease an excessive flux from the bowels is bad.

  87. Those diseases which medicines do not cure, iron (the knife?)
cures; those which iron cannot cure, fire cures; and those which
fire cannot cure, are to be reckoned wholly incurable.
                                    THE END
