               #CEJ ,,BC
      ,,ON ,,S5SE ,,& ,,! ,,S5SI#
               0,>I/OTLE
      ,TRANSLAT$ BY ;,J4 ,I4 ,BE>E

    ,TRANSLAT$ 6GRADE ,,II BRL -MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
                   #A

  ,HAV+ N[ DEF9ITELY 3SID]$ ! S\L1 0XF1
& XS S"EAL FACULTIES1 WE M/ NEXT MAKE A
SURVEY ( ANIMALS & ALL LIV+ ?+S1 9 ORD]
6ASC]TA9 :AT FUNC;NS >E PECULI>1 & :AT
FUNC;NS >E -MON1 6!M4 ,:AT HAS BE5 ALR
DET]M9$ RESPECT+ ! S\L ,7SC4 0XF7' M/ 2
ASSUM$ "?\T4 ,! REMA9+ "PS ,7SC4 !
ATTRIBUTES ( S\L & BODY 3JO9TLY7' ( \R
SUBJECT M/ 2 N[ D1LT )1 & WE MAY 2G9 )
^? T -E F/4
  ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES ( ANIMALS1
:E!R -MON 6ALL OR PECULI> 6"S1 >E1
MANIFE/LY1 ATTRIBUTES ( S\L & BODY 9
3JUNC;N1 E4G4 S5S,N1 MEMORY1 PAS.N1
APPETITE & DESIRE 9 G5]AL1 &1 9 A4I;N
PL1SURE & PA94 ,= ^! MAY1 9 FACT1 2 SD
62L;G 6ALL ANIMALS4 ,B "! >E1 2SS ^!1
C]TA9 O!R ATTRIBUTES1 ( : "S >E -MON
6ALL LIV+ ?+S1 :ILE O!RS >E PECULI>
6C]TA9 SPECIES ( ANIMALS4 ,! MO/
IMPORTANT ( ^! MAY 2 SUMM$ UP 9 F\R
PAIRS1 VIZ4 WAK+ & SLEEP+1 Y\? & OLD
AGE1 9HAL,N & EXHAL,N1 LIFE & D1?4 ,WE
M/ 5D1V\R 6>RIVE AT A SCI5TIFIC 3CEP;N (
^!1 DET]M9+ _! RESPECTIVE NATURES1 &!
CAUSES ( _! O3URR;E4
  ,B X 2HOVES ! ,PHYSICAL ,PHILOSOPH]
6OBTA9 AL A CLE> VIEW (! F/ PR9CIPLES (
H1L? & 41SE1 9ASM* Z NEI H1L? NOR 41SE C
EXI/ 9 LIFE.S ?+S4 ,9DE$ WE MAY SAY (
MO/ PHYSICAL 9QUIR]S1 &( ^? PHYSICIANS
:O /UDY _! >T PHILOSOPHIC,Y1 T :ILE !
=M] -PLETE _! "WS )A 4QUISI;N ON M$IC9E1
! LATT] USU,Y BASE _! M$ICAL !ORIES ON
PR9CIPLES DERIV$ F ,PHYSICS4
  ,T ALL ! ATTRIBUTES ABV ENUM]AT$ 2L;G
6S\L & BODY 9 3JUNC;N1 IS OBVI\S2 = !Y
ALL EI IMPLY S5S,N Z A 3COMITANT1 OR H X
Z _! M$IUM4 ,"S >E EI A6EC;NS OR /ATES (
S5S,N1 O!RS1 M1NS ( DEF5D+ & SAFE-GU>D+
X1 :ILE O!RS1 AG1 9VOLVE XS DE/RUC;N OR
NEG,N4 ,N[ X IS CLE>1 ALIKE 0R1SON+ &
OBS]V,N1 T S5S,N IS G5]AT$ 9 ! S\L "? !
M$IUM (! BODY4
  ,WE H ALR1 9 \R TR1TISE ,ON ! ,S\L1
EXPLA9$ ! NATURE ( S5S,N &! ACT ( P]CVG
0S5SE1 &! R1SON :Y ? A6EC;N 2L;GS
6ANIMALS4 ,S5S,N M/1 9DE$1 2 ATTRIBUT$
6ALL ANIMALS Z S*1 = 0XS PRES;E OR ABS;E
WE 4T+UI% ESS5TI,Y 2T :AT IS & :AT IS N
AN ANIMAL4
  ,B -+ N[ 6! SPECIAL S5SES S"E,Y1 WE
MAY SAY T T\* & TA/E NECESS>ILY APP]TA9
6ALL ANIMALS1 T\*1 =! R1SON GIV5 9 ,ON !
,S\L1 & TA/E1 2C ( NUTRI;N4 ,X IS 0TA/E
T "O 4T+UI%ES 9 FOOD ! PL1SANT F !
UNPL1SANT1 S Z 6FLEE F ! LATT] & PURSUE
! =M]3 & SAV\R 9 G5]AL IS AN A6EC;N (
NUTRI5T MATT]4
  ,! S5SES : OP]ATE "? EXT]NAL M$IA1
VIZ4 SMELL+1 HE>+1 SEE+1 >E F.D 9 ALL
ANIMALS : POSSESS ! FACULTY ( LOCOMO;N4
,6ALL T POSSESS !M !Y >E A M1NS (
PRES]V,N2 _! F9AL CAUSE 2+ T S* CR1TURES
MAY1 GUID$ 0ANTEC$5T P]CEP;N1 BO? PURSUE
_! FOOD1 & %UN ?+S T >E BAD OR
DE/RUCTIVE4 ,B 9 ANIMALS : H AL
9TELLIG;E !Y S]VE =! ATTA9;T (A HI<]
P]FEC;N4 ,!Y BR+ 9 TID+S ( _M 4T9CTIVE
QUALITIES ( ?+S1 F : ! K ( TRU?1
SPECULATIVE & PRACTICAL1 IS G5]AT$ 9 !
S\L4
  ,(! TWO LA/ M5;N$1 SEE+1 REG>D$ Z A
SUPPLY =! PRIM>Y WANTS ( LIFE1 & 9 XS
DIRECT E6ECTS1 IS ! SUP]IOR S5SE2 B =
DEVELOP+ 9TELLIG;E1 & 9 XS 9DIRECT
3SEQU;ES1 HE>+ TAKES ! PREC$;E4 ,!
FACULTY ( SEE+1 ?ANKS 6! FACT T ALL
BODIES >E COL\R$1 BR+S TID+S (
MULTITUDES ( 4T9CTIVE QUALITIES ( ALL
SORTS2 :;E X IS "? ? S5SE ESPECI,Y T WE
P]CV ! -MON S5SI#S1 VIZ4 FIGURE1
MAGNITUDE1 MO;N1 NUMB]3 :ILE HE>+
ANN\NCES ONLY ! 4T9CTIVE QUALITIES (
S.D1 &1 6"S FEW ANIMALS1 ^? AL ( VOICE4
9DIRECTLY1 H["E1 X IS HE>+ T 3TRIBUTES
MO/ 6! GR[? ( 9TELLIG;E4 ,= R,NAL 4C\RSE
IS A CAUSE ( 9/RUC;N 9 VIRTUE ( XS 2+
AUDI#1 : X IS1 N DIRECTLY1 B 9DIRECTLY2
S9CE X IS -POS$ ( ^WS1 & EA* ^W IS A
?"\-SYMBOL4 ,ACLY1 ( P]SONS DE/ITUTE F
BIR? ( EI S5SE1 ! BL >E M 9TELLIG5T ?AN
! D1F & DUMB4

                   #B

  ,(! 4T9CTIVE POT5CY ( EA* (! FACULTIES
( S5SE 5 HAS BE5 SD ALR4
  ,B Z 6! NATURE (! S5SORY ORGANS1 OR
"PS (! BODY 9 : EA* (! S5SES IS NATUR,Y
IMPLANT$1 9QUIR]S N[ USU,Y TAKE Z _!
GUIDE ! FUNDA;TAL ELE;TS ( BODIES4 ,N1
H["E1 F9D+ X EASY 6COORD9ATE FIVE S5SES
) F\R ELE;TS1 !Y >E AT A LOSS RESPECT+ !
FIF? S5SE4 ,B !Y HOLD ! ORGAN ( SI<T
63SI/ ( FIRE1 2+ PROMPT$ 6? VIEW 0A
C]TA9 S5SORY A6EC;N ( ^: TRUE CAUSE !Y
>E IGNORANT4 ,? IS T1 :5 ! EYE IS PRESS$
OR MOV$1 FIRE APPE>S 6FLA% F X4 ,?
NATUR,Y TAKES PLACE 9 D>K;S1 OR :5 !
EYELIDS >E CLOS$1 = !N1 TOO1 D>K;S IS
PRODUC$4
  ,? !ORY1 H["E1 SOLVES "O "Q ONLY
6RAISE ANO!R2 =1 UN.S ON ! HYPO!SIS T A
P]SON :O IS 9 8 FULL S5SES C SEE AN
OBJECT ( VI.N )\T 2+ AW>E ( X1 ! EYE M/
ON ? !ORY SEE XF4 ,B !N :Y DOES ! ABV
A6EC;N N O3UR AL :5 ! EYE IS AT RE/8 ,!
TRUE EXPLAN,N ( ? A6EC;N1 : W 3TA9 !
ANSW] 6\R "Q1 & A3.T =! CURR5T NO;N T !
EYE 3SI/S ( FIRE1 M/ 2 DET]M9$ 9 !
FOLL[+ WAY3 ,?+S : >E SMOO? H ! NATURAL
PROP]TY ( %9+ 9 D>K;S1 )\T1 H["E1
PRODUC+ LI<T4 ,N[1 ! "P (! EYE CALL$ ,8!
BLACK0'1 I4E4 XS C5TRAL "P1 IS MANIFE/LY
SMOO?4 ,! PH5OM5ON (! FLA% O3URS ONLY :5
! EYE IS MOV$1 2C ONLY !N CD X POSSIBLY
O3UR T ! SAME "O OBJECT %D 2COME Z X 7
TWO4 ,! RAPID;Y (! MOVE;T HAS ! E6ECT (
MAK+ T : SEES & T : IS SE5 SEEM DI6]5T F
"O ANO!R4 ,H;E ! PH5OM5ON DOES N O3UR
UN.S ! MO;N IS RAPID & TAKES PLACE 9
D>K;S4 ,= X IS 9 ! D>K T T : IS SMOO?1
E4G4 ! H1DS ( C]TA9 FI%ES1 &! SEPIA (!
CUTTLE-FI%1 NATUR,Y %9ES1 &1 :5 ! MOVE;T
(! EYE IS SL[1 X IS IMPOSSI# T T : SEES
& T : IS SE5 %D APPE> 6BE SIMULTANE\SLY
TWO & "O4 ,B1 9 FACT1 ! EYE SEES XF 9 !
ABV PH5OM5ON M]ELY Z X DOES S 9 ORD9>Y
OPTICAL REFLEXION4
  ,IF ! VISUAL ORGAN PROP] RE,Y 7 FIRE1
: IS ! DOCTR9E ( ,EMP$OCLES1 A DOCTR9E
TAU<T AL 9 ! ,TIMAEUS1 & IF VI.N 7 !
RESULT ( LI<T ISSU+ F ! EYE Z F A
LANT]N1 :Y %D ! EYE N H _H ! P[] ( SEE+
EV5 9 ! D>K8 ,X IS TOT,Y IDLE 6SAY1 Z !
,TIMAEUS DOES1 T ! VISUAL RAY -+ =? 9 !
D>K;S IS QU5*$4 ,:AT IS ! M1N+ ( ?
,8QU5*+0' ( LI<T8 ,T :1 L A FIRE ( COALS
OR AN ORD9>Y FLAME1 IS HOT & DRY IS1
9DE$1 QU5*$ 0! MOI/ OR COLD2 B H1T &
DRY;S >E EVID5TLY N ATTRIBUTES ( LI<T4
,OR IF !Y >E ATTRIBUTES ( X1 B 2L;G 6X 9
A DEGREE S SLI<T Z 6BE IMP]CEPTI# 6U1 WE
%D H EXPECT$ T 9 ! "D"T ! LI<T (! SUN %D
2 QU5*$ :5 RA9 FALLS1 & T D>K;S %D
PREVAIL 9 FRO/Y W1!R4 ,FLAME1 = EXAMPLE1
& IGNIT$ BODIES >E SUBJECT 6S* EXT9C;N1
B EXP]I;E %[S T NO?+ ( ? SORT HAPP5S 6!
SUNLI<T4
  ,EMP$OCLES AT "TS SEEMS 6HOLD T VI.N
IS 6BE EXPLA9$ Z ABV /AT$ 0LI<T ISSU+ =?
F ! EYE1 E4G4 9 ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE3-

,Z :5 "O :O PURPOSES GO+ ABROAD PREP>ES
    A LANT]N1 ,A GL1M ( FIRE BLAZ+ "? !
    /ORMY NI<T1 ,ADJU/+ "!TO1 6SCRE5 X F
    ALL SORTS ( W9DS1 TRANSP>5T SIDES1
,: SCATT] ! BR1? (! W9DS Z !Y BL[1
,:ILE1 \ "? !M L1P+1 ! FIRE1 I4E4 ALL !
    M SUBTILE "P ( ?1
,%9ES AL;G 8 ?RE%OLD OLD 9CESSANT B1MS3
,S ,7,DIV9E LOVE7' EMB$D$ ! R.D 8L5S01
    ,7VIZ47'
  ! PRIMAEVAL FIRE F;ED )9 ! MEMBRANES1
,9 ,7XS [N7' DELICATE TISSUES2
,& ^! F5D$ (F ! DEEP SURR.D+ FLOOD1
,:ILE L1P+ =? ! FIRE1 I4E4 ALL XS M
    SUBTILE "P-4

  ,"S"TS HE A3.TS = VI.N ?US1 B AT O!R
"TS HE EXPLA9S X 0EMAN,NS F ! VISI#
OBJECTS4
  ,DEMOCRITUS1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS "R 9 8
OP9ION T ! EYE IS ( WAT]2 N1 H["E1 :5 HE
GOES ON 6EXPLA9 SEE+ Z M]E MIRROR+4 ,!
MIRROR+ T TAKES PLACE 9 AN EYE IS DUE 6!
FACT T ! EYE IS SMOO?1 & X RE,Y HAS XS
S1T N 9 ! EYE : IS SE51 B 9 T : SEES4
,=! CASE IS M]ELY "O ( REFLEXION4 ,B X
WD SEEM T EV5 9 8 "T "! 0 NO SCI5TIFIC K
(! G5]AL SUBJECT (! =M,N ( IMAGES &!
PH5OM5A ( REFLEXION4 ,X IS /RANGE TOO1 T
X N"E O3URR$ 6HM 6ASK :Y1 IF 8 !ORY 2
TRUE1 ! EYE AL"O SEES1 :ILE N"O (! O!R
?+S 9 : IMAGES >E REFLECT$ D S4
  ,TRUE1 !N1 ! VISUAL ORGAN PROP] IS
-POS$ ( WAT]1 YET VI.N APP]TA9S 6X N 2C
X IS S -POS$1 B 2C X IS TRANSLUC5T- A
PROP]TY -MON ALIKE 6WAT] & 6AIR4 ,B WAT]
IS M EASILY 3F9$ & M EASILY 3D5S$ ?AN
AIR2 ":=E X IS T ! PUPIL1 I4E4 ! EYE
PROP]1 3SI/S ( WAT]4 ,T X DOES S IS
PROV$ 0FACTS ( ACTUAL EXP]I;E4 ,! SUB/.E
: FL[S F EYES :5 DECOMPOS+ IS SE5 6BE
WAT]1 & ? 9 UNDEVELOP$ EMBRYOS IS
REM>KABLY COLD & GLI/5+4 ,9 SANGU9E\S
ANIMALS ! :ITE (! EYE IS FAT & OILY1 9
ORD] T ! MOI/URE (! EYE MAY 2 PRO( AG/
FREEZ+4 ,":=E ! EYE IS ( ALL "PS (! BODY
! L1/ S5SITIVE 6COLD3 NO "O "E FEELS
COLD 9 ! "P %ELT]$ 0! EYELIDS4 ,! EYES (
BLOOD.S ANIMALS >E COV]$ )A H>D SCALE :
GIVES !M SIMIL> PROTEC;N4
  ,X IS1 6/ATE ! MATT] G5],Y1 AN IRR,NAL
NO;N T ! EYE %D SEE 9 VIRTUE ( "S?+
ISSU+ F X2 T ! VISUAL RAY %D EXT5D XF
ALL ! WAY 6! />S1 OR ELSE G \ M]ELY 6A
C]TA9 PO9T1 & "! COALESCE1 Z "S SAY1 )
RAYS : PROCE$ F ! OBJECT4 ,X WD 2 BETT]
6SUPPOSE ? COALESC;E 6TAKE PLACE 9 !
FUNDA;T (! EYE XF4 ,B EV5 ? WD 2 M]E
TRIFL+4 ,= :AT IS M1NT 0! ,8COALESC;E0'
( LI<T ) LI<T8 ,OR H[ IS X POSSI#8
,COALESC;E DOES N O3UR 2T ANY TWO ?+S
TAK5 AT R&OM4 ,& H[ CD ! LI<T )9 ! EYE
COALESCE ) T \TSIDE X8 ,=! 5VIRON+
MEMBRANE -ES 2T !M4
  ,T )\T LI<T VI.N IS IMPOSSI# HAS BE5
/AT$ ELSE":2 B1 :E!R ! M$IUM 2T ! EYE &
XS OBJECTS IS AIR OR LI<T1 VI.N IS CAUS$
0A PROCESS "? ? M$IUM4
  ,ACLY1 T ! 9N] "P (! EYE 3SI/S ( WAT]
IS EASILY 9TELLIGI#1 WAT] 2+ TRANSLUC5T4
  ,N[1 Z VI.N \TW>DLY IS IMPOSSI# )\T
,7EXTRA-ORGANIC7' LI<T1 S AL X IS
IMPOSSI# 9W>DLY ,7)\T LI<T )9 ! ORGAN7'4
,"! M/1 "!=E1 2 "S TRANSLUC5T M$IUM )9 !
EYE1 &1 Z ? IS N AIR1 X M/ 2 WAT]4 ,!
S\L OR XS P]CEPTIVE "P IS N SITUAT$ AT !
EXT]NAL SURFACE (! EYE1 B OBVI\SLY "S":
)93 :;E ! NECESS;Y (! 9T]IOR (! EYE 2+
TRANSLUC5T1 I4E4 CAPA# ( ADMITT+ LI<T4
,& T X IS S IS PLA9 F ACTUAL O3URR;ES4
,X IS MATT] ( EXP]I;E T SOLDI]S W.D$ 9
BATTLE 0A SWORD SLA% ON ! TEMPLE1 S
9FLICT$ Z 6S"E ! PASSAGES ( ,7I4E4 9W>D
F7' ! EYE1 FEEL A SU45 ONSET ( D>K;S1 Z
IF A LAMP _H G"O \2 2C :AT IS CALL$ !
PUPIL1 I4E4 ! TRANSLUC5T1 : IS A SORT (
9N] LAMP1 IS !N CUT (F ,7F XS 3NEXION )!
S\L7'4
  ,H;E1 IF ! FACTS 2 AT ALL Z "H /AT$1 X
IS CLE> T- IF "O %D EXPLA9 ! NATURE (!
S5SORY ORGANS 9 ? WAY1 I4E4 0CORRELAT+
EA* ( !M ) "O (! F\R ELE;TS1- WE M/ 3CV
T ! "P (! EYE IMMLY 3C]N$ 9 VI.N 3SI/S (
WAT]1 T ! "P IMMLY 3C]N$ 9 ! P]CEP;N (
S.D 3SI/S ( AIR1 & T ! S5SE ( SMELL
3SI/S ( FIRE4 7,I SAY ! S5SE ( SMELL1 N
! ORGAN47 ,=! ORGAN ( SMELL IS ONLY
POT5TI,Y T : ! S5SE ( SMELL1 Z R1LIZ$1
IS ACTU,Y2 S9CE ! OBJECT ( S5SE IS :AT
CAUSES ! ACTUALIZ,N ( EA* S5SE1 S T X 7!
S5SE7 M/ 7AT ! 9/ANT ( ACTUALIZ,N7 2
7ACTU,Y7 T : 2F 7! MO;T ( ACTUALIZ,N7 X
0 POT5TI,Y4 ,N[1 OD\R IS A SMOKE-L
EVAPOR,N1 & SMOKE-L EVAPOR,N >ISES F
FIRE4 ,? AL HELPS U 6"U/& :Y ! OLFACTORY
ORGAN HAS XS PROP] S1T 9 ! 5VIRON;T (!
BRA91 = COLD MATT] IS POT5TI,Y HOT4 ,9 !
SAME WAY M/ ! G5ESIS (! EYE 2 EXPLA9$4
,XS /RUCTURE IS AN (F%OOT F ! BRA91 2C !
LATT] IS ! MOI/E/ & COLDE/ ( ALL !
BODILY "PS4
  ,! ORGAN ( T\* PROP] 3SI/S ( E>?1 &!
FACULTY ( TA/E IS A "PICUL> =M ( T\*4 ,?
EXPLA9S :Y ! S5SORY ORGAN ( BO? T\* &
TA/E IS CLOSELY RELAT$ 6! HE>T4 ,=! HE>T
Z 2+ ! HOTTE/ ( ALL ! BODILY "PS1 IS !
C.T]POISE (! BRA94
  ,? !N IS ! WAY 9 : ! "*I/ICS (! BODILY
ORGANS ( S5SE M/ 2 DET]M9$4

                   #C

  ,(! S5SI#S CORRESPOND+ 6EA* S5SORY
ORGAN1 VIZ4 COL\R1 S.D1 OD\R1 SAV\R1
T\*1 WE H TR1T$ 9 ,ON ! ,S\L 9 G5]AL
T]MS1 HAV+ "! DET]M9$ :AT _! FUNC;N IS1
& :AT IS IMPLI$ 9 _! 2COM+ ACTUALIZ$ 9
REL,N 6_! RESPECTIVE ORGANS4 ,WE M/ NEXT
3SID] :AT A3.T WE >E 6GIVE ( ANY "O (
!M2 :AT1 = EXAMPLE1 WE %D SAY COL\R IS1
OR S.D1 OR OD\R1 OR SAV\R2 & S AL
RESPECT+ ,7! OBJECT (7' T\*4 ,WE 2G9 )
COL\R4
  ,N[1 EA* ( !M MAY 2 SPOK5 ( F TWO
PO9TS ( VIEW1 I4E4 EI Z ACTUAL OR Z
POT5TIAL4 ,WE H 9 ,ON ! ,S\L EXPLA9$ 9
:AT S5SE ! COL\R1 OR S.D1 REG>D$ Z
ACTUALIZ$ ,7= S5S,N7' IS ! SAME Z1 & 9
:AT S5SE X IS DI6]5T F1 ! CORRELATIVE
S5S,N1 ! ACTUAL SEE+ OR HE>+4 ,! PO9T (
\R PRES5T 4CUS.N IS1 "!=E1 6DET]M9E :AT
EA* S5SI# OBJECT M/ 2 9 XF1 9 ORD] 6BE
P]CVD Z X IS 9 ACTUAL 3SCI\S;S4
  ,WE H ALR 9 ,ON ! ,S\L /AT$ ( ,LI<T T
X IS ! COL\R (! ,TRANSLUC5T1 ,72+ S
RELAT$ 6X7' 9CID5T,Y2 = :5"E A FI]Y
ELE;T IS 9 A TRANSLUC5T M$IUM PRES;E "!
IS ,LI<T2 :ILE ! PRIV,N ( X IS ,D>K;S4
,B ! ,8,TRANSLUC5T0'1 Z WE CALL X1 IS N
"S?+ PECULI> 6AIR1 OR WAT]1 OR ANY O!R (
! BODIES USU,Y CALL$ TRANSLUC5T1 B IS A
-MON ,8NATURE0' & P[]1 CAPA# ( NO
SEP>ATE EXI/;E ( XS [N1 B RESID+ 9 ^!1 &
SUBSI/+ LIKEWISE 9 ALL O!R BODIES 9 A
GRT] OR LESS DEGREE4 ,Z ! BODIES 9 : X
SUBSI/S M/ H "S EXTREME B.D+ SURFACE1 S
TOO M/ ?4 ,"H1 !N1 WE MAY SAY T ,LI<T IS
A ,8NATURE0' 9H]+ 9 ! ,TRANSLUC5T :5 !
LATT] IS )\T DET]M9ATE B.D>Y4 ,B X IS
MANIFE/ T1 :5 ! ,TRANSLUC5T IS 9
DET]M9ATE BODIES1 XS B.D+ EXTREME M/ 2
"S?+ R1L2 & T COL\R IS J ? ,8"S?+0' WE
>E PLA9LY TAU<T 0FACTS-COL\R 2+ ACTU,Y
EI AT ! EXT]NAL LIMIT1 OR 2+ XF T LIMIT1
9 BODIES4 ,H;E X 0 T ! ,PY?AGOR1NS "ND !
SUP]FICIES (A BODY XS ,8HUE0'1 =
,8HUE0'1 9DE$1 LIES AT ! LIMIT (! BODY2
B ! LIMIT (! BODY2 IS N A R1L ?+2 R WE
M/ SUPPOSE T ! SAME NATURAL SUB/.E :1
EXT]N,Y1 IS ! VEHICLE ( COL\R EXI/S ,7Z
S* A POSSI# VEHICLE7' AL 9 ! 9T]IOR (!
BODY4
  ,AIR & WAT]1 TOO ,7I4E4 Z WELL Z
DET]M9ATELY B.D$ BODIES7' >E SE5
6POSSESS COL\R2 = _! B"R;S IS (! NATURE
( COL\R4 ,B ! COL\R : AIR OR SEA
PRES5TS1 S9CE ! BODY 9 : X RESIDES IS N
DET]M9ATELY B.D$1 IS N ! SAME :5 "O
APPROA*ES & VIEWS X CLOSE 0Z X IS :5 "O
REG>DS X F A 4T.E2 ":AS 9 DET]M9ATE
BODIES ! COL\R PRES5T$ IS DEF9ITELY
FIX$1 UN.S1 9DE$1 :5 ! ATMOSPH]IC
5VIRON;T CAUSES X 6*ANGE4 ,H;E X IS CLE>
T T 9 !M : IS SUSCEPTI# ( COL\R IS 9 BO?
CASES ! SAME4 ,X IS "!=E ! ,TRANSLUC5T1
AC 6! DEGREE 6: X SUBSI/S 9 BODIES 7& X
DOES S 9 ALL M OR LESS71 T CAUSES !M
6P>TAKE ( COL\R4 ,B S9CE ! COL\R IS AT !
EXTREM;Y (! BODY1 X M/ 2 AT ! EXTREM;Y (
! ,TRANSLUC5T 9 ! BODY4 ,:;E X FOLL[S T
WE MAY DEF9E COL\R Z ! LIMIT (!
,TRANSLUC5T 9 DET]M9ATELY B.D$ BODY4 ,=
:E!R WE 3SID] ! SPECIAL CLASS ( BODIES
CALL$ TRANSLUC5T1 Z WAT] & S* O!RS1 OR
DET]M9ATE BODIES1 : APPE> 6POSSESS A
FIX$ COL\R ( _! [N1 X IS AT ! EXT]IOR
B.D+ SURFACE T ALL ALIKE EXHIBIT _!
COL\R4
  ,N[1 T : :5 PRES5T 9 AIR PRODUCES LI<T
MAY 2 PRES5T AL 9 ! ,TRANSLUC5T :
P]VADES DET]M9ATE BODIES2 OR AG1 X MAY N
2 PRES5T1 B "! MAY 2 A PRIV,N ( X4
,ACLY1 Z 9 ! CASE ( AIR ! "O 3DI;N IS
LI<T1 ! O!R D>K;S1 9 ! SAME WAY ! COL\RS
,:ITE & ,BLACK >E G5]AT$ 9 DET]M9ATE
BODIES4
  ,WE M/ N[ TR1T (! O!R COL\RS1 REVIEW+
! S"EAL HYPO!SES 9V5T$ 6EXPLA9 _!
G5ESIS4
  7#A7 ,X IS 3CEIVA# T ! ,:ITE &! ,BLACK
%D 2 JUXTAPOS$ 9 QUANTITIES S M9UTE T
,7A "PICLE (7' EI SEP>ATELY WD 2 9VISI#1
?\< ! JO9T PRODUCT ,7( TWO "PICLES1 A
BLACK &A :ITE7' WD 2 VISI#2 & T !Y %D
?US H ! O!R COL\RS = RESULTANTS4 ,_!
PRODUCT CD1 AT ALL EV5TS1 APPE> NEI :ITE
NOR BLACK2 &1 Z X M/ H "S COL\R1 & C H
NEI ( ^!1 ? COL\R M/ 2 (A MIX$
  "*- 9 FACT1 A SPECIES ( COL\R DI6]5T F
EI4 ,S*1 !N1 IS A POSSI# WAY ( 3CVG !
EXI/;E (A PLURAL;Y ( COL\RS 2SS ! ,:ITE
& ,BLACK2 & WE MAY SUPPOSE T ,7( ?
,8PLURAL;Y0'7' _M >E ! RESULT (A
,7NUM]ICAL7' RATIO2 =! BLACKS & :ITES
MAY 2 JUXTAPOS$ 9 ! RATIO ( #C 6#B OR (
#C 6#D1 OR 9 RATIOS EXPRESSI# 0O!R
NUMB]S2 :ILE "S MAY 2 JUXTAPOS$ AC 6NO
NUM]IC,Y EXPRESSI# RATIO1 B AC 6"S REL,N
( EXCESS OR DEFECT 9 : ! BLACKS & :ITES
9VOLV$ WD 2 9COMM5SURA# QUANTITIES2 &1
ACLY1 WE MAY REG>D ALL ^! COL\RS ,7VIZ4
ALL ^? BAS$ ON NUM]ICAL RATIOS7' Z
ANALOG\S 6! S.DS T 5T] 96MUSIC1 &
SUPPOSE T ^? 9VOLV+ SIMPLE NUM]ICAL
RATIOS1 L ! 3CORDS 9 MUSIC1 MAY 2 ^?
G5],Y REG>D$ Z MO/ AGREEA#2 Z1 =
EXAMPLE1 PURPLE1 CRIMSON1 & "S FEW S*
COL\RS1 _! FEW;S 2+ DUE 6! SAME CAUSES :
R5D] ! 3CORDS FEW4 ,! O!R -P.D COL\RS
MAY 2 ^? : >E N BAS$ ON NUMB]S4 ,OR X
MAY 2 T1 :ILE ALL COL\RS :AT"E ,7EXCEPT
BLACK & :ITE7' >E BAS$ ON NUMB]S1 "S >E
REGUL> 9 ? RESPECT1 O!RS IRREGUL>2 & T !
LATT] ,7?\< N[ SUPPOS$ 6BE ALL BAS$ ON
NUMB]S7'1 :5"E !Y >E N PURE1 [E ? "* 6A
CORRESPOND+ IMPUR;Y 9 ,7! >RANGE;T (7'
_! NUM]ICAL RATIOS4 ,? !N IS "O 3CEIVA#
HYPO!SIS 6EXPLA9 ! G5ESIS ( 9T]M$IATE
COL\RS4
  7#B7 ,ANO!R IS T ! ,BLACK & ,:ITE
APPE> ! "O "? ! M$IUM (! O!R1 GIV+ AN
E6ECT L T "S"TS PRODUC$ 0PA9T]S OV]LAY+
A LESS VIVID ^U A M VIVID COL\R1 Z :5 !Y
DESIRE 6REPRES5T AN OBJECT APPE>+ "U
WAT] OR 5VELOP$ 9 A HAZE1 & L T PRODUC$
0! SUN1 : 9 XF APPE>S :ITE1 B TAKES A
CRIMSON HUE :5 2HELD "? A FOG OR A CL\D
( SMOKE4 ,ON ? HYPO!SIS1 TOO1 A V>IETY (
COL\RS MAY 2 3CVD 6>ISE 9 ! SAME WAY Z T
ALR DESCRIB$2 = 2T ^? AT ! SURFACE & ^?
"UN1? A DEF9ITE RATIO MI<T "S"TS EXI/2 9
O!R CASES !Y MI<T /& 9 NO DET]M9ATE
RATIO4 ,TO ,79TRODUCE A !ORY ( COL\R :
WD SET ALL ^! HYPO!SES ASIDE1 &7' SAY )!
ANCI5TS T COL\RS >E EMAN,NS1 & T !
VISIBIL;Y ( OBJECTS IS DUE 6S* A CAUSE1
IS ABSURD4 ,= !Y M/1 9 ANY CASE1 EXPLA9
S5SE-P]CEP;N "? ,T\*2 S T X 7 BETT] 6SAY
AT ONCE T VISUAL P]CEP;N IS DUE 6A
PROCESS SET UP 0! P]CVD OBJECT 9 ! M$IUM
2T ? OBJECT &! S5SORY ORGAN2 DUE1 T IS1
63TACT ,7)! M$IUM A6ECT$17' N 6EMAN,NS4
  ,IF WE A3EPT ! HYPO!SIS ( JUXTAPOSI;N1
WE M/ ASSUME N ONLY 9VISI# MAGNITUDE1 B
AL IMP]CEPTI# "T1 9 ORD] T ! SU3ES.N 9 !
>RIVAL (! /IMULATORY MOVE;TS MAY 2
UNP]CVD1 & T ! -P.D COL\R SE5 MAY APPE>
6BE "O1 [+ 6XS SU3ESSIVE "PS SEEM+
6PRES5T !MVS AT ONCE4 ,ON ! HYPO!SIS (
SUP]POSI;N1 H["E1 NO S* ASSUMP;N IS
NE$;L3 ! /IMULATORY PROCESS PRODUC$ 9 !
M$IUM 0! UPP] COL\R1 :5 ? IS XF
UNA6ECT$1 W 2 DI6]5T 9 K9D F T PRODUC$
0X :5 A6ECT$ 0! "ULY+ COL\R4 ,H;E X
PRES5TS XF Z A DI6]5T COL\R1 I4E4 Z "O :
IS NEI :ITE NOR BLACK4 ,S T1 IF X IS
IMPOSSI# 6SUPPOSE ANY MAGNITUDE 6BE
9VISI#1 & WE M/ ASSUME T "! IS "S 4T.E F
: E MAGNITUDE IS VISI#1 ? SUP]POSI;N
!ORY1 TOO ,7I4E4 Z WELL Z ,NO4 #C
9FRA7'1 MI<T PASS Z A R1L !ORY ( COL\R-
MIXTURE4 ,9DE$1 9 ! PREVI\S CASE AL "!
IS NO R1SON :Y1 6P]SONS AT A 4T.E F !
JUXTAPOS$ BLACKS & :ITES1 "S "O COL\R %D
N APPE> 6PRES5T XF Z A BL5D ( BO?4 ,7,B
X WD N 2 S ON A NE>] VIEW7'1 = X W 2
%[N1 9 A 4CUS.N 6BE "UTAK5 LAT] ON1 T "!
IS NO MAGNITUDE ABSOLUTELY 9VISI#4
  7#C7 ,"! IS A MIXTURE ( BODIES1 H["E1
N M]ELY S* Z "S SUPPOSE1 I4E4
0JUXTAPOSI;N ( _! M9IMAL "PS1 :1 [+ TO
,7! W1K;S ( \R7' S5SE1 >E IMP]CEPTI# 0U1
B A MIXTURE 0: !Y ,7I4E4 ! ,8MATT]0' ( :
!Y 3SI/7' >E :OLLY BL5T TGR 09T]P5ETR,N1
Z WE H DESCRIB$ X 9 ! TR1TISE ON
,MIXTURE1 ": WE D1LT ) ? SUBJECT G5],Y 9
XS MO/ -PREH5SIVE ASPECT4 ,=1 ON !
SUPPOSI;N WE >E CRITICIZ+1 ! ONLY TOTALS
CAPA# ( 2+ MIX$ >E ^? : >E DIVISI#
96M9IMAL "PS1 ,7E4G4 G5]A 969DIVIDUALS7'
Z M51 HORSES1 OR ! ,7V>I\S K9DS (7'
SE$S4 ,=( MANK9D Z A :OLE ! 9DIVIDUAL
MAN IS S* A L1/ "P2 ( HORSES ,7Z AN
A7REGATE7' ! 9DIVIDUAL HORSE4 ,H;E 0!
JUXTAPOSI;N ( ^! WE OBTA9 A MIX$ TOTAL1
3SI/+ ,7L A TROOP ( CAVALRY7' ( BO? TGR2
B WE D N SAY T 0S* A PROCESS ANY
9DIVIDUAL MAN HAS BE5 MIX$ ) ANY
9DIVIDUAL HORSE4 ,N 9 ? WAY1 B 0-PLETE
9T]P5ETR,N ,7( _! MATT]7'1 M/ WE 3CV ^?
?+S 6BE MIX$ : >E N DIVISI# 96M9IMA2 & X
IS 9 ! CASE ( ^! T NATURAL MIXTURE
EXHIBITS XF 9 XS MO/ P]FECT =M4 ,WE H
EXPLA9$ ALR 9 \R 4C\RSE ,8,ON ,MIXTURE0'
H[ S* MIXTURE IS POSSI#4 ,? 2+ ! TRUE
NATURE ( MIXTURE1 X IS PLA9 T :5 BODIES
>E MIX$ _! COL\RS AL >E NECESS>ILY MIX$
AT ! SAME "T2 & ,7X IS NO LESS PLA97' T
? IS ! R1L CAUSE DET]M9+ ! EXI/;E (A
PLURAL;Y ( COL\RS- N SUP]POSI;N OR
JUXTAPOSI;N4 ,= :5 BODIES >E ?US MIX$1
_! RESULTANT COL\R PRES5TS XF Z "O &!
SAME AT ALL 4T.ES ALIKE2 N V>Y+ Z X IS
SE5 NE>] OR F>!R AWAY4
  ,COL\RS W ?US1 TOO ,7Z WELL Z ON ! =M]
HYPO!SES7'1 2 _M 9 NUMB] ON A3.T (! FACT
T ! 9GR$I5TS MAY 2 -B9$ ) "O ANO!R 9 A
MULTITUDE ( RATIOS2 "S W 2 BAS$ ON
DET]M9ATE NUM]ICAL RATIOS1 :ILE O!RS AG
W H Z _! BASIS A REL,N ( QUANTITATIVE
EXCESS OR DEFECT N EXPRESSI# 9 9TEG]S4
,& ALL ELSE T 0 SD 9 REF];E 6! COL\RS1
3SID]$ Z JUXTAPOS$ OR SUP]POS$1 MAY 2 SD
( !M LIKEWISE :5 REG>D$ Z MIX$ 9 ! WAY J
DESCRIB$4
  ,:Y COL\RS1 Z WELL Z SAV\RS & S.DS1
3SI/ ( SPECIES DET]M9ATE ,7IN !MVS7' & N
9F9ITE ,7IN NUMB]7' IS A "Q : WE % 4CUSS
"HAF4

                   #D

  ,WE H N[ EXPLA9$ :AT COL\R IS1 &!
R1SON :Y "! >E _M COL\RS2 :ILE 2F1 9 \R
"W ,ON ! ,S\L1 WE EXPLA9$ ! NATURE ( S.D
& VOICE4 ,WE H NEXT 6SP1K ( ,OD\R &
,SAV\R1 BO? ( : >E ALM ! SAME PHYSICAL
A6EC;N1 AL? !Y EA* H _! 2+ 9 DI6]5T ?+S4
,SAV\RS1 Z A CLASS1 4PLAY _! NATURE M
CLE>LY 6U ?AN ,OD\RS1 ! CAUSE ( : IS T !
OLFACTORY S5SE ( MAN IS 9F]IOR 9 ACUTE;S
6T (! L[] ANIMALS1 & IS1 :5 -P>$ ) \R
O!R S5SES1 ! L1/ P]FECT ( ,MAN'S S5SE (
,T\*1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 EXCELS T ( ALL O!R
ANIMALS 9 F9E;S1 & ,TA/E IS A MODIFIC,N
( ,T\*4
  ,N[ ! NATURAL SUB/.E WAT] P] SE T5DS
6BE TA/E.S4 ,B ,7S9CE )\T WAT] TA/+ IS
IMPOSSI#7' EI 7A7 WE M/ SUPPOSE T WAT]
3TA9S 9 XF ,7UNI=MLY DI6US$ "? X7' !
V>I\S K9DS ( SAV\R1 ALR =M$1 ?\< 9 AM.TS
S SMALL Z 6BE IMP]CEPTI#1 : IS ! DOCTR9E
( ,EMP$OCLES2 OR 7B7 ! WAT] M/ 2 A SORT
( MATT]1 QUALIFI$1 Z X W]E1 6PRODUCE
G]MS ( SAV\RS ( ALL K9DS1 S T ALL K9DS (
SAV\R >E G5]AT$ F ! WAT]1 ?\< DI6]5T
K9DS F XS DI6]5T "PS1 OR ELSE 7C7 ! WAT]
IS 9 XF Q UNDI6]5TIAT$ 9 RESPECT ( SAV\R
,7:E!R DEVELOP$ OR UNDEVELOP$7'1 B "S
AG5T1 S* = EXAMPLE Z "O MI<T 3CV ,H1T OR
! ,SUN 6BE1 IS ! E6ICI5T CAUSE ( SAV\R4

7A7 ,( ^! ?REE HYPO!SES1 ! FALS;Y ( T
  HELD 0,EMP$OCLES IS ONLY TOO EVID5T4
  ,= WE SEE T :5 P]IC>PAL FRUITS >E
  PLUCK$ ,7F ! TREE7' & EXPOS$ 9 ! SUN1
  OR SUBJECT$ 6! AC;N ( FIRE1 _! SAPID
  JUICES >E *ANG$ 0! H1T1 : %[S T _!
  QUALITIES >E N DUE 6_! DRAW+ ANY?+ F !
  WAT] 9 ! GR.D1 B 6A *ANGE : !Y "UGO )9
  ! P]IC>P XF2 & WE SEE1 MOREOV]1 T ^!
  JUICES1 :5 EXTRACT$ & ALL[$ 6LIE1 9/1D
  ( SWEET 2COME 0LAPSE ( "T H>% OR
  BITT]1 OR ACQUIRE SAV\RS ( ANY & E
  SORT2 & T1 AG1 0! PROCESS ( BOIL+ OR
  F];T,N !Y >E MADE 6ASSUME ALM ALL K9DS
  ( NEW SAV\RS4
7B7 ,X IS LIKEWISE IMPOSSI# T WAT] %D 2
  A MAT]IAL QUALIFI$ 6G5]ATE ALL K9DS (
  ,SAV\R G]MS ,7S T DI6]5T SAV\RS %D
  >ISE \ ( DI6]5T "PS (! WAT]7'2 = WE
  SEE DI6]5T K9DS ( TA/E G5]AT$ F ! SAME
  WAT]1 HAV+ X Z _! NUTRI;T4
7,C7 ,X REMA9S1 "!=E1 6SUPPOSE T ! WAT]
  IS *ANG$ 0PASSIVELY RCVG "S A6EC;N F
  AN EXT]NAL AG5T4 ,N[1 X IS MANIFE/ T
  WAT] DOES N 3TRACT ! QUAL;Y ( SAPID;Y
  F ! AG5CY ( ,H1T AL"O4 ,= WAT] IS (
  ALL LIQUIDS ! ?9NE/1 ?9N] EV5 ?AN OIL
  XF1 ?\< OIL1 [+ 6XS VISCOS;Y1 IS M
  DUCTILE ?AN WAT]1 ! LATT] 2+
  UNCOHESIVE 9 XS "PICLES2 :;E WAT] IS M
  DI6ICULT ?AN OIL 6HOLD 9 ! H& )\T
  SPILL+4 ,B S9CE P]FECTLY PURE WAT]
  DOES N1 :5 SUBJECT$ 6! AC;N ( ,H1T1 %[
  ANY T5D5CY 6ACQUIRE 3SI/5CY1 WE M/ 9F]
  T "S O!R AG5CY ?AN H1T IS ! CAUSE (
  SAPID;Y4 ,= ALL SAV\RS ,7I4E4 SAPID
  LIQUORS7' EXHIBIT A -P>ATIVE 3SI/5CY4
  ,H1T IS1 H["E1 A COAG5T 9 ! MATT]4

  ,N[ ! SAPID JUICES F.D 9 P]IC>PAL
FRUITS EVID5TLY EXI/ AL 9 ! E>?4 ,H;E _M
(! OLD NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S ASS]T T WAT]
HAS QUALITIES L ^? (! E>? "? : X FL[S1 A
FACT ESPECI,Y MANIFE/ 9 ! CASE ( SAL9E
SPR+S1 = SALT IS A =M ( E>?4 ,H;E AL :5
LIQUIDS >E FILT]$ "? A%ES1 A BITT]
SUB/.E1 ! TA/E !Y YIELD IS BITT]4 ,"! >E
_M WELLS1 TOO1 ( : "S >E BITT]1 O!RS
ACID1 :ILE O!RS EXHIBIT O!R TA/ES ( ALL
K9DS4
  ,Z 0 6BE ANTICIPAT$1 "!=E1 X IS 9 !
VEGETA# K+DOM T TA/ES O3UR 9 RI*E/
V>IETY4 ,=1 L ALL ?+S ELSE1 ! ,MOI/1
0NATURE'S LAW1 IS A6ECT$ ONLY 0XS 3TR>Y2
& ? 3TR>Y IS ! ,DRY4 ,?US WE SEE :Y !
,MOI/ IS A6ECT$ 0,FIRE1 : Z A NATURAL
SUB/.E1 IS DRY4 ,H1T IS1 H["E1 !
ESS5TIAL PROP]TY ( ,FIRE1 Z ,DRY;S IS (
,E>?1 AC 6:AT HAS BE5 SD 9 \R TR1TISE ON
! ELE;TS4 ,FIRE & ,E>?1 "!=E1 TAK5
ABSOLUTELY Z S*1 H NO NATURAL P[]
6A6ECT1 OR 2 A6ECT$ BY1 "O ANO!R2 NOR H
ANY O!R PAIR ( SUB/.ES4 ,ANY TWO ?+S C
A6ECT1 OR 2 A6ECT$ BY1 "O ANO!R ONLY S
F> Z 3TR>IETY 6! O!R RESIDES 9 EI ( !M4
  ,Z1 "!=E1 P]SONS WA%+ ,COL\RS OR
,SAV\RS 9 A LIQUID CAUSE ! WAT] 9 : !Y
WA% 6ACQUIRE S* A QUAL;Y ,7Z T (! COL\R
OR SAV\R7'1 S NATURE1 TOO1 0WA%+ ! ,DRY
& ,E>?Y 9 ! ,MOI/1 & 0FILT]+ ! LATT]1 T
IS1 MOV+ X ON 0! AG5CY ( H1T "? ! DRY &
E>?Y1 IM"PS 6X A C]TA9 QUAL;Y4 ,?
A6EC;N1 WR"\ 0! A=ESD ,DRY 9 ! ,MOI/1
CAPA# ( TRANS=M+ ! S5SE ( ,TA/E F
POT5TIAL;Y 6ACTUAL;Y1 IS ,SAV\R4 ,SAV\R
BR+S 96ACTUAL EX]CISE ! P]CEPTIVE
FACULTY : PRE-EXI/$ ONLY 9 POT5CY4 ,!
ACTIV;Y ( S5SE-P]CEP;N 9 G5]AL IS
ANALOG\S1 N 6! PROCESS ( ACQUIR+ K1 B 6T
( EX]CIS+ K ALR ACQUIR$4
  ,T ,SAV\RS1 EI Z A QUAL;Y OR Z !
PRIV,N (A QUAL;Y1 2L;G N 6E =M (! ,DRY B
6! ,NUTRI5T1 WE % SEE 03SID]+ T NEI !
,DRY )\T ! ,MOI/1 NOR ! ,MOI/ )\T !
,DRY1 IS NUTRI5T4 ,= NO S+LE ELE;T1 B
ONLY -POSITE SUB/.E1 3/ITUTES NUTRI;T =
ANIMALS4 ,N[1 AM;G ! P]CEPTI# ELE;TS (!
FOOD : ANIMALS ASSIMILATE1 ! TANGI# >E !
E6ICI5T CAUSES ( GR[? & DECAY2 X IS QUA
HOT OR COLD T ! FOOD ASSIMILAT$ CAUSES
^!2 =! H1T OR COLD IS ! DIRECT CAUSE (
GR[? OR DECAY4 ,X IS QUA GU/A#1 H["E1 T
! ASSIMILAT$ FOOD SUPPLIES NUTRI;N4 ,=
ALL ORGANISMS >E N\RI%$ 0! ,SWEET ,7I4E4
! ,8GU/A#0' PROP]7'1 EI 0XF OR 9 -B9,N )
O!R SAV\RS4 ,( ? WE M/ SP1K ) M PRECISE
DETAIL 9 \R "W ON ,G5],N3 =! PRES5T WE
NE$ T\* ^U X ONLY S F> Z \R SUBJECT "H
REQUIRES4 ,H1T CAUSES GR[?1 & FITS !
FOOD-/UFF = ALI;T,N2 X ATTRACTS ,796!
ORGANIC SY/EM7' T : IS LI<T ,7VIZ4 !
SWEET7'1 :ILE ! SALT & BITT] X REJECTS
2C ( _! H1VI;S4 ,9 FACT1 :AT"E E6ECTS
EXT]NAL H1T PRODUCES 9 EXT]NAL BODIES1 !
SAME >E PRODUC$ 0_! 9T]NAL H1T 9 ANIMAL
& VEGETA# ORGANISMS4 ,H;E X IS ,7I4E4 0!
AG5CY ( H1T Z DESCRIB$7' T N\RI%;T IS
E6ECT$ 0! SWEET4 ,! O!R SAV\RS >E
9TRODUC$ 96& BL5D$ 9 FOOD ,7NATUR,Y7' ON
A PR9CIPLE ANALOG\S 6T ON : ! SAL9E OR !
ACID IS US$ >TIFICI,Y1 I4E4 = S1SON+4
,^! LATT] >E US$ 2C !Y C.T]ACT ! T5D5CY
(! SWEET 6BE TOO NUTRI5T1 & 6FLOAT ON !
/OMA*4
  ,Z ! 9T]M$IATE COL\RS >ISE F ! MIXTURE
( :ITE & BLACK1 S ! 9T]M$IATE SAV\RS
>ISE F ! ,SWEET & ,BITT]2 & ^! SAV\RS1
TOO1 S"E,Y 9VOLVE EI A DEF9ITE RATIO1 OR
ELSE AN 9DEF9ITE REL,N ( DEGREE1 2T _!
-PON5TS1 EI HAV+ C]TA9 9TEGRAL NUMB]S AT
! BASIS ( _! MIXTURE1 &1 3SEQU5TLY1 ( _!
/IMULATIVE E6ECT1 OR ELSE 2+ MIX$ 9
PROPOR;NS N >I?METIC,Y EXPRESSI#4 ,!
TA/ES : GIVE PL1SURE 9 _! -B9,N >E ^? :
H _! -PON5TS JO9$ 9 A DEF9ITE RATIO4
  ,! SWEET TA/E AL"O IS ,RI*1 ,7"!=E !
LATT] MAY 2 REG>D$ Z A V>IETY (! =M]7'1
:ILE ,7S F> Z BO? IMPLY PRIV,N (!
,SWEET7' ! ,SAL9E IS FAIRLY ID5TICAL )!
,BITT]4 ,2T ! EXTREMES ( SWEET & BITT]
-E ! ,H>%1 ! ,PUNG5T1 ! ,A/R+5T1 &!
,ACID4 ,SAV\RS & ,COL\RS1 X W 2 OBS]V$1
3TA9 RESPECTIVELY AB ! SAME NUMB] (
SPECIES4 ,= "! >E SEV5 SPECIES ( EA*1
IF1 Z IS R1SONA#1 WE REG>D ,DUN ,7OR
,GREY7' Z A V>IETY ( ,BLACK 7=!
ALT]NATIVE IS T ,YELL[ %D 2 CLASS$ )
,:ITE1 Z ,RI* ) ,SWEET72 :ILE ,7!
IRREDUCI# COL\RS1 VIZ47' ,CRIMSON1
,VIOLET1 LEEK-,GRE51 & DEEP ,BLUE1 -E 2T
,:ITE & ,BLACK1 & F ^! ALL O!RS >E
DERIV$ 0MIXTURE4
  ,AG1 Z ,BLACK IS A PRIV,N ( ,:ITE 9 !
,TRANSLUC5T1 S ,SAL9E OR ,BITT] IS A
PRIV,N ( ,SWEET 9 ! ,NUTRI5T ,MOI/4 ,?
EXPLA9S :Y ! A% ( ALL BURNT ?+S IS
BITT]2 =! POTA# ,7SC4 ! SWEET7' MOI/URE
HAS BE5 EXUD$ F !M4
  ,DEMOCRITUS & MO/ (! NATURAL
PHILOSOPH]S :O TR1T ( S5SE-P]CEP;N
PROCE$ Q IRR,N,Y1 = !Y REPRES5T ALL
OBJECTS ( S5SE Z OBJECTS ( ,T\*4 ,YET1
IF ? IS RE,Y S1 X CLE>LY FOLL[S T EA* (!
O!R S5SES IS A MODE ( ,T\*2 B "O C SEE
AT A GL.E T ? IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,AG1 !Y TR1T ! P]CEPTS -MON 6ALL S5SES
Z PROP] 6"O4 ,= ,7! QUALITIES 0: !Y
EXPLA9 TA/E VIZ47' ,MAGNITUDE & ,FIGURE1
,R\<;S & ,SMOO?;S1 &1 MOREOV]1 ! ,%>P;S
& ,BLUNT;S F.D 9 SOLID BODIES1 >E
P]CEPTS -MON 6ALL ! S5SES1 OR IF N 6ALL1
AT L1/ 6,SI<T & ,T\*4 ,? EXPLA9S :Y X IS
T ! S5SES >E LIA# 6]R REG>D+ !M1 :ILE NO
S* ]ROR >ISES RESPECT+ _! PROP] S5SI#S2
E4G4 ! S5SE ( ,SEE+ IS N DCVD Z 6,COL\R1
NOR IS T ( ,HE>+ Z 6,S.D4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y REDUCE ! PROP] 6-MON
S5SI#S1 Z ,DEMOCRITUS DOES ) ,:ITE &
,BLACK2 = HE ASS]TS T ! LATT] IS ,7A
MODE (!7' R\<1 &! =M] ,7A MODE (!7'
SMOO?1 :ILE HE REDUCES ,SAV\RS 6! ATOMIC
FIGURES4 ,YET SURELY NO "O S5SE1 OR1 IF
ANY1 ! S5SE ( ,SI<T R ?AN ANY O!R1 C
4C]N ! -MON S5SI#S4 ,B IF WE SUPPOSE T !
S5SE ( ,TA/E IS BETT] A# 6D S1 !N- S9CE
64C]N ! SMALLE/ OBJECTS 9 EA* K9D IS :AT
M>KS ! ACUTE/ S5SE-,TA/E %D H BE5 ! S5SE
: BE/ P]CVD ! -MON S5SI#S G5],Y1 & %[$ !
MO/ P]FECT P[] ( 4C]N+ FIGURES 9 G5]AL4
  ,AG1 ALL ! S5SI#S 9VOLVE 3TR>IETY2
E4G4 9 ,COL\R ,:ITE IS 3TR>Y 6,BLACK1 &
9 ,SAV\RS ,BITT] IS 3TR>Y 6,SWEET2 B NO
"O FIGURE IS RECKON$ Z 3TR>Y 6ANY O!R
FIGURE4 ,ELSE1 6: (! POSSI# POLYGONAL
FIGURES ,76: ,DEMOCRITUS REDUCES
,BITT]7' IS ! SPH]ICAL FIGURE ,76: HE
REDUCES ,SWEET7' 3TR>Y8
  ,AG1 S9CE FIGURES >E 9F9ITE 9 NUMB]1
SAV\RS AL %D 2 9F9ITE2 ,7! POSSI#
REJO9D]--,8T !Y >E S1 ONLY T "S >E N
P]CVD0'-_C 2 SU/A9$7' = :Y %D "O SAV\R 2
P]CVD1 & ANO!R N8
  ,? -PLETES \R 4CUS.N (! OBJECT (
,TA/E1 I4E4 ,SAV\R2 =! O!R A6EC;NS (
,SAV\RS >E EXAM9$ 9 _! PROP] PLACE 9
3NEC;N )! NATURAL HI/ORY ( ,PLANTS4

                   #E

  ,\R 3CEP;N (! NATURE ( ,OD\RS M/ 2
ANALOG\S 6T ( ,SAV\RS2 9ASM* Z ! ,SAPID
,DRY E6ECTS 9 AIR & WAT] ALIKE1 B 9 A
DI6]5T PROV9CE ( S5SE1 PRECISELY :AT !
,DRY E6ECTS 9 ! ,MOI/ ( WAT] ONLY4 ,WE
CU/OM>ILY PR$ICATE ,TRANSLUC5CY ( BO?
AIR & WAT] 9 -MON2 B X IS N QUA
TRANSLUC5T T EI IS A VEHICLE ( OD\R1 B
QUA POSSESS$ (A P[] ( WA%+ OR R9S+ ,7& S
IMBIB+7' ! ,SAPID ,DRY;S4
  ,=! OBJECT ( ,SMELL EXI/S N 9 AIR
ONLY3 X AL EXI/S 9 WAT]4 ,? IS PROV$ 0!
CASE ( FI%ES & TE/ACEA1 : >E SE5
6POSSESS ! FACULTY ( SMELL1 AL? WAT]
3TA9S NO AIR 7= :5"E AIR IS G5]AT$ )9
WAT] X RISES 6! SURFACE71 & ^! CR1TURES
D N RESPIRE4 ,H;E1 IF "O 7 6ASSUME T AIR
& WAT] >E BO? MOI/1 X WD FOLL[ T ,OD\R
IS ! NATURAL SUB/.E 3SI/+ (! ,SAPID ,DRY
DI6US$ 9 ! ,MOI/1 & :AT"E IS ( ? K9D WD
2 AN OBJECT ( ,SMELL4
  ,T ! PROP]TY ( ODOR\S;S IS BAS$ ^U !
,SAPID MAY 2 SE5 0-P>+ ! ?+S : POSSESS )
^? : D N POSSESS OD\R4 ,! ELE;TS1 VIZ4
,FIRE1 ,AIR1 ,E>?1 ,WAT]1 >E 9ODOR\S1 2C
BO? ! DRY &! MOI/ AM;G !M >E )\T
SAPID;Y1 UN.S "S A4$ 9GR$I5T PRODUCES X4
,? EXPLA9S :Y SEA-WAT] POSSESSES OD\R1 =
,7UNLIKE ,8ELE;TAL0' WAT]7' X 3TA9S
SAV\R & DRY;S4 ,SALT1 TOO1 IS M ODOR\S
?AN NATRON1 Z ! OIL : EXUDES F ! =M]
PROVES1 = NATRON IS ALLI$ TO
,7,8ELE;TAL0'7' E>? M NE>LY ?AN SALT4
,AG1 A /"O IS 9ODOR\S1 J 2C X IS TA/E.S1
:ILE1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 WOOD IS ODOR\S1 2C X
IS SAPID4 ,! K9DS ( WOOD1 TOO1 : 3TA9 M
,7,8ELE;TAL0'7' WAT] >E LESS ODOR\S ?AN
O!RS4 ,MOREOV]1 6TAKE ! CASE ( METALS1
GOLD IS 9ODOR\S 2C X IS )\T TA/E1 B
BRONZE & IRON >E ODOR\S2 & :5 !
,7SAPID7' MOI/URE HAS BE5 BURNT \ ( !M1
_! SLAG IS1 9 ALL CASES1 LESS ODOR\S !
METALS ,7?AN ! METALS !MVS7'4 ,SILV] &
T9 >E M ODOR\S ?AN ! "O CLASS ( METALS1
LESS S ?AN ! O!R1 9ASM* Z !Y >E WAT]
,76A GRT] DEGREE ?AN ! =M]1 6A LESS
DEGREE ?AN ! LATT]7'4
  ,"S WRIT]S LOOK ^U ,FUMID EXHAL,N1 :
IS A -P.D ( ,E>? & ,AIR1 Z ! ESS;E (
,OD\R4 ,7,9DE$ ALL >E 9CL9$ 6RU% 6? !ORY
( ,OD\R47' ,H]ACLITUS IMPLI$ 8 ADH];E 6X
:5 HE DCLD T IF ALL EXI/+ ?+S 7 TURN$
96,SMOKE1 ! NOSE WD 2 ! ORGAN 64C]N !M
)4 ,ALL WRIT]S 9CL9E 6REF] OD\R 6? CAUSE
,7SC4 EXHAL,N ( "S SORT7'1 B "S REG>D X
Z AQUE\S1 O!RS Z FUMID1 EXHAL,N2 :ILE
O!RS1 AG1 HOLD X 6BE EI4 ,AQUE\S EXHAL,N
IS M]ELY A =M ( MOI/URE1 B FUMID EXHAL,N
IS1 Z ALR REM>K$1 -POS$ ( ,AIR & ,E>?4
,! =M] :5 3D5S$ TURNS 96WAT]2 ! LATT]1 9
A "PICUL> SPECIES ( E>?4 ,N[1 X IS
UNLIKELY T OD\R IS EI ( ^!4 ,= VAPOR\S
EXHAL,N 3SI/S ( M]E WAT] ,7:1 2+ TA/E.S1
IS 9ODOR\S7'2 & FUMID EXHAL,N _C O3UR 9
WAT] AT ALL1 ?\<1 Z HAS BE5 2F /AT$1
AQUATIC CR1TURES AL H ! S5SE ( SMELL4
  ,AG1 ! EXHAL,N !ORY ( OD\R IS ANALOG\S
6! !ORY ( EMAN,NS4 ,IF1 "!=E1 ! LATT] IS
UNT5A#1 S1 TOO1 IS ! =M]4
  ,X IS CLE>LY 3CEIVA# T ! ,MOI/1 :E!R 9
AIR 7= AIR1 TOO1 IS ESS5TI,Y MOI/7 OR 9
WAT]1 %D IMBIBE ! 9FLU;E (1 & H E6ECTS
WR"\ 9 X BY1 ! ,SAPID ,DRY;S4 ,MOREOV]1
IF ! ,DRY PRODUCES 9 MOI/ M$IA1 I4E4
WAT] & AIR1 AN E6ECT Z ( "S?+ WA%$ \ 9
!M1 X IS MANIFE/ T OD\RS M/ 2 "S?+
ANALOG\S 6SAV\RS4 ,NAY1 9DE$1 ? ANALOGY
IS1 9 "S 9/.ES1 A FACT ,7REGI/]$ 9
LANGUAGE7'2 = OD\RS Z WELL Z SAV\RS >E
SPOK5 ( Z PUNG5T1 SWEET1 H>%1 A/R+5T RI*
,W]E .K ,8SAV\RY0'7'2 & "O MI<T REG>D
FETID SMELLS Z ANALOG\S 6BITT] TA/ES2 :
EXPLA9S :Y ! =M] >E (F5SIVE 69HAL,N Z !
LATT] >E 6DEGLUTI;N4 ,X IS CLE>1 "!=E1 T
,OD\R IS 9 BO? WAT] & AIR :AT ,SAV\R IS
9 WAT] AL"O4 ,? EXPLA9S :Y COLD;S &
FREEZ+ R5D] ,SAV\RS DULL1 & ABOLI% OD\RS
ALT2 = COOL+ & FREEZ+ T5D 6ANNUL !
K9ETIC H1T : HELPS 6FABRICATE SAPID;Y4
  ,"! >E TWO SPECIES (! ,ODOR\S4 ,=!
/ATE;T ( C]TA9 WRIT]S T ! ODOR\S IS N
DIVISI# 96SPECIES IS FALSE2 X IS S
DIVISI#4 ,WE M/ "H DEF9E ! S5SE 9 : ^!
SPECIES >E 6BE ADMITT$ OR D5I$4
  ,"O CLASS ( OD\RS1 !N1 IS T : RUNS
P>ALLEL1 Z HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 6SAV\RS3
6OD\RS ( ? CLASS _! PL1SANT;S OR
UNPL1SANT;S 2L;GS 9CID5T,Y4 ,= [+ 6!
FACT T ,SAV\RS >E QUALITIES ( NUTRI5T
MATT]1 ! OD\RS 3NECT$ ) ^! ,7E4G4 ^? (A
C]TA9 FOOD7' >E AGREEA# Z L;G Z ANIMALS
H AN APPETITE =! FOOD1 B !Y >E N AGREEA#
6!M :5 SAT$ & NO L;G] 9 WANT ( X2 NOR >E
!Y AGREEA#1 EI1 6^? ANIMALS T D N L !
FOOD XF : YIELDS ! OD\RS4 ,H;E1 Z WE
OBS]V$1 ^! OD\RS >E PL1SANT OR UNPL1SANT
9CID5T,Y1 &! SAME R1SON+ EXPLA9S :Y X IS
T !Y >E P]CEPTI# 6ALL ANIMALS 9 -MON4
  ,! O!R CLASS ( OD\RS 3SI/S ( ^?
AGREEA# 9 _! ESS5TIAL NATURE1 E4G4 ^? (
FL[]S4 ,= ^! D N 9 ANY DEGREE /IMULATE
ANIMALS 6FOOD1 NOR D !Y 3TRIBUTE 9 ANY
WAY 6APPETITE2 _! E6ECT ^U X1 IF ANY1 IS
R ! OPPOSITE4 ,=! V]SE ( ,/RATTIS
RIDICUL+ ,EURIPIDES-
  ,USE N P]FUM]Y 6FLAV\R S\P1
  3TA9S A TRU?4
  ,^? :O N[A"DS 9TRODUCE S* FLAV\RS
96B"EAGES DE=CE \R S5SE ( PL1SURE
0HABITUAT+ U 6!M1 UNTIL1 F TWO 4T9CT
K9DS ( S5S,NS -B9$1 PL1SURE >ISES Z X
MI<T F "O SIMPLE K9D4
  ,( ? SPECIES ( OD\R MAN AL"O IS S5SI#2
! O!R1 VIZ4 T CORRELAT$ ) ,TA/ES1 IS1 Z
HAS BE5 SD 2F1 P]CEPTI# AL 6! L[]
ANIMALS4 ,& OD\RS (! LATT] SORT1 S9CE _!
PL1SUREA#;S DEP5DS ^U TA/E1 >E DIVID$
96Z _M SPECIES Z "! >E DI6]5T TA/ES2 B
WE _C G ON 6SAY ? (! =M] K9D ( OD\R1
S9CE XS NATURE IS AGREEA# OR 4AGREEA# P]
SE4 ,! R1SON :Y ! P]CEP;N ( S* OD\RS IS
PECULI> 6MAN IS F.D 9 ! "*I/IC /ATE (
MAN'S BRA94 ,= 8 BRA9 IS NATUR,Y COLD1 &
! BLOOD : X 3TA9S 9 XS VESSELS IS ?9 &
PURE B EASILY COOL$ 7:;E X HAPP5S T !
EXHAL,N >IS+ F FOOD1 2+ COOL$ 0! COLD;S
( ? REGION1 PRODUCES UNH1L?Y RHEUMS72
"!=E X IS T OD\RS ( S* A SPECIES H BE5
G5]AT$ = HUMAN 2+S1 Z A SAFEGU>D 6H1L?4
,? IS _! SOLE FUNC;N1 & T !Y P]=M X IS
EVID5T4 ,= FOOD1 :E!R DRY OR MOI/1 ?\<
SWEET 6TA/E1 IS (T5 UN:OLE"S2 ":AS !
OD\R >IS+ F :AT IS FRAGRANT1 T OD\R : IS
PL1SANT 9 XS [N "R1 IS1 S 6SAY1 ALW
B5EFICIAL 6P]SONS 9 ANY /ATE ( BODILY
H1L? :AT"E4
  ,= ? R1SON1 TOO1 ! P]CEP;N ( OD\R ,7IN
G5]AL7' E6ECT$ "? RESPIR,N1 N 9 ALL
ANIMALS1 B 9 MAN & C]TA9 O!R SANGU9E\S
ANIMALS1 E4G4 QUADRUP$S1 & ALL T
"PICIPATE FREELY 9 ! NATURAL SUB/.E AIR2
2C :5 OD\RS1 ON A3.T (! LI<T;S (! H1T 9
!M1 M.T 6! BRA91 ! H1L? ( ? REGION IS
"!BY PROMOT$4 ,= OD\R1 Z A P[]1 IS
NATUR,Y H1T-GIV+4 ,?US ,NATURE HAS
EMPLOY$ RESPIR,N = TWO PURPOSES3
PRIM>ILY =! RELIEF "!BY BR"\ 6! ?ORAX1
SECOND>ILY =! 9HAL,N ( OD\R4 ,= :ILE AN
ANIMAL IS 9HAL+1- OD\R MOVES 9 "? XS
NO/RILS1 Z X 7 ,8F A SIDE-5TR.E40'
  ,B ! P]CEP;N (! SECOND CLASS ( OD\RS
ABV DESCRIB$ ,7DOES N 2L;G 6ALL ANIMAL1
B7' IS 3F9$ 6HUMAN 2+S1 2C MAN'S BRA9
IS1 9 PROPOR;N 6HIS :OLE BULK1 L>G] &
MOI/] ?AN ! BRA9 ( ANY O!R ANIMAL4 ,? IS
! R1SON (! FUR!R FACT T MAN AL"O1 S
6SP1K1 AM;G ANIMALS P]CVS & TAKES
PL1SURE 9 ! OD\RS ( FL[]S & S* ?+S4 ,=!
H1T & /IMUL,N SET UP 0^! OD\RS >E
-M5SURATE )! EXCESS ( MOI/URE & COLD;S 9
8 C]EBRAL REGION4 ,ON ALL ! O!R ANIMALS
: H LUNGS1 ,NATURE HAS 2/[$ _! DUE
P]CEP;N ( "O (! TWO K9DS ( OD\R ,7I4E4 T
3NECT$ ) NUTRI;N7' "? ! ACT ( RESPIR,N1
GU>D+ AG/ ! NE$.S CRE,N ( TWO ORGANS (
S5SE2 = 9 ! FACT T !Y RESPIRE ! O!R
ANIMALS H ALR SU6ICI5T PROVI.N = _!
P]CEP;N (! "O SPECIES ( OD\R ONLY1 Z
HUMAN 2+S H = _! P]CEP;N ( BO?4
  ,B T CR1TURES : D N RESPIRE H !
OLFACTORY S5SE IS EVID5T4 ,= FI%ES1 &
ALL 9SECTS Z A CLASS1 H1 ?ANKS 6!
SPECIES ( OD\R CORRELAT$ ) NUTRI;N1 A
KE5 OLFACTORY S5SE ( _! PROP] FOOD F A
4T.E1 EV5 :5 !Y >E V F> AWAY F X2 S* IS
! CASE ) BEES1 & AL )! CLASS ( SMALL
ANTS1 : "S DENOM9ATE KNIPES4 ,AM;G M>9E
ANIMALS1 TOO1 ! MUREX & _M O!R SIMIL>
ANIMALS H AN ACUTE P]CEP;N ( _! FOOD 0XS
OD\R4
  ,X IS N EQU,Y C]TA9 :AT ! ORGAN IS
":BY !Y S P]CV4 ,? "Q1 (! ORGAN ":BY !Y
P]CV OD\R1 MAY WELL CAUSE A DI6ICULTY1
IF WE ASSUME T SMELL+ TAKES PLACE 9
ANIMALS ONLY :ILE RESPIR+ 7= T ? IS !
FACT IS MANIFE/ 9 ALL ! ANIMALS : D
RESPIRE71 ":AS N"O ( ^? J M5;N$
RESPIRES1 & YET !Y H ! S5SE ( SMELL-
UN.S1 9DE$1 !Y H "S O!R S5SE N 9CLUD$ 9
! ORD9>Y FIVE4 ,? SUPPOSI;N IS1 H["E1
IMPOSSI#4 ,= ANY S5SE : P]CVS OD\R IS A
S5SE ( SMELL1 & ? !Y D P]CV1 ?\<
PROBABLY N 9 ! SAME WAY Z CR1TURES :
RESPIRE1 B :5 ! LATT] >E RESPIR+ !
CURR5T ( BR1? REMOVES "S?+ T IS LAID L A
LID ^U ! ORGAN PROP] 7: EXPLA9S :Y !Y D
N P]CV OD\RS :5 N RESPIR+72 :ILE 9
CR1TURES : D N RESPIRE ? IS ALW (F3 J Z
"S ANIMALS H EYELIDS ON _! EYES1 & :5 ^!
>E N RAIS$ !Y _C SEE1 ":AS H>D-EY$
ANIMALS H NO LIDS1 & 3SEQU5TLY D N NE$1
2SS EYES1 AN AG5CY 6RAISE ! LIDS1 B SEE
/RAI<TWAY ,7)\T 9T]MIS.N7' F ! ACTUAL
MO;T AT : X IS F/ POSSI# = !M 6D S
,7I4E4 F ! MO;T :5 AN OBJECT F/ -ES )9
_! FIELD ( VI.N7'4
  ,3SI/5TLY ) :AT HAS BE5 SD ABV1 N "O (
! L[] ANIMALS %[S REPUGN.E 6! OD\R ( ?+S
: >E ESS5TI,Y ILL-SMELL+1 UN.S "O (!
LATT] IS POSITIVELY P]NICI\S4 ,!Y >E
DE/ROY$1 H["E1 0^! ?+S1 J Z HUMAN 2+S
>E2 I4E4 Z HUMAN 2+S GET H1DA*ES F1 & >E
(T5 ASPHYXIAT$ BY1 ! FUMES ( *>COAL1 S !
L[] ANIMALS P]I% F ! /R;G FUMES (
BRIM/"O & BITUM9\S SUB/.ES2 & X IS [+
6EXP]I;E ( S* E6ECTS T !Y %UN ^!4 ,=!
4AGREEA# OD\R 9 XF !Y C>E NO?+ :AT"E
7?\< ! OD\RS ( _M PLANTS >E ESS5TI,Y
4AGREEA#71 UN.S1 9DE$1 X HAS "S E6ECT ^U
! TA/E ( _! FOOD4
  ,! S5SES MAK+ UP AN ODD NUMB]1 & AN
ODD NUMB] HAV+ ALW A MI4LE UNIT1 ! S5SE
( SMELL O3UPIES 9 XF Z X 7 A MI4LE
POSI;N 2T ! TACTUAL S5SES1 I4E4 ,T\* &
,TA/E1 & ^? : P]CV "? A M$IUM1 I4E4
,SI<T & ,HE>+4 ,H;E ! OBJECT ( SMELL1
TOO1 IS AN A6EC;N ( NUTRI5T SUB/.ES 7:
FALL )9 ! CLASS ( ,TANGI#S71 & IS AL AN
A6EC;N (! AUDI# &! VISI#2 :;E X IS T
CR1TURES H ! S5SE ( SMELL BO? 9 AIR &
WAT]4 ,ACLY1 ! OBJECT ( SMELL IS "S?+
-MON 6BO? ( ^! PROV9CES1 I4E4 X APP]TA9S
BO? 6! TANGI# ON ! "O H&1 & ON ! O!R 6!
AUDI# & TRANSLUC5T4 ,H;E ! PROPRIETY (!
FIGURE 0: X HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ 0U Z AN
IMM].N OR WA%+ ( DRY;S 9 ! ,MOI/ &
,FLUID4 ,S* !N M/ 2 \R A3.T (! S5SE 9 :
"O IS OR IS N 5TITL$ 6SP1K (! ODOR\S Z
HAV+ SPECIES4
  ,! !ORY HELD 0C]TA9 (! ,PY?AGOR1NS1 T
"S ANIMALS >E N\RI%$ 0OD\RS AL"O1 IS
UNS.D4 ,=1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 WE SEE T FOOD
M/ 2 -POSITE1 S9CE ! BODIES N\RI%$ 0X >E
N SIMPLE4 ,? EXPLA9S :Y WA/E MATT] IS
SECRET$ F FOOD1 EI )9 ! ORGANISMS1 OR1 Z
9 PLANTS1 \TSIDE !M4 ,B S9CE EV5 WAT]
0XF AL"O1 T IS1 :5 UNMIX$1 W N SU6ICE =
FOOD- = ANY?+ : IS 6=M A 3SI/5CY M/ 2
CORPOR1L-1 X IS / M* LESS 3CEIVA# T AIR
%D 2 S CORPOR1LIZ$ ,7& ?US FITT$ 6BE
FOOD7'4 ,B1 2SS ?1 WE SEE T ALL ANIMALS
H A RECEPTACLE = FOOD1 F :1 :5 X HAS
5T]$1 ! BODY ABSORBS X4 ,N[1 ! ORGAN :
P]CVS OD\R IS 9 ! H1D1 & OD\R 5T]S )!
9HAL,N (! BR1?2 S T X GOES 6!
RESPIRATORY REGION4 ,X IS PLA91 "!=E1 T
OD\R1 QUA OD\R1 DOES N 3TRIBUTE
6NUTRI;N2 T1 H["E1 X IS S]VICEA# 6H1L?
IS EQU,Y PLA91 Z WELL 0IMM P]CEP;N Z F !
>GU;TS ABV EMPLOY$2 S T OD\R IS 9 REL,N
6G5]AL H1L? :AT SAV\R IS 9 ! PROV9CE (
NUTRI;N & 9 REL,N 6! BODIES N\RI%$4
  ,? !N M/ 3CLUDE \R 4CUS.N (! S"EAL
ORGANS ( S5SE-P]CEP;N4

                   #F

  ,"O MI<T ASK3 IF E BODY IS 9F9ITELY
DIVISI#1 >E XS S5SI# QUALITIES- ,COL\R1
,SAV\R1 ,OD\R1 ,S.D1 ,WEI<T1 ,COLD OR
,H1T1 ,7,H1VI;S OR7' ,LI<T;S1 ,H>D;S OR
,S(T;S-AL 9F9ITELY DIVISI#8 ,OR1 IS ?
IMPOSSI#8
  ,7,"O MI<T WELL ASK ? "Q7'1 2C EA* (
!M IS PRODUCTIVE ( S5SE-P]CEP;N1 S9CE1 9
FACT1 ALL DERIVE _! "N ,7( ,8S5SI#
QUALITIES0'7' F ! V CIRCUM/.E ( _! 2+ A#
6/IMULATE ?4 ,H;E1 ,7IF ? IS S7' BO? \R
P]CEP;N ( !M %D LIKEWISE 2 DIVISI#
69F9;Y1 & E "P (A BODY ,7H["E SMALL7' %D
2 A P]CEPTI# MAGNITUDE4 ,= X IS
IMPOSSI#1 E4G4 6SEE A ?+ : IS :ITE B N (
A C]TA9 MAGNITUDE4
  ,S9CE IF X 7 N S1 ,7IF XS S5SI#
QUALITIES 7 N DIVISI#1 P>I PASSU )
BODY7'1 WE MI<T 3CV A BODY EXI/+ B HAV+
NO COL\R1 OR WEI<T1 OR ANY S* QUAL;Y2
ACLY N P]CEPTI# AT ALL4 ,= ^! QUALITIES
>E ! OBJECTS ( S5SE-P]CEP;N4 ,ON ?
SUPPOSI;N1 E P]CEPTI# OBJECT %D 2 REG>D$
Z -POS$ N ( P]CEPTI# ,7B ( IMP]CEPTI#7'
"PS4 ,YET X M/ ,7BE RE,Y -POS$ (
P]CEPTI# "PS7'1 S9CE ASSUR$LY X DOES N
3SI/ ( MA!MATICAL ,7& "!=E PURELY
AB/RACT & NON-S5SI#7' QUANTITIES4 ,AG1
0:AT FACULTY %D WE 4C]N & COGNIZE ^!
,7HYPO!TICAL R1L ?+S )\T S5SI#
QUALITIES7'8 ,IS X 0,R1SON8 ,B !Y >E N
OBJECTS ( ,R1SON2 NOR DOES R1SON
APPREH5D OBJECTS 9 SPACE1 EXCEPT :5 X
ACTS 9 3JUNC;N ) S5SE-P]CEP;N4 ,AT !
SAME "T1 IF ? 2 ! CASE ,7T "! >E
MAGNITUDES1 PHYSIC,Y R1L1 B )\T S5SI#
QUAL;Y7'1 X SEEMS 6TELL 9 FAV\R (!
ATOMI/IC HYPO!SIS2 = ?US1 9DE$1
,70A3EPT+ ? HYPO!SIS7'1 ! "Q ,7) : ?
*APT] 2G9S7' MI<T 2 SOLV$
,7NEGATIVELY7'4 ,B X IS IMPOSSI#
,76A3EPT ? HYPO!SIS7'4 ,\R VIEWS ON !
SUBJECT ( ATOMS >E 6BE F.D 9 \R TR1TISE
ON ,MOVE;T4
  ,! SOLU;N ( ^! "QS W BR+ ) X AL !
ANSW] 6! "Q :Y ! SPECIES ( ,COL\R1
,TA/E1 ,S.D1 & O!R S5SI# QUALITIES >E
LIMIT$4 ,= 9 ALL CLASSES ( ?+S LY+ 2T
EXTREMES ! 9T]M$IATES M/ 2 LIMIT$4 ,B
3TR>IES >E EXTREMES1 & E OBJECT ( S5SE-
P]CEP;N 9VOLVES 3TR>IETY3 E4G4 9 ,COL\R1
,:ITE ;X ,BLACK2 9 ,SAV\R1 ,SWEET ;X
,BITT]1 & 9 ALL ! O!R S5SI#S AL !
3TR>IES >E EXTREMES4 ,N[1 T : IS 3T9U\S
IS DIVISI# 96AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( UNEQUAL
"PS1 B 96A F9ITE NUMB] ( EQUAL "PS1 :ILE
T : IS N P] SE 3T9U\S IS DIVISI#
96SPECIES : >E F9ITE 9 NUMB]4 ,S9CE !N1
! S"EAL S5SI# QUALITIES ( ?+S >E 6BE
RECKON$ Z SPECIES1 :ILE 3T9U;Y ALW
SUBSI/S 9 ^!1 WE M/ TAKE A3.T (! DI6];E
2T ! ,POT5TIAL &! ,ACTUAL4 ,X IS [+ 6?
DI6];E T WE D N ,7ACTU,Y7' SEE XS T5-
?\S&? "P 9 A GRA9 ( MILLET1 AL? SI<T HAS
EMBRAC$ ! :OLE GRA9 )9 XS SCOPE2 & X IS
[+ 6?1 TOO1 T ! S.D 3TA9$ 9 A QU>T]-T"O
ESCAPES NOTICE1 & YET "O HE>S ! :OLE
/RA91 9ASM* Z X IS A 3T9UUM2 B ! 9T]VAL
2T ! EXTREME S.DS ,7T B.D ! QU>T]-T"O7'
ESCAPES ! E> ,72+ ONLY POT5TI,Y AUDI#1 N
ACTU,Y7'4 ,S1 9 ! CASE ( O!R OBJECTS (
S5SE1 EXTREMELY SMALL 3/ITU5TS >E
UNNOTIC$2 2C !Y >E ONLY POT5TI,Y N
ACTU,Y ,7P]CEPTI# E4G47' VISI#1 UN.S :5
!Y H BE5 "P$ F ! :OLES4 ,S ! FOOTL5G?
TOO EXI/S POT5TI,Y 9 ! TWO-FOOT L5G?1 B
ACTU,Y ONLY :5 X HAS BE5 SEP>AT$ F !
:OLE4 ,B OBJECTIVE 9CRE;TS S SMALL Z ^?
ABV MI<T WELL1 IF SEP>AT$ F _! TOTALS1
,79/1D ( A*IEV+ ,8ACTUAL0' EXISI/;E7' 2
4SOLV$ 9 _! 5VIRON;TS1 L A DROP ( SAPID
MOI/URE P\R$ \ 96! SEA4 ,B EV5 IF ? 7 N
S ,7SC4 )! OBJECTIVE MAGNITUDE7'1 /1
S9CE ! ,7SUBJECTIVE7' ( S5SE-P]CEP;N IS
N P]CEPTI# 9 XF1 NOR CAPA# ( SEP>ATE
EXI/;E 7S9CE X EXI/S ONLY POT5TI,Y 9 ! M
4T9CTLY P]CEIVA# :OLE ( S5SE-P]CEP;N71 S
NEI W X 2 POSSI# 6P]CV ,7ACTU,Y7' XS
CORRELATIVELY SMALL OBJECT ,7SC4 XS
QUANTUM ( PA!MA OR S5SI# QUAL;Y7' :5
SEP>AT$ F ! OBJECT-TOTAL4 ,B YET ?
,7SMALL OBJECT7' IS 6BE 3SID]$ Z
P]CEPTI#3 = X IS BO? POT5TI,Y S ALR
,7I4E4 EV5 :5 AL"O7'1 & DE/9$ 6BE ACTU,Y
S :5 X HAS 2COME "P ( AN A7REGATE4 ,?US1
"!=E1 WE H %[N T "S MAGNITUDES & _!
S5SI# QUALITIES ESCAPE NOTICE1 &! R1SON
:Y !Y D S1 Z WELL Z ! MANN] 9 : !Y >E /
P]CEPTI# OR N P]CEPTI# 9 S* CASES4 ,ACLY
!N :5 ^! ,7M9UTELY SUBDIVID$7' S5SI#S H
ONCE AG 2COME A7REGAT$ 9 A :OLE 9 S* A
MANN]1 RELATIVELY 6"O ANO!R1 Z 6BE
P]CEPTI# ACTU,Y1 & N M]ELY 2C !Y >E 9 !
:OLE1 B EV5 A"P F X1 X FOLL[S NECESS>ILY
,7F :AT HAS BE5 ALR /AT$7' T _! S5SI#
QUALITIES1 :E!R COL\RS OR TA/ES OR S.DS1
>E LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]4
  ,"O MI<T ASK3- D ! OBJECTS ( S5SE-
P]CEP;N1 OR ! MOVE;TS PROCE$+ F !M
7,7S9CE MOVE;TS "! >E17' 9 :I*"E (! TWO
WAYS ,7VIZ4 0EMAN,NS OR 0/IMULATORY
K9ESIS7' S5SE-P]CEP;N TAKES PLACE71 :5
^! >E ACTUALIZ$ = P]CEP;N1 ALW >RIVE F/
AT A SPATIAL MI4LE PO9T ,72T ! S5SE-
ORGAN & XS OBJECT7'1 Z ,OD\R EVID5TLY
DOES1 & AL ,S.D8 ,= HE :O IS NE>] ,76!
ODOR\S OBJECT7' P]CVS ! ,OD\R SOON]
,7?AN :O IS F>!R AWAY7'1 &! ,S.D (A
/ROKE R1*ES U "S "T AF X HAS BE5 /RUCK4
,IS X ?US AL ) AN OBJECT SE51 &) ,LI<T8
,EMP$OCLES1 = EXAMPLE1 SAYS T ! ,LI<T F
! ,SUN >RIVES F/ 9 ! 9T]V5+ SPACE 2F X
-ES 6! EYE1 OR R1*ES ! ,E>?4 ,? MI<T
PLAUSIBLY SEEM 6BE ! CASE4 ,= :AT"E IS
MOV$ ,7IN SPACE7'1 IS MOV$ F "O PLACE
6ANO!R2 H;E "! M/ 2 A CORRESPOND+ 9T]VAL
( "T AL 9 : X IS MOV$ F ! "O PLACE 6!
O!R4 ,B ANY GIV5 "T IS DIVISI# 96"PS2 S
T WE %D ASSUME A "T :5 ! SUN'S RAY 0 N Z
YET SE51 B 0 / TRAVELL+ 9 ! MI4LE SPACE4
  ,N[1 EV5 IF X 2 TRUE T ! ACTS (
,8HE>+0' & ,8HAV+ HE>D0'1 &1 G5],Y1 ^? (
,8P]CVG0' & ,8HAV+ P]CVD0'1 =M CO-
9/ANTANE\S :OLES1 9 O!R ^WS1 T ACTS (
S5SE-P]CEP;N D N 9VOLVE A PROCESS (
2COM+1 B H _! 2+ N"O ! LESS )\T 9VOLV+
S* A PROCESS2 YET1 J Z1 ,7IN ! CASE (
S.D7'1 ?\< ! /ROKE : CAUSES ! ,S.D HAS
BE5 ALR /RUCK1 ! ,S.D IS N YET AT ! E>
7& T ? LA/ IS A FACT IS FUR!R PROV$ 0!
TRANS=M,N : ! LRS ,7VIZ4 ! 3SONANTS Z
HE>D7' "UGO ,7IN ! CASE ( ^WS SPOK5 F A
4T.E7'1 IMPLY+ T ! LOCAL MOVE;T ,79VOLV$
9 ,S.D7' TAKES PLACE 9 ! SPACE 2T ,7U &!
SP1K]7'2 =! R1SON :Y ,7P]SONS A4RESS$ F
A 4T.E7' D N SU3E$ 9 CAT*+ ! S5SE ( :AT
IS SD IS EVID5TLY T ! AIR ,7S.D WAVE7' 9
MOV+ T[>DS !M HAS XS =M *ANG$7 ,7GRANT+
?1 !N1 ! "Q >ISES7'3 IS ! SAME AL TRUE 9
! CASE ( ,COL\R & ,LI<T8 ,= C]TA9LY X IS
N TRUE T ! 2HOLD] SEES1 &! OBJECT IS
SE51 9 VIRTUE ( "S M]ELY AB/RACT
REL,N%IP 2T !M1 S* Z T 2T EQUALS4 ,= IF
X 7 S1 "! WD 2 NO NE$ ,7Z "! IS7' T EI
,7! 2HOLD] OR ! ?+ 2HELD7' %D O3UPY "S
"PICUL> PLACE2 S9CE 6! EQUALIZ,N ( ?+S
_! 2+ NE> TO1 OR F> F1 "O ANO!R MAKES NO
DI6];E4
  ,N[ ? ,7TRAVELL+ "? SU3ESSIVE POSI;NS
9 ! M$IUM7' MAY ) GD R1SON TAKE PLACE Z
REG>DS ,S.D & ,OD\R1 = ^!1 L ,7_! M$IA7'
,AIR & ,WAT]1 >E 3T9U\S1 B ! MOVE;T (
BO? IS DIVID$ 96"PS4 ,? TOO IS ! GR.D (!
FACT T ! OBJECT : ! P]SON F/ 9 ORD] (
PROXIM;Y HE>S OR SMELLS IS ! SAME Z T :
EA* SUBSEQU5T P]SON P]CVS1 :ILE YET X IS
N ! SAME4
  ,"S1 9DE$1 RAISE A "Q AL ON ^! V
PO9TS2 !Y DCL X IMPOSSI# T "O P]SON %D
HE>1 OR SEE1 OR SMELL1 ! SAME OBJECT Z
ANO!R1 URG+ ! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( S"EAL
P]SONS 9 DI6]5T PLACES HE>+ OR SMELL+
,7! SAME OBJECT7'1 =! "O SAME ?+ WD
,7?US7' 2 DIVID$ F XF4 ,! ANSW] IS T1 9
P]CVG ! OBJECT : F/ SET UP ! MO;N- E4G4
A BELL1 OR FRANK9C5SE1 OR FIRE- ALL P]CV
AN OBJECT NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME2 :ILE1 (
C\RSE1 9 ! SPECIAL OBJECT P]CVD !Y P]CV
AN OBJECT NUM]IC,Y DI6]5T = EA*1 ?\<
SPECIFIC,Y ! SAME = ALL2 & ?1 ACLY1
EXPLA9S H[ X IS T _M P]SONS TGR SEE1 OR
SMELL1 OR HE> ,7! SAME OBJECT7'4 ,^! ?+S
,7! OD\R OR S.D PROP]7' >E N BODIES1 B
AN A6EC;N OR PROCESS ( "S K9D 7O!RWISE ?
,7VIZ4 SIMULTANE\S P]CEP;N (! "O OBJECT
0_M7' WD N H BE51 Z X IS1 A FACT (
EXP]I;E7 ?\<1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y EA* IMPLY
A BODY ,7Z _! CAUSE7'4
  ,B ,7?\< S.D & OD\R MAY TRAVEL17' )
REG>D 6,LI<T ! CASE IS DI6]5T4 ,= ,LI<T
HAS XS RAISON D'ETRE 9 ! 2+ ,7N 2COM+7'
( "S?+1 B X IS N A MOVE;T4 ,& 9 G5]AL1
EV5 9 QUALITATIVE *ANGE ! CASE IS DI6]5T
F :AT X IS 9 LOCAL MOVE;T ,7BO? 2+
DI6]5T SPECIES ( K9ESIS7'4 ,LOCAL
MOVE;TS1 ( C\RSE1 >RIVE F/ AT A PO9T
MIDWAY 2F R1*+ _! GOAL 7& ,S.D1 X IS
CURR5TLY 2LIEV$1 IS A MOVE;T ( "S?+
LOC,Y MOV$71 B WE _C G ON 6ASS]T ?
,7>RIVAL AT A PO9T MIDWAY7' L MANN] (
?+S : "UGO QUALITATIVE *ANGE4 ,= ? K9D (
*ANGE MAY 3CEIVABLY TAKE PLACE 9 A ?+
ALL AT ONCE1 )\T "O HALF ( X 2+ *ANG$ 2F
! O!R2 E4G4 X IS 3CEIVA# T WAT] %D 2
FROZ5 SIMULTANE\SLY 9 E "P4 ,B /1 = ALL
T1 IF ! BODY : IS H1T$ OR FROZ5 IS
EXT5SIVE1 EA* "P ( X SU3ESSIVELY IS
A6ECT$ 0! "P 3TIGU\S1 :ILE ! "P F/ *ANG$
9 QUAL;Y IS S *ANG$ 0! CAUSE XF :
ORIG9ATES ! *ANGE1 & ?US ! *ANGE "?\T !
:OLE NE$ N TAKE PLACE CO9/ANTANE\SLY &
ALL AT ONCE4 ,TA/+ WD H BE5 Z SMELL+ N[
IS1 IF WE LIV$ 9 A LIQUID M$IUM1 & P]CVD
,7! SAPID OBJECT7' AT A 4T.E1 2F T\*+ X4
  ,NATUR,Y1 !N1 ! "PS ( M$IA 2T A S5SORY
ORGAN & XS OBJECT >E N ALL A6ECT$ AT
ONCE- EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( ,LI<T
,7ILLUM9,N7' =! R1SON ABV /AT$1 & AL 9 !
CASE ( SEE+1 =! SAME R1SON2 = ,LI<T IS
AN E6ICI5T CAUSE ( SEE+4

                   #G

  ,ANO!R "Q RESPECT+ S5SE-P]CEP;N IS Z
FOLL[S3 ASSUM+1 Z IS NATURAL1 T ( TWO
,7SIMULTANE\S7' S5SORY /IMULI ! /R;G]
ALW T5DS 6EXTRUDE ! W1K] ,7F 3SCI\S;S7'1
IS X 3CEIVA# OR N T "O %D 2 A# 64C]N TWO
OBJECTS CO9/ANTANE\SLY 9 ! SAME
9DIVIDUAL "T8 ,! ABV ASSUMP;N EXPLA9S :Y
P]SONS D N P]CV :AT IS BR"\ 2F _! EYES1
IF !Y >E AT ! "T DEEP 9 ?"\1 OR 9 A F"R1
OR LI/5+ 6"S L\D NOISE4 ,? ASSUMP;N1 !N1
M/ 2 MADE1 & AL ! FOLL[+3 T X IS EASI]
64C]N EA* OBJECT ( S5SE :5 9 XS SIMPLE
=M ?AN :5 AN 9GR$I5T 9 A MIXTURE2 EASI]1
= EXAMPLE1 64C]N W9E :5 N1T ?AN :5
BL5D$1 & S AL H"OY1 & ,7IN O!R
PROV9CES7' A COL\R1 OR 64C]N ! NETE 0XF
AL"O1 ?AN ,7:5 S.D$ )! HYPATE7' 9 !
OCTAVE2 ! R1SON 2+ T -PON5T ELE;TS T5D
6E6ACE ,7! 4T9CTIVE "*I/ICS (7' "O
ANO!R4 ,S* IS ! E6ECT ,7ON "O ANO!R7' (
ALL 9GR$I5TS ( :1 :5 -P.D$1 "S "O ?+ IS
=M$4
  ,IF1 !N1 ! GRT] /IMULUS T5DS 6EXPEL !
LESS1 X NECESS>ILY FOLL[S T1 :5 !Y 3CUR1
? GRT] %D XF TOO 2 LESS 4T9CTLY P]CEPTI#
?AN IF X 7 AL"O1 S9CE ! LESS 0BL5D+ ) X
HAS REMOV$ "S ( XS 9DIVIDUAL;Y1 AC 6\R
ASSUMP;N T SIMPLE OBJECTS >E 9 ALL CASES
M 4T9CTLY P]CEPTI#4
  ,N[1 IF ! TWO /IMULI >E EQUAL B
HET]OG5E\S1 NO P]CEP;N ( EI W 5SUE2 !Y W
ALIKE E6ACE "O ANO!R'S "*I/ICS4 ,B 9 S*
A CASE ! P]CEP;N ( EI /IMULUS 9 XS
SIMPLE =M IS IMPOSSI#4 ,H;E EI "! W !N 2
NO S5SE-P]CEP;N AT ALL1 OR "! W 2 A
P]CEP;N -P.D$ ( BO? & DI6]+ F EI4 ,!
LATT] IS :AT ACTU,Y SEEMS 6RESULT F
9GR$I5TS BL5D$ TGR1 :AT"E MAY 2 ! -P.D 9
: !Y >E S MIX$4
  ,S9CE1 !N1 F "S 3CURR5T ,7S5SORY
/IMULI7' A RESULTANT OBJECT IS PRODUC$1
:ILE F O!RS NO S* RESULTANT IS PRODUC$1
&(! LATT] SORT >E ^? ?+S : 2L;G 6DI6]5T
S5SE PROV9CES 7= ONLY ^? ?+S >E CAPA# (
MIXTURE ^: EXTREMES >E 3TR>IES1 & NO "O
-P.D C 2 =M$ F1 E4G4 ,:ITE & ,%>P1
EXCEPT 9DIRECTLY1 I4E4 N Z A 3CORD IS
=M$ ( ,%>P & ,GRAVE72 "! FOLL[S LOGIC,Y
! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( 4C]N+ S* 3CURR5T /IMULI
CO9/ANTANE\SLY4 ,= WE M/ SUPPOSE T !
/IMULI1 :5 EQUAL1 T5D ALIKE 6E6ACE "O
ANO!R1 S9CE NO "O ,7=M ( /IMULUS7'
RESULTS F !M2 :ILE1 IF !Y >E UNEQUAL1 !
/R;G] AL"O IS 4T9CTLY P]CEPTI#4
  ,AG1 ! S\L WD 2 M LIKELY 6P]CV
CO9/ANTANE\SLY1 ) "O &! SAME S5SORY ACT1
TWO ?+S 9 ! SAME S5SORY PROV9CE1 S* Z !
,GRAVE &! ,%>P 9 S.D2 =! S5SORY /IMUL,N
9 ? "O PROV9CE IS M LIKELY 6BE
UNITEMPORAL ?AN T 9VOLV+ TWO DI6]5T
PROV9CES1 Z ,SI<T & ,HE>+4 ,B X IS
IMPOSSI# 6P]CV TWO OBJECTS
CO9/ANTANE\SLY 9 ! SAME S5SORY ACT UN.S
!Y H BE5 MIX$1 ,7:51 H["E1 !Y >E NO L;G]
TWO7'1 = _! AMALGAM,N 9VOLVES _! 2COM+
"O1 &! S5SORY ACT RELAT$ 6"O OBJECT IS
XF "O1 & S* ACT1 :5 "O1 IS1 ( C\RSE1
CO9/ANTANE\S ) XF4 ,H;E1 :5 ?+S >E MIX$
WE ( NECESS;Y P]CV !M CO9/ANTANE\SLY3 =
WE P]CV !M 0A P]CEP;N ACTU,Y "O4 ,= AN
OBJECT NUM]IC,Y "O M1NS T : IS P]CVD 0A
P]CEP;N ACTU,Y "O1 ":AS AN OBJECT
SPECIFIC,Y "O M1NS T : IS P]CVD 0A
S5SORY ACT POT5TI,Y "O ,7I4E4 0AN 5]GEIA
(! SAME S5SU\S FACULTY7'4 ,IF !N !
ACTUALIZ$ P]CEP;N IS "O1 X W DCL XS DATA
6BE "O OBJECT2 !Y M/1 "!=E1 H BE5 MIX$4
,ACLY1 :5 !Y H N BE5 MIX$1 ! ACTUALIZ$
P]CEP;NS : P]CV !M W 2 TWO2 B ,7IF S1 _!
P]CEP;N M/ 2 SU3ESSIVE N CO9/ANTANE\S1
=7' 9 "O &! SAME FACULTY ! P]CEP;N
ACTUALIZ$ AT ANY S+LE MO;T IS NECESS>ILY
"O1 ONLY "O /IMUL,N OR EX];N (A S+LE
FACULTY 2+ POSSI# AT A S+LE 9/ANT1 & 9 !
CASE SUPPOS$ "H ! FACULTY IS "O4 ,X
FOLL[S1 "!=E1 T WE _C 3CV ! POSSIBIL;Y (
P]CVG TWO 4T9CT OBJECTS CO9/ANTANE\SLY )
"O &! SAME S5SE4
  ,B IF X 2 ?US IMPOSSI# 6P]CV
CO9/ANTANE\SLY TWO OBJECTS 9 ! SAME
PROV9CE ( S5SE IF !Y >E RE,Y TWO1
MANIFE/LY X IS / LESS 3CEIVA# T WE %D
P]CV CO9/ANTANE\SLY OBJECTS 9 TWO DI6]5T
S5SORY PROV9CES1 Z ,:ITE & ,SWEET4 ,= X
APPE>S T :5 ! ,S\L PR$ICATES NUM]ICAL
UN;Y X DOES S 9 VIRTUE ( NO?+ ELSE ?AN
S* CO9/ANTANE\S P]CEP;N ,7( "O OBJECT1 9
"O 9/ANT1 0"O 5]GEIA7'3 :ILE X PR$ICATES
SPECIFIC UN;Y 9 VIRTUE ( ,7! UN;Y (7' !
4CRIM9AT+ FACULTY ( S5SE TGR ) ,7! UN;Y
(7' ! MODE 9 : ? OP]ATES4 ,:AT ,I M1N1 =
EXAMPLE1 IS ?2 ! SAME S5SE NO D\BT 4C]NS
,:ITE & ,BLACK1 ,7: >E H;E G5]IC,Y "O7'
?\< SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T F "O ANO!R1 & S1
TOO1 A FACULTY ( S5SE SELF-ID5TICAL1 B
DI6]5T F ! =M]1 4C]NS ,SWEET & ,BITT]2 B
:ILE BO? ^! FACULTIES DI6] F "O ANO!R
,7& EA* F XF7' 9 _! MODES ( 4C]N+ EI (
_! RESPECTIVE 3TR>IES1 YET 9 P]CVG ! CO-
ORD9ATES 9 EA* PROV9CE !Y PROCE$ 9
MANN]S ANALOG\S 6"O ANO!R2 = 9/.E1 Z
,TA/E P]CVS ,SWEET1 S ,SI<T P]CVS ,:ITE2
& Z ! LATT] P]CVS ,BLACK1 S ! =M] P]CVS
,BITT]4
  ,AG1 IF ! /IMULI ( S5SE DERIV$ F
,3TR>IES >E !MVS ,3TR>Y1 & IF ,3TR>IES
_C 2 3CVD Z SUBSI/+ TGR 9 ! SAME
9DIVIDUAL SUBJECT1 & IF ,3TR>IES1 E4G4
,SWEET & ,BITT]1 -E "U "O &! SAME S5SE-
FACULTY1 WE M/ 3CLUDE T X IS IMPOSSI#
64C]N !M CO9/ANTANE\SLY4 ,X IS LIKEWISE
CLE>LY IMPOSSI# S 64C]N S* HOMOG5E\S
S5SI#S Z >E N ,79DE$7' ,3TR>Y1 ,7B >E
YET ( DI6]5T SPECIES7'4 ,= ^! >E1 ,7IN !
SPH]E ( COL\R1 = 9/.E7'1 CLASS$ "S )
,:ITE1 O!RS ) ,BLACK1 & S X IS1
LIKEWISE1 9 ! O!R PROV9CES ( S5SE2 =
EXAMPLE1 ( SAV\RS1 "S >E CLASS$ )
,SWEET1 & O!RS ) ,BITT]4 ,NOR C "O 4C]N
! -PON5TS 9 -P.DS CO9/ANTANE\SLY 7= ^!
>E RATIOS ( ,3TR>IES1 Z E4G4 ! ,OCTAVE
OR ! ,FIF?72 UN.S1 9DE$1 ON 3DI;N (
P]CVG !M Z "O4 ,= ?US1 & N O!RWISE1 !
RATIOS (! EXTREME S.DS >E -P.D$ 96"O
RATIO3 S9CE WE %D H TGR ! RATIO1 ON ! "O
H&1 ( ,_M 6,FEW OR ( ,ODD 6,EV51 ON !
O!R1 T ( ,FEW 6,_M OR ( ,EV5 6,ODD ,7&
^!1 6BE P]CVD TGR1 M/ 2 UNIFI$7'4
  ,IF1 !N1 ! S5SI#S DENOM9AT$ CO-
ORD9ATES ?\< 9 DI6]5T PROV9CES ( S5SE
7E4G4 ,I CALL ,SWEET & ,:ITE CO-ORD9ATES
?\< 9 DI6]5T PROV9CES7 /& YET M ALO(1 &
DI6] M1 F "O ANO!R ?AN D ANY S5SI#S 9 !
SAME PROV9CE2 :ILE ,SWEET DI6]S F ,:ITE
EV5 M ?AN ,BLACK DOES F ,:ITE1 X IS /
LESS 3CEIVA# T "O %D 4C]N !M ,7VIZ4
S5SI#S 9 DI6]5T S5SORY PROV9CES :E!R CO-
ORD9ATES OR N7' CO9/ANTANE\SLY ?AN
S5SI#S : >E 9 ! SAME PROV9CE4 ,"!=E1 IF
CO9/ANTANE\S P]CEP;N (! LATT] 2
IMPOSSI#1 T (! =M] IS A =TIORI IMPOSSI#4
  ,"S (! WRIT]S :O TR1T ( 3CORDS ASS]T T
! S.DS -B9$ 9 ^! D N R1* U
SIMULTANE\SLY1 B ONLY APPE> 6D S1 _! R1L
SU3ESSIVE;S 2+ UNNOTIC$ :5"E ! "T X
9VOLVES IS ,7S SMALL Z 6BE7' IMP]CEPTI#4
,IS ? TRUE OR N8 ,"O MI<T P]H1 FOLL[+ ?
UP1 G S F> Z 6SAY T EV5 ! CURR5T OP9ION
T "O SEES & HE>S CO9/ANTANE\SLY IS DUE
M]ELY 6! FACT T ! 9T]VALS ( "T ,72T !
RE,Y SU3ESSIVE P]CEP;NS ( SI<T & HE>+7'
ESCAPE OBS]V,N4 ,B ? C SC>CELY 2 TRUE1
NOR IS X 3CEIVA# T ANY POR;N ( "T %D 2
,7ABSOLUTELY7' IMP]CEPTI#1 OR T ANY %D 2
ABSOLUTELY UNNOTICEA#2 ! TRU? 2+ T X IS
POSSI# 6P]CV E 9/ANT ( "T4 ,7,? IS S7'2
2C1 IF X IS 9CONCEIVA# T A P]SON %D1
:ILE P]CVG HMF OR AU<T ELSE 9 A 3T9U\S
"T1 2 AT ANY 9/ANT UNAW>E ( 8 [N EXI/;E2
:ILE1 OBVI\SLY1 ! ASSUMP;N1 T "! IS 9 !
"T-3T9UUM A "T S SMALL Z 6BE ABSOLUTELY
IMP]CEPTI#1 C>RIES ! IMPLIC,N T A P]SON
WD1 DUR+ S* "T1 2 UNAW>E ( 8 [N EXI/;E1
Z WELL Z ( 8 SEE+ & P]CVG2 ,7? ASSUMP;N
M/ 2 FALSE7'4
  ,AG1 IF "! IS ANY MAGNITUDE1 :E!R "T
OR ?+1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]CEPTI# [+ 6XS
SMALL;S1 X FOLL[S T "! WD N 2 EI A ?+ :
"O P]CVS1 OR A "T 9 : "O P]CVS X1 UN.S 9
! S5SE T 9 "S "P (! GIV5 "T HE SEES "S
"P (! GIV5 ?+4 ,= ,7LET "! 2 A L9E ;AB1
DIVID$ 96TWO "PS AT ;G1 & LET ? L9E
REPRES5T A :OLE OBJECT &A CORRESPOND+
:OLE "T4 ,N[17' IF "O SEES ! :OLE L9E1 &
P]CVS X DUR+ A "T : =MS "O &! SAME
3T9UUM1 ONLY 9 ! S5SE T HE DOES S 9 "S
POR;N ( ? "T1 LET U SUPPOSE ! "P GB1
REPRES5T+ A "T 9 : 0SUPPOSI;N HE 0 P]CVG
NO?+1 CUT (F F ! :OLE4 ,WELL1 !N1 HE
P]CVS 9 A C]TA9 "P ,7VIZ4 9 ! REMA9D]7'
(! "T1 OR P]CVS A "P ,7VIZ4 ! REMA9D]7'
(! L9E1 AF ! FA%ION 9 : "O SEES ! :OLE
E>? 0SEE+ "S GIV5 "P ( X1 OR WALKS 9 A
YE> 0WALK+ 9 "S GIV5 "P (! YE>4 ,B
,70HYPO!SIS7' 9 ! "P BG HE P]CVS NO?+3
"!=E1 9 FACT1 HE IS SD 6P]CV ! :OLE
OBJECT & DUR+ ! :OLE "T SIMPLY 2C HE
P]CVS ,7"S "P (! OBJECT7' 9 "S "P (! "T
;AB4 ,B ! SAME >GU;T HOLDS AL 9 ! CASE (
;AG ,7! REMA9D]1 REG>D$ 9 XS TURN Z A
:OLE7'2 = X W 2 F.D ,7ON ? !ORY ( VACANT
"TS & IMP]CEPTI# MAGNITUDES7' T "O ALW
P]CVS ONLY 9 "S "P (A GIV5 :OLE "T1 &
P]CVS ONLY "S "P (A :OLE MAGNITUDE1 & T
X IS IMPOSSI# 6P]CV ANY ,7RE,Y7' :OLE
,7OBJECT 9 A RE,Y :OLE "T2 A 3CLU.N : IS
ABSURD1 Z X WD LOGIC,Y ANNIHILATE !
P]CEP;N ( BO? ,OBJECTS & ,"T7'4
  ,"!=E WE M/ 3CLUDE T ALL MAGNITUDES >E
P]CEPTI#1 B _! ACTUAL DIM5.NS D N PRES5T
!MVS IMMLY 9 _! PRES5T,N Z OBJECTS4 ,"O
SEES ! SUN1 OR A F\R-CUBIT ROD AT A
4T.E1 Z A MAGNITUDE1 B _! EXACT DIM5.NS
>E N GIV5 9 _! VISUAL PRES5T,N3 NAY1 AT
"TS AN OBJECT ( SI<T APPE>S 9DIVISI#1 B
,7VI.N L O!R SPECIAL S5SES1 IS FALLI#
RESPECT+ ,8-MON S5SI#S0'1 E4G4
MAGNITUDE1 &7' NO?+ T "O SEES IS RE,Y
9DIVISI#4 ,! R1SON ( ? HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY
EXPLA9$4 ,X IS CLE> !N1 F ! ABV >GU;TS1
T NO POR;N ( "T IS IMP]CEPTI#4
  ,B WE M/ "H RETURN 6! "Q PROPOS$ ABV =
4CUS.N1 :E!R X IS POSSI# OR IMPOSSI#
6P]CV S"EAL OBJECTS CO9/ANTANE\SLY2 BY
,8CO9/ANTANE\SLY0' ,I M1N P]CVG ! S"EAL
OBJECTS 9 A "T "O & 9DIVISI# RELATIVELY
6"O ANO!R1 I4E4 9DIVISI# 9 A S5SE 3SI/5T
) XS 2+ ALL A 3T9UUM4
  ,F/1 !N1 IS X 3CEIVA# T "O %D P]CV !
DI6]5T ?+S CO9/ANTANE\SLY1 B EA* )A
DI6]5T "P (! ,S\L8 ,OR ,7M/ WE OBJECT7'
T1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 62G9 )! OBJECTS ( "O &!
SAME S5SE1 E4G4 ,SI<T1 IF WE ASSUME X
,7! ,S\L QUA EX]CIS+ ,SI<T7' 6P]CV "O
COL\R ) "O "P1 & ANO!R COL\R )A DI6]5T
"P1 X W H A PLURAL;Y ( "PS ! SAME 9
SPECIES1 ,7Z !Y M/ BE17' S9CE ! OBJECTS
: X ?US P]CVS FALL )9 ! SAME G5US8
  ,%D ANY "O ,76ILLU/RATE H[ ! ,S\L MI<T
H 9 X TWO DI6]5T "PS SPECIFIC,Y
ID5TICAL1 EA* DIRECT$ 6A SET ( AIS!TA !
SAME 9 G5US ) T 6: ! O!R IS DIRECT$7'
URGE T1 Z "! >E TWO EYES1 S "! MAY 2 9 !
,S\L "S?+ ANALOG\S1 ,7! REPLY IS7' T (!
EYES1 D\BT.S1 "S "O ORGAN IS =M$1 & H;E
_! ACTUALIZ,N 9 P]CEP;N IS "O2 B IF ? IS
S 9 ! ,S\L1 !N1 9 S F> Z :AT IS =M$ (
BO? ,7I4E4 ( ANY TWO SPECIFIC,Y ID5TICAL
"PS Z ASSUM$7' IS "O1 ! TRUE P]CVG
SUBJECT AL W 2 "O1 ,7&! 3TRADICTORY (!
ABV HYPO!SIS 7( DI6]5T "PS ( ,S\L REMA9+
5GAG$ 9 SIMULTANE\S P]CEP;N ) "O S5SE7
IS :AT EM]GES F ! ANALOGY7'2 :ILE IF !
TWO "PS ( ,S\L REMA9 SEP>ATE1 ! ANALOGY
(! EYES W FAIL1 ,7=( ^! "S "O IS RE,Y
=M$7'4
  ,FUR!RMORE1 ,7ON ! SUPPOSI;N (! NE$ (
DI6]5T "PS ( ,S\L1 CO-OP]AT+ 9 EA* S5SE1
64C]N DI6]5T OBJECTS CO9/ANTANE\SLY7'1 !
S5SES W 2 EA* AT ! SAME "T "O & _M1 Z IF
WE %D SAY T !Y 7 EA* A SET ( DIV]SE
SCI;ES2 = NEI W AN ,8ACTIV;Y0' EXI/ )\T
XS PROP] FACULTY1 NOR )\T ACTIV;Y W "! 2
S5S,N4
  ,B IF ! ,S\L DOES N1 9 ! WAY SU7E/$
,7I4E4 ) DI6]5T "PS ( XF ACT+
SIMULTANE\SLY7'1 P]CV 9 "O &! SAME
9DIVIDUAL "T S5SI#S (! SAME S5SE1 A
=TIORI X IS N ?US T X P]CVS S5SI#S (
DI6]5T S5SES4 ,= X IS1 Z ALR /AT$1 M
3CEIVA# T X %D P]CV A PLURAL;Y (! =M]
TGR 9 ? WAY ?AN A PLURAL;Y ( HET]OG5E\S
OBJECTS4
  ,IF !N1 Z IS ! FACT1 ! ,S\L ) "O "P
P]CVS ,SWEET1 ) ANO!R1 ,:ITE1 EI T :
RESULTS F ^! IS "S "O "P1 OR ELSE "! IS
NO S* "O RESULTANT4 ,B "! M/ 2 S* AN "O1
9ASM* Z ! G5]AL FACULTY ( S5SE-P]CEP;N
IS "O4 ,:AT "O OBJECT1 !N1 DOES T "O
FACULTY ,7:5 P]CVG AN OBJECT1 E4G4 Z BO?
,:ITE & ,SWEET7' P]CV8 ,7,N"O7'2 =
ASSUR$LY NO "O OBJECT >ISES 0-POSI;N (
^! ,7HET]OG5E\S OBJECTS1 S* Z ,:ITE &
,SWEET7'4 ,WE M/ 3CLUDE1 "!=E1 T "! IS1
Z HAS BE5 /AT$ 2F1 "S "O FACULTY 9 ! S\L
) : ! LATT] P]CVS ALL XS P]CEPTS1 ?\< X
P]CVS EA* DI6]5T G5US ( S5SI#S "? A
DI6]5T ORGAN4
  ,MAY WE N1 !N1 3CV ? FACULTY : P]CVS
,:ITE & ,SWEET 6BE "O QUA 9DIVISI# ,7SC4
QUA -B9+ XS DI6]5T SIMULTANE\S OBJECTS7'
9 XS ACTUALIZ,N1 B DI6]5T1 :5 X HAS
2COME DIVISI# ,7SC4 QUA 4T+UI%+ XS
DI6]5T SIMULTANE\S OBJECTS7' 9 XS
ACTUALIZ,N8
  ,OR IS :AT O3URS 9 ! CASE (! P]CVG
,S\L 3CEIVABLY ANALOG\S 6:AT HOLDS TRUE
9 T (! ?+S !MVS8 ,=! SAME NUM]IC,Y "O ?+
IS :ITE & SWEET1 & HAS _M O!R QUALITIES1
,7:ILE XS NUM]ICAL "O;S IS N "!BY
PREJUDIC$7' IF ! FACT IS N T ! QUALITIES
>E RE,Y SEP>A# 9 ! OBJECT F "O ANO!R1 B
T ! 2+ ( EA* QUAL;Y IS DI6]5T ,7F T ( E
O!R7'4 ,9 ! SAME WAY "!=E WE M/ ASSUME
AL1 9 ! CASE (! ,S\L1 T ! FACULTY (
P]CEP;N 9 G5]AL IS 9 XF NUM]IC,Y "O &!
SAME1 B DI6]5T ,7DI6]5TIAT$7' 9 XS 2+2
DI6]5T1 T IS 6SAY1 9 G5US Z REG>DS "S (
XS OBJECTS1 9 SPECIES Z REG>DS O!RS4
,H;E TOO1 WE MAY 3CLUDE T "O C P]CV
,7NUM]IC,Y DI6]5T OBJECTS7'
CO9/ANTANE\SLY )A FACULTY : IS NUM]IC,Y
"O &! SAME1 B N ! SAME 9 XS REL,N%IP
,7SC4 AC Z ! OBJECTS 6: X IS DIRECT$ >E
N ! SAME7'4
  ,T E S5SI# OBJECT IS A MAGNITUDE1 & T
NO?+ : X IS POSSI# 6P]CV IS 9DIVISI#1
MAY 2 ?US %[N4 ,! 4T.E :;E AN OBJECT CD
N 2 SE5 IS 9DET]M9ATE1 B T :;E X IS
VISI# IS DET]M9ATE4 ,WE MAY SAY ! SAME (
! OBJECTS ( ,SMELL+ & ,HE>+1 &( ALL
S5SI#S N 4C]N$ 0ACTUAL 3TACT4 ,N[1 "!
IS1 9 ! 9T]VAL ( 4T.E1 "S EXTREME PLACE1
! LA/ F : ! OBJECT IS 9VISI#1 &! F/ F :
X IS VISI#4 ,? PLACE1 2Y : IF ! OBJECT 2
"O _C P]CV X1 :ILE IF ! OBJECT 2 ON !
HI!R SIDE "O M/ P]CV X1 IS1 ,I PRESUME1
XF NECESS>ILY 9DIVISI#4 ,"!=E1 IF ANY
S5SI# OBJECT 2 9DIVISI#1 S* OBJECT1 IF
SET 9 ! SD EXTREME PLACE :;E
IMP]CEPTIBIL;Y 5DS & P]CEPTIBIL;Y 2G9S1
W H 6BE BO? VISI# & 9VISI# _! OBJECTS1
:E!R REG>D$ 9 G5]AL OR AT ! SAME "T2 B ?
IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,? 3CLUDES \R SURVEY (! "*I/ICS (!
ORGANS ( ,S5SE-P]CEP;N & _! OBJECTS1
:E!R REG>D$ 9 G5]AL OR 9 REL,N 6EA*
ORGAN4 ,(! REMA9+ SUBJECTS1 WE M/ F/
3SID] T ( MEMORY & REMEMB]+4

