              ,,BOOK ,,F\R
                   ,I

  ,9 ALL >TS & SCI;ES : EMBRACE ! :OLE (
ANY SUBJECT1 & D N -E 962+ 9 A FRAG;T>Y
WAY1 X IS ! PROV9CE (A S+LE >T OR SCI;E
63SID] ALL T APP]TA9S 6A S+LE SUBJECT4
,= EXAMPLE1 ! >T ( GYMNA/IC 3SID]S N
ONLY ! SUITA#;S ( DI6]5T MODES ( TRA9+
6DI6]5T BODIES 7#B71 B :AT SORT IS
ABSOLUTELY ! BE/ 7#A72 7=! ABSOLUTELY
BE/ M/ SUIT T : IS 0NATURE BE/ & BE/
FURNI%$ )! M1NS ( LIFE71 & AL :AT -MON
=M ( TRA9+ IS ADAPT$ 6! GRT MAJOR;Y ( M5
7#D74 ,& IF A MAN DOES N DESIRE ! BE/
HABIT ( BODY1 OR ! GRTE/ SKILL 9
GYMNA/ICS1 : MI<T 2 ATTA9$ 0HM1 / !
TRA9] OR ! T1*] ( GYMNA/IC %D 2 A# 6IM"P
ANY L[] DEGREE ( EI 7#C74 ,! SAME
PR9CIPLE EQU,Y HOLDS 9 M$IC9E &
%IPBUILD+1 &! MAK+ ( CLO!S1 & 9 ! >TS
G5],Y4
  ,H;E X IS OBVI\S T GOV]N;T TOO IS !
SUBJECT (A S+LE SCI;E1 : HAS 63SID] :AT
GOV]N;T IS BE/ &( :AT SORT X M/ BE1 6BE
MO/ 9 A3ORD.E ) \R ASPIR,NS1 IF "! 7 NO
EXT]NAL IMP$I;T1 & AL :AT K9D ( GOV]N;T
IS ADAPT$ 6"PICUL> /ATES4 ,=! BE/ IS (T5
UNATTA9A#1 & "!=E ! TRUE LEGISLATOR &
/ATESMAN "\ 6BE ACQUA9T$1 N ONLY ) 7#A7
T : IS BE/ 9 ! AB/RACT1 B AL ) 7#B7 T :
IS BE/ RELATIVELY 6CIRCUM/.ES4 ,WE %D 2
A# FUR!R 6SAY H[ A /ATE MAY 2 3/ITUT$ "U
ANY GIV5 3DI;NS 7#C72 BO? H[ X IS
ORIG9,Y =M$ &1 :5 =M$1 H[ X MAY 2 L;GE/
PRES]V$2 ! SUPPOS$ /ATE 2+ S F> F HAV+ !
BE/ 3/ITU;N T X IS UNPROVID$ EV5 )!
3DI;NS NEC =! BE/2 NEI IS X ! BE/ "U !
CIRCUM/.ES1 B ( AN 9F]IOR TYPE4
  ,HE "\1 MOREOV]1 6"K 7#D7 ! =M (
GOV]N;T : IS BE/ SUIT$ 6/ATES 9 G5]AL2 =
POLITICAL WRIT]S1 AL? !Y H EXCELL5T
ID1S1 >E (T5 UNPRACTICAL4 ,WE %D 3SID]1
N ONLY :AT =M ( GOV]N;T IS BE/1 B AL :AT
IS POSSI# & :AT IS EASILY ATTA9A# 0ALL4
,"! >E "S :O WD H N"O B ! MO/ P]FECT2 =
? _M NATURAL ADVANTAGES >E REQUIR$4
,O!RS1 AG1 SP1K (A M ATTA9A# =M1 &1 AL?
!Y REJECT ! 3/ITU;N "U : !Y >E LIV+1 !Y
EXTOL "S "O 9 "PICUL>1 = EXAMPLE !
,LAC$AEMONIAN4 ,ANY *ANGE ( GOV]N;T :
HAS 6BE 9TRODUC$ %D 2 "O : M51 />T+ F _!
EXI/+ 3/ITU;NS1 W 2 BO? WILL+ & A#
6ADOPT1 S9CE "! IS Q Z M* TR\# 9 !
RE=M,N ( AN OLD 3/ITU;N Z 9 ! E/ABLI%;T
(A NEW "O1 J Z 6UNLE>N IS Z H>D Z 6LE>N4
,& "!=E1 9 A4I;N 6! QUALIFIC,NS (!
/ATESMAN ALR M5;N$1 HE %D 2 A# 6F9D
REM$IES =! DEFECTS ( EXI/+ 3/ITU;NS1 Z
HAS BE5 SD 2F4 ,? HE _C D UN.S HE "KS H[
_M =MS ( GOV]N;T "! >E4 ,X IS (T5
SUPPOS$ T "! IS ONLY "O K9D ( DEMOCRACY
& "O ( OLIG>*Y4 ,B ? IS A MISTAKE2 &1 9
ORD] 6AVOID S* MISTAKES1 WE M/ ASC]TA9
:AT DI6];ES "! >E 9 ! 3/ITU;NS ( /ATES1
& 9 H[ _M WAYS !Y >E -B9$4 ,! SAME
POLITICAL 9SI<T W 5A# A MAN 6"K : LAWS
>E ! BE/1 & : >E SUIT$ 6DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS2
=! LAWS >E1 & "\ 6BE1 RELATIVE 6!
3/ITU;N1 & N ! 3/ITU;N 6! LAWS4 ,A
3/ITU;N IS ! ORGANIZ,N ( (FICES 9 A
/ATE1 & DET]M9ES :AT IS 6BE ! GOV]N+
BODY1 & :AT IS ! 5D ( EA* -MUN;Y4 ,B
LAWS >E N 6BE 3F.D$ )! PR9CIPLES (!
3/ITU;N2 !Y >E ! RULES AC 6: !
MAGI/RATES %D ADM9I/] ! /ATE1 & PROCE$
AG/ (F5D]S4 ,S T WE M/ "K ! V>IETIES1 &!
NUMB] ( V>IETIES1 ( EA* =M ( GOV]N;T1 IF
ONLY )A VIEW 6MAK+ LAWS4 ,=! SAME LAWS
_C 2 EQU,Y SUIT$ 6ALL OLIG>*IES OR 6ALL
DEMOCRACIES1 S9CE "! IS C]TA9LY M ?AN "O
=M BO? ( DEMOCRACY &( OLIG>*Y4

                  ,,II

  ,9 \R ORIG9AL 4CUS.N AB GOV]N;TS WE
DIVID$ !M 96?REE TRUE =MS3 K+LY RULE1
>I/OCRACY1 & 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 & ?REE
CORRESPOND+ P]V].NS- TYRANNY1 OLIG>*Y1 &
DEMOCRACY4 ,( K+LY RULE &( >I/OCRACY1 WE
H ALR SPOK51 =! 9QUIRY 96! P]FECT /ATE
IS ! SAME ?+ )! 4CUS.N (! TWO =MS ?US
"ND1 S9CE BO? IMPLY A PR9CIPLE ( VIRTUE
PROVID$ ) EXT]NAL M1NS4 ,WE H ALR
DET]M9$ 9 :AT >I/OCRACY & K+LY RULE DI6]
F "O ANO!R1 & :5 ! LATT] %D 2 E/ABLI%$4
,9 :AT FOLL[S WE H 6DESCRIBE ! S-CALL$
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 : BE>S ! -MON "N (
ALL 3/ITU;NS1 &! O!R =MS1 TYRANNY1
OLIG>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY4
  ,X IS OBVI\S : (! ?REE P]V].NS IS !
WOR/1 & : IS ! NEXT 9 BAD;S4 ,T : IS !
P]V].N (! F/ & MO/ DIV9E IS NECESS>ILY !
WOR/4 ,& J Z A ROYAL RULE1 IF N A M]E
"N1 M/ EXI/ 0VIRTUE ( "S GRT P]SONAL
SUP]IOR;Y 9 ! K+1 S TYRANNY1 : IS ! WOR/
( GOV]N;TS1 IS NECESS>ILY ! F>!/ REMOV$
F A WELL-3/ITUT$ =M2 OLIG>*Y IS LL
BETT]1 = X IS A L;G WAY F >I/OCRACY1 &
DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ TOL]A# (! ?REE4
  ,A WRIT] :O PREC$$ ME HAS ALR MADE ^!
4T9C;NS1 B 8 PO9T ( VIEW IS N ! SAME Z
M9E4 ,= HE LAYS D[N ! PR9CIPLE T :5 ALL
! 3/ITU;NS >E GD 7! OLIG>*Y &! RE/ 2+
VIRTU\S71 DEMOCRACY IS ! WOR/1 B ! BE/
:5 ALL >E BAD4 ,":AS WE MA9TA9 T !Y >E 9
ANY CASE DEFECTIVE1 & T "O OLIG>*Y IS N
6BE A3.T$ BETT] ?AN ANO!R1 B ONLY LESS
BAD4
  ,N 6PURSUE ? "Q FUR!R AT PRES5T1 LET U
2G9 0DET]M9+ 7#A7 H[ _M V>IETIES (
3/ITU;N "! >E 7S9CE ( DEMOCRACY &
OLIG>*Y "! >E S"EAL73 7#B7 :AT 3/ITU;N
IS ! MO/ G5],Y A3EPTA#1 & :AT IS ELIGI#
9 ! NEXT DEGREE AF ! P]FECT /ATE2 & 2SS
? :AT O!R "! IS : IS >I/OCRATICAL &
WELL-3/ITUT$1 & AT ! SAME "T ADAPT$
6/ATES 9 G5]AL2 7#C7 (! O!R =MS (
GOV]N;T 6:OM EA* IS SUIT$4 ,= DEMOCRACY
MAY MEET ! NE$S ( "S BETT] ?AN OLIG>*Y1
& 3V]SELY4 ,9 ! NEXT PLACE 7#D7 WE H
63SID] 9 :AT MANN] A MAN "\ 6PROCE$ :O
DESIRES 6E/ABLI% "S "O AM;G ^! V>I\S
=MS1 :E!R ( DEMOCRACY OR ( OLIG>*Y2 &
LA/LY1 7#E7 HAV+ BRIEFLY 4CUSS$ ^!
SUBJECTS 6! BE/ ( \R P[]1 WE W 5D1VOR
6ASC]TA9 ! MODES ( RU9 & PRES]V,N BO? (
3/ITU;NS G5],Y &( EA* SEP>ATELY1 & 6:AT
CAUSES !Y >E 6BE ATTRIBUT$4

                 ,,III

  ,! R1SON :Y "! >E _M =MS ( GOV]N;T IS
T E /ATE 3TA9S _M ELE;TS4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE
WE SEE T ALL /ATES >E MADE UP (
FAMILIES1 & 9 ! MULTITUDE ( CITIZ5 "! M/
2 "S RI* & "S POOR1 & "S 9 A MI4LE
3DI;N2 ! RI* >E H1VY->M$1 &! POOR N4 ,(!
-MON P1 "S >E HUSB&M51 & "S TRAD]S1 & "S
>TISANS4 ,"! >E AL AM;G ! NOTA#S DI6];ES
( W1L? & PROP]TY- = EXAMPLE1 9 ! NUMB] (
HORSES : !Y KEEP1 = !Y _C AF=D 6KEEP !M
UN.S !Y >E RI*4 ,& "!=E 9 OLD "TS !
CITIES ^: /R5G? LAY 9 _! CAVALRY 7
OLIG>*IES1 & !Y US$ CAVALRY 9 W>S AG/ _!
NEI<BORS2 Z 0 ! PRACTICE (! ,]ETRIANS &
,*ALCIDIANS1 & AL (! ,MAGNESIANS ON !
RIV] ,MAE&]1 &( O!R PEOPLES 9 ,ASIA4
,2SS DI6];ES ( W1L? "! >E DI6];ES ( RANK
& M]IT1 & "! >E "S O!R ELE;TS : 7 M5;N$
0U :5 9 TR1T+ ( >I/OCRACY WE ENUM]AT$ !
ESS5TIALS (A /ATE4 ,( ^! ELE;TS1 "S"TS
ALL1 "S"TS ! LESS] & "S"TS ! GRT] NUMB]1
H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,X IS EVID5T !N T
"! M/ 2 _M =MS ( GOV]N;T1 DI6]+ 9 K9D1
S9CE ! "PS ( : !Y >E -POS$ DI6] F EA*
O!R 9 K9D4 ,=A 3/ITU;N IS AN ORGANIZ,N (
(FICES1 : ALL ! CITIZ5S 4TRIBUTE AM;G
!MVS1 AC 6! P[] : DI6]5T CLASSES
POSSESS1 = EXAMPLE ! RI* OR ! POOR1 OR
AC 6"S PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL;Y : 9CLUDES BO?4
,"! M/ "!=E 2 Z _M =MS ( GOV]N;T Z "! >E
MODES ( >RANG+ ! (FICES1 AC 6!
SUP]IORITIES & DI6];ES (! "PS (! /ATE4
  ,"! >E G5],Y ?"\ 6BE TWO PR9CIPAL =MS3
Z M5 SAY (! W9DS T "! >E B TWO- NOR? &
S\?1 & T ! RE/ ( !M >E ONLY V>I,NS ( ^!1
S ( GOV]N;TS "! >E SD 6BE ONLY TWO =MS-
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4 ,= >I/OCRACY IS
3SID]$ 6BE A K9D ( OLIG>*Y1 Z 2+ ! RULE
(A FEW1 &! S-CALL$ 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T 6BE
RE,Y A DEMOCRACY1 J Z AM;G ! W9DS WE
MAKE ! WE/ A V>I,N (! NOR?1 &! EA/ (!
S\? W9D4 ,SIMIL>LY ( MUSICAL MODES "! >E
SD 6BE TWO K9DS1 ! ,DORIAN &! ,PHRYGIAN2
! O!R >RANGE;TS (! SCALE >E -PREH5D$ "U
"O OR O!R ( ^! TWO4 ,AB =MS ( GOV]N;T ?
IS A V FAVORITE NO;N4 ,B 9 EI CASE !
BETT] & M EXACT WAY IS 64T+UI%1 Z ,I H
D"O1 ! "O OR TWO : >E TRUE =MS1 & 6REG>D
! O!RS Z P]V].NS1 :E!R (! MO/ P]FECTLY
ATTEMP]$ MODE OR (! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T3 WE
MAY -P>E ! SEV]] & M OV]P[]+ MODES 6!
OLIG>*ICAL =MS1 &! M RELAX$ & G5TL] "OS
6! DEMOCRATIC4

                  ,,IV

  ,X M/ N 2 ASSUM$1 Z "S >E FOND ( SAY+1
T DEMOCRACY IS SIMPLY T =M ( GOV]N;T 9 :
! GRT] NUMB] >E SOV]EIGN1 = 9 OLIG>*IES1
& 9DE$ 9 E GOV]N;T1 ! MAJOR;Y RULES2 NOR
AG IS OLIG>*Y T =M ( GOV]N;T 9 : A FEW
>E SOV]EIGN4 ,SUPPOSE ! :OLE POPUL,N (A
C;Y 6BE #ACJJ1 & T ( ^! #AJJJ >E RI*1 &
D N ALL[ ! REMA9+ #CJJ :O >E POOR1 B
FREE1 & 9 AN O!R RESPECTS _! EQUALS1 A
%>E (! GOV]N;T- NO "O W SAY T ? IS A
DEMOCRACY4 ,9 L MANN]1 IF ! POOR 7 FEW &
! MA/]S (! RI* :O \TNUMB] !M1 NO "O WD
"E CALL S* A GOV]N;T1 9 : ! RI* MAJOR;Y
H NO %>E ( (FICE1 AN OLIG>*Y4 ,"!=E WE
%D R SAY T DEMOCRACY IS ! =M ( GOV]N;T 9
: ! FREE >E RUL]S1 & OLIG>*Y 9 : ! RI*2
X IS ONLY AN A3ID5T T ! FREE >E ! _M &!
RI* >E ! FEW4 ,O!RWISE A GOV]N;T 9 : !
(FICES 7 GIV5 AC 6/ATURE1 Z IS SD 6BE !
CASE 9 ,E?IOPIA1 OR AC 6B1UTY1 WD 2 AN
OLIG>*Y2 =! NUMB] ( TALL OR GD-LOOK+ M5
IS SMALL4 ,& YET OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY >E
N SU6ICI5TLY 4T+UI%$ M]ELY 0^! TWO
"*I/ICS ( W1L? & FREEDOM4 ,BO? ( !M 3TA9
_M O!R ELE;TS1 & "!=E WE M/ C>RY \R
ANALYSIS FUR!R1 & SAY T ! GOV]N;T IS N A
DEMOCRACY 9 : ! FREEM51 2+ FEW 9 NUMB]1
RULE OV] ! _M :O >E N FREE1 Z AT
,APOLLONIA1 ON ! ,IONIAN ,GULF1 & AT
,!RA2 7= 9 EA* ( ^! /ATES ! NO#S1 :O 7
AL ! E>LIE/ SETTL]S1 7 HELD 9 *IEF
HONOR1 AL? !Y 7 B A FEW \ ( _M74 ,NEI IS
X A DEMOCRACY :5 ! RI* H ! GOV]N;T 2C !Y
EXCE$ 9 NUMB]2 Z 0 ! CASE =M]LY AT
,COLOPHON1 ": ! BULK (! 9HABITANTS 7
POSSESS$ ( L>GE PROP]TY 2F ! ,LYDIAN
,W>4 ,B ! =M ( GOV]N;T IS A DEMOCRACY :5
! FREE1 :O >E AL POOR &! MAJOR;Y1 GOV]N1
& AN OLIG>*Y :5 ! RI* &! NO# GOV]N1 !Y
2+ AT ! SAME "T FEW 9 NUMB]4
  ,I H SD T "! >E _M =MS ( GOV]N;T1 & H
EXPLA9$ 6:AT CAUSES ! V>IETY IS DUE4 ,:Y
"! >E M ?AN ^? ALR M5;N$1 & :AT !Y >E1 &
:;E !Y >ISE1 ,I W N[ PROCE$ 63SID]1 />T+
F ! PR9CIPLE ALR ADMITT$1 : IS T E /ATE
3SI/S1 N ( "O1 B ( _M "PS4 ,IF WE 7 GO+
6SP1K (! DI6]5T SPECIES ( ANIMALS1 WE %D
F/ ( ALL DET]M9E ! ORGANS : >E 9DISP5SA#
6E ANIMAL1 Z = EXAMPLE "S ORGANS ( S5SE
&! 9/RU;TS ( RCVG & DIGE/+ FOOD1 S* Z !
M\? &! /OMA*1 2SS ORGANS ( LOCOMO;N4
,ASSUM+ N[ T "! >E ONLY S _M K9DS (
ORGANS1 B T "! MAY 2 DI6];ES 9 !M- ,I
M1N DI6]5T K9DS ( M\?S1 & /OMA*S1 &
P]CEPTIVE & LOCOMOTIVE ORGANS- ! POSSI#
-B9,NS ( ^! DI6];ES W NECESS>ILY FURNI%
_M V>I$ES ( ANIMALS4 7,= ANIMALS _C 2 !
SAME : H DI6]5T K9DS ( M\?S OR ( E>S47
,& :5 ALL ! -B9,NS >E EXHAU/$1 "! W 2 Z
_M SORTS ( ANIMALS Z "! >E -B9,NS (! NEC
ORGANS4 ,! SAME1 !N1 IS TRUE (! =MS (
GOV]N;T : H BE5 DESCRIB$2 /ATES1 Z ,I H
REP1T$LY SD1 >E -POS$1 N ( "O1 B ( _M
ELE;TS4 ,"O ELE;T IS ! FOOD-PRODUC+
CLASS1 :O >E CALL$ HUSB&M52 A SECOND1 !
CLASS ( ME*ANICS :O PRACTICE ! >TS )\T :
A C;Y _C EXI/2 ( ^! >TS "S >E ABSOLUTELY
NEC1 O!RS 3TRIBUTE 6LUXURY OR 6! GRACE (
LIFE4 ,! ?IRD CLASS IS T ( TRAD]S1 &
0TRAD]S ,I M1N ^? :O >E 5GAG$ 9 BUY+ &
SELL+1 :E!R 9 -M]CE OR 9 RETAIL TRADE4
,A F\R? CLASS IS T (! S]FS OR LABOR]S4
,! W>RIORS MAKE UP ! FIF? CLASS1 & !Y >E
Z NEC Z ANY (! O!RS1 IF ! C.TRY IS N 6BE
! SLAVE ( E 9VAD]4 ,= H[ C A /ATE : HAS
ANY TITLE 6! "N 2 (A SLAVI% NATURE8 ,!
/ATE IS 9DEP5D5T & SELF-SU6IC+1 B A
SLAVE IS ! REV]SE ( 9DEP5D5T4 ,H;E WE
SEE T ? SUBJECT1 ?\< 9G5I\SLY1 HAS N BE5
SATISFACTORILY TR1T$ 9 ! ,REPUBLIC4
,SOCRATES SAYS T A /ATE IS MADE UP ( F\R
SORTS ( P :O >E ABSOLUTELY NEC2 ^! >E A
W1V]1 A HUSB&MAN1 A %OEMAK]1 &A BUILD]2
AFWS1 F9D+ T !Y >E N 5\<1 HE A4S A SMI?1
& AG A H]DSMAN1 6LOOK AF ! NEC ANIMALS2
!N A M]*ANT1 & !N A RETAIL TRAD]4 ,ALL
^! TGR =M ! -PLE;T (! F/ /ATE1 Z IF A
/ATE 7 E/ABLI%$ M]ELY 6SUPPLY !
NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 R ?AN =! SAKE (! GD1
OR /OOD EQU,Y 9 NE$ ( %OEMAK]S &(
HUSB&M54 ,B HE DOES N ADMIT 96! /ATE A
MILIT>Y CLASS UNTIL ! C.TRY HAS 9CR1S$ 9
SIZE1 & IS 2G9N+ 65CROA* ON XS NEI<BOR'S
L&1 ":^U !Y G 6W>4 ,YET EV5 AM;G/ 8 F\R
ORIG9AL CITIZ5S1 OR :AT"E 2 ! NUMB] ( ^?
:OM HE ASSOCIATES 9 ! /ATE1 "! M/ 2 "S
"O :O W 4P5SE JU/ICE & DET]M9E :AT IS J4
,& Z ! S\L MAY 2 SD 6BE M TRULY "P ( AN
ANIMAL ?AN ! BODY1 S ! HI<] "PS ( /ATES1
T IS 6SAY1 ! W>RIOR CLASS1 ! CLASS 5GAG$
9 ! ADM9I/R,N ( JU/ICE1 & T 5GAG$ 9
DELIB],N1 : IS ! SPECIAL BUSI;S (
POLITICAL -MON S5SE-^! >E M ESS5TIAL 6!
/ATE ?AN ! "PS : M9I/] 6! NECESS>IES (
LIFE4 ,:E!R _! S"EAL FUNC;NS >E !
FUNC;NS ( DI6]5T CITIZ5S1 OR (! SAME- =
X MAY (T5 HAPP5 T ! SAME P]SONS >E BO?
W>RIORS & HUSB&M5- IS IMMAT]IAL 6!
>GU;T4 ,! HI<] Z WELL Z ! L[] ELE;TS >E
6BE EQU,Y 3SID]$ "PS (! /ATE1 & IF S1 !
MILIT>Y ELE;T AT ANY RATE M/ 2 9CLUD$4
,"! >E AL ! W1L?Y :O M9I/] 6! /ATE ) _!
PROP]TY2 ^! =M ! SEV5? CLASS4 ,! EI<?
CLASS IS T ( MAGI/RATES &( (FIC]S2 =!
/ATE _C EXI/ )\T RUL]S4 ,& "!=E "S M/ 2
A# 6TAKE (FICE & 6S]VE ! /ATE1 EI ALW OR
9 TURN4 ,"! ONLY REMA9S ! CLASS ( ^? :O
DELIB]ATE & :O JUDGE 2T 4PUTANTS2 WE 7 J
N[ 4T+UI%+ !M4 ,IF PRES;E ( ALL ^!
ELE;TS1 & _! FAIR & EQUITA# ORGANIZ,N1
IS NEC 6/ATES1 !N "! M/ AL 2 P]SONS :O H
! ABIL;Y ( /ATESM54 ,DI6]5T FUNC;NS
APPE> 6BE (T5 -B9$ 9 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL2 =
EXAMPLE1 ! W>RIOR MAY AL 2 A HUSB&MAN1
OR AN >TISAN2 OR1 AG1 ! C\NCILLOR A
JUDGE4 ,& ALL CLAIM 6POSSESS POLITICAL
ABIL;Y1 & ?9K T !Y >E Q -PET5T 6FILL MO/
(FICES4 ,B ! SAME P]SONS _C 2 RI* & POOR
AT ! SAME "T4 ,= ? R1SON ! RI* &! POOR
>E REG>D$ 9 AN ESPECIAL S5SE Z "PS (A
/ATE4 ,AG1 2C ! RI* >E G5],Y FEW 9
NUMB]1 :ILE ! POOR >E _M1 !Y APPE> 6BE
ANTAGONI/IC1 & Z ! "O OR ! O!R PREVAILS
!Y =M ! GOV]N;T4 ,H;E >ISES ! -MON
OP9ION T "! >E TWO K9DS ( GOV]N;T-
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y4
  ,I H ALR EXPLA9$ T "! >E _M =MS (
3/ITU;N1 & 6:AT CAUSES ! V>IETY IS DUE4
,LET ME N[ %[ T "! >E DI6]5T =MS BO? (
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y1 Z W 9DE$ 2 EVID5T F
:AT HAS PREC$$4 ,= BO? 9 ! -MON P & 9 !
NOTA#S V>I\S CLASSES >E 9CLUD$2 (! -MON
P1 "O CLASS >E HUSB&M51 ANO!R >TISANS2
ANO!R TRAD]S1 :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 BUY+ &
SELL+2 ANO!R >E ! S1F>+ CLASS1 :E!R
5GAG$ 9 W> OR 9 TRADE1 Z F]RYM5 OR Z
FI%]M54 7,IN _M PLACES ANY "O ( ^!
CLASSES =MS Q A L>GE POPUL,N2 = EXAMPLE1
FI%]M5 AT ,T>5TUM & ,BYZANTIUM1 CREWS (
TRIREMES AT ,A!NS1 M]*ANT S1M5 AT ,AEG9A
& ,*IOS1 F]RYM5 AT ,T5$OS47 ,6! CLASSES
ALR M5;N$ MAY 2 A4$ "D-LABOR]S1 & ^? :O1
[+ 6_! NE$Y CIRCUM/.ES1 H NO LEISURE1 OR
^? :O >E N ( FREE BIR? ON BO? SIDES2 &
"! MAY 2 O!R CLASSES Z WELL4 ,! NOTA#S
AG MAY 2 DIVID$ AC 6_! W1L?1 BIR?1
VIRTUE1 $UC,N1 & SIMIL> DI6];ES4
  ,( =MS ( DEMOCRACY F/ -ES T : IS SD
6BE BAS$ /RICTLY ON EQUAL;Y4 ,9 S* A
DEMOCRACY ! LAW SAYS T X IS J =! POOR 6H
NO M ADVANTAGE ?AN ! RI*2 & T NEI %D 2
MA/]S1 B BO? EQUAL4 ,= IF LIB]TY &
EQUAL;Y1 Z IS ?"\ 0"S1 >E *IEFLY 6BE F.D
9 DEMOCRACY1 !Y W 2 BE/ ATTA9$ :5 ALL
P]SONS ALIKE %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T 6! UTMO/4
,& S9CE ! P >E ! MAJOR;Y1 &! OP9ION (!
MAJOR;Y IS DECISIVE1 S* A GOV]N;T M/
NECESS>ILY 2 A DEMOCRACY4 ,"H !N IS "O
SORT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,"! IS ANO!R1 9 : !
MAGI/RATES >E ELECT$ AC 6A C]TA9 PROP]TY
QUALIFIC,N1 B A L[ "O2 HE :O HAS !
REQUIR$ AM.T ( PROP]TY HAS A %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T1 B HE :O LOSES 8 PROP]TY LOSES 8
"RS4 ,ANO!R K9D IS T 9 : ALL ! CITIZ5S
:O >E "U NO 4QUALIFIC,N %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1
B / ! LAW IS SUPREME4 ,9 ANO!R1 "EYBODY1
IF HE 2 ONLY A CITIZ51 IS ADMITT$ 6!
GOV]N;T1 B ! LAW IS SUPREME Z 2F4 ,A
FIF? =M ( DEMOCRACY1 9 O!R RESPECTS !
SAME1 IS T 9 :1 N ! LAW1 B ! MULTITUDE1
H ! SUPREME P[]1 & SUP]S$E ! LAW 0_!
DECREES4 ,? IS A /ATE ( A6AIRS BR"\ AB
0! DEMAGOGUES4 ,= 9 DEMOCRACIES : >E
SUBJECT 6! LAW ! BE/ CITIZ5S HOLD ! F/
PLACE1 & "! >E NO DEMAGOGUES2 B ": !
LAWS >E N SUPREME1 "! DEMAGOGUES SPR+
UP4 ,=! P 2COMES A MON>*1 & IS _M 9 "O2
&! _M H ! P[] 9 _! H&S1 N Z 9DIVIDUALS1
B COLLECTIVELY4 ,HOM] SAYS T ,8X IS N GD
6H A RULE ( _M10' B :E!R HE M1NS ?
CORPORATE RULE1 OR ! RULE ( _M
9DIVIDUALS1 IS UNC]TA94 ,AT ALL EV5TS ?
SORT ( DEMOCRACY1 : IS N[ A MON>*1 & NO
L;G] "U ! 3TROL ( LAW1 SEEKS 6EX]CISE
MON>*ICAL SWAY1 & GR[S 96A DESPOT2 !
FLATT]] IS HELD 9 HONOR2 ? SORT (
DEMOCRACY 2+ RELATIVELY 6O!R DEMOCRACIES
:AT TYRANNY IS 6O!R =MS ( MON>*Y4 ,! _S
( BO? IS ! SAME1 & !Y ALIKE EX]CISE A
DESPOTIC RULE OV] ! BETT] CITIZ5S4 ,!
DECREES (! DEMOS CORRESPOND 6! EDICTS (!
TYRANT2 &! DEMAGOGUE IS 6! "O :AT !
FLATT]] IS 6! O!R4 ,BO? H GRT P[]2 !
FLATT]] )! TYRANT1 ! DEMAGOGUE )
DEMOCRACIES (! K9D : WE >E DESCRIB+4 ,!
DEMAGOGUES MAKE ! DECREES (! P OV]RIDE !
LAWS1 0REF]R+ ALL ?+S 6! POPUL>
ASSEMBLY4 ,& "!=E !Y GR[ GRT1 2C ! P H
AN ?+S 9 _! H&S1 & !Y HOLD 9 _! H&S !
VOTES (! P1 :O >E TOO R1DY 6LI/5 6!M4
,FUR!R1 ^? :O H ANY -PLA9T 6BR+ AG/ !
MAGI/RATES SAY1 ,8,LET ! P 2 JUDGES0'2 !
P >E TOO HAPPY 6A3EPT ! 9VIT,N2 & S !
AU?OR;Y ( E (FICE IS "UM9$4 ,S* A
DEMOCRACY IS FAIRLY OP5 6! OBJEC;N T X
IS N A 3/ITU;N AT ALL2 = ": ! LAWS H NO
AU?OR;Y1 "! IS NO 3/ITU;N4 ,! LAW "\ 6BE
SUPREME OV] ALL1 &! MAGI/RACIES %D JUDGE
( "PICUL>S1 & ONLY ? %D 2 3SID]$ A
3/ITU;N4 ,S T IF DEMOCRACY 2 A R1L =M (
GOV]N;T1 ! SORT ( SY/EM 9 : ALL ?+S >E
REGULAT$ 0DECREES IS CLE>LY N EV5 A
DEMOCRACY 9 ! TRUE S5SE (! ^W1 = DECREES
RELATE ONLY 6"PICUL>S4
  ,^! !N >E ! DI6]5T K9DS ( DEMOCRACY4


                  ;,V

  ,( OLIG>*IES1 TOO1 "! >E DI6]5T K9DS3
"O ": ! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N = (FICE IS S*
T ! POOR1 AL? !Y =M ! MAJOR;Y1 H NO %>E
9 ! GOV]N;T1 YET HE :O ACQUIRES A
QUALIFIC,N MAY OBTA9 A %>E4 ,ANO!R SORT
IS :5 "! IS A QUALIFIC,N = (FICE1 B A
HI< "O1 &! VACANCIES 9 ! GOV]N+ BODY >E
FIR$ 0CO-OPT,N4 ,IF ! ELEC;N IS MADE \ (
ALL ! QUALIFI$ P]SONS1 A 3/ITU;N ( ? K9D
9CL9ES 6AN >I/OCRACY1 IF \ (A PRIVILEG$
CLASS1 6AN OLIG>*Y4 ,ANO!R SORT (
OLIG>*Y IS :5 ! SON SU3E$S ! "F4 ,"! IS
A F\R? =M1 LIKEWISE H]$IT>Y1 9 : !
MAGI/RATES >E SUPREME & N ! LAW4 ,AM;G
OLIG>*IES ? IS :AT TYRANNY IS AM;G
MON>*IES1 &! LA/-M5;N$ =M ( DEMOCRACY
AM;G DEMOCRACIES2 & 9 FACT ? SORT (
OLIG>*Y RCVS ! "N (A DYNA/Y 7OR RULE (
P[];L FAMILIES74
  ,^! >E ! DI6]5T SORTS ( OLIG>*IES &
DEMOCRACIES4 ,X %D1 H["E1 2 REMEMB]$ T 9
_M /ATES ! 3/ITU;N : IS E/ABLI%$ 0LAW1
AL? N DEMOCRATIC1 [+ 6! $UC,N & HABITS (
! P MAY 2 ADM9I/]$ DEMOCRATIC,Y1 &
3V]SELY 9 O!R /ATES ! E/ABLI%$ 3/ITU;N
MAY 9CL9E 6DEMOCRACY1 B MAY 2 ADM9I/]$ 9
AN OLIG>*ICAL _S4 ,? MO/ (T5 HAPP5S AF A
REVOLU;N3 = GOV]N;TS D N *ANGE AT ONCE2
AT F/ ! DOM9ANT "PY >E 3T5T ) 5CROA*+ A
LL ^U _! OPPON5TS4 ,! LAWS : EXI/$
PREVI\SLY 3T9UE 9 =CE1 B ! AU?ORS (!
REVOLU;N H ! P[] 9 _! H&S4

                  ,,VI

  ,F :AT HAS BE5 ALR SD WE MAY SAFELY
9F] T "! >E S _M DI6]5T K9DS (
DEMOCRACIES &( OLIG>*IES4 ,= X IS EVID5T
T EI ALL ! CLASSES :OM WE M5;N$ M/ %>E 9
! GOV]N;T1 OR "S ONLY & N O!RS4 ,:5 !
CLASS ( HUSB&M5 &( ^? :O POSSESS MOD]ATE
=TUNES H ! SUPREME P[]1 ! GOV]N;T IS
ADM9I/]$ AC 6LAW4 ,=! CITIZ5S 2+ -PELL$
6LIVE 0_! LABOR H NO LEISURE2 & S !Y SET
UP ! AU?OR;Y (! LAW1 & ATT5D ASSEMBLIES
ONLY :5 NEC4 ,!Y ALL OBTA9 A %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T :5 !Y H ACQUIR$ ! QUALIFIC,N :
IS FIX$ 0! LAW- ! ABSOLUTE EXCLU.N ( ANY
CLASS WD 2 A /EP T[>DS OLIG>*Y2 H;E ALL
:O H ACQUIR$ ! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N >E
ADMITT$ 6A %>E 9 ! 3/ITU;N4 ,B LEISURE
_C 2 PROVID$ = !M UN.S "! >E REV5UES
6SUPPORT !M4 ,? IS "O SORT ( DEMOCRACY1
& ^! >E ! CAUSES : GIVE BIR? 6X4 ,ANO!R
K9D IS BAS$ ON ! 4T9C;N : NATUR,Y -ES
NEXT 9 ORD]2 9 ?1 E "O 6^: BIR? "! IS NO
OBJEC;N IS ELIGI#1 B ACTU,Y %>ES 9 !
GOV]N;T ONLY IF HE C F9D LEISURE4 ,H;E 9
S* A DEMOCRACY ! SUPREME P[] IS VE/$ 9 !
LAWS1 2C ! /ATE HAS NO M1NS ( PAY+ !
CITIZ5S4 ,A ?IRD K9D IS :5 ALL FREEM5 H
A "R 6%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 B D N ACTU,Y %>E1
=! R1SON : HAS BE5 ALR GIV52 S T 9 ? =M
AG ! LAW M/ RULE4 ,A F\R? K9D (
DEMOCRACY IS T : -ES LATE/ 9 ! HI/ORY (
/ATES4 ,9 \R [N "D1 :5 CITIES H F>
\TGR[N _! ORIG9AL SIZE1 & _! REV5UES H
9CR1S$1 ALL ! CITIZ5S H A PLACE 9 !
GOV]N;T1 "? ! GRT PREPOND].E (!
MULTITUDE2 & !Y ALL1 9CLUD+ ! POOR :O
RCV PAY1 & "!=E H LEISURE 6EX]CISE _!
"RS1 %>E 9 ! ADM9I/R,N4 ,9DE$1 :5 !Y >E
PD1 ! -MON P H ! MO/ LEISURE1 = !Y >E N
H9D]$ 0! C>E ( _! PROP]TY1 : (T5 FETT]S
! RI*1 :O >E "!BY PREV5T$ F TAK+ "P 9 !
ASSEMBLY OR 9 ! C\RTS1 & S ! /ATE IS
GOV]N$ 0! POOR1 :O >E A MAJOR;Y1 & N 0!
LAWS4
  ,S _M K9DS ( DEMOCRACIES "! >E1 & !Y
GR[ \ ( ^! NEC CAUSES4
  ,( OLIG>*IES1 "O =M IS T 9 : ! MAJOR;Y
(! CITIZ5S H "S PROP]TY1 B N V M*2 & ?
IS ! F/ =M1 : ALL[S 6ANY "O :O OBTA9S !
REQUIR$ AM.T ! "R ( %>+ 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,!
%>]S 9 ! GOV]N;T 2+ A NUM]\S BODY1 X
FOLL[S T ! LAW M/ GOV]N1 & N 9DIVIDUALS4
,= 9 PROPOR;N Z !Y >E FUR!R REMOV$ F A
MON>*ICAL =M ( GOV]N;T1 & 9 RESPECT (
PROP]TY H NEI S M* Z 6BE A# 6LIVE )\T
ATT5D+ 6BUSI;S1 NOR S LL Z 6NE$ /ATE
SUPPORT1 !Y M/ ADMIT ! RULE ( LAW & N
CLAIM 6RULE !MVS4 ,B IF ! M5 ( PROP]TY 9
! /ATE >E FEW] ?AN 9 ! =M] CASE1 & [N M
PROP]TY1 "! >ISES A SECOND =M ( OLIG>*Y4
,=! /R;G] !Y >E1 ! M P[] !Y CLAIM1 &
HAV+ ? OBJECT 9 VIEW1 !Y !MVS SELECT ^?
(! O!R CLASSES :O >E 6BE ADMITT$ 6!
GOV]N;T2 B1 N 2+ Z YET /R;G 5 6RULE )\T
! LAW1 !Y MAKE ! LAW REPRES5T _! WI%ES4
,:5 ? P[] IS 9T5SIFI$ 0A FUR!R DIM9U;N (
_! NUMB]S & 9CR1SE ( _! PROP]TY1 "!
>ISES A ?IRD & FUR!R /AGE ( OLIG>*Y1 9 :
! GOV]N+ CLASS KEEP ! (FICES 9 _! [N
H&S1 &! LAW ORDA9S T ! SON % SU3E$ ! "F4
,:51 AG1 ! RUL]S H GRT W1L? & NUM]\S
FRS1 ? SORT ( FAMILY DESPOTISM APPROA*ES
A MON>*Y2 9DIVIDUALS RULE & N ! LAW4 ,?
IS ! F\R? SORT ( OLIG>*Y1 & IS ANALOG\S
6! LA/ SORT ( DEMOCRACY4

                 ,,VII

  ,"! >E / TWO =MS 2SS DEMOCRACY &
OLIG>*Y2 "O ( !M IS UNIV]S,Y RECOGNIZ$ &
9CLUD$ AM;G ! F\R PR9CIPAL =MS (
GOV]N;T1 : >E SD 6BE 7#A7 MON>*Y1 7#B7
OLIG>*Y1 7#C7 DEMOCRACY1 & 7#D7 ! S-
CALL$ >I/OCRACY OR GOV]N;T (! BE/4 ,B "!
IS AL A FIF?1 : RETA9S ! G5]IC "N (
POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 ? IS N -MON1
& "!=E HAS N BE5 NOTIC$ 0WRIT]S :O
ATTEMPT 6ENUM]ATE ! DI6]5T K9DS (
GOV]N;T2 L ,PLATO1 9 _! BOOKS AB ! /ATE1
!Y RECOGNIZE F\R ONLY4 ,! T]M
,8>I/OCRACY0' IS "RLY APPLI$ 6! =M (
GOV]N;T : IS DESCRIB$ 9 ! F/ "P ( \R
TR1TISE2 = T ONLY C 2 "RLY CALL$
>I/OCRACY : IS A GOV]N;T =M$ (! BE/ M5
ABSOLUTELY1 & N M]ELY ( M5 :O >E GD :5
TRI$ 0ANY GIV5 /&>D4 ,9 ! P]FECT /ATE !
GD MAN IS ABSOLUTELY ! SAME Z ! GD
CITIZ52 ":AS 9 O!R /ATES ! GD CITIZ5 IS
ONLY GD RELATIVELY 6HIS [N =M ( GOV]N;T4
,B "! >E "S /ATES DI6]+ F OLIG>*IES & AL
DI6]+ F ! S-CALL$ POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL
GOV]N;T2 ^! >E T]M$ >I/OCRACIES1 & 9 !M
! MAGI/RATES >E C]TA9LY *OS51 BO? AC 6_!
W1L? & AC 6_! M]IT4 ,S* A =M ( GOV]N;T
DI6]S F EA* (! TWO J N[ M5;N$1 & IS T]M$
AN >I/OCRACY4 ,= 9DE$ 9 /ATES : D N MAKE
VIRTUE ! AIM (! -MUN;Y1 M5 ( M]IT &
REPUT,N = VIRTUE MAY 2 F.D4 ,& S ": A
GOV]N;T HAS REG>D 6W1L?1 VIRTUE1 &
NUMB]S1 Z AT ,C>?AGE1 T IS >I/OCRACY2 &
AL ": X HAS REG>D ONLY 6TWO \ (! ?REE1 Z
AT ,LAC$AEMON1 6VIRTUE & NUMB]S1 &! TWO
PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY & VIRTUE TEMP] EA*
O!R4 ,"! >E ^! TWO =MS ( >I/OCRACY 9
A4I;N 6! F/ & P]FECT /ATE1 & "! IS A
?IRD =M1 VIZ41 ! 3/ITU;NS : 9CL9E M ?AN
! S-CALL$ POL;Y T[>DS OLIG>*Y4

                 ,,VIII

  ,I H YET 6SP1K (! S-CALL$ POL;Y &(
TYRANNY4 ,I PUT !M 9 ? ORD]1 N 2C A
POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T IS 6BE REG>D$
Z A P]V].N ANY M ?AN ! ABV M5;N$
>I/OCRACIES4 ,! TRU? IS1 T !Y AN FALL
%ORT (! MO/ P]FECT =M ( GOV]N;T1 & S !Y
>E RECKON$ AM;G P]V].NS1 &! RE,Y P]V]T$
=MS >E P]V].NS ( ^!1 Z ,I SD 9 ! ORIG9AL
4CUS.N4 ,LA/ ( ALL ,I W SP1K ( TYRANNY1
: ,I PLACE LA/ 9 ! S]IES 2C ,I AM 9QUIR+
96! 3/ITU;NS ( /ATES1 & ? IS ! V REV]SE
(A 3/ITU;N
  ,HAV+ EXPLA9$ :Y ,I H ADOPT$ ? ORD]1
,I W PROCE$ 63SID] 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 (
: ! NATURE W 2 CLE>] N[ T OLIG>*Y &
DEMOCRACY H BE5 DEF9$4 ,= POL;Y OR
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T MAY 2 DESCRIB$ G5],Y Z
A FU.N ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY2 B ! T]M IS
USU,Y APPLI$ 6^? =MS ( GOV]N;T : 9CL9E
T[>DS DEMOCRACY1 &! T]M >I/OCRACY 6^? :
9CL9E T[>DS OLIG>*Y1 2C BIR? & $UC,N >E
-MONLY ! A3OMPANI;TS ( W1L?4 ,MOREOV]1 !
RI* ALR POSSESS ! EXT]NAL ADVANTAGES !
WANT ( : IS A TEMPT,N 6CRIME1 & H;E !Y
>E CALL$ NO#M5 & G5TLEM54 ,& 9ASM* Z
>I/OCRACY SEEKS 6GIVE PREDOM9.E 6! BE/ (
! CITIZ5S1 P SAY AL ( OLIG>*IES T !Y >E
-POS$ ( NO#M5 & G5TLEM54 ,N[ X APPE>S
6BE AN IMPOSSI# ?+ T ! /ATE : IS GOV]N$
N 0! BE/ CITIZ5S B 0! WOR/ %D 2 WELL-
GOV]N$1 & EQU,Y IMPOSSI# T ! /ATE : IS
ILL-GOV]N$ %D 2 GOV]N$ 0! BE/4 ,B WE M/
REMEMB] T GD LAWS1 IF !Y >E N OBEY$1 D N
3/ITUTE GD GOV]N;T4 ,H;E "! >E TWO "PS (
GD GOV]N;T2 "O IS ! ACTUAL OB$I;E (
CITIZ5S 6! LAWS1 ! O!R "P IS ! GD;S (!
LAWS : !Y OBEY2 !Y MAY OBEY BAD LAWS Z
WELL Z GD4 ,& "! MAY 2 A FUR!R
SUBDIVI.N2 !Y MAY OBEY EI ! BE/ LAWS :
>E ATTA9A# 6!M1 OR ! BE/ ABSOLUTELY4
  ,! 4TRIBU;N ( (FICES AC 6M]IT IS A
SPECIAL "*I/IC ( >I/OCRACY1 =! PR9CIPLE
( AN >I/OCRACY IS VIRTUE1 Z W1L? IS ( AN
OLIG>*Y1 & FREEDOM (A DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ALL
( !M "! ( C\RSE EXI/S ! "R (! MAJOR;Y1 &
:AT"E SEEMS GD 6! MAJOR;Y ( ^? :O %>E 9
! GOV]N;T HAS AU?OR;Y4 ,N[ 9 MO/ /ATES !
=M CALL$ POL;Y EXI/S1 =! FU.N GOES NO
FUR!R ?AN ! ATTEMPT 6UNITE ! FREEDOM (!
POOR &! W1L? (! RI*1 :O -MONLY TAKE !
PLACE (! NO#4 ,B Z "! >E ?REE GR.DS ON :
M5 CLAIM AN EQUAL %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1
FREEDOM1 W1L?1 & VIRTUE 7=! F\R? OR GD
BIR? IS ! RESULT (! TWO LA/1 2+ ONLY
ANCI5T W1L? & VIRTUE71 X IS CLE> T !
ADMIXTURE (! TWO ELE;TS1 T IS 6SAY1 (!
RI* & POOR1 IS 6BE CALL$ A POL;Y OR
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T2 &! UNION (! ?REE IS
6BE CALL$ >I/OCRACY OR ! GOV]N;T (! BE/1
& M ?AN ANY O!R =M ( GOV]N;T1 EXCEPT !
TRUE & ID1L1 HAS A "R 6? "N4
  ,?US F> ,I H %[N ! EXI/;E ( =MS (
/ATES O!R ?AN MON>*Y1 DEMOCRACY1 &
OLIG>*Y1 & :AT !Y >E1 & 9 :AT
>I/OCRACIES DI6] F "O ANO!R1 & POLITIES
F >I/OCRACIES- T ! TWO LATT] >E N V
UNLIKE IS OBVI\S4


                  ,,IX

  ,NEXT WE H 63SID] H[ 0! SIDE ( OLIG>*Y
& DEMOCRACY ! S-CALL$ POL;Y OR 3/ITU;NAL
GOV]N;T SPR+S UP1 & H[ X %D 2 ORGANIZ$4
,! NATURE ( X W 2 AT ONCE "U/OOD F A
-P>ISON ( OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY2 WE M/
ASC]TA9 _! DI6]5T "*I/ICS1 & TAK+ A
POR;N F EA*1 PUT ! TWO TGR1 L ! "PS ( AN
9D5TURE4 ,N[ "! >E ?REE MODES 9 : FU.NS
( GOV]N;T MAY 2 A6ECT$4 ,9 ! F/ MODE WE
M/ -B9E ! LAWS MADE 0BO? GOV]N;TS1 SAY
3C]N+ ! ADM9I/R,N ( JU/ICE4 ,9 OLIG>*IES
!Y IMPOSE A F9E ON ! RI* IF !Y D N S]VE
Z JUDGES1 & 6! POOR !Y GIVE NO PAY2 B 9
DEMOCRACIES !Y GIVE PAY 6! POOR & D N
F9E ! RI*4 ,N[ 7#A7 ! UNION ( ^! TWO
MODES IS A -MON OR MI4LE T]M 2T !M1 & IS
"!=E "*I/IC (A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 = X IS
A -B9,N ( BO?4 ,? IS "O MODE ( UNIT+ !
TWO ELE;TS4 ,OR 7#B7 A M1N MAY 2 TAK5 2T
! 5ACT;TS (! TWO3 ?US DEMOCRACIES
REQUIRE NO PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 OR ONLY A
SMALL "O1 F MEMB]S (! ASSEMBLY1
OLIG>*IES A HI< "O2 "H NEI ( ^! IS !
-MON T]M1 B A M1N 2T !M4 7#C7 ,"! IS A
?IRD MODE1 9 : "S?+ IS BORR[$ F !
OLIG>*ICAL & "S?+ F ! DEMOCRATICAL
PR9CIPLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! APPO9T;T (
MAGI/RATES 0LOT IS ?"\ 6BE DEMOCRATICAL1
&! ELEC;N ( !M OLIG>*ICAL2 DEMOCRATICAL
AG :5 "! IS NO PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1
OLIG>*ICAL :5 "! IS4 ,9 ! >I/OCRATICAL
OR 3/ITU;NAL /ATE1 "O ELE;T W 2 TAK5 F
EA*- F OLIG>*Y ! PR9CIPLE ( ELECT+
6(FICES1 F DEMOCRACY ! 4REG>D (
QUALIFIC,N4 ,S* >E ! V>I\S MODES (
-B9,N4
  ,"! IS A TRUE UNION ( OLIG>*Y &
DEMOCRACY :5 ! SAME /ATE MAY 2 T]M$ EI A
DEMOCRACY OR AN OLIG>*Y2 ^? :O USE BO?
"NS EVID5TLY FEEL T ! FU.N IS -PLETE4
,S* A FU.N "! IS AL 9 ! M1N2 = BO?
EXTREMES APPE> 9 X4 ,! ,LAC$AEMONIAN
3/ITU;N1 = EXAMPLE1 IS (T5 DESCRIB$ Z A
DEMOCRACY1 2C X HAS _M DEMOCRATICAL
F1TURES4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE ! Y\? RCV A
DEMOCRATICAL $UC,N4 ,=! SONS (! POOR >E
BR"\ UP ))! SONS (! RI*1 :O >E $UCAT$ 9
S* A MANN] Z 6MAKE X POSSI# =! SONS (!
POOR 6BE $UCAT$ 0!M4 ,A SIMIL> EQUAL;Y
PREVAILS 9 ! FOLL[+ P]IOD ( LIFE1 & :5 !
CITIZ5S >E GR[N UP 6MANHOOD ! SAME RULE
IS OBS]V$2 "! IS NO 4T9C;N 2T ! RI* &
POOR4 ,9 L MANN] !Y ALL H ! SAME FOOD AT
_! PUBLIC TA#S1 &! RI* WE> ONLY S* CLO?+
Z ANY POOR MAN C AF=D4 ,AG1 ! P ELECT
6"O (! TWO GRTE/ (FICES ( /ATE1 & 9 !
O!R !Y %>E2 = !Y ELECT ! ,S5ATORS & %>E
9 ! ,EPHORALTY4 ,0O!RS ! ,S"PAN 3/ITU;N
IS SD 6BE AN OLIG>*Y1 2C X HAS _M
OLIG>*ICAL ELE;TS4 ,T ALL (FICES >E
FILL$ 0ELEC;N & N"O 0LOT1 IS "O ( ^!
OLIG>*ICAL "*I/ICS2 T ! P[] ( 9FLICT+
D1? OR BANI%;T RE/S )A FEW P]SONS IS
ANO!R2 & "! >E O!RS4 ,9 A WELL ATTEMPT$
POL;Y "! %D APPE> 6BE BO? ELE;TS & YET
NEI2 AL ! GOV]N;T %D RELY ON XF1 & N ON
=EIGN AID1 & ON XF N "? ! GD W (A
MAJOR;Y- !Y MI<T 2 EQU,Y WELL-4POS$ :5
"! IS A VICI\S =M ( GOV]N;T- B "? !
G5]AL WILL+;S ( ALL CLASSES 9 ! /ATE
6MA9TA9 ! 3/ITU;N4
  ,5 (! MANN] 9 : A 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 &
9 : ! S-CALL$ >I/OCRACIES "\ 6BE FRAM$4
                  ;,X

  ,(! NATURE ( TYRANNY ,I H / 6SP1K1 9
ORD] T X MAY H XS PLACE 9 \R 9QUIRY
7S9CE EV5 TYRANNY IS RECKON$ 0U 6BE A =M
( GOV]N;T71 AL? "! IS N M* 6BE SD AB X4
,I H ALR 9 ! =M] "P ( ? TR1TISE 4CUSS$
ROYALTY OR K+%IP AC 6! MO/ USUAL M1N+ (!
T]M1 & 3SID]$ :E!R X IS OR IS N
ADVANTAGE\S 6/ATES1 & :AT K9D ( ROYALTY
%D 2 E/ABLI%$1 & F :AT S\RCE1 & H[4
  ,:5 SP1K+ ( ROYALTY WE AL SPOKE ( TWO
=MS ( TYRANNY1 : >E BO? AC 6LAW1 & "!=E
EASILY PASS 96ROYALTY4 ,AM;G B>B>IANS "!
>E ELECT$ MON>*S :O EX]CISE A DESPOTIC
P[]2 DESPOTIC RUL]S 7 AL ELECT$ 9 ANCI5T
,HELLAS1 CALL$ ,AESYMNETES OR
,DICTATORS4 ,^! MON>*IES1 :5 -P>$ ) "O
ANO!R1 EXHIBIT C]TA9 DI6];ES4 ,& !Y >E1
Z ,I SD 2F1 ROYAL1 9 S F> Z ! MON>*
RULES AC 6LAW OV] WILL+ SUBJECTS2 B !Y
>E TYRANNICAL 9 S F> Z HE IS DESPOTIC &
RULES AC 6HIS [N FANCY4 ,"! IS AL A ?IRD
K9D ( TYRANNY1 : IS ! MO/ TYPICAL =M1 &
IS ! C.T]"P (! P]FECT MON>*Y4 ,? TYRANNY
IS J T >BITR>Y P[] ( AN 9DIVIDUAL : IS
RESPONSI# 6NO "O1 & GOV]NS ALL ALIKE1
:E!R EQUALS OR BETT]1 )A VIEW 6XS [N
ADVANTAGE1 N 6T ( XS SUBJECTS1 & "!=E
AG/ _! W4 ,NO FREEMAN1 IF HE C ESCAPE F
X1 W 5DURE S* A GOV]N;T4
  ,! K9DS ( TYRANNY >E S* & S _M1 &=!
R1SONS : ,I H GIV54

                  ,,XI

  ,WE H N[ 69QUIRE :AT IS ! BE/ 3/ITU;N
= MO/ /ATES1 &! BE/ LIFE = MO/ M51 NEI
ASSUM+ A /&>D ( VIRTUE : IS ABV ORD9>Y
P]SONS1 NOR AN $UC,N : IS EXCEP;N,Y
FAVOR$ 0NATURE & CIRCUM/.ES1 NOR YET AN
ID1L /ATE : IS AN ASPIR,N ONLY1 B HAV+
REG>D 6! LIFE 9 : ! MAJOR;Y >E A# 6%>E1
& 6! =M ( GOV]N;T : /ATES 9 G5]AL C
ATTA94 ,Z 6^? >I/OCRACIES1 Z !Y >E
CALL$1 ( : WE 7 J N[ SP1K+1 !Y EI LIE 2Y
! POSSIBILITIES (! GRT] NUMB] ( /ATES1
OR !Y APPROXIMATE 6! S-CALL$ 3/ITU;NAL
GOV]N;T1 & "!=E NE$ NO SEP>ATE 4CUS.N4
,& 9 FACT ! 3CLU.N AT : WE >RIVE
RESPECT+ ALL ^! =MS RE/S ^U ! SAME
GR.DS4 ,= IF :AT 0 SD 9 ! ,E?ICS IS
TRUE1 T ! HAPPY LIFE IS ! LIFE AC
6VIRTUE LIV$ )\T IMP$I;T1 & T VIRTUE IS
A M1N1 !N ! LIFE : IS 9 A M1N1 & 9 A M1N
ATTA9A# 0E "O1 M/ 2 ! BE/4 ,&! SAME !
SAME PR9CIPLES ( VIRTUE & VICE >E "*I/IC
( CITIES &( 3/ITU;NS2 =! 3/ITU;N IS 9 A
FIGURE ! LIFE (! C;Y4
  ,N[ 9 ALL /ATES "! >E ?REE ELE;TS3 "O
CLASS IS V RI*1 ANO!R V POOR1 &A ?IRD 9
A M1N4 ,X IS ADMITT$ T MOD],N &! M1N >E
BE/1 & "!=E X W CLE>LY 2 BE/ 6POSSESS !
GIFTS ( =TUNE 9 MOD],N2 = 9 T 3DI;N (
LIFE M5 >E MO/ R1DY 6FOLL[ R,NAL
PR9CIPLE4 ,B HE :O GRTLY EXCELS 9 B1UTY1
/R5G?1 BIR?1 OR W1L?1 OR ON ! O!R H& :O
IS V POOR1 OR V W1K1 OR V M* 4GRAC$1
F9DS X DI6ICULT 6FOLL[ R,NAL PR9CIPLE4
,( ^! TWO ! "O SORT GR[ 96VIOL5T & GRT
CRIM9ALS1 ! O!RS 96ROGUES & PETTY
RASCALS4 ,& TWO SORTS ( (F5SES
CORRESPOND 6!M1 ! "O -MITT$ F VIOL;E1 !
O!R F ROGU]Y4 ,AG1 ! MI4LE CLASS IS L1/
LIKELY 6%R9K F RULE1 OR 6BE OV]-AMBITI\S
= X2 BO? ( : >E 9JURIES 6! /ATE4 ,AG1 ^?
:O H TOO M* (! GDS ( =TUNE1 /R5G?1 W1L?1
FRS1 &! L1 >E NEI WILL+ NOR A# 6SUBMIT
6AU?OR;Y4 ,! EVIL 2G9S AT HOME2 = :5 !Y
>E BOYS1 0R1SON (! LUXURY 9 : !Y >E BR"\
UP1 !Y N"E LE>N1 EV5 AT S*OOL1 ! HABIT (
OB$I;E4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! V POOR1 :O >E 9
! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 >E TOO DEGRAD$4 ,S T
! "O CLASS _C OBEY1 & C ONLY RULE
DESPOTIC,Y2 ! O!R "KS N H[ 6-M& & M/ 2
RUL$ L SLAVES4 ,?US >ISES A C;Y1 N (
FREEM51 B ( MA/]S & SLAVES1 ! "O
DESPIS+1 ! O!R 5VY+2 & NO?+ C 2 M FATAL
6FR%IP & GD FELL[%IP 9 /ATES ?AN ?3 = GD
FELL[%IP SPR+S F FR%IP2 :5 M5 >E AT 5M;Y
) "O ANO!R1 !Y WD R N EV5 %>E ! SAME
PA?4 ,B A C;Y "\ 6BE -POS$1 Z F> Z
POSSI#1 ( EQUALS & SIMIL>S2 & ^! >E
G5],Y ! MI4LE CLASSES4 ,":=E ! C;Y : IS
-POS$ ( MI4LE-CLASS CITIZ5S IS
NECESS>ILY BE/ 3/ITUT$ 9 RESPECT (!
ELE;TS ( : WE SAY ! FABRIC (! /ATE
NATUR,Y 3SI/S4 ,& ? IS ! CLASS ( CITIZ5S
: IS MO/ SECURE 9 A /ATE1 = !Y D N1 L !
POOR1 COVET _! NEI<BORS' GDS2 NOR D O!RS
COVET _!S1 Z ! POOR COVET ! GDS (! RI*2
& Z !Y NEI PLOT AG/ O!RS1 NOR >E !MVS
PLOTT$ AG/1 !Y PASS "? LIFE SAFELY4
,WISELY !N DID ,PHOCYLIDES PRAY--,8,_M
?+S >E BE/ 9 ! M1N2 ,I DESIRE 6BE (A
MI4LE 3DI;N 9 MY C;Y40'
  ,?US X IS MANIFE/ T ! BE/ POLITICAL
-MUN;Y IS =M$ 0CITIZ5S (! MI4LE CLASS1 &
T ^? /ATES >E LIKELY 6BE WELL-ADM9I/]$ 9
: ! MI4LE CLASS IS L>GE1 & /R;G] IF
POSSI# ?AN BO? ! O!R CLASSES1 OR AT ANY
RATE ?AN EI S+LY2 =! A4I;N (! MI4LE
CLASS TURNS ! SCALE1 & PREV5TS EI (!
EXTREMES F 2+ DOM9ANT4 ,GRT !N IS ! GD
=TUNE (A /ATE 9 : ! CITIZ5S H A MOD]ATE
& SU6ICI5T PROP]TY2 = ": "S POSSESS M*1
&! O!RS NO?+1 "! MAY >ISE AN EXTREME
DEMOCRACY1 OR A PURE OLIG>*Y2 OR A
TYRANNY MAY GR[ \ ( EI EXTREME- EI \ (!
MO/ RAMPANT DEMOCRACY1 OR \ ( AN
OLIG>*Y2 B X IS N S LIKELY 6>ISE \ (!
MI4LE 3/ITU;NS & ^? AK9 6!M4 ,I W EXPLA9
! R1SON ( ? "HAF1 :5 ,I SP1K (!
REVOLU;NS ( /ATES4 ,! M1N 3DI;N ( /ATES
IS CLE>LY BE/1 = NO O!R IS FREE F FAC;N2
& ": ! MI4LE CLASS IS L>GE1 "! >E L1/
LIKELY 6BE FAC;NS & 4S5.NS4 ,=A SIMIL>
R1SON L>GE /ATES >E LESS LIA# 6FAC;N ?AN
SMALL "OS1 2C 9 !M ! MI4LE CLASS IS
L>GE2 ":AS 9 SMALL /ATES X IS EASY
6DIVIDE ALL ! CITIZ5S 96TWO CLASSES :O
>E EI RI* OR POOR1 & 6L1VE NO?+ 9 !
MI4LE4 ,& DEMOCRACIES >E SAF] & M
P]MAN5T ?AN OLIG>*IES1 2C !Y H A MI4LE
CLASS : IS M NUM]\S & HAS A GRT] %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T2 = :5 "! IS NO MI4LE CLASS1 &!
POOR GRTLY EXCE$ 9 NUMB]1 TR\#S >ISE1 &!
/ATE SOON -ES 6AN 5D4 ,A PRO( (!
SUP]IOR;Y (! MI4LE DASS IS T ! BE/
LEGISLATORS H BE5 (A MI4LE 3DI;N2 =
EXAMPLE1 ,SOLON1 Z 8 [N V]SES TE/IFY2 &
,LYCURGUS1 = HE 0 N A K+2 & ,*>ONDAS1 &
ALM ALL LEGISLATORS4
  ,^! 3SID],NS W HELP U 6"U/& :Y MO/
GOV]N;TS >E EI DEMOCRATICAL OR
OLIG>*ICAL4 ,! R1SON IS T ! MI4LE CLASS
IS SELDOM NUM]\S 9 !M1 & :I*"E "PY1 :E!R
! RI* OR ! -MON P1 TRANSGRESSES ! M1N &
PREDOM9ATES1 DRAWS ! 3/ITU;N XS [N WAY1
& ?US >ISES EI OLIG>*Y OR DEMOCRACY4 ,"!
IS ANO!R R1SON- ! POOR &! RI* QU>REL )
"O ANO!R1 & :I*"E SIDE GETS ! BETT]1
9/1D ( E/ABLI%+ A J OR POPUL> GOV]N;T1
REG>DS POLITICAL SUPREMACY Z ! PRIZE (
VICTORY1 &! "O "PY SETS UP A DEMOCRACY &
! O!R AN OLIG>*Y4 ,FUR!R1 BO? ! "PIES :
_H ! SUPREMACY 9 ,HELLAS LOOK$ ONLY 6!
9T]E/ ( _! [N =M ( GOV]N;T1 & E/ABLI%$ 9
/ATES1 ! "O1 DEMOCRACIES1 &! O!R1
OLIG>*IES2 !Y ?"\ ( _! [N ADVANTAGE1 (!
PUBLIC N AT ALL4 ,= ^! R1SONS ! MI4LE =M
( GOV]N;T HAS R>ELY1 IF "E1 EXI/$1 &
AM;G A V FEW ONLY4 ,"O MAN AL"O ( ALL :O
"E RUL$ 9 ,HELLAS 0 9DUC$ 6GIVE ? MI4LE
3/ITU;N 6/ATES4 ,B X HAS N[ 2COME A
HABIT AM;G ! CITIZ5S ( /ATES1 N EV5 6C>E
AB EQUAL;Y2 ALL M5 >E SEEK+ = DOM9ION1
OR1 IF 3QU]$1 >E WILL+ 6SUBMIT4
  ,:AT !N IS ! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T1 & :AT
MAKES X ! BE/1 IS EVID5T2 &( O!R
3/ITU;NS1 S9CE WE SAY T "! >E _M K9DS (
DEMOCRACY & _M ( OLIG>*Y1 X IS N
DI6ICULT 6SEE : HAS ! F/ & : ! SECOND OR
ANY O!R PLACE 9 ! ORD] ( EXCELL;E1 N[ T
WE H DET]M9$ : IS ! BE/4 ,= T : IS NE>E/
6! BE/ M/ ( NECESS;Y 2 BETT]1 & T : IS
FUR!/ F X WORSE1 IF WE >E JUDG+
ABSOLUTELY & N RELATIVELY 6GIV5 3DI;NS3
,I SAY ,8RELATIVELY 6GIV5 3DI;NS10' S9CE
A "PICUL> GOV]N;T MAY 2 PREF]A#1 B ANO!R
=M MAY 2 BETT] = "S P4

                 ,,XII

  ,WE H N[ 63SID] :AT & :AT K9D (
GOV]N;T IS SUITA# 6:AT & :AT K9D ( M54
,I MAY 2G9 0ASSUM+1 Z A G5]AL PR9CIPLE
-MON 6ALL GOV]N;TS1 T ! POR;N (! /ATE :
DESIRES ! P]MAN;E (! 3/ITU;N "\ 6BE
/R;G] ?AN T : DESIRES ! REV]SE4 ,N[ E
C;Y IS -POS$ ( QUAL;Y & QUANT;Y4
,0QUAL;Y ,I M1N FREEDOM1 W1L?1 $UC,N1 GD
BIR?1 & 0QUANT;Y1 SUP]IOR;Y ( NUMB]S4
,QUAL;Y MAY EXI/ 9 "O (! CLASSES : MAKE
UP ! /ATE1 & QUANT;Y 9 ! O!R4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 ! M1NLY-BORN MAY 2 M 9 NUMB]
?AN ! WELL-BORN1 OR ! POOR ?AN ! RI*1
YET !Y MAY N S M* EXCE$ 9 QUANT;Y Z !Y
FALL %ORT 9 QUAL;Y2 & "!=E "! M/ 2 A
-P>ISON ( QUANT;Y & QUAL;Y4 ,": ! NUMB]
(! POOR IS M ?AN PROPOR;N$ 6! W1L? (!
RI*1 "! W NATUR,Y 2 A DEMOCRACY1 V>Y+ 9
=M )! SORT ( P :O -POSE X 9 EA* CASE4
,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ! HUSB&M5 EXCE$ 9 NUMB]1
! F/ =M ( DEMOCRACY W !N >ISE2 IF !
>TISANS & LABOR+ CLASS1 ! LA/2 & S )!
9T]M$IATE =MS4 ,B ": ! RI* &! NOTA#S
EXCE$ 9 QUAL;Y M ?AN !Y FALL %ORT 9
QUANT;Y1 "! OLIG>*Y >ISES1 SIMIL>LY
ASSUM+ V>I\S =MS AC 6! K9D ( SUP]IOR;Y
POSSESS$ 0! OLIG>*S4
  ,! LEGISLATOR %D ALW 9CLUDE ! MI4LE
CLASS 9 8 GOV]N;T2 IF HE MAKES 8 LAWS
OLIG>*ICAL1 6! MI4LE CLASS LET HM LOOK2
IF HE MAKES !M DEMOCRATICAL1 HE %D EQU,Y
0HIS LAWS TRY 6ATTA* ? CLASS 6! /ATE4
,"! ONLY C ! GOV]N;T "E 2 /A# ": ! MI4LE
CLASS EXCE$S "O OR BO? (! O!RS1 & 9 T
CASE "! W 2 NO FE> T ! RI* W UNITE )!
POOR AG/ ! RUL]S4 ,= NEI ( !M W "E 2
WILL+ 6S]VE ! O!R1 & IF !Y LOOK = "S =M
( GOV]N;T M SUITA# 6BO?1 !Y W F9D N"O
BETT] ?AN ?1 =! RI* &! POOR W N"E 3S5T
6RULE 9 TURN1 2C !Y MISTRU/ "O ANO!R4 ,!
>BIT] IS ALW ! "O TRU/$1 & HE :O IS 9 !
MI4LE IS AN >BIT]4 ,! M P]FECT !
ADMIXTURE (! POLITICAL ELE;TS1 ! M LA/+
W 2 ! 3/ITU;N4 ,_M EV5 ( ^? :O DESIRE
6=M >I/OCRATICAL GOV]N;TS MAKE A
MISTAKE1 N ONLY 9 GIV+ TOO M* P[] 6!
RI*1 B 9 ATTEMPT+ 6OV]R1* ! P4 ,"! -ES A
"T :5 \ (A FALSE GD "! >ISES A TRUE
EVIL1 S9CE ! 5CROA*;TS (! RI* >E M
DE/RUCTIVE 6! 3/ITU;N ?AN ^? (! P4

                 ,,XIII

  ,! DEVICES 0: OLIG>*IES DCV ! P >E
FIVE 9 NUMB]2 !Y RELATE TO 7#A7 !
ASSEMBLY2 7#B7 ! MAGI/RACIES2 7#C7 !
C\RTS ( LAW2 7#D7 ! USE ( >MS2 7#E7
GYMNA/IC EX]CISES4 7#A7 ,! ASSEMBLIES >E
?R[N OP5 6ALL1 B EI ! RI* ONLY >E F9$ =
NON-ATT5D.E1 OR A M* L>G] F9E IS 9FLICT$
^U !M4 7#B7 6! MAGI/RACIES1 ^? :O >E
QUALIFI$ 0PROP]TY _C DECL9E (FICE ^U
OA?1 B ! POOR MAY4 7#C7 ,9 ! LAW C\RTS !
RI*1 &! RI* ONLY1 >E F9$ IF !Y D N S]VE1
! POOR >E LET (F ) IMPUN;Y1 OR1 Z 9 !
LAWS ( ,*>ONDAS1 A L>G] F9E IS 9FLICT$
ON ! RI*1 &A SMALL] "O ON ! POOR4 ,9 "S
/ATES ALL CITIZ5 :O H REGI/]$ !MVS >E
ALL[$ 6ATT5D ! ASSEMBLY & 6TRY CAUSES2 B
IF AF REGI/R,N !Y D N ATT5D EI 9 !
ASSEMBLY OR AT ! C\RTS1 H1VY F9ES >E
IMPOS$ ^U !M4 ,! 9T5;N IS T "? FE> (!
F9ES !Y MAY AVOID REGI/]+ !MVS1 & !N !Y
_C SIT 9 ! LAW-C\RTS OR 9 ! ASSEMBLY4
3C]N+ 7#D7 ! POSSES.N ( >MS1 & 7#E7
GYMNA/IC EX]CISES1 !Y LEGISLATE 9 A
SIMIL> _S4 ,=! POOR >E N OBLIG$ 6H >MS1
B ! RI* >E F9$ = N HAV+ !M2 & 9 L MANN]
NO P5ALTY IS 9FLICT$ ON ! POOR = NON-
ATT5D.E AT ! GYMNASIUM1 & 3SEQU5TLY1
HAV+ NO?+ 6FE>1 !Y D N ATT5D1 ":AS ! RI*
>E LIA# 6A F9E1 & "!=E !Y TAKE C>E
6ATT5D4
  ,^! >E ! DEVICES ( OLIG>*ICAL
LEGISLATORS1 & 9 DEMOCRACIES !Y H C.T]
DEVICES4 ,!Y PAY ! POOR = ATT5D+ !
ASSEMBLIES &! LAW-C\RTS1 & !Y 9FLICT NO
P5ALTY ON ! RI* = NON-ATT5D.E4 ,X IS
OBVI\S T HE :O WD DULY MIX ! TWO
PR9CIPLES %D -B9E ! PRACTICE ( BO?1 &
PROVIDE T ! POOR %D 2 PD 6ATT5D1 &! RI*
F9$ IF !Y D N ATT5D1 = !N ALL W TAKE "P2
IF "! IS NO S* -B9,N1 P[] W 2 9 ! H&S (
"O "PY ONLY4 ,! GOV]N;T %D 2 3F9$ 6^? :O
C>RY >MS4 ,Z 6! PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 NO
ABSOLUTE RULE C 2 LAID D[N1 B WE M/ SEE
:AT IS ! HI<E/ QUALIFIC,N SU6ICI5TLY
-PREH5SIVE 6SECURE T ! NUMB] ( ^? :O H !
"RS ( CITIZ5S EXCE$S ! NUMB] ( ^?
EXCLUD$4 ,EV5 IF !Y H NO %>E 9 (FICE1 !
POOR1 PROVID$ ONLY T !Y >E N \TRAG$ OR
DEPRIV$ ( _! PROP]TY1 W 2 QUIET 5\<4
  ,B 6SECURE G5TLE TR1T;T =! POOR IS N
AN EASY ?+1 S9CE A RUL+ CLASS IS N ALW
HUMANE4 ,& 9 "T ( W> ! POOR >E APT
6HESITATE UN.S !Y >E F$2 :5 F$1 !Y >E
WILL+ 5 6FI<T4 ,9 "S /ATES ! GOV]N;T IS
VE/$1 N ONLY 9 ^? :O >E ACTU,Y S]V+1 B
AL 9 ^? :O H S]V$2 AM;G ! ,MALIANS1 =
EXAMPLE1 ! GOV]N+ BODY 3SI/$ (! LATT]1
:ILE ! MAGI/RATES 7 *OS5 F ^? ACTU,Y ON
S]VICE4 ,&! E>LIE/ GOV]N;T : EXI/$ AM;G
! ,HELL5ES1 AF ! OV]?R[ (! K+LY P[]1
GREW UP \ (! W>RIOR CLASS1 & 0 ORIG9,Y
TAK5 F ! KNI<TS 7= /R5G? & SUP]IOR;Y 9
W> AT T "T DEP5D$ ON CAVALRY2 9DE$1 )\T
4CIPL9E1 9FANTRY >E USE.S1 & 9 ANCI5T
"TS "! 0 NO MILIT>Y K OR TACTICS1 & "!=E
! /R5G? ( >MIES LAY 9 _! CAVALRY74 ,B :5
CITIES 9CR1S$ &! H1VY >M$ GREW 9 /R5G?1
M _H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T2 & ? IS ! R1SON
:Y ! /ATES : WE CALL 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS
H BE5 HI!RTO CALL$ DEMOCRACIES4 ,ANCI5T
3/ITU;NS1 Z MI<T 2 EXPECT$1 7 OLIG>*ICAL
& ROYAL2 _! POPUL,N 2+ SMALL !Y _H NO
3SID]A# MI4LE CLASS2 ! P 7 W1K 9 NUMB]S
& ORGANIZ,N1 & 7 "!=E M 3T5T$ 6BE
GOV]N$4
  ,I H EXPLA9$ :Y "! >E V>I\S =MS (
GOV]N;T1 & :Y "! >E M ?AN IS G5],Y
SUPPOS$2 = DEMOCRACY1 Z WELL Z O!R
3/ITU;NS1 HAS M ?AN "O =M3 AL :AT _!
DI6];ES >E1 & :;E !Y >ISE1 & :AT IS !
BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T1 SP1K+ G5],Y & 6:OM !
V>I\S =MS ( GOV]N;T >E BE/ SUIT$2 ALL ?
HAS N[ BE5 EXPLA9$4

                 ,,XIV

  ,HAV+ ?US GA9$ AN APPROPRIATE BASIS (
4CUS.N1 WE W PROCE$ 6SP1K (! PO9TS :
FOLL[ NEXT 9 ORD]4 ,WE W 3SID] ! SUBJECT
N ONLY 9 G5]AL B ) REF];E 6"PICUL>
3/ITU;NS4 ,ALL 3/ITU;NS H ?REE ELE;TS1
3C]N+ : ! GD LAWGIV] HAS 6REG>D :AT IS
EXP$I5T = EA* 3/ITU;N4 ,:5 !Y >E WELL-
ORD]$1 ! 3/ITU;N IS WELL-ORD]$1 & Z !Y
DI6] F "O ANO!R1 3/ITU;NS DI6]4 ,"! IS
7#A7 "O ELE;T : DELIB]ATES AB PUBLIC
A6AIRS2 SECONDLY 7#B7 T 3C]N$ )!
MAGI/RATES- ! "Q 2+1 :AT !Y %D BE1 OV]
:AT !Y %D EX]CISE AU?OR;Y1 & :AT %D 2 !
MODE ( ELECT+ 6!M2 & ?IRDLY 7#C7 T : HAS
JUDICIAL P[]4
  ,! DELIB]ATIVE ELE;T HAS AU?OR;Y 9
MATT]S ( W> & P1CE1 9 MAK+ & UNMAK+
ALLI.ES2 X PASSES LAWS1 9FLICTS D1?1
EXILE1 3FISC,N1 ELECTS MAGI/RATES &
AUDITS _! A3.TS4 ,^! P[]S M/ 2 ASSIGN$
EI ALL 6ALL ! CITIZ5S OR AN 6"S ( !M 7=
EXAMPLE1 6"O OR M MAGI/RACIES1 OR DI6]5T
CAUSES 6DI6]5T MAGI/RACIES71 OR "S ( !M
6ALL1 & O!RS ( !M ONLY 6"S4 ,T ALL ?+S
%D 2 DECID$ 0ALL IS "*I/IC ( DEMOCRACY2
? IS ! SORT ( EQUAL;Y : ! P DESIRE4 ,B
"! >E V>I\S WAYS 9 : ALL MAY %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T2 !Y MAY DELIB]ATE1 N ALL 9 "O
BODY1 B 0TURNS1 Z 9 ! 3/ITU;N (
,TELECLES ! ,MILESIAN4 ,"! >E O!R
3/ITU;NS 9 : ! BO>DS ( MAGI/RATES MEET &
DELIB]ATE1 B -E 96(FICE 0TURNS1 & >E
ELECT$ \ (! TRIBES &! V SMALLE/ DIVI.NS
(! /ATE1 UNTIL E "O HAS OBTA9$ (FICE 9 8
TURN4 ,! CITIZ5S1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E
ASSEM#D ONLY =! PURPOSES ( LEGISL,N1 &
63SULT AB ! 3/ITU;N1 & 6HE> ! EDICTS (!
MAGI/RATES4 ,9 ANO!R V>IETY ( DEMOCRACY
! CITIZ5 =M "O ASSEMBLY1 B MEET ONLY
6ELECT MAGI/RATES1 6PASS LAWS1 6ADVISE
AB W> & P1CE1 & 6MAKE SCRUT9IES4 ,O!R
MATT]S >E REF]R$ S"E,Y 6SPECIAL
MAGI/RATES1 :O >E ELECT$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT \
( ALL ! CITIZ5S ,OR AG1 ! CITIZ5S MEET
AB ELEC;N 6(FICES & AB SCRUT9IES1 &
DELIB]ATE 3C]N+ W> OR ALLI.ES :ILE O!R
MATT]S >E ADM9I/]$ 0! MAGI/RATES1 :O1 Z
F> Z IS POSSI#1 >E ELECT$ 0VOTE4 ,I AM
SP1K+ ( ^? MAGI/RACIES 9 : SPECIAL K IS
REQUIR$4 ,A F\R? =M ( DEMOCRACY IS :5
ALL ! CITIZ5S MEET 6DELIB]ATE AB "EY?+1
&! MAGI/RATES DECIDE NO?+1 B ONLY MAKE !
PRELIM9>Y 9QUIRIES2 & T IS ! WAY 9 : !
LA/ & WOR/ =M ( DEMOCRACY1 CORRESPOND+1
Z WE MA9TA91 6! CLOSE FAMILY OLIG>*Y &
6TYRANNY1 IS AT PRES5T ADM9I/]$4 ,ALL ^!
MODES >E DEMOCRATICAL4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 T "S %D DELIB]ATE AB ALL
IS OLIG>*ICAL4 ,? AG IS A MODE :1 L !
DEMOCRATICAL HAS _M =MS4 ,:5 !
DELIB]ATIVE CLASS 2+ ELECT$ \ ( ^? :O H
A MOD]ATE QUALIFIC,N >E NUM]\S & !Y
RESPECT & OBEY ! PROHIBI;NS (! LAW )\T
ALT]+ X1 & ANY "O :O HAS ! REQUIR$
QUALIFIC,N %>ES 9 ! GOV]N;T1 !N1 J 2C (
? MOD],N1 ! OLIG>*Y 9CL9ES T[>DS POL;Y4
,B :5 ONLY SELECT$ 9DIVIDUALS & N ! :OLE
P %>E 9 ! DELIB],NS (! /ATE1 !N1 AL?1 Z
9 ! =M] CASE1 !Y OBS]VE ! LAW1 ! GOV]N;T
IS A PURE OLIG>*Y4 ,OR1 AG1 :5 ^? :O H !
P[] ( DELIB],N >E SELF-ELECT$1 & SON
SU3E$S "F1 & !Y & N ! LAWS >E SUPREME- !
GOV]N;T IS ( NECESS;Y OLIG>*ICAL4 ,":1
AG1 "PICUL> P]SONS H AU?OR;Y 9 "PICUL>
MATT]S- = EXAMPLE1 :5 ! :OLE P DECIDE AB
P1CE & W> & HOLD SCRUT9IES1 B !
MAGI/RATES REGULATE "EY?+ ELSE1 & !Y >E
ELECT$ 0VOTE- "! ! GOV]N;T IS AN
>I/OCRACY4 ,& IF "S "QS >E DECID$
0MAGI/RATES ELECT$ 0VOTE1 & O!RS
0MAGI/RATES ELECT$ 0LOT1 EI ABSOLUTELY
OR \ ( SELECT C&IDATES1 OR ELECT$ "PLY
0VOTE1 "PLY 0LOT- ^! PRACTICES >E "PLY
"*I/IC ( AN >I/OCRATICAL GOV]N;T1 & "PY
(A PURE 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T4
  ,^! >E ! V>I\S =MS (! DELIB]ATIVE
BODY2 !Y CORRESPOND 6! V>I\S =MS (
GOV]N;T4 ,&! GOV]N;T ( EA* /ATE IS
ADM9I/]$ AC 6"O OR O!R (! PR9CIPLES : H
BE5 LAID D[N4 ,N[ X IS =! 9T]E/ (
DEMOCRACY1 AC 6! MO/ PREVAL5T NO;N ( X
7,I AM SP1K+ ( T EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY
9 : ! P >E SUPREME EV5 OV] ! LAWS71 )A
VIEW 6BETT] DELIB],N 6ADOPT ! CU/OM (
OLIG>*IES RESPECT+ C\RTS ( LAW4 ,= 9
OLIG>*IES ! RI* :O >E WANT$ 6BE JUDGES
>E -PELL$ 6ATT5D "U PA9 (A F9E1 ":AS 9
DE9OCRACIES ! POOR >E PD 6ATT5D4 ,& ?
PRACTICE ( OLIG>*IES %D 2 ADOPT$
0DEMOCRACIES 9 _! PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES1 =
!Y W ADVISE BETT] IF !Y ALL DELIB]ATE
TGR- ! P )! NOTA#S &! NOTA#S )! P4 ,X IS
AL A GD PLAN T ^? :O DELIB]ATE %D 2
ELECT$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT 9 EQUAL NUMB]S \ (!
DI6]5T CLASSES2 & T IF ! P GRTLY EXCE$ 9
NUMB] ^? :O H POLITICAL TRA9+1 PAY %D N
2 GIV5 6ALL1 B ONLY 6Z _M Z WD BAL.E !
NUMB] (! NOTA#S1 OR T ! NUMB] 9 EXCESS
%D 2 ELIM9AT$ 0LOT4 ,B 9 OLIG>*IES EI
C]TA9 P]SONS %D 2 CO-OPT$ F ! MASS1 OR A
CLASS ( (FIC]S %D 2 APPO9T$ S* Z EXI/ 9
"S /ATES :O >E T]M$ PROBULI & GU>DIANS (
! LAW2 &! CITIZ5S %D O3UPY !MVS
EXCLUSIVELY ) MATT]S ON : ^! H PREVI\SLY
DELIB]AT$2 = S ! P W H A %>E 9 !
DELIB],NS (! /ATE1 B W N 2 A# 64TURB !
PR9CIPLES (! 3/ITU;N4 ,AG1 9 OLIG>*IES
EI ! P "\ 6A3EPT ! M1SURES (! GOV]N;T1
OR N 6PASS ANY?+ 3TR>Y 6!M2 OR1 IF ALL
>E ALL[$ 6%>E 9 C\NSEL1 ! DECI.N %D RE/
)! MAGI/RATES4 ,! OPPOSITE ( :AT IS D"O
9 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS %D 2 ! RULE 9
OLIG>*IES2 ! VETO (! MAJOR;Y %D 2 F9AL1
_! ASS5T N F9AL1 B ! PROPOSAL %D 2
REF]R$ BACK 6! MAGI/RATES4 ,":AS 9
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;TS !Y TAKE ! 3TR>Y
C\RSE2 ! FEW H ! NEGATIVE1 N !
A6IRMATIVE P[]2 ! A6IRM,N ( "EY?+ RE/S )
! MULTITUDE4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E \R 3CLU.NS RESPECT+ !
DELIB]ATIVE1 T IS1 ! SUPREME ELE;T 9
/ATES4

                  ,,XV

  ,NEXT WE W PROCE$ 63SID] ! 4TRIBU;N (
(FICES2 ? TOO1 2+ A "P ( POLITICS 3C]N+
: _M "QS >ISE3 ,:AT % _! NUMB] BE8 ,OV]
:AT % !Y PRESIDE1 & :AT % 2 _! DUR,N8
,"S"TS !Y LA/ = SIX MON?S1 "S"TS = LESS2
"S"TS !Y >E ANNUAL1 :ILE 9 O!R CASES
(FICES >E HELD = / L;G] P]IODS4 ,% !Y 2
= LIFE OR =A L;G T]M ( YE>S2 OR1 IF =A
%ORT T]M ONLY1 % ! SAME P]SONS HOLD !M
OV] & OV] AG1 OR ONCE ONLY8 ,AL AB !
APPO9T;T 6!M- F :OM >E !Y 6BE *OS51
0:OM1 & H[8 ,WE %D F/ 2 9 A POSI;N 6SAY
:AT >E ! POSSI# V>IETIES ( !M1 & !N WE
MAY PROCE$ 6DET]M9E : >E SUIT$ 6DI6]5T
=MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,B :AT >E 6BE 9CLUD$ "U !
T]M ,8(FICES0'8 ,T IS A "Q N Q S EASILY
ANSW]$4 ,=A POLITICAL -MUN;Y REQUIRES _M
(FIC]S2 & N E "O :O IS *OS5 0VOTE OR
0LOT IS 6BE REG>D$ Z A RUL]4 ,9 ! F/
PLACE "! >E ! PRIE/S1 :O M/ 2 4T+UI%$ F
POLITICAL (FIC]S2 MA/]S ( *ORUSES &
H]ALDS1 EV5 AMBASSADORS1 >E ELECT$
0VOTE4 ,"S DUTIES ( SUP]9T5D;E AG >E
POLITICAL1 EXT5D+ EI 6ALL ! CITIZ5S 9 A
S+LE SPH]E ( AC;N1 L ! (FICE (! G5]AL :O
SUP]9T5DS !M :5 !Y >E 9 ! FIELD1 OR 6A
SEC;N ( !M ONLY1 L ! 9SPECTOR%IPS ( WOM5
OR ( Y\?4 ,O!R (FICES >E 3C]N$ )
H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T1 L T (! CORN M1SUR]S
:O EXI/ 9 _M /ATES & >E ELECT$ (FIC]S4
,"! >E AL M5IAL (FICES : ! RI* H EXECUT$
0_! SLAVES4 ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 ^? >E 6BE
CALL$ (FICES 6: ! DUTIES >E ASSIGN$ (
DELIB]AT+ AB C]TA9 M1SURES & (JUDG+ &
-M&+1 ESPECI,Y ! LA/2 = 6-M& IS !
ESPECIAL DUTY (A MAGI/RATE4 ,B ! "Q IS N
( ANY IMPORT.E 9 PRACTICE2 NO "O HAS "E
BR"\ 96C\RT ! M1N+ (! ^W1 AL? S* PRO#MS
H A SPECULATIVE 9T]E/4
  ,:AT K9DS ( (FICES1 & H[ _M1 >E NEC 6!
EXI/;E (A /ATE1 & :1 IF N NEC1 YET 3DUCE
6XS WELL 2+ >E M* M IMPORTANT 3SID],NS1
A6ECT+ ALL 3/ITU;NS1 B M ESPECI,Y SMALL
/ATES4 ,= 9 GRT /ATES X IS POSSI#1 &
9DE$ NEC1 T E (FICE %D H A SPECIAL
FUNC;N2 ": ! CITIZ5S >E NUM]\S1 _M MAY
HOLD (FICE4 ,& S X HAPP5S T "S (FICES A
MAN HOLDS A SECOND "T ONLY AF A L;G
9T]VAL1 & O!RS HE HOLDS ONCE ONLY2 &
C]TA9LY E "W IS BETT] D"O : RCVS ! SOLE1
& N ! DIVID$ ATT5;N (! "W]4 ,B 9 SMALL
/ATES X IS NEC 6-B9E _M (FICES 9 A FEW
H&S1 S9CE ! SMALL NUMB] ( CITIZ5S DOES N
ADMIT ( _M HOLD+ (FICE3 = :O W "! 2
6SU3E$ !M8 ,& YET SMALL /ATES AT "TS
REQUIRE ! SAME (FICES & LAWS Z L>GE "OS2
! DI6];E IS T ! "O WANT !M (T51 ! O!RS
ONLY AF L;G 9T]VALS4 ,H;E "! IS NO R1SON
:Y ! C>E ( _M (FICES %D N 2 IMPOS$ ON !
SAME P]SON1 = !Y W N 9T]F]E ) EA* O!R4
,:5 ! POPUL,N IS SMALL1 (FICES %D 2 L !
SPITS : AL S]VE 6HOLD A LAMP4 ,WE M/ F/
ASC]TA9 H[ _M MAGI/RATES >E NEC 9 E
/ATE1 & AL H[ _M >E N EXACTLY NEC1 B >E
N"E!.S USE;L1 & !N "! W 2 NO DI6ICULTY 9
SEE+ :AT (FICES C 2 -B9$ 9 "O4 ,WE %D AL
"K OV] : MATT]S S"EAL LOCAL TRIBUNALS >E
6H JURISDIC;N1 & 9 : AU?OR;Y %D 2
C5TRALIZ$3 = EXAMPLE1 %D "O P]SON KEEP
ORD] 9 ! M>KET & ANO!R 9 "S O!R PLACE1
OR %D ! SAME P]SON 2 RESPONSI# "EY":8
,AG1 %D (FICES 2 DIVID$ AC 6! SUBJECTS )
: !Y D1L1 OR AC 6! P]SONS ) :OM !Y D1L3
,I M1N 6SAY1 %D "O P]SON SEE 6GD ORD] 9
G5]AL1 OR "O LOOK AF ! BOYS1 ANO!R AF !
WOM51 & S ON8 ,FUR!R1 "U DI6]5T
3/ITU;NS1 %D ! MAGI/RATES 2 ! SAME OR
DI6]5T8 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 DEMOCRACY1
OLIG>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 MON>*Y1 %D "! 2 !
SAME MAGI/RATES1 AL? !Y >E ELECT$1 N \ (
EQUAL OR SIMIL> CLASSES ( CITIZ5 B
DI6]5TLY "U DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS- 9
>I/OCRACIES1 = EXAMPLE1 !Y >E *OS5 F !
$UCAT$1 9 OLIG>*IES F ! W1L?Y1 & 9
DEMOCRACIES F ! FREE- OR >E "! C]TA9
DI6];ES 9 ! (FICES ANSW]+ 6!M Z WELL1 &
MAY ! SAME 2 SUITA# 6"S1 B DI6]5T (FICES
6O!RS8 ,= 9 "S /ATES X MAY 2 3V5I5T T !
SAME (FICE %D H A M EXT5SIVE1 9 O!R
/ATES A N>R[] SPH]E4 ,SPECIAL (FICES >E
PECULI> 6C]TA9 =MS ( GOV]N;T3 = EXAMPLE
T ( PROBULI1 : IS N A DEMOCRATIC (FICE1
AL? A BULE OR C\NCIL IS4 ,"! M/ 2 "S
BODY ( M5 ^: DUTY IS 6PREP>E M1SURES =!
P 9 ORD] T !Y MAY N 2 DIV]T$ F _!
BUSI;S2 :5 ^! >E FEW 9 NUMB]1 ! /ATE
9CL9ES 6AN OLIG>*Y3 OR R ! PROBULI M/
ALW 2 FEW1 & >E "!=E AN OLIG>*ICAL
ELE;T4 ,B :5 BO? 9/ITU;NS EXI/ 9 A /ATE1
! PROBULI >E A *ECK ON ! C\NCIL2 =!
C\NSELORS IS A DEMOCRATIC ELE;T1 B !
PROBULI >E OLIG>*ICAL4 ,EV5 ! P[] (!
C\NCIL 4APPE>S :5 DEMOCRACY HAS TAK5 T
EXTREME =M 9 : ! P !MVS >E ALW MEET+ &
DELIB]AT+ AB "EY?+4 ,? IS ! CASE :5 !
MEMB]S (! ASSEMBLY RCV ABUNDANT PAY2 =
!Y H NO?+ 6D & >E ALW HOLD+ ASSEMBLIES &
DECID+ "EY?+ = !MVS4 ,A MAGI/RACY :
3TROLS ! BOYS OR ! WOM51 OR ANY SIMIL>
(FICE1 IS SUIT$ 6AN >I/OCRACY R ?AN 6A
DEMOCRACY2 = H[ C ! MAGI/RATES PREV5T !
WIVES (! POOR F GO+ \ ( DOORS8 ,NEI IS X
AN OLIG>*ICAL (FICE2 =! WIVES (! OLIG>*S
>E TOO F9E 6BE 3TROLL$4
  ,5 ( ^! MATT]S4 ,I W N[ 9QUIRE
96APPO9T;TS 6(FICES4 ,! V>IETIES DEP5D
ON ?REE T]MS1 &! -B9,NS ( ^! GIVE ALL
POSSI# MODES3 F/1 :O APPO9TS8 SECONDLY1
F :OM8 & ?IRDLY1 H[8 ,EA* ( ^! ?REE
ADMITS ( ?REE V>IETIES3 7,A7 ,ALL !
CITIZ5S1 OR 7,B7 ONLY "S1 APPO9T4 ,EI
7#A7 ! MAGI/RATES >E *OS5 \ ( ALL OR
7#B7 \ ( "S :O >E 4T+UI%$ EI 0A PROP]TY
QUALIFIC,N1 OR 0BIR?1 OR M]IT1 OR = "S
SPECIAL R1SON1 Z AT ,MEG>A ONLY ^? 7
ELIGI# :O _H RETURN$ F EXILE & F"\ TGR
AG/ ! DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ EI
7A7 0VOTE OR 7B7 0LOT4 ,AG1 ^! S"EAL
V>IETIES MAY 2 C\PL$1 ,I M1N T 7,C7 "S
(FIC]S MAY 2 ELECT$ 0"S1 O!RS 0ALL1 &
7#C7 "S AG \ ( "S1 & O!RS \ ( ALL1 & 7C7
"S 0VOTE & O!RS 0LOT4 ,EA* V>IETY ( ^!
T]MS ADMITS ( F\R MODES4
  ,= EI 7,A #A A7 ALL MAY APPO9T F ALL
0VOTE1 OR 7,A #A B7 ALL F ALL 0LOT1 OR
7,A #B A7 ALL F "S 0VOTE1 OR 7,A #B B7
ALL F "S 0LOT 7& F ALL1 EI 0SEC;NS1 Z1 =
EXAMPLE1 0TRIBES1 & W>DS1 & PHRATRIES1
UNTIL ALL ! CITIZ5S H BE5 G"O "?2 OR !
CITIZ5S MAY 2 9 ALL CASES ELIGI#
9DISCRIM9ATELY72 OR AG 7,A #A ;C1 ,A #B
C7 6"S (FICES 9 ! "O WAY1 6"S 9 ! O!R4
,AG1 IF X IS ONLY "S T APPO9T1 !Y MAY D
S EI 7;,B #A A7 F ALL 0VOTE1 OR 7;,B #A
B7 F ALL 0LOT1 OR 7;,B #B A7 F "S 0VOTE1
OR 7;,B #B B7 F "S 0LOT1 OR 6"S (FICES 9
! "O WAY1 6O!RS 9 ! O!R1 I4E41 7;,B #A
C7 F ALL1 6"S (FICES 0VOTE1 6"S 0LOT1 &
7;,B #B ,C7 F "S1 6"S (FICES 0VOTE1 6"S
0LOT4 ,?US ! MODES T >ISE1 A"P F TWO
7;,C1 #C7 \ (! ?REE C\PL+S1 NUMB]
TWELVE4 ,( ^! SY/EMS TWO >E POPUL>1 T
ALL %D APPO9T F ALL 7,A #A A7 0VOTE OR
7,A #A B7 0LOT- OR 7,A #A C7 0BO?4 ,T
ALL %D N APPO9T AT ONCE1 B %D APPO9T F
ALL OR F "S EI 0LOT OR 0VOTE OR 0BO?1 OR
APPO9T 6"S (FICES F ALL & 6O!RS F "S
7,80BO?0' M1N+ 6"S (FICES 0LOT1 6O!RS
0VOTE71 IS "*I/IC (A POL;Y4 ,& 7;,B #A
C7 T "S %D APPO9T F ALL1 6"S (FICES
0VOTE1 6O!RS 0LOT1 IS AL "*I/IC (A
POL;Y1 B M OLIG>*ICAL ?AN ! =M] ME?OD4
,& 7,A #C ;A1 ;B1 ;C1 ;,B #C ;A1 ;B1 C7
6APPO9T F BO?1 6"S (FICES F ALL1 6O!RS F
"S1 IS "*I/IC (A POL;Y )A L1N+ T[>DS
>I/OCRACY4 ,T 7;,B #B7 "S %D APPO9T F "S
IS OLIG>*ICAL- EV5 7;,B #B B7 T "S %D
APPO9T F "S 0LOT 7& IF ? DOES N ACTU,Y
O3UR1 X IS N"O ! LESS OLIG>*ICAL 9 "*71
OR 7;,B #B ,C7 T "S %D APPO9T F "S 0BO?4
7;,B #A A7 T "S %D APPO9T F ALL1 & 7,A
#B A7 T ALL %D APPO9T F "S1 0VOTE1 IS
>I/OCRATIC4
  ,^! >E ! DI6]5T MODES ( 3/ITUT+
MAGI/RATES1 & ^! CORRESPOND 6DI6]5T =MS
( GOV]N;T3 : >E PROP] 6:1 OR H[ !Y "\
6BE E/ABLI%$1 W 2 EVID5T :5 WE DET]M9E !
NATURE ( _! P[]S4 ,0P[]S ,I M1N S* P[]S
Z A MAGI/RATE EX]CISES OV] ! REV5UE OR 9
DEF5SE (! C.TRY2 = "! >E V>I\S K9DS (
P[]3 ! P[] (! G5]AL1 = EXAMPLE1 IS N !
SAME ) T : REGULATES 3TRACTS 9 ! M>KET4

                 ,,XVI

  ,(! ?REE "PS ( GOV]N;T1 ! JUDICIAL
REMA9S 6BE 3SID]$1 & ? WE % DIVIDE ON !
SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,"! >E ?REE PO9TS ON : !
V>I$ES ( LAW-C\RTS DEP5D3 ,! P]SONS F
:OM !Y >E APPO9T$1 ! MATT]S ) : !Y >E
3C]N$1 &! MANN] ( _! APPO9T;T4 ,I M1N1
7#A7 >E ! JUDGES TAK5 F ALL1 OR F "S
ONLY8 7#B7 H[ _M K9DS ( LAW-C\RTS >E "!8
7#C7 >E ! JUDGES *OS5 0VOTE OR 0LOT8
  ,F/1 LET ME DET]M9E H[ _M K9DS ( LAW-
C\RTS "! >E4 ,"! >E EI<T 9 NUMB]3 ,"O IS
! C\RT ( AUDITS OR SCRUT9IES2 A SECOND
TAKES COGNIZ.E ( ORD9>Y (F5SES AG/ !
/ATE2 A ?IRD IS 3C]N$ ) TR1SON AG/ !
3/ITU;N2 ! F\R? DET]M9ES 4PUTES RESPECT+
P5ALTIES1 :E!R RAIS$ 0MAGI/RATES OR
0PRIVATE P]SONS2 ! FIF? DECIDES ! M
IMPORTANT CIVIL CASES2 ! SIX? TRIES
CASES ( HOMICIDE1 : >E ( V>I\S K9DS1 7A7
PREM$ITAT$1 7B7 9VOLUNT>Y1 7C7 CASES 9 :
! GUILT IS 3FESS$ B ! JU/ICE IS 4PUT$2 &
"! MAY 2 A F\R? C\RT 7D7 9 : MURD]]S :O
H FL$ F JU/ICE >E TRI$ AF _! RETURN2 S*
Z ! ,C\RT ( ,PHREATTO IS SD 6BE AT
,A!NS4 ,B CASES ( ? SORT R>ELY HAPP5 AT
ALL EV5 9 L>GE CITIES4 ,! DI6]5T K9DS (
HOMICIDE MAY 2 TRI$ EI 0! SAME OR
0DI6]5T C\RTS4 7#G7 ,"! >E C\RTS =
/RANG]S3 ( ^! "! >E TWO SUBDIVI.NS1 7A7
=! SETTLE;T ( _! 4PUTES ) "O ANO!R1 7B7
=! SETTLE;T ( 4PUTES 2T !M &! CITIZ5S4
,& 2SS ALL ^! "! M/ 2 7#H7 C\RTS = SMALL
SUITS AB SUMS (A DRA*MA UP 6FIVE
DRA*MAS1 OR A LL M1 : H 6BE DET]M9$1 B
!Y D N REQUIRE _M JUDGES4
  ,NO?+ M NE$ 2 SD ( ^! SMALL SUITS1 NOR
(! C\RTS = HOMICIDE &= /RANG]S3 ,I WD R
SP1K ( POLITICAL CASES1 :1 :5 MISMANAG$1
CR1TE DIVI.N & 4TURB.ES 9 3/ITU;NS4
  ,N[ IF ALL ! CITIZ5S JUDGE1 9 ALL !
DI6]5T CASES : ,I H 4T+UI%$1 !Y MAY 2
APPO9T$ 0VOTE OR 0LOT1 OR "S"TS 0LOT &
"S"TS 0VOTE4 ,OR :5 A S+LE CLASS (
CAUSES >E TRI$1 ! JUDGES :O DECIDE !M
MAY 2 APPO9T$1 "S 0VOTE1 & "S 0LOT4 ,^!
!N >E ! F\R MODES ( APPO9T+ JUDGES F !
:OLE P1 & "! W 2 LIKEWISE F\R MODES1 IF
!Y >E ELECT$ F A "P ONLY2 = !Y MAY 2
APPO9T$ F "S 0VOTE & JUDGE 9 ALL CAUSES2
OR !Y MAY 2 APPO9T$ F "S 0LOT & JUDGE 9
ALL CAUSES2 OR !Y MAY 2 ELECT$ 9 "S
CASES 0VOTE1 & 9 "S CASES TAK5 0LOT1 OR
"S C\RTS1 EV5 :5 JUDG+ ! SAME CAUSES1
MAY 2 -POS$ ( MEMB]S "S APPO9T$ 0VOTE &
"S 0LOT4 ,^! MODES1 !N1 Z 0 SD1 ANSW]
6^? PREVI\SLY M5;N$4
  ,ONCE M1 ! MODES ( APPO9T;T MAY 2
-B9$2 ,I M1N1 T "S MAY 2 *OS5 \ (! :OLE
P1 O!RS \ ( "S1 "S \ ( BO?2 = EXAMPLE1 !
SAME TRIBUNAL MAY 2 -POS$ ( "S :O 7
ELECT$ \ ( ALL1 &( O!RS :O 7 ELECT$ \ (
"S1 EI 0VOTE OR 0LOT OR 0BO?4
  ,9 H[ _M =MS LAW-C\RTS C 2 E/ABLI%$
HAS N[ BE5 3SID]$4 ,! F/ =M1 VIZ41 T 9 :
! JUDGES >E TAK5 F ALL ! CITIZ5S1 & 9 :
ALL CAUSES >E TRI$1 IS DEMOCRATICAL2 !
SECOND1 : IS -POS$ (A FEW ONLY :O TRY
ALL CAUSES1 OLIG>*ICAL2 ! ?IRD1 9 : "S
C\RTS >E TAK5 F ALL CLASSES1 & "S F
C]TA9 CLASSES ONLY1 >I/OCRATICAL &
3/ITU;NAL4


