               #CEJ ,,BC
               ,,POLITICS
               0,>I/OTLE
       ,TRANSLAT$ 0,B5JAM9 ,J[ETT

    ,TRANSLAT$ 6,GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
              ,,BOOK ,,"O
                  ;,I

  ,E ,/ATE IS A -MUN;Y ( "S K9D1 & E
-MUN;Y IS E/ABLI%$ )A VIEW 6"S GD2 =
MANK9D ALW ACT 9 ORD] 6OBTA9 T : !Y ?9K
GD4 ,B1 IF ALL -MUNITIES AIM AT "S GD1 !
/ATE OR POLITICAL -MUN;Y1 : IS ! HI<E/ (
ALL1 & : EMBRACES ALL ! RE/1 AIMS AT GD
9 A GRT] DEGREE ?AN ANY O!R1 & AT !
HI<E/ GD4
  ,"S P ?9K T ! QUALIFIC,NS (A /ATESMAN1
K+1 H\SEHOLD]1 & MA/] >E ! SAME1 & T !Y
DI6]1 N 9 K9D1 B ONLY 9 ! NUMB] ( _!
SUBJECTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! RUL] OV] A FEW
IS CALL$ A MA/]2 OV] M1 ! MANAG] (A
H\SEHOLD2 OV] A / L>G] NUMB]1 A /ATESMAN
OR K+1 Z IF "! 7 NO DI6];E 2T A GRT
H\SEHOLD &A SMALL /ATE4 ,! 4T9C;N : IS
MADE 2T ! K+ &! /ATESMAN IS Z FOLL[S3
,:5 ! GOV]N;T IS P]SONAL1 ! RUL] IS A
K+2 :51 AC 6! RULES (! POLITICAL SCI;E1
! CITIZ5S RULE & >E RUL$ 9 TURN1 !N HE
IS CALL$ A /ATESMAN4
  ,B ALL ? IS A MISTAKE2 = GOV]N;TS DI6]
9 K9D1 Z W 2 EVID5T 6ANY "O :O 3SID]S !
MATT] AC 6! ME?OD : HAS HI!RTO GUID$ U4
,Z 9 O!R DE"P;TS ( SCI;E1 S 9 POLITICS1
! -P.D %D ALW 2 RESOLV$ 96! SIMPLE
ELE;TS OR L1/ "PS (! :OLE4 ,WE M/ "!=E
LOOK AT ! ELE;TS ( : ! /ATE IS -POS$1 9
ORD] T WE MAY SEE 9 :AT ! DI6]5T K9DS (
RULE DI6] F "O ANO!R1 & :E!R ANY
SCI5TIFIC RESULT C 2 ATTA9$ AB EA* "O (
!M4

                  ,,II

  ,HE :O ?US 3SID]S ?+S 9 _! F/ GR[? &
ORIG91 :E!R A /ATE OR ANY?+ ELSE1 W
OBTA9 ! CLE>E/ VIEW ( !M4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE
"! M/ 2 A UNION ( ^? :O _C EXI/ )\T EA*
O!R2 "NLY1 ( MALE & FEMALE1 T ! RACE MAY
3T9UE 7& ? IS A UNION : IS =M$1 N (
DELIB]ATE PURPOSE1 B 2C1 9 -MON ) O!R
ANIMALS &) PLANTS1 MANK9D H A NATURAL
DESIRE 6L1VE 2H !M AN IMAGE ( !MVS71 &(
NATURAL RUL] & SUBJECT1 T BO? MAY 2
PRES]V$4 ,= T : C =ESEE 0! EX]CISE ( M9D
IS 0NATURE 9T5D$ 6BE "L & MA/]1 & T : C
) XS BODY GIVE E6ECT 6S* =ESI<T IS A
SUBJECT1 & 0NATURE A SLAVE2 H;E MA/] &
SLAVE H ! SAME 9T]E/4 ,N[ NATURE HAS
4T+UI%$ 2T ! FEMALE &! SLAVE4 ,= %E IS N
NI7>DLY1 L ! SMI? :O FA%IONS ! ,DELPHIAN
KNIFE = _M USES2 %E MAKES EA* ?+ =A S+LE
USE1 & E 9/RU;T IS BE/ MADE :5 9T5D$ =
"O & N = _M USES4 ,B AM;G B>B>IANS NO
4T9C;N IS MADE 2T WOM5 & SLAVES1 2C "!
IS NO NATURAL RUL] AM;G !M3 !Y >E A
-MUN;Y ( SLAVES1 MALE & FEMALE4 ,":=E !
POETS SAY1
  ,X IS MEET T ,HELL5ES %D RULE OV]
B>B>IANS2
  Z IF !Y ?"\ T ! B>B>IAN &! SLAVE 7
0NATURE "O4
  ,\ ( ^! TWO REL,N%IPS 2T MAN & WOMAN1
MA/] & SLAVE1 ! F/ ?+ 6>ISE IS ! FAMILY1
& ,HESIOD IS "R :5 HE SAYS1
  ,F/ H\SE & WIFE & AN OX =! PL\<1
  =! OX IS ! POOR MAN'S SLAVE4 ,! FAMILY
IS ! ASSOCI,N E/ABLI%$ 0NATURE =! SUPPLY
( M5'S "EY"D WANTS1 &! MEMB]S ( X >E
CALL$ 0,*>ONDAS ,8-PANIONS (! CUPBO>D10'
& 0,EPIM5IDES ! ,CRETAN1 ,8-PANIONS (!
MANG]40' ,B :5 S"EAL FAMILIES >E UNIT$1
&! ASSOCI,N AIMS AT "S?+ M ?AN ! SUPPLY
( DAILY NE$S1 ! F/ SOCIETY 6BE =M$ IS !
VILLAGE4 ,&! MO/ NATURAL =M (! VILLAGE
APPE>S 6BE T (A COLONY F ! FAMILY1 -POS$
(! *N & GR&*N1 :O >E SD 6BE SUCKL$ ,8)!
SAME MILK40' ,& ? IS ! R1SON :Y ,HELL5IC
/ATES 7 ORIG9,Y GOV]N$ 0K+S2 2C !
,HELL5ES 7 "U ROYAL RULE 2F !Y CAME TGR1
Z ! B>B>IANS / >E4 ,E FAMILY IS RUL$ 0!
ELDE/1 & "!=E 9 ! COLONIES (! FAMILY !
K+LY =M ( GOV]N;T PREVAIL$ 2C !Y 7 (!
SAME BLOOD4 ,Z ,HOM] SAYS3
  ,EA* "O GIVES LAW 6HIS *N & 6HIS
WIVES4
  ,= !Y LIV$ 4P]S$LY1 Z 0 ! MANN] 9
ANCI5T "TS4 ,":=E M5 SAY T ! ,GODS H A
K+1 2C !Y !MVS EI >E OR 7 9 ANCI5T "TS
"U ! RULE (A K+4 ,= !Y IMAG9E1 N ONLY !
=MS (! ,GODS1 B _! WAYS ( LIFE 6BE L _!
[N4
  ,:5 S"EAL VILLAGES >E UNIT$ 9 A S+LE
-PLETE -MUN;Y1 L>GE 5 6BE NE>LY OR Q
SELF-SU6IC+1 ! /ATE -ES 96EXI/;E1
ORIG9AT+ 9 ! B>E NE$S ( LIFE1 & 3T9U+ 9
EXI/;E =! SAKE (A GD LIFE4 ,& "!=E1 IF !
E>LI] =MS ( SOCIETY >E NATURAL1 S IS !
/ATE1 = X IS ! 5D ( !M1 &! NATURE (A ?+
IS XS 5D4 ,= :AT EA* ?+ IS :5 FULLY
DEVELOP$1 WE CALL XS NATURE1 :E!R WE >E
SP1K+ (A MAN1 A HORSE1 OR A FAMILY4
,2SS1 ! F9AL CAUSE & 5D (A ?+ IS ! BE/1
& 6BE SELF-SU6IC+ IS ! 5D &! BE/4
  ,H;E X IS EVID5T T ! /ATE IS A CRE,N (
NATURE1 & T MAN IS 0NATURE A POLITICAL
ANIMAL4 ,& HE :O 0NATURE & N 0M]E A3ID5T
IS )\T A /ATE1 IS EI A BAD MAN OR ABV
HUMAN;Y2 HE IS L !
  ,TRIBE.S1 LAW.S1 HE>?.S "O1
  :OM ,HOM] DEN\NCES- ! NATURAL \TCA/ IS
=?) A LOV] ( W>2 HE MAY 2 -P>$ 6AN
ISOLAT$ PIECE AT DRAU<TS4
  ,N[1 T MAN IS M (A POLITICAL ANIMAL
?AN BEES OR ANY O!R GREG>I\S ANIMALS IS
EVID5T4 ,NATURE1 Z WE (T5 SAY1 MAKES
NO?+ 9 VA91 & MAN IS ! ONLY ANIMAL :OM
%E HAS 5D[$ )! GIFT ( SPEE*4 ,& ":AS M]E
VOICE IS B AN 9DIC,N ( PL1SURE OR PA91 &
IS "!=E F.D 9 O!R ANIMALS 7= _! NATURE
ATTA9S 6! P]CEP;N ( PL1SURE & PA9 &!
9TIM,N ( !M 6"O ANO!R1 & NO FUR!R71 !
P[] ( SPEE* IS 9T5D$ 6SET =? ! EXP$I5T &
9EXP$I5T1 & "!=E LIKEWISE ! J &! UNJU/4
,& X IS A "*I/IC ( MAN T HE AL"O HAS ANY
S5SE ( GD & EVIL1 ( J & UNJU/1 &! L1 &!
ASSOCI,N ( LIV+ 2+S :O H ? S5SE MAKES A
FAMILY &A /ATE4
  ,FUR!R1 ! /ATE IS 0NATURE CLE>LY PRIOR
6! FAMILY & 6! 9DIVIDUAL1 S9CE ! :OLE IS
( NECESS;Y PRIOR 6! "P2 = EXAMPLE1 IF !
:OLE BODY 2 DE/ROY$1 "! W 2 NO FOOT OR
H&1 EXCEPT 9 AN EQUIVOCAL S5SE1 Z WE
MI<T SP1K (A /"O H&2 = :5 DE/ROY$ ! H& W
2 NO BETT] ?AN T4 ,B ?+S >E DEF9$ 0_!
"W+ & P[]2 & WE "\ N 6SAY T !Y >E ! SAME
:5 !Y NO L;G] H _! PROP] QUAL;Y1 B ONLY
T !Y H ! SAME "N4 ,! PRO( T ! /ATE IS A
CRE,N ( NATURE & PRIOR 6! 9DIVIDUAL IS T
! 9DIVIDUAL1 :5 ISOLAT$1 IS N SELF-
SU6IC+2 & "!=E HE IS L A "P 9 REL,N 6!
:OLE4 ,B HE :O IS UNA# 6LIVE 9 SOCIETY1
OR :O HAS NO NE$ 2C HE IS SU6ICI5T =
HMF1 M/ 2 EI A B1/ OR A GOD3 HE IS NO "P
(A /ATE4 ,A SOCIAL 9/9CT IS IMPLANT$ 9
ALL M5 0NATURE1 & YET HE :O F/ F.D$ !
/ATE 0 ! GRTE/ ( B5EFACTORS4 ,= MAN1 :5
P]FECT$1 IS ! BE/ ( ANIMALS1 B1 :5
SEP>AT$ F LAW & JU/ICE1 HE IS ! WOR/ (
ALL2 S9CE >M$ 9JU/ICE IS ! M DANG]\S1 &
HE IS EQUIPP$ AT BIR? ) >MS1 M1NT 6BE
US$ 09TELLIG;E & VIRTUE1 : HE MAY USE =!
WOR/ 5DS4 ,":=E1 IF HE H N VIRTUE1 HE IS
! MO/ UNHOLY &! MO/ SAVAGE ( ANIMALS1 &!
MO/ FULL ( LU/ & GLUTTONY4 ,B JU/ICE IS
! BOND ( M5 9 /ATES1 =! ADM9I/R,N (
JU/ICE1 : IS ! DET]M9,N ( :AT IS J1 IS !
PR9CIPLE ( ORD] 9 POLITICAL SOCIETY4

                 ,,III

  ,SEE+ !N T ! /ATE IS MADE UP (
H\SEHOLDS1 2F SP1K+ (! /ATE WE M/ SP1K (
! MANAGE;T (! H\SEHOLD4 ,! "PS (
H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T CORRESPOND 6! P]SONS
:O -POSE ! H\SEHOLD1 &A -PLETE H\SEHOLD
3SI/S ( SLAVES & FREEM54 ,N[ WE %D 2G9
0EXAM9+ "EY?+ 9 XS FEWE/ POSSI# ELE;TS2
&! F/ & FEWE/ POSSI# "PS (A FAMILY >E
MA/] & SLAVE1 HUSB& & WIFE1 "F & *N4 ,WE
H "!=E 63SID] :AT EA* ( ^! ?REE REL,NS
IS & "\ 6BE3 ,I M1N ! REL,N ( MA/] &
S]VANT1 ! M>RIAGE REL,N 7! 3JUNC;N ( MAN
& WIFE HAS NO "N ( XS [N71 & ?IRDLY1 !
PROCR1TIVE REL,N 7? AL HAS NO PROP] "N74
,& "! IS ANO!R ELE;T (A H\SEHOLD1 ! S-
CALL$ >T ( GETT+ W1L?1 :1 AC 6"S1 IS
ID5TICAL ) H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T1 AC 6O!RS1
A PR9CIPAL "P ( X2 ! NATURE ( ? >T W AL
H 6BE 3SID]$ 0U4
  ,LET U F/ SP1K ( MA/] & SLAVE1 LOOK+
6! NE$S ( PRACTICAL LIFE & AL SEEK+
6ATTA9 "S BETT] !ORY ( _! REL,N ?AN
EXI/S AT PRES5T4 ,= "S >E ( OP9ION T !
RULE (A MA/] IS A SCI;E1 & T ! MANAGE;T
(A H\SEHOLD1 &! MA/]%IP ( SLAVES1 &!
POLITICAL & ROYAL RULE1 Z ,I 0 SAY+ AT !
\TSET1 >E ALL ! SAME4 ,O!RS A6IRM T !
RULE (A MA/] OV] SLAVES IS 3TR>Y
6NATURE1 & T ! 4T9C;N 2T SLAVE & FREEMAN
EXI/S 0LAW ONLY1 & N 0NATURE2 & 2+ AN
9T]F];E ) NATURE IS "!=E UNJU/4

                  ,,IV

  ,PROP]TY IS A "P (! H\SEHOLD1 &! >T (
ACQUIR+ PROP]TY IS A "P (! >T ( MANAG+ !
H\SEHOLD2 = NO MAN C LIVE WELL1 OR 9DE$
LIVE AT ALL1 UN.S HE 2 PROVID$ )
NECESS>IES4 ,& Z 9 ! >TS : H A DEF9ITE
SPH]E ! "W]S M/ H _! [N PROP] 9/RU;TS =!
A3OMPLI%;T ( _! "W1 S X IS 9 ! MANAGE;T
(A H\SEHOLD4 ,N[ 9/RU;TS >E ( V>I\S
SORTS2 "S >E LIV+1 O!RS LIFE.S2 9 !
RU4]1 ! PILOT (A %IP HAS A LIFE.S1 9 !
LOOK-\ MAN1 A LIV+ 9/RU;T2 = 9 ! >TS !
S]VANT IS A K9D ( 9/RU;T4 ,?US1 TOO1 A
POSSES.N IS AN 9/RU;T = MA9TA9+ LIFE4 ,&
S1 9 ! >RANGE;T (! FAMILY1 A SLAVE IS A
LIV+ POSSES.N1 & PROP]TY A NUMB] ( S*
9/RU;TS2 &! S]VANT IS HMF AN 9/RU;T :
TAKES PREC$;E ( ALL O!R 9/RU;TS4 ,= IF E
9/RU;T CD A3OMPLI% XS [N "W1 OBEY+ OR
ANTICIPAT+ ! W ( O!RS1 L ! /ATUES (
,DAEDALUS1 OR ! TRIPODS ( ,HEPHAE/US1 :1
SAYS ! POET1
  ( _! [N A3ORD 5T]$ ! ASSEMBLY (!
,GODS2
  IF1 9 L MANN]1 ! %UTTLE WD W1VE &!
PLECTRUM T\* ! LYRE )\T A H& 6GUIDE !M1
*IEF "WM5 WD N WANT S]VANTS1 NOR MA/]S
SLAVES4 ,"H1 H["E1 ANO!R 4T9C;N M/ 2
DRAWN2 ! 9/RU;TS -MONLY S CALL$ >E
9/RU;TS ( PRODUC;N1 :IL/ A POSSES.N IS
AN 9/RU;T ( AC;N4 ,! %UTTLE1 = EXAMPLE1
IS N ONLY ( USE2 B "S?+ ELSE IS MADE 0X1
":AS (A G>;T OR (A B$ "! IS ONLY ! USE4
,FUR!R1 Z PRODUC;N & AC;N >E DI6]5T 9
K9D1 & BO? REQUIRE 9/RU;TS1 ! 9/RU;TS :
!Y EMPLOY M/ LIKEWISE DI6] 9 K9D4 ,B
LIFE IS AC;N & N PRODUC;N1 & "!=E !
SLAVE IS ! M9I/] ( AC;N4 ,AG1 A POSSES.N
IS SPOK5 ( Z A "P IS SPOK5 (2 =! "P IS N
ONLY A "P ( "S?+ ELSE1 B :OLLY 2L;GS 6X2
& ? IS AL TRUE (A POSSES.N4 ,! MA/] IS
ONLY ! MA/] (! SLAVE2 HE DOES N 2L;G
6HM1 ":AS ! SLAVE IS N ONLY ! SLAVE ( 8
MA/]1 B :OLLY 2L;GS 6HM4 ,H;E WE SEE :AT
IS ! NATURE & (FICE (A SLAVE2 HE :O IS
0NATURE N 8 [N B ANO!R'S MAN1 IS 0NATURE
A SLAVE2 & HE MAY 2 SD 6BE ANO!R'S MAN
:O1 2+ A HUMAN 2+1 IS AL A POSSES.N4 ,&A
POSSES.N MAY 2 DEF9$ Z AN 9/RU;T ( AC;N1
SEP>A# F ! POSSESSOR4

                  ;,V

  ,B IS "! ANY "O ?US 9T5D$ 0NATURE 6BE
A SLAVE1 &= :OM S* A 3DI;N IS EXP$I5T &
"R1 OR R IS N ALL SLAV]Y A VIOL,N (
NATURE8
  ,"! IS NO DI6ICULTY 9 ANSW]+ ? "Q1 ON
GR.DS BO? ( R1SON &( FACT4 ,= T "S %D
RULE & O!RS 2 RUL$ IS A ?+ N ONLY NEC1 B
EXP$I5T2 F ! H\R ( _! BIR?1 "S >E M>K$ \
= SUBJEC;N1 O!RS = RULE4
  ,& "! >E _M K9DS BO? ( RUL]S &
SUBJECTS 7& T RULE IS ! BETT] : IS
EX]CIS$ OV] BETT] SUBJECTS- = EXAMPLE1
6RULE OV] M5 IS BETT] ?AN 6RULE OV] WILD
B1/S2 =! "W IS BETT] : IS EXECUT$ 0BETT]
"WM51 & ": "O MAN RULES & ANO!R IS RUL$1
!Y MAY 2 SD 6H A "W72 = 9 ALL ?+S : =M A
-POSITE :OLE & : >E MADE UP ( "PS1 :E!R
3T9U\S OR 4CRETE1 A 4T9C;N 2T ! RUL+ &!
SUBJECT ELE;T -ES 6FI<T4 ,S* A DUAL;Y
EXI/S 9 LIV+ CR1TURES1 B N 9 !M ONLY2 X
ORIG9ATES 9 ! 3/ITU;N (! UNIV]SE2 EV5 9
?+S : H NO LIFE "! IS A RUL+ PR9CIPLE1 Z
9 A MUSICAL MODE4 ,B WE >E W&]+ F !
SUBJECT4 ,WE W "!=E RE/RICT \RVS 6! LIV+
CR1TURE1 :1 9 ! F/ PLACE1 3SI/S ( S\L &
BODY3 &( ^! TWO1 ! "O IS 0NATURE ! RUL]1
&! O!R ! SUBJECT4 ,B !N WE M/ LOOK =!
9T5;NS ( NATURE 9 ?+S : RETA9 _! NATURE1
& N 9 ?+S : >E CORRUPT$4 ,& "!=E WE M/
/UDY ! MAN :O IS 9 ! MO/ P]FECT /ATE BO?
( BODY & S\L1 = 9 HM WE % SEE ! TRUE
REL,N (! TWO2 AL? 9 BAD OR CORRUPT$
NATURES ! BODY W (T5 APPE> 6RULE OV] !
S\L1 2C !Y >E 9 AN EVIL & UNNATURAL
3DI;N4 ,AT ALL EV5TS WE MAY F/LY OBS]VE
9 LIV+ CR1TURES BO? A DESPOTICAL &A
3/ITU;NAL RULE2 =! S\L RULES ! BODY )A
DESPOTICAL RULE1 ":AS ! 9TELLECT RULES !
APPETITES )A 3/ITU;NAL & ROYAL RULE4 ,&
X IS CLE> T ! RULE (! S\L OV] ! BODY1 &(
! M9D &! R,NAL ELE;T OV] ! PAS.NATE1 IS
NATURAL & EXP$I5T2 ":AS ! EQUAL;Y (! TWO
OR ! RULE (! 9F]IOR IS ALW HURT;L4 ,!
SAME HOLDS GD ( ANIMALS 9 REL,N 6M52 =
TAME ANIMALS H A BETT] NATURE ?AN WILD1
& ALL TAME ANIMALS >E BETT] (F :5 !Y >E
RUL$ 0MAN2 = !N !Y >E PRES]V$4 ,AG1 !
MALE IS 0NATURE SUP]IOR1 &! FEMALE
9F]IOR2 &! "O RULES1 &! O!R IS RUL$2 ?
PR9CIPLE1 ( NECESS;Y1 EXT5DS 6ALL
MANK9D4
  ,": !N "! IS S* A DI6];E Z T 2T S\L &
BODY1 OR 2T M5 & ANIMALS 7Z 9 ! CASE (
^? ^: BUSI;S IS 6USE _! BODY1 & :O C D
NO?+ BETT]71 ! L[] SORT >E 0NATURE
SLAVES1 & X IS BETT] = !M Z = ALL
9F]IORS T !Y %D 2 "U ! RULE (A MA/]4 ,=
HE :O C BE1 & "!=E IS1 ANO!R'S & HE :O
"PICIPATES 9 R,NAL PR9CIPLE 5 6APPREH5D1
B N 6H1 S* A PR9CIPLE1 IS A SLAVE
0NATURE4 ,":AS ! L[] ANIMALS _C EV5
APPREH5D A PR9CIPLE2 !Y OBEY _! 9/9CTS4
,& 9DE$ ! USE MADE ( SLAVES &( TAME
ANIMALS IS N V DI6]5T2 = BO? ) _! BODIES
M9I/] 6! NE$S ( LIFE4 ,NATURE WD L
64T+UI% 2T ! BODIES ( FREEM5 & SLAVES1
MAK+ ! "O /R;G = S]VILE LABOR1 ! O!R
UP"R1 & AL? USE.S = S* S]VICES1 USE;L =
POLITICAL LIFE 9 ! >TS BO? ( W> & P1CE4
,B ! OPPOSITE (T5 HAPP5S- T "S H ! S\LS
& O!RS H ! BODIES ( FREEM54 ,& D\BT.S IF
M5 DI6]$ F "O ANO!R 9 ! M]E =MS ( _!
BODIES Z M* Z ! /ATUES (! ,GODS D F M51
ALL WD AC"KL$GE T ! 9F]IOR CLASS %D 2
SLAVES (! SUP]IOR4 ,& IF ? IS TRUE (!
BODY1 H[ M* M J T A SIMIL> 4T9C;N %D
EXI/ 9 ! S\L8 B ! B1UTY (! BODY IS SE51
":AS ! B1UTY (! S\L IS N SE54 ,X IS
CLE>1 !N1 T "S M5 >E 0NATURE FREE1 &
O!RS SLAVES1 & T = ^! LATT] SLAV]Y IS
BO? EXP$I5T & "R4

                  ,,VI

  ,B T ^? :O TAKE ! OPPOSITE VIEW H 9 A
C]TA9 WAY "R ON _! SIDE1 MAY 2 EASILY
SE54 ,=! ^WS SLAV]Y & SLAVE >E US$ 9 TWO
S5SES4 ,"! IS A SLAVE OR SLAV]Y 0LAW Z
WELL Z 0NATURE4 ,! LAW ( : ,I SP1K IS A
SORT ( 3V5;N- ! LAW 0: :AT"E IS TAK5 9
W> IS SUPPOS$ 62L;G 6! VICTORS4 ,B ? "R
_M JURI/S IMP1*1 Z !Y WD AN ORATOR :O
BR"\ =W>D AN UNCON/ITU;NAL M1SURE3 !Y
DETE/ ! NO;N T1 2C "O MAN HAS ! P[] (
DO+ VIOL;E & IS SUP]IOR 9 BRUTE /R5G?1
ANO!R % 2 8 SLAVE & SUBJECT4 ,EV5 AM;G
PHILOSOPH]S "! IS A DI6];E ( OP9ION4 ,!
ORIG9 (! 4PUTE1 & :AT MAKES ! VIEWS
9VADE EA* O!R'S T]RITORY1 IS Z FOLL[S3 9
"S S5SE VIRTUE1 :5 FURNI%$ ) M1NS1 HAS
ACTU,Y ! GRTE/ P[] ( EX]CIS+ =CE2 & Z
SUP]IOR P[] IS ONLY F.D ": "! IS SUP]IOR
EXCELL;E ( "S K9D1 P[] SEEMS 6IMPLY
VIRTUE1 &! 4PUTE 6BE SIMPLY "O AB JU/ICE
7= X IS DUE 6"O "PY ID5TIFY+ JU/ICE )
GDWILL :ILE ! O!R ID5TIFIES X )! M]E
RULE (! /R;G]74 ,IF ^! VIEWS >E ?US SET
\ SEP>ATELY1 ! O!R VIEWS H NO =CE OR
PLAUSIBIL;Y AG/ ! VIEW T ! SUP]IOR 9
VIRTUE "\ 6RULE1 OR 2 MA/]4 ,O!RS1 CL++1
Z !Y ?9K1 SIMPLY 6A PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE 7=
LAW & CU/OM >E A SORT ( JU/ICE71 ASSUME
T SLAV]Y 9 A3ORD.E )! CU/OM ( W> IS
JU/IFI$ 0LAW1 B AT ! SAME MO;T !Y D5Y ?4
,= :AT IF ! CAUSE (! W> 2 UNJU/8 ,& AG1
NO "O WD "E SAY HE IS A SLAVE :O IS
UNWOR?Y 6BE A SLAVE4 ,7 ? ! CASE1 M5 (!
HI<E/ RANK WD 2 SLAVES &! *N ( SLAVES IF
!Y OR _! P>5TS *.E 6H BE5 TAK5 CAPTIVE &
SOLD4 ,":=E ,HELL5ES D N L 6CALL
,HELL5ES SLAVES1 B 3F9E ! T]M 6B>B>IANS4
,YET1 9 US+ ? LANGUAGE1 !Y RE,Y M1N !
NATURAL SLAVE ( :OM WE SPOKE AT F/2 = X
M/ 2 ADMITT$ T "S >E SLAVES "EY":1 O!RS
NO":4 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES 6NOBIL;Y4
,HELL5ES REG>D !MVS Z NO# "EY":1 & N
ONLY 9 _! [N C.TRY1 B !Y DEEM ! B>B>IANS
NO# ONLY :5 AT HOME1 "!BY IMPLY+ T "! >E
TWO SORTS ( NOBIL;Y & FREEDOM1 ! "O
ABSOLUTE1 ! O!R RELATIVE4 ,! ,HEL5 (
,!ODECTES SAYS3
  ,:O WD PRESUME 6CALL ME S]VANT :O AM
ON BO? SIDES SPRUNG F ! /EM (! ,GODS8
  ,:AT DOES ? M1N B T !Y 4T+UI% FREEDOM
& SLAV]Y1 NO# & HUM# BIR?1 0! TWO
PR9CIPLES ( GD & EVIL8 ,!Y ?9K T Z M5 &
ANIMALS 2GET M5 & ANIMALS1 S F GD M5 A
GD MAN SPR+S4 ,B ? IS :AT NATURE1 ?\< %E
MAY 9T5D X1 _C ALW A3OMPLI%4
  ,WE SEE !N T "! IS "S F.D,N = ? DI6];E
( OP9ION1 & T ALL >E N EI SLAVES 0NATURE
OR FREEM5 0NATURE1 & AL T "! IS 9 "S
CASES A M>K$ 4T9C;N 2T ! TWO CLASSES1
R5D]+ X EXP$I5T & "R =! "O 6BE SLAVES &!
O!RS 6BE MA/]S3 ! "O PRACTIC+ OB$I;E1 !
O!RS EX]CIS+ ! AU?OR;Y & "L%IP : NATURE
9T5D$ !M 6H4 ,! ABUSE ( ? AU?OR;Y IS
9JURI\S 6BO?2 =! 9T]E/S ( "P & :OLE1 (
BODY & S\L1 >E ! SAME1 &! SLAVE IS A "P
(! MA/]1 A LIV+ B SEP>AT$ "P ( 8 BODILY
FRAME4 ,H;E1 ": ! REL,N ( MA/] & SLAVE
2T !M IS NATURAL !Y >E FRS & H A -MON
9T]E/1 B ": X RE/S M]ELY ON LAW & =CE !
REV]SE IS TRUE4

                 ,,VII

  ,! PREVI\S REM>KS >E Q 5 6%[ T ! RULE
(A MA/] IS N A 3/ITU;NAL RULE1 & T ALL !
DI6]5T K9DS ( RULE >E N1 Z "S A6IRM1 !
SAME ) EA* O!R4 ,= "! IS "O RULE EX]CIS$
OV] SUBJECTS :O >E 0NATURE FREE1 ANO!R
OV] SUBJECTS :O >E 0NATURE SLAVES4 ,!
RULE (A H\SEHOLD IS A MON>*Y1 = E H\SE
IS "U "O H1D3 ":AS 3/ITU;NAL RULE IS A
GOV]N;T ( FREEM5 & EQUALS4 ,! MA/] IS N
CALL$ A MA/] 2C HE HAS SCI;E1 B 2C HE IS
(A C]TA9 "*1 &! SAME REM>K APPLIES 6!
SLAVE &! FREEMAN4 ,/ "! MAY 2 A SCI;E =!
MA/] & SCI;E =! SLAVE4 ,! SCI;E (! SLAVE
WD 2 S* Z ! MAN ( ,SYRACUSE TAU<T1 :O
MADE M"OY 09/RUCT+ SLAVES 9 _! ORD9>Y
DUTIES4 ,& S* A K MAY 2 C>RI$ FUR!R1 S Z
69CLUDE COOK]Y & SIMIL> M5IAL >TS4 ,= "S
DUTIES >E (! M NEC1 O!RS (! M HONORA#
SORT2 Z ! PROV]B SAYS1 ,8SLAVE 2F SLAVE1
MA/] 2F MA/]40' ,B ALL S* BRAN*ES ( K >E
S]VILE4 ,"! IS LIKEWISE A SCI;E (! MA/]1
: T1*ES ! USE ( SLAVES2 =! MA/] Z S* IS
3C]N$1 N )! ACQUISI;N1 B )! USE ( !M4
,YET ? S-CALL$ SCI;E IS N ANY?+ GRT OR
WOND];L2 =! MA/] NE$ ONLY "K H[ 6ORD] T
: ! SLAVE M/ "K H[ 6EXECUTE4 ,H;E ^? :O
>E 9 A POSI;N : PLACES !M ABV TOIL H
/EW>DS :O ATT5D 6_! H\SEHOLDS :ILE !Y
O3UPY !MVS ) PHILOSOPHY OR ) POLITICS4
,B ! >T ( ACQUIR+ SLAVES1 ,I M1N ( JU/LY
ACQUIR+ !M1 DI6]S BO? F ! >T (! MA/] &!
>T (! SLAVE1 2+ A SPECIES ( HUNT+ OR W>4
,5 (! 4T9C;N 2T MA/] & SLAVE4


                 ,,VIII

  ,LET U N[ 9QUIRE 96PROP]TY G5],Y1 &
96! >T ( GETT+ W1L?1 9 A3ORD.E ) \R
USUAL ME?OD1 =A SLAVE HAS BE5 %[N 6BE A
"P ( PROP]TY4 ,! F/ "Q IS :E!R ! >T (
GETT+ W1L? IS ! SAME )! >T ( MANAG+ A
H\SEHOLD OR A "P ( X1 OR 9/RU;TAL 6X2 &
IF ! LA/1 :E!R 9 ! WAY T ! >T ( MAK+
%UTTLES IS 9/RU;TAL 6! >T ( W1V+1 OR 9 !
WAY T ! CA/+ ( BRONZE IS 9/RU;TAL 6! >T
(! /ATU>Y1 = !Y >E N 9/RU;TAL 9 ! SAME
WAY1 B ! "O PROVIDES TOOLS &! O!R
MAT]IAL2 & 0MAT]IAL ,I M1N ! SUB/RATUM \
( : ANY "W IS MADE2 ?US WOOL IS !
MAT]IAL (! W1V]1 BRONZE (! /ATU>Y4 ,N[ X
IS EASY 6SEE T ! >T ( H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T
IS N ID5TICAL )! >T ( GETT+ W1L?1 =! "O
USES ! MAT]IAL : ! O!R PROVIDES4 ,=! >T
: USES H\SEHOLD /ORES C 2 NO O!R ?AN !
>T ( H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T4 ,"! IS1 H["E1 A
D\BT :E!R ! >T ( GETT+ W1L? IS A "P (
H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T OR A 4T9CT >T4 ,IF !
GETT] ( W1L? HAS 63SID] :;E W1L? &
PROP]TY C 2 PROCUR$1 B "! >E _M SORTS (
PROP]TY & RI*ES1 !N >E HUSB&RY1 &! C>E &
PROVI.N ( FOOD 9 G5]AL1 "PS (! W1L?-
GETT+ >T OR 4T9CT >TS8 ,AG1 "! >E _M
SORTS ( FOOD1 & "!=E "! >E _M K9DS (
LIVES BO? ( ANIMALS & M52 !Y M/ ALL H
FOOD1 &! DI6];ES 9 _! FOOD H MADE
DI6];ES 9 _! WAYS ( LIFE4 ,=( B1/S1 "S
>E GREG>I\S1 O!RS >E SOLIT>Y2 !Y LIVE 9
! WAY : IS BE/ ADAPT$ 6SU/A9 !M1 ACLY Z
!Y >E C>NIVOR\S OR H]BIVOR\S OR
OMNIVOR\S3 & _! HABITS >E DET]M9$ = !M
0NATURE 9 S* A MANN] T !Y MAY OBTA9 )
GRT] FACIL;Y ! FOOD ( _! *OICE4 ,B1 Z
DI6]5T SPECIES H DI6]5T TA/ES1 ! SAME
?+S >E N NATUR,Y PL1SANT 6ALL ( !M2 &
"!=E ! LIVES ( C>NIVOR\S OR H]BIVOR\S
ANIMALS FUR!R DI6] AM;G !MVS4 ,9 ! LIVES
( M5 TOO "! IS A GRT DI6];E4 ,! LAZIE/
>E %EPH]DS1 :O L1D AN IDLE LIFE1 & GET
_! SUBSI/;E )\T TR\# F TAME ANIMALS2 _!
FLOCKS HAV+ 6W&] F PLACE 6PLACE 9 SE>* (
PA/URE1 !Y >E -PELL$ 6FOLL[ !M1
CULTIVAT+ A SORT ( LIV+ F>M4 ,O!RS
SUPPORT !MVS 0HUNT+1 : IS ( DI6]5T K9DS4
,"S1 = EXAMPLE1 >E BRIG&S1 O!RS1 :O
DWELL NE> LAKES OR M>%ES OR RIV]S OR A
SEA 9 : "! >E FI%1 >E FI%]M51 & O!RS
LIVE 0! PURSUIT ( BIRDS OR WILD B1/S4 ,!
GRT] NUMB] OBTA9 A LIV+ F ! CULTIVAT$
FRUITS (! SOIL4 ,S* >E ! MODES (
SUBSI/;E : PREVAIL AM;G ^? ^: 9DU/RY
SPR+S UP ( XF1 & ^: FOOD IS N ACQUIR$
0EX*ANGE & RETAIL TRADE- "! IS ! %EPH]D1
! HUSB&MAN1 ! BRIG&1 ! FI%]MAN1 ! HUNT]4
,"S GA9 A -=TA# MA9T5.E \ ( TWO
EMPLOY;TS1 EK+ \ ! DEFICI5CIES ( "O ( !M
0ANO!R3 ?US ! LIFE (A %EPH]D MAY 2 -B9$
) T (A BRIG&1 ! LIFE (A F>M] ) T (A
HUNT]4 ,O!R MODES ( LIFE >E SIMIL>LY
-B9$ 9 ANY WAY : ! NE$S ( M5 MAY
REQUIRE4 ,PROP]TY1 9 ! S5SE (A B>E
LIVELIHOOD1 SEEMS 6BE GIV5 0NATURE H]F
6ALL1 BO? :5 !Y >E F/ BORN1 & :5 !Y >E
GR[N UP4 ,= "S ANIMALS BR+ =?1 TGR ) _!
(FSPR+1 S M* FOOD Z W LA/ UNTIL !Y >E A#
6SUPPLY !MVS2 ( ? ! V]MIP>\S OR OVIP>\S
ANIMALS >E AN 9/.E2 &! VIVIP>\S ANIMALS
H UP 6A C]TA9 "T A SUPPLY ( FOOD = _! "Y
9 !MVS1 : IS CALL$ MILK4 ,9 L MANN] WE
MAY 9F] T1 AF ! BIR? ( ANIMALS1 PLANTS
EXI/ = _! SAKE1 & T ! O!R ANIMALS EXI/ =
! SAKE ( MAN1 ! TAME = USE & FOOD1 !
WILD1 IF N ALL AT L1/ ! GRT] "P ( !M1 =
FOOD1 &=! PROVI.N ( CLO?+ & V>I\S
9/RU;TS4 ,N[ IF NATURE MAKES NO?+
9COMPLETE1 & NO?+ 9 VA91 ! 9F];E M/ 2 T
%E HAS MADE ALL ANIMALS =! SAKE ( MAN4
,& S1 9 "O PO9T ( VIEW1 ! >T ( W> IS A
NATURAL >T ( ACQUISI;N1 =! >T (
ACQUISI;N 9CLUDES HUNT+1 AN >T : WE "\
6PRACTICE AG/ WILD B1/S1 & AG/ M5 :O1
?\< 9T5D$ 0NATURE 6BE GOV]N$1 W N
SUBMIT2 = W> ( S* A K9D IS NATUR,Y J4
  ,(! >T ( ACQUISI;N !N "! IS "O K9D :
0NATURE IS A "P (! MANAGE;T (A H\SEHOLD1
9 S F> Z ! >T ( H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T M/ EI
F9D R1DY 6H&1 OR XF PROVIDE1 S* ?+S NEC
6LIFE1 & USE;L =! -MUN;Y (! FAMILY OR
/ATE1 Z C 2 /OR$4 ,!Y >E ! ELE;TS ( TRUE
RI*ES2 =! AM.T ( PROP]TY : IS NE$$ =A GD
LIFE IS N UNLIMIT$1 AL? ,SOLON 9 "O ( 8
POEMS SAYS T
  ,NO B.D 6RI*ES HAS BE5 FIX$ = MAN4
  ,B "! IS A B.D>Y FIX$1 J Z "! IS 9 !
O!R >TS2 =! 9/RU;TS ( ANY >T >E N"E
UNLIMIT$1 EI 9 NUMB] OR SIZE1 & RI*ES
MAY 2 DEF9$ Z A NUMB] ( 9/RU;TS 6BE US$
9 A H\SEHOLD OR 9 A /ATE4 ,& S WE SEE T
"! IS A NATURAL >T ( ACQUISI;N : IS
PRACTIC$ 0MANAG]S ( H\SEHOLDS &
0/ATESM51 & :AT IS ! R1SON ( ?4

                  ,,IX

  ,"! IS ANO!R V>IETY (! >T ( ACQUISI;N
: IS -MONLY & "RLY CALL$ AN >T ( W1L?-
GETT+1 & HAS 9 FACT SU7E/$ ! NO;N T
RI*ES & PROP]TY H NO LIMIT4 ,2+ NE>LY
3NECT$ )! PREC$+1 X IS (T5 ID5TIFI$ ) X4
,B ?\< !Y >E N V DI6]5T1 NEI >E !Y !
SAME4 ,! K9D ALR DESCRIB$ IS GIV5
0NATURE1 ! O!R IS GA9$ 0EXP]I;E & >T4
  ,LET U 2G9 \R 4CUS.N (! "Q )! FOLL[+
3SID],NS3
  ,( "EY?+ : WE POSSESS "! >E TWO USES3
BO? 2L;G 6! ?+ Z S*1 B N 9 ! SAME MANN]1
= "O IS ! PROP]1 &! O!R ! IMPROP] OR
SECOND>Y USE ( X4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A %OE IS
US$ = WE>1 & IS US$ = EX*ANGE2 BO? >E
USES (! %OE4 ,HE :O GIVES A %OE 9
EX*ANGE = M"OY OR FOOD 6HM :O WANTS "O1
DOES 9DE$ USE ! %OE Z A %OE1 B ? IS N XS
PROP] OR PRIM>Y PURPOSE1 =A %OE IS N
MADE 6BE AN OBJECT ( B>T]4 ,! SAME MAY 2
SD ( ALL POSSES.NS1 =! >T ( EX*ANGE
EXT5DS 6ALL ( !M1 & X >ISES AT F/ F :AT
IS NATURAL1 F ! CIRCUM/.E T "S H TOO LL1
O!RS TOO M*4 ,H;E WE MAY 9F] T RETAIL
TRADE IS N A NATURAL "P (! >T ( GETT+
W1L?2 _H X BE5 S1 M5 WD H C1S$ 6EX*ANGE
:5 !Y _H 5\<4 ,9 ! F/ -MUN;Y1 9DE$1 : IS
! FAMILY1 ? >T IS OBVI\SLY ( NO USE1 B X
2G9S 6BE USE;L :5 ! SOCIETY 9CR1SES4 ,=!
MEMB]S (! FAMILY ORIG9,Y _H ALL ?+S 9
-MON2 LAT]1 :5 ! FAMILY DIVID$ 96"PS1 !
"PS %>$ 9 _M ?+S1 & DI6]5T "PS 9 DI6]5T
?+S1 : !Y _H 6GIVE 9 EX*ANGE = :AT !Y
WANT$1 A K9D ( B>T] : IS / PRACTIC$ AM;G
B>B>\S N,NS :O EX*ANGE ) "O ANO!R !
NECESS>IES ( LIFE & NO?+ M2 GIV+ & RCVG
W9E1 = EXAMPLE1 9 EX*ANGE = CO91 &! L4
,? SORT ( B>T] IS N "P (! W1L?-GETT+ >T
& IS N 3TR>Y 6NATURE1 B IS NE$$ =!
SATISFAC;N ( M5'S NATURAL WANTS4 ,! O!R
OR M -PLEX =M ( EX*ANGE GREW1 Z MI<T H
BE5 9F]R$1 \ (! SIMPL]4 ,:5 ! 9HABITANTS
( "O C.TRY 2CAME M DEP5D5T ON ^? (
ANO!R1 & !Y IMPORT$ :AT !Y NE$$1 &
EXPORT$ :AT !Y _H TOO M* (1 M"OY
NECESS>ILY CAME 96USE4 ,=! V>I\S
NECESS>IES ( LIFE >E N EASILY C>RI$ AB1
& H;E M5 AGRE$ 6EMPLOY 9 _! D1L+S ) EA*
O!R "S?+ : 0 9TR9SIC,Y USE;L & EASILY
APPLICA# 6! PURPOSES ( LIFE1 = EXAMPLE1
IRON1 SILV]1 &! L4 ,( ? ! VALUE 0 AT F/
M1SUR$ SIMPLY 0SIZE & WEI<T1 B 9 PROCESS
( "T !Y PUT A /AMP ^U X1 6SAVE ! TR\# (
WEI<+ & 6M>K ! VALUE4
  ,:5 ! USE ( CO9 _H ONCE BE5 4COV]$1 \
(! B>T] ( NEC >TICLES >OSE ! O!R >T (
W1L? GETT+1 "NLY1 RETAIL TRADE2 : 0 AT
F/ PROBABLY A SIMPLE MATT]1 B 2CAME M
-PLICAT$ Z SOON Z M5 LE>N$ 0EXP]I;E :;E
& 0:AT EX*ANGES ! GRTE/ PR(IT MI<T 2
MADE4 ,ORIG9AT+ 9 ! USE ( CO91 ! >T (
GETT+ W1L? IS G5],Y ?"\ 6BE *IEFLY 3C]N$
) X1 & 6BE ! >T : PRODUCES RI*ES & W1L?2
HAV+ 63SID] H[ !Y MAY 2 A3UMULAT$4
,9DE$1 RI*ES IS ASSUM$ 0_M 6BE ONLY A
QUANT;Y ( CO91 2C ! >TS ( GETT+ W1L? &
RETAIL TRADE >E 3C]N$ ) CO94 ,O!RS
MA9TA9 T CO9$ M"OY IS A M]E %AM1 A ?+ N
NATURAL1 B 3V5;NAL ONLY1 2C1 IF ! US]S
SUB/ITUTE ANO!R -MOD;Y = X1 X IS WOR?.S1
& 2C X IS N USE;L Z A M1NS 6ANY (!
NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 &1 9DE$1 HE :O IS
RI* 9 CO9 MAY (T5 2 9 WANT ( NEC FOOD4
,B H[ C T 2 W1L? ( : A MAN MAY H A GRT
ABUND.E & YET P]I% ) HUNG]1 L ,MIDAS 9 !
FA#1 ^: 9SATIA# PRAY] TURN$ "EY?+ T 0
SET 2F HM 96GOLD8
  ,H;E M5 SEEK AF A BETT] NO;N ( RI*ES &
(! >T ( GETT+ W1L? ?AN ! M]E ACQUISI;N (
CO91 & !Y >E "R4 ,= NATURAL RI*ES &!
NATURAL >T ( W1L?-GETT+ >E A DI6]5T ?+2
9 _! TRUE =M !Y >E "P (! MANAGE;T (A
H\SEHOLD2 ":AS RETAIL TRADE IS ! >T (
PRODUC+ W1L?1 N 9 E WAY1 B 0EX*ANGE4 ,&
X IS ?"\ 6BE 3C]N$ ) CO92 = CO9 IS !
UNIT ( EX*ANGE &! M1SURE OR LIMIT ( X4
,& "! IS NO B.D 6! RI*ES : SPR+ F ? >T (
W1L? GETT+4 ,Z 9 ! >T ( M$IC9E "! IS NO
LIMIT 6! PURSUIT ( H1L?1 & Z 9 ! O!R >TS
"! IS NO LIMIT 6! PURSUIT ( _! S"EAL
5DS1 = !Y AIM AT A3OMPLI%+ _! 5DS 6!
UTT]MO/ 7B (! M1NS "! IS A LIMIT1 =! 5D
IS ALW ! LIMIT71 S1 TOO1 9 ? >T ( W1L?-
GETT+ "! IS NO LIMIT (! 5D1 : IS RI*ES (
! SPURI\S K9D1 &! ACQUISI;N ( W1L?4 ,B !
>T ( W1L?-GETT+ : 3SI/S 9 H\SEHOLD
MANAGE;T1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS A LIMIT2 !
UNLIMIT$ ACQUISI;N ( W1L? IS N XS
BUSI;S4 ,&1 "!=E1 9 "O PO9T ( VIEW1 ALL
RI*ES M/ H A LIMIT2 N"E!.S1 Z A MATT] (
FACT1 WE F9D ! OPPOSITE 6BE ! CASE2 =
ALL GETT]S ( W1L? 9CR1SE _! HO>D ( CO9
)\T LIMIT4 ,! S\RCE (! 3FU.N IS ! NE>
3NEC;N 2T ! TWO K9DS ( W1L?-GETT+2 9 EI1
! 9/RU;T IS ! SAME1 AL? ! USE IS DI6]5T1
& S !Y PASS 96"O ANO!R2 = EA* IS A USE (
! SAME PROP]TY1 B )A DI6];E3 A3UMUL,N IS
! 5D 9 ! "O CASE1 B "! IS A FUR!R 5D 9 !
O!R4 ,H;E "S P]SONS >E L$ 62LIEVE T
GETT+ W1L? IS ! OBJECT ( H\SEHOLD
MANAGE;T1 &! :OLE IDEA ( _! LIVES IS T
!Y "\ EI 69CR1SE _! M"OY )\T LIMIT1 OR
AT ANY RATE N 6LOSE X4 ,! ORIG9 ( ?
4POSI;N 9 M5 IS T !Y >E 9T5T ^U LIV+
ONLY1 & N ^U LIV+ WELL2 &1 Z _! DESIRES
>E UNLIMIT$ !Y AL DESIRE T ! M1NS (
GRATIFY+ !M %D 2 )\T LIMIT4 ,^? :O D AIM
AT A GD LIFE SEEK ! M1NS ( OBTA9+ BODILY
PL1SURES2 &1 S9CE ! 5JOY;T ( ^! APPE>S
6DEP5D ON PROP]TY1 !Y >E ABSORB$ 9 GETT+
W1L?3 & S "! >ISES ! SECOND SPECIES (
W1L?-GETT+4 ,=1 Z _! 5JOY;T IS 9 EXCESS1
!Y SEEK AN >T : PRODUCES ! EXCESS (
5JOY;T2 &1 IF !Y >E N A# 6SUPPLY _!
PL1SURES 0! >T ( GETT+ W1L?1 !Y TRY O!R
>TS1 US+ 9 TURN E FACULTY 9 A MANN]
3TR>Y 6NATURE4 ,! QUAL;Y ( C\RAGE1 =
EXAMPLE1 IS N 9T5D$ 6MAKE W1L?1 B
69SPIRE 3FID;E2 NEI IS ? ! AIM (!
G5]AL'S OR (! PHYSICIAN'S >T2 B ! "O
AIMS AT VICTORY &! O!R AT H1L?4 ,N"E!.S1
"S M5 TURN E QUAL;Y OR >T 96A M1NS (
GETT+ W1L?2 ? !Y 3CV 6BE ! 5D1 & 6!
PROMO;N (! 5D !Y ?9K ALL ?+S M/
3TRIBUTE4
  ,?US1 !N1 WE H 3SID]$ ! >T ( W1L?-
GETT+ : IS UNNEC1 & :Y M5 WANT X2 & AL !
NEC >T ( W1L?-GETT+1 : WE H SE5 6BE
DI6]5T F ! O!R1 & 6BE A NATURAL "P (! >T
( MANAG+ A H\SEHOLD1 3C]N$ )! PROVI.N (
FOOD1 N1 H["E1 L ! =M] K9D1 UNLIMIT$1 B
HAV+ A LIMIT4

                  ;,X

  ,& WE H F.D ! ANSW] 6\R ORIG9AL "Q1
,:E!R ! >T ( GETT+ W1L? IS ! BUSI;S (!
MANAG] (A H\SEHOLD &(! /ATESMAN OR N _!
BUSI;S8 VIZ41 T W1L? IS PRESUPPOS$ 0!M4
,= Z POLITICAL SCI;E DOES N MAKE M51 B
TAKES !M F NATURE & USES !M1 S TOO
NATURE PROVIDES !M ) E>? OR SEA OR ! L Z
A S\RCE ( FOOD4 ,AT ? /AGE 2G9S ! DUTY (
! MANAG] (A H\SEHOLD1 :O HAS 6ORD] ! ?+S
: NATURE SUPPLIES2 HE MAY 2 -P>$ 6! W1V]
:O HAS N 6MAKE B 6USE WOOL1 & 6"K1 TOO1
:AT SORT ( WOOL IS GD & S]VICEA# OR BAD
& UNS]VICEA#4 ,7 ? O!RWISE1 X WD 2
DI6ICULT 6SEE :Y ! >T ( GETT+ W1L? IS A
"P (! MANAGE;T (A H\SEHOLD &! >T (
M$IC9E N2 = SURELY ! MEMB]S (A H\SEHOLD
M/ H H1L? J Z !Y M/ H LIFE OR ANY O!R
NEC4 ,! ANSW] IS T Z F "O PO9T ( VIEW !
MA/] (! H\SE &! RUL] (! /ATE H 63SID] AB
H1L?1 F ANO!R PO9T ( VIEW N !Y B !
PHYSICIAN2 S 9 "O WAY ! >T ( H\SEHOLD
MANAGE;T1 9 ANO!R WAY ! SUBORD9ATE >T1
HAS 63SID] AB W1L?4 ,B1 /RICTLY SP1K+1 Z
,I H ALR SD1 ! M1NS ( LIFE M/ 2 PROVID$
2FH& 0NATURE2 =! BUSI;S ( NATURE IS
6FURNI% FOOD 6T : IS BORN1 &! FOOD (!
(FSPR+ IS ALW :AT REMA9S OV] ( T F : X
IS PRODUC$4 ,":=E ! >T ( GETT+ W1L? \ (
FRUITS & ANIMALS IS ALW NATURAL4
  ,"! >E TWO SORTS ( W1L?-GETT+1 Z ,I H
SD2 "O IS A "P ( H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T1 !
O!R IS RETAIL TRADE3 ! =M] NEC &
HONORA#1 :ILE T : 3SI/S 9 EX*ANGE IS
JU/LY C5SUR$2 = X IS UNNATURAL1 &A MODE
0: M5 GA9 F "O ANO!R4 ,! MO/ HAT$ SORT1
&)! GRTE/ R1SON1 IS USURY1 : MAKES A GA9
\ ( M"OY XF1 & N F ! NATURAL OBJECT ( X4
,= M"OY 0 9T5D$ 6BE US$ 9 EX*ANGE1 B N
69CR1SE AT 9T]E/4 ,& ? T]M 9T]E/1 : M1NS
! BIR? ( M"OY F M"OY1 IS APPLI$ 6! BRE$+
( M"OY 2C ! (FSPR+ RESEM#S ! P>5T4 ,":=E
( AN MODES ( GETT+ W1L? ? IS ! MO/
UNNATURAL4

                  ,,XI

  ,5 HAS BE5 SD AB ! !ORY ( W1L?-GETT+2
WE W N[ PROCE$ 6! PRACTICAL "P4 ,!
4CUS.N ( S* MATT]S IS N UNWOR?Y (
PHILOSOPHY1 B 6BE 5GAG$ 9 !M PRACTIC,Y
IS ILLIB]AL & IRK"S4 ,! USE;L "PS (
W1L?-GETT+ >E1 F/1 ! K ( LIVE/OCK- : >E
MO/ PR(ITA#1 & ":1 & H[- Z1 = EXAMPLE1
:AT SORT ( HORSES OR %EEP OR OX5 OR ANY
O!R ANIMALS >E MO/ LIKELY 6GIVE A
RETURN4 ,A MAN "\ 6"K : ( ^! PAY BETT]
?AN O!RS1 & : PAY BE/ 9 "PICUL> PLACES1
= "S D BETT] 9 "O PLACE & "S 9 ANO!R4
,SECONDLY1 HUSB&RY1 : MAY 2 EI TILLAGE
OR PLANT+1 &! KEEP+ ( BEES &( FI%1 OR
F[L1 OR ( ANY ANIMALS : MAY 2 USE;L
6MAN4 ,^! >E ! DIVI.NS (! TRUE OR PROP]
>T ( W1L?-GETT+ & -E F/4 ,(! O!R1 :
3SI/S 9 EX*ANGE1 ! F/ & MO/ IMPORTANT
DIVI.N IS -M]CE 7( : "! >E ?REE K9DS- !
PROVI.N (A %IP1 ! 3VEY.E ( GDS1 EXPOSURE
= SALE- ^! AG DI6]+ Z !Y >E SAF] OR M
PR(ITA#71 ! SECOND IS USURY1 ! ?IRD1
S]VICE = HIRE- ( ?1 "O K9D IS EMPLOY$ 9
! ME*ANICAL >TS1 ! O!R 9 UNSKILL$ &
BODILY LABOR4 ,"! IS / A ?IRD SORT (
W1L? GETT+ 9T]M$IATE 2T ? &! F/ OR
NATURAL MODE : IS "PLY NATURAL1 B IS AL
3C]N$ ) EX*ANGE1 VIZ41 ! 9DU/RIES T MAKE
_! PR(IT F ! E>?1 & F ?+S GR[+ F ! E>?
:1 AL? !Y BE> NO FRUIT1 >E N"E!.S
PR(ITA#2 = EXAMPLE1 ! CUTT+ ( TIMB] &
ALL M9+4 ,! >T ( M9+1 0: M9]ALS >E
OBTA9$1 XF HAS _M BRAN*ES1 = "! >E V>I\S
K9DS ( ?+S DUG \ (! E>?4 ,(! S"EAL
DIVI.NS ( W1L?-GETT+ ,I N[ SP1K G5],Y2 A
M9UTE 3SID],N ( !M MI<T 2 USE;L 9
PRACTICE1 B X WD 2 TIRE"S 6DWELL ^U !M
AT GRT] L5G? N[4
  ,^? O3UP,NS >E MO/ TRULY >TS 9 : "! IS
! L1/ ELE;T ( *.E2 !Y >E ! M1NE/ 9 : !
BODY IS MO/ DET]IORAT$1 ! MO/ S]VILE 9 :
"! IS ! GRTE/ USE (! BODY1 &! MO/
ILLIB]AL 9 : "! IS ! L1/ NE$ ( EXCELL;E4
  ,"WS H BE5 WRITT5 ^U ^! SUBJECTS
0V>I\S P]SONS2 = EXAMPLE1 0,*>ES !
,P>IAN1 & ,APOLLODORUS ! ,LEMNIAN1 :O H
TR1T$ ( ,TILLAGE & ,PLANT+1 :ILE O!RS H
TR1T$ ( O!R BRAN*ES2 ANY "O :O C>ES = S*
MATT]S MAY REF] 6_! WRIT+S4 ,X WD 2 WELL
AL 6COLLECT ! SCATT]$ /ORIES (! WAYS 9 :
9DIVIDUALS H SU3E$$ 9 AMASS+ A =TUNE2 =
ALL ? IS USE;L 6P]SONS :O VALUE ! >T (
GETT+ W1L?4 ,"! IS ! ANECDOTE ( ,?ALES !
,MILESIAN & 8 F9ANCIAL DEVICE1 : 9VOLVES
A PR9CIPLE ( UNIV]SAL APPLIC,N1 B IS
ATTRIBUT$ 6HM ON A3.T ( 8 REPUT,N =
WISDOM4 ,HE 0 REPROA*$ = 8 POV]TY1 : 0
SUPPOS$ 6%[ T PHILOSOPHY 0 ( NO USE4 ,AC
6! /ORY1 HE KNEW 0HIS SKILL 9 ! />S :ILE
X 0 YET W9T] T "! WD 2 A GRT H>VE/ (
OLIVES 9 ! -+ YE>2 S1 HAV+ A LL M"OY1 HE
GAVE DEPOSITS =! USE ( ALL ! OLIVE-
PRESSES 9 ,*IOS & ,MILETUS1 : HE HIR$ AT
A L[ PRICE 2C NO "O BID AG/ HM4 ,:5 !
H>VE/-"T CAME1 & _M 7 WANT$ ALL AT ONCE
&(A SU451 HE LET !M \ AT ANY RATE : HE
PL1S$1 & MADE A QUANT;Y ( M"OY4 ,?US HE
%[$ ! _W T PHILOSOPH]S C EASILY 2 RI* IF
!Y L1 B T _! AMBI;N IS ( ANO!R SORT4 ,HE
IS SUPPOS$ 6H GIV5 A /RIK+ PRO( ( 8
WISDOM1 B1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 8 DEVICE = GETT+
W1L? IS ( UNIV]SAL APPLIC,N1 & IS NO?+ B
! CRE,N (A MONOPOLY4 ,X IS AN >T (T5
PRACTIC$ 0CITIES :5 !Y >E WANT ( M"OY2
!Y MAKE A MONOPOLY ( PROVI.NS4
  ,"! 0 A MAN ( ,SICILY1 :O1 HAV+ M"OY
DEPOSIT$ ) HM1 B"\ UP AN ! IRON F ! IRON
M9ES2 AFWS1 :5 ! M]*ANTS F _! V>I\S
M>KETS CAME 6BUY1 HE 0 ! ONLY SELL]1 &
)\T M* 9CR1S+ ! PRICE HE GA9$ #BJJ P]
C5T4 ,: :5 ,DIONYSIUS HE>D1 HE TOLD HM T
HE MI<T TAKE AWAY 8 M"OY1 B T HE M/ N
REMA9 AT ,SYRACUSE1 = HE ?"\ T ! MAN _H
4COV]$ A WAY ( MAK+ M"OY : 0 9JURI\S
6HIS [N 9T]E/S4 ,HE MADE ! SAME 4COV]Y Z
,?ALES2 !Y BO? 3TRIV$ 6CR1TE A MONOPOLY
= !MVS4 ,& /ATESM5 Z WELL "\ 6"K ^! ?+S2
=A /ATE IS (T5 Z M* 9 WANT ( M"OY &( S*
DEVICES = OBTA9+ X Z A H\SEHOLD1 OR EV5
M S2 H;E "S PUBLIC M5 DEVOTE !MVS
5TIRELY 6F9.E4

                 ,,XII

  ,( H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T WE H SE5 T "! >E
?REE "PS- "O IS ! RULE (A MA/] OV]
SLAVES1 : HAS BE5 4CUSS$ ALR1 ANO!R (A
"F1 &! ?IRD (A HUSB&4 ,A HUSB& & "F1 WE
SAW1 RULES OV] WIFE & *N1 BO? FREE1 B !
RULE DI6]S1 ! RULE OV] 8 *N 2+ A ROYAL1
OV] 8 WIFE A 3/ITU;NAL RULE4 ,= AL? "!
MAY 2 EXCEP;NS 6! ORD] ( NATURE1 ! MALE
IS 0NATURE FITT] = -M& ?AN ! FEMALE1 J Z
! ELD] & FULL-GR[N IS SUP]IOR 6! "Y] & M
IMMATURE4 ,B 9 MO/ 3/ITU;NAL /ATES !
CITIZ5S RULE & >E RUL$ 0TURNS1 =! IDEA (
A 3/ITU;NAL /ATE IMPLIES T ! NATURES (!
CITIZ5S >E EQUAL1 & D N DI6] AT ALL4
,N"E!.S1 :5 "O RULES &! O!R IS RUL$ WE
5D1VOR 6CR1TE A DI6];E ( \TW>D =MS & "NS
& TITLES ( RESPECT1 : MAY 2 ILLU/RAT$ 0!
SAY+ ( ,AMASIS AB 8 FOOT-PAN4 ,! REL,N (
! MALE 6! FEMALE IS ( ? K9D1 B "! !
9EQUAL;Y IS P]MAN5T4 ,! RULE (A "F OV] 8
*N IS ROYAL1 = HE RULES 0VIRTUE BO? (
LOVE &(! RESPECT DUE 6AGE1 EX]CIS+ A K9D
( ROYAL P[]4 ,& "!=E ,HOM] HAS
APPROPRIATELY CALL$ ,ZEUS ,8"F ( ,GODS &
M510' 2C HE IS ! K+ ( !M ALL4 ,=A K+ IS
! NATURAL SUP]IOR ( 8 SUBJECTS1 B HE %D
2 (! SAME K9 OR K9D ) !M1 & S* IS !
REL,N ( ELD] & "Y]1 ( "F & SON4

                 ,,XIII

  ,?US X IS CLE> T H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T
ATT5DS M 6M5 ?AN 6! ACQUISI;N ( 9ANIMATE
?+S1 & 6HUMAN EXCELL;E M ?AN 6! EXCELL;E
( PROP]TY : WE CALL W1L?1 & 6! VIRTUE (
FREEM5 M ?AN 6! VIRTUE ( SLAVES4 ,A "Q
MAY 9DE$ 2 RAIS$1 :E!R "! IS ANY
EXCELL;E AT ALL 9 A SLAVE 2Y & HI<] ?AN
M]ELY 9/RU;TAL & M9I/]IAL QUALITIES-
:E!R HE C H ! VIRTUES ( TEMP].E1 C\RAGE1
JU/ICE1 &! L2 OR :E!R SLAVES POSSESS
ONLY BODILY & M9I/]IAL QUALITIES4 ,&1
:I*"E WAY WE ANSW] ! "Q1 A DI6ICULTY
>ISES2 =1 IF !Y H VIRTUE1 9 :AT W !Y
DI6] F FREEM58 ,ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE !Y >E
M5 & %>E 9 R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 X SEEMS
ABSURD 6SAY T !Y H NO VIRTUE4 ,A SIMIL>
"Q MAY 2 RAIS$ AB WOM5 & *N1 :E!R !Y TOO
H VIRTUES3 "\ A WOMAN 6BE TEMP]ATE &
BRAVE & J1 & IS A * 6BE CALL$ TEMP]ATE1
& 9TEMP]ATE1 OR NOTE ,S 9 G5]AL WE MAY
ASK AB ! NATURAL RUL]1 &! NATURAL
SUBJECT1 :E!R !Y H ! SAME OR DI6]5T
VIRTUES4 ,= IF A NO# NATURE IS EQU,Y
REQUIR$ 9 BO?1 :Y %D "O ( !M ALW RULE1 &
! O!R ALW 2 RUL$8 ,NOR C WE SAY T ? IS A
"Q ( DEGREE1 =! DI6];E 2T RUL] & SUBJECT
IS A DI6];E ( K9D1 : ! DI6];E ( M & LESS
N"E IS4 ,YET H[ /RANGE IS ! SUPPOSI;N T
! "O "\1 & T ! O!R "\ N1 6H VIRTUE6 ,=
IF ! RUL] IS 9TEMP]ATE & UNJU/1 H[ C HE
RULE WELL8 ,IF ! SUBJECT1 H[ C HE OBEY
WELL8 ,IF HE 2 LIC5TI\S & C[>DLY1 HE W
C]TA9LY N D 8 DUTY4 ,X IS EVID5T1 "!=E1
T BO? ( !M M/ H A %>E ( VIRTUE1 B V>Y+ Z
NATURAL SUBJECTS AL V>Y AM;G !MVS4 ,"H !
V 3/ITU;N (! S\L HAS %[N U ! WAY2 9 X "O
"P NATUR,Y RULES1 &! O!R IS SUBJECT1 &!
VIRTUE (! RUL] WE 9 MA9TA9 6BE DI6]5T F
T (! SUBJECT2 ! "O 2+ ! VIRTUE (! R,NAL1
&! O!R (! IRR,NAL "P4 ,N[1 X IS OBVI\S T
! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES G5],Y1 & "!=E
ALM ALL ?+S RULE & >E RUL$ AC 6NATURE4
,B ! K9D ( RULE DI6]S2 ! FREEMAN RULES
OV] ! SLAVE AF ANO!R MANN] F T 9 : !
MALE RULES OV] ! FEMALE1 OR ! MAN OV] !
*2 AL? ! "PS (! S\L >E PRES5T 9 AN ( !M1
!Y >E PRES5T 9 DI6]5T DEGREES4 ,=! SLAVE
HAS NO DELIB]ATIVE FACULTY AT ALL2 !
WOMAN HAS1 B X IS )\T AU?OR;Y1 &! * HAS1
B X IS IMMATURE4 ,S X M/ NECESS>ILY 2
SUPPOS$ 6BE )! MORAL VIRTUES AL2 ALL %D
P>TAKE ( !M1 B ONLY 9 S* MANN] & DEGREE
Z IS REQUIR$ 0EA* =! FULFILL;T ( 8 DUTY4
,H;E ! RUL] "\ 6H MORAL VIRTUE 9
P]FEC;N1 = 8 FUNC;N1 TAK5 ABSOLUTELY1
DEM&S A MA/] >TIFIC]1 & R,NAL PR9CIPLE
IS S* AN >TIFIC]2 ! SUBJECTS1 OIL ! O!R
H&1 REQUIRE ONLY T M1SURE ( VIRTUE : IS
PROP] 6EA* ( !M4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 MORAL
VIRTUE 2L;GS 6ALL ( !M2 B ! TEMP].E (A
MAN &(A WOMAN1 OR ! C\RAGE & JU/ICE (A
MAN &(A WOMAN1 >E N1 Z ,SOCRATES
MA9TA9$1 ! SAME2 ! C\RAGE (A MAN IS %[N
9 -M&+1 (A WOMAN 9 OBEY+4 ,& ? HOLDS (
ALL O!R VIRTUES1 Z W 2 M CLE>LY SE5 IF
WE LOOK AT !M 9 DETAIL1 = ^? :O SAY
G5],Y T VIRTUE 3SI/S 9 A GD 4POSI;N (!
S\L1 OR 9 DO+ "RLY1 OR ! L1 ONLY DCV
!MVS4 ,F> BETT] ?AN S* DEF9I;NS IS _!
MODE ( SP1K+1 :O1 L ,GORGIAS1 ENUM]ATE !
VIRTUES4 ,ALL CLASSES M/ 2 DEEM$ 6H _!
SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES2 Z ! POET SAYS (
WOM51
  ,SIL;E IS A WOMAN'S GLORY1
  B ? IS N EQU,Y ! GLORY ( MAN4 ,! * IS
IMP]FECT1 & "!=E OBVI\SLY 8 VIRTUE IS N
RELATIVE 6HMF AL"O1 B 6! P]FECT MAN &
6HIS T1*]1 & 9 L MANN] ! VIRTUE (! SLAVE
IS RELATIVE 6A MA/]4 ,N[ WE DET]M9$ T A
SLAVE IS USE;L =! WANTS ( LIFE1 & "!=E
HE W OBVI\SLY REQUIRE ONLY S M* VIRTUE Z
W PREV5T HM F FAIL+ 9 8 DUTY "? C[>DICE
OR LACK ( SELF-3TROL4 ,"S "O W ASK :E!R1
IF :AT WE >E SAY+ IS TRUE1 VIRTUE W N 2
REQUIR$ AL 9 ! >TISANS1 = !Y (T5 FAIL 9
_! "W "? ! LACK ( SELF 3TROL8 ,B IS "! N
A GRT DI6];E 9 ! TWO CASES8 ,=! SLAVE
%>ES 9 8 MA/]'S LIFE2 ! >TISAN IS LESS
CLOSELY 3NECT$ ) HM1 & ONLY ATTA9S
EXCELL;E 9 PROPOR;N Z HE 2COMES A SLAVE4
,! M1N] SORT ( ME*ANIC HAS A SPECIAL &
SEP>ATE SLAV]Y2 & ":AS ! SLAVE EXI/S
0NATURE1 N S ! %OEMAK] OR O!R >TISAN4 ,X
IS MANIFE/1 !N1 T ! MA/] "\ 6BE ! S\RCE
( S* EXCELL;E 9 ! SLAVE1 & N A M]E
POSSESSOR (! >T ( MA/]%IP : TRA9S !
SLAVE 9 8 DUTIES4 ,":=E !Y >E MISTAK5 :O
=BID U 63V]SE ) SLAVES & SAY T WE %D
EMPLOY -M& ONLY1 = SLAVES /& EV5 M 9 NE$
( ADMONI;N ?AN *N4
  ,S M* = ? SUBJECT2 ! REL,NS ( HUSB& &
WIFE1 P>5T & *1 _! S"EAL VIRTUES1 :AT 9
_! 9T]C\RSE ) "O ANO!R IS GD1 & :AT IS
EVIL1 & H[ WE MAY PURSUE ! GD & GD &
ESCAPE ! EVIL1 W H 6BE 4CUSS$ :5 WE SP1K
(! DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,=1 9ASM* Z E
FAMILY IS A "P (A /ATE1 & ^! REL,N%IPS
>E ! "PS (A FAMILY1 &! VIRTUE (! "P M/ H
REG>D 6! VIRTUE (! :OLE1 WOM5 & *N M/ 2
TRA9$ 0$UC,N ) AN EYE 6! 3/ITU;N1 IF !
VIRTUES ( EI ( !M >E SUPPOS$ 6MAKE ANY
DI6];E 9 ! VIRTUES (! /ATE4 ,& !Y M/
MAKE A DI6];E3 =! *N GR[ UP 6BE CITIZ5S1
& HALF ! FREE P]SONS 9 A /ATE >E WOM54
  ,( ^! MATT]S1 5 HAS BE5 SD2 ( :AT
REMA9S1 LET U SP1K AT ANO!R "T4 ,REG>D+1
!N1 \R PRES5T 9QUIRY Z -PLETE1 WE W MAKE
A NEW 2G9N+4 ,&1 F/1 LET U EXAM9E !
V>I\S !ORIES (A P]FECT /ATE4



