               #CEJ ,,BC
               ,,PHYSICS
               0,>I/OTLE
   TRANSLAT$ BY ;,R4 ,P4 ,H>DIE & ,R4
               ,K4 ,GAYE

    ,TRANSLAT$ 96,GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
                ,BOOK ,I
                   #A

  ,:5 ! OBJECTS ( AN 9QUIRY1 9 ANY
DE"P;T1 H PR9CIPLES1 3DI;NS1 OR ELE;TS1
X IS "? ACQUA9T.E ) ^! T K1 T IS 6SAY
SCI5TIFIC K1 IS ATTA9$4 ,= WE D N ?9K T
WE "K A ?+ UNTIL WE >E ACQUA9T$ ) XS
PRIM>Y 3DI;NS OR F/ PR9CIPLES1 & H C>RI$
\R ANALYSIS Z F> Z XS SIMPLE/ ELE;TS4
,PLA9LY "!=E 9 ! SCI;E ( ,NATURE1 Z 9
O!R BRAN*ES ( /UDY1 \R F/ TASK W 2 6TRY
6DET]M9E :AT RELATES 6XS PR9CIPLES4
  ,! NATURAL WAY ( DO+ ? IS 6/>T F ! ?+S
: >E M "KA# & OBVI\S 6U & PROCE$ T[>DS
^? : >E CLE>] & M "KA# 0NATURE2 =! SAME
?+S >E N ,8"KA# RELATIVELY 6U0' &
,8"KA#0' )\T QUALIFIC,N4 ,S 9 ! PRES5T
9QUIRY WE M/ FOLL[ ? ME?OD & ADV.E F :AT
IS M OBSCURE 0NATURE1 B CLE>] 6U1 T[>DS
:AT IS M CLE> & M "KA# 0NATURE4
  ,N[ :AT IS 6U PLA9 & OBVI\S AT F/ IS R
3FUS$ MASSES1 ! ELE;TS & PR9CIPLES ( :
2COME "KN 6U LAT] 0ANALYSIS4 ,?US WE M/
ADV.E F G5]ALITIES 6"PICUL>S2 = X IS A
:OLE T IS BE/ "KN 6S5SE-P]CEP;N1 &A
G5]AL;Y IS A K9D ( :OLE1 -PREH5D+ _M ?+S
)9 X1 L "PS4 ,M* ! SAME ?+ HAPP5S 9 !
REL,N (! "N 6! =MULA4 ,A "N1 E4G4
,8R.D0'1 M1NS VAGUELY A SORT ( :OLE3 XS
DEF9I;N ANALYSES ? 96XS "PICUL> S5SES4
,SIMIL>LY A * 2G9S 0CALL+ ALL M5 ,8"F0'1
& ALL WOM5 ,8"M0'1 B LAT] ON 4T+UI%ES
EA* ( !M4

                   #B

  ,! PR9CIPLES 9 "Q M/ 2 EI 7A7 "O OR
7B7 M ?AN "O4 ,IF 7A7 "O1 X M/ 2 EI 7I7
MO;N.S1 Z ,P>M5IDES & ,MELISSUS ASS]T1
OR 7;II7 9 MO;N1 Z ! PHYSICI/S HOLD1 "S
DCLG AIR 6BE ! F/ PR9CIPLE1 O!RS WAT]4
,IF 7B7 M ?AN "O1 !N EI 7I7 A F9ITE OR
7;II7 AN 9F9ITE PLURAL;Y4 ,IF 7I7 F9ITE
7B M ?AN "O71 !N EI TWO OR ?REE OR F\R
OR "S O!R NUMB]4 ,IF 7;II7 9F9ITE1 !N EI
Z ,DEMOCRITUS 2LIEV$ "O 9 K9D1 B DI6]+ 9
%APE OR =M2 OR DI6]5T 9 K9D & EV5 3TR>Y4
  ,A SIMIL> 9QUIRY IS MADE 0^? :O 9QUIRE
96! NUMB] ( EXI/5TS3 = !Y 9QUIRE :E!R !
ULTIMATE 3/ITU5TS ( EXI/+ ?+S >E "O OR
_M1 & IF _M1 :E!R A F9ITE OR AN 9F9ITE
PLURAL;Y4 ,S !Y TOO >E 9QUIR+ :E!R !
PR9CIPLE OR ELE;T IS "O OR _M4
  ,N[ 69VE/IGATE :E!R ,2+ IS "O & MO;N.S
IS N A 3TRIBU;N 6! SCI;E ( ,NATURE4 ,= J
Z ! GEOMET] HAS NO?+ M 6SAY 6"O :O D5IES
! PR9CIPLES ( 8 SCI;E-? 2+ A "Q =A
DI6]5T SCI;E OR = OR -MON 6ALL-S A MAN
9VE/IGAT+ PR9CIPLES _C >GUE ) "O :O
D5IES _! EXI/;E4 ,= IF ,2+ IS J "O1 & "O
9 ! WAY M5;N$1 "! IS A PR9CIPLE NO L;G]1
S9CE A PR9CIPLE M/ 2 ! PR9CIPLE ( "S ?+
OR ?+S4
  ,69QUIRE "!=E :E!R ,2+ IS "O 9 ? S5SE
WD 2 L >GU+ AG/ ANY O!R POSI;N MA9TA9$ =
! SAKE ( >GU;T 7S* Z ! ,H]ACLIT1N !SIS1
OR S* A !SIS Z T ,2+ IS "O MAN7 OR L
REFUT+ A M]ELY 3T5TI\S >GU;T-A DESCRIP;N
: APPLIES 6! >GU;TS BO? ( ,MELISSUS &(
,P>M5IDES3 _! PREMISSES >E FALSE & _!
3CLU.NS D N FOLL[4 ,OR R ! >GU;T (
,MELISSUS IS GROSS & PALPA# & (F]S NO
DI6ICULTY AT ALL3 A3EPT "O RIDICUL\S
PROPOSI;N &! RE/ FOLL[S-A SIMPLE 5
PROCE$+4
  ,WE PHYSICI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 M/ TAKE =
GRANT$ T ! ?+S T EXI/ 0NATURE >E1 EI ALL
OR "S ( !M1 9 MO;N : IS 9DE$ MADE PLA9
09DUC;N4 ,MOREOV]1 NO MAN ( SCI;E IS B.D
6SOLVE E K9D ( DI6ICULTY T MAY 2 RAIS$1
B ONLY Z _M Z >E DRAWN FALSELY F !
PR9CIPLES (! SCI;E3 X IS N \R BUSI;S
6REFUTE ^? T D N >ISE 9 ? WAY3 J Z X IS
! DUTY (! GEOMET] 6REFUTE ! SQU>+ (!
CIRCLE 0M1NS ( SEG;TS1 B X IS N 8 DUTY
6REFUTE ,ANTIPHON'S PRO(4 ,AT ! SAME "T
! HOLD]S (! !ORY ( : WE >E SP1K+ D
9CID5T,Y RAISE PHYSICAL "QS1 ?\< ,NATURE
IS N _! SUBJECT3 S X W P]H 2 Z WELL
6SP5D A FEW ^WS ON !M1 ESPECI,Y Z !
9QUIRY IS N )\T SCI5TIFIC 9T]E/4
  ,! MO/ P]T95T "Q ) : 62G9 W 2 ?3 ,9
:AT S5SE IS X ASS]T$ T ALL ?+S >E "O8 ,=
,8IS0' IS US$ 9 _M S5SES4 ,D !Y M1N T
ALL ?+S ,8>E0' SUB/.E OR QUANTITIES OR
QUALITIES8 ,&1 FUR!R1 >E ALL ?+S "O
SUB/.E-"O MAN1 "O HORSE1 OR "O S\L-OR
QUAL;Y & T "O &! SAME-:ITE OR HOT OR
"S?+ (! K9D8 ,^! >E ALL V DI6]5T
DOCTR9ES & ALL IMPOSSI# 6MA9TA94
  ,= IF BO? SUB/.E & QUANT;Y & QUAL;Y
>E1 !N1 :E!R ^! EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY ( EA*
O!R OR N1 ,2+ W 2 _M4
  ,IF ON ! O!R H& X IS ASS]T$ T ALL ?+S
>E QUAL;Y OR QUANT;Y1 !N1 :E!R SUB/.E
EXI/S OR N1 AN ABSURD;Y RESULTS1 IF !
IMPOSSI# C PROP]LY 2 CALL$ ABSURD4 ,=
N"O (! O!RS C EXI/ 9DEP5D5TLY3 SUB/.E
AL"O IS 9DEP5D5T3 = "EY?+ IS PR$ICAT$ (
SUB/.E Z SUBJECT4 ,N[ ,MELISSUS SAYS T
,2+ IS 9F9ITE4 ,X IS !N A QUANT;Y4 ,=!
9F9ITE IS 9 ! CATEGORY ( QUANT;Y1 ":AS
SUB/.E OR QUAL;Y OR A6EC;N _C 2 9F9ITE
EXCEPT "? A 3COMITANT ATTRIBUTE1 T IS1
IF AT ! SAME "T !Y >E AL QUANTITIES4 ,=
6DEF9E ! 9F9ITE Y M/ USE QUANT;Y 9 YR
=MULA1 B N SUB/.E OR QUAL;Y4 ,IF !N ,2+
IS BO? SUB/.E & QUANT;Y1 X IS TWO1 N "O3
IF ONLY SUB/.E1 X IS N 9F9ITE & HAS NO
MAGNITUDE2 = 6H T X W H 6BE A QUANT;Y4
  ,AG1 ,8"O0' XF1 NO LESS ?AN ,82+0'1 IS
US$ 9 _M S5SES1 S WE M/ 3SID] 9 :AT S5SE
! ^W IS US$ :5 X IS SD T ! ,ALL IS "O4
  ,N[ WE SAY T 7A7 ! 3T9U\S IS "O OR T
7B7 ! 9DIVISI# IS "O1 OR 7C7 ?+S >E SD
6BE ,8"O0'1 :5 _! ESS;E IS "O &! SAME1 Z
,8LIQUOR0' & ,8DR9K0'4
  ,IF 7A7 _! ,"O IS "O 9 ! S5SE (
3T9U\S1 X IS _M1 =! 3T9U\S IS DIVISI# AD
9F9ITUM4
  ,"! IS1 9DE$1 A DI6ICULTY AB "P &
:OLE1 P]H N RELEVANT 6! PRES5T >GU;T1
YET DES]V+ 3SID],N ON XS [N A3.T-"NLY1
:E!R ! "P &! :OLE >E "O OR M ?AN "O1 &
H[ !Y C 2 "O OR _M1 &1 IF !Y >E M ?AN
"O1 9 :AT S5SE !Y >E M ?AN "O4
7,SIMIL>LY )! "PS ( :OLES : >E N
3T9U\S47 ,FUR!R1 IF EA* (! TWO "PS IS
9DIVISIBLY "O )! :OLE1 ! DI6ICULTY >ISES
T !Y W 2 9DIVISIBLY "O ) EA* O!R AL4
  ,B 6PROCE$3 ,IF 7B7 _! ,"O IS "O Z
9DIVISI#1 NO?+ W H QUANT;Y OR QUAL;Y1 &
S ! "O W N 2 9F9ITE1 Z ,MELISSUS SAYS-
NOR1 9DE$1 LIMIT$1 Z ,P>M5IDES SAYS1 =
?\< ! LIMIT IS 9DIVISI#1 ! LIMIT$ IS N4
  ,B IF 7C7 ALL ?+S >E "O 9 ! S5SE (
HAV+ ! SAME DEF9I;N1 L ,8RAI;T0' &
,8DRESS0'1 !N X TURNS \ T !Y >E MA9TA9+
! ,H]ACLIT1N DOCTR9E1 = X W 2 ! SAME ?+
,86BE GD0' & ,86BE BAD0'1 & ,86BE GD0' &
,86BE N GD0'1 & S ! SAME ?+ W 2 ,8GD0' &
,8N GD0'1 & MAN & HORSE2 9 FACT1 _! VIEW
W BE1 N T ALL ?+S >E "O1 B T !Y >E NO?+2
& T ,86BE ( S*-&-S* A QUAL;Y0' IS ! SAME
Z ,86BE ( S*-&-S* A SIZE0'4
  ,EV5 ! M REC5T (! ANCI5T ?9K]S 7 9 A
PO!R LE/ ! SAME ?+ %D TURN \ 9 _! H&S
BO? "O & _M4 ,S "S1 L ,LYCOPHRON1 7 L$
6OMIT ,8IS0'1 O!RS 6*ANGE ! MODE (
EXPRES.N & SAY ,8! MAN HAS BE5 :IT5$0'
9/1D ( ,8IS :ITE0'1 & ,8WALKS0' 9/1D (
,8IS WALK+0'1 = FE> T IF !Y A4$ ! ^W
,8IS0' !Y %D 2 MAK+ ! "O 6BE _M-Z IF
,8"O0' & ,82+0' 7 ALW US$ 9 "O &! SAME
S5SE4 ,:AT ,8IS0' MAY 2 _M EI 9 DEF9I;N
7= EXAMPLE ,86BE :ITE0' IS "O ?+1 ,86BE
MUSICAL0' ANO!R1 YET ! SAME ?+ 2 BO?1 S
! "O IS _M7 OR 0DIVI.N1 Z ! :OLE & XS
"PS4 ,ON ? PO9T1 9DE$1 !Y 7 ALR GETT+
96DI6ICULTIES & ADMITT$ T ! "O 0 _M-Z IF
"! 0 ANY DI6ICULTY AB ! SAME ?+ 2+ BO?
"O & _M1 PROVID$ T ^! >E N OPPOSITES2 =
,8"O0' MAY M1N EI ,8POT5TI,Y "O0' OR
,8ACTU,Y "O0'4

                   #C

  ,IF1 !N1 WE APPROA* ! !SIS 9 ? WAY X
SEEMS IMPOSSI# = ALL ?+S 6BE "O4 ,FUR!R1
! >GU;TS !Y USE 6PROVE _! POSI;N >E N
DI6ICULT 6EXPOSE4 ,= BO? ( !M R1SON
3T5TI\SLY-,I M1N BO? ,MELISSUS &
,P>M5IDES4 ,7,_! PREMISSES >E FALSE & _!
3CLU.NS D N FOLL[4 ,OR R ! >GU;T (
,MELISSUS IS GROSS & PALPA# & (F]S NO
DI6ICULTY AT ALL3 ADMIT "O RIDICUL\S
PROPOSI;N &! RE/ FOLL[S-A SIMPLE 5
PROCE$+47' ,! FALLACY ( ,MELISSUS IS
OBVI\S4 ,= HE SUPPOSES T ! ASSUMP;N
,8:AT HAS -E 962+ ALW HAS A 2G9N+0'
JU/IFIES ! ASSUMP;N ,8:AT HAS N -E 962+
HAS NO 2G9N+0'4 ,!N ? AL IS ABSURD1 T 9
E CASE "! %D 2 A 2G9N+ (! ?+-N (! "T & N
ONLY 9 ! CASE ( -+ 6BE 9 ! FULL S5SE B
AL 9 ! CASE ( -+ 6H A QUAL;Y-Z IF *ANGE
N"E TOOK PLACE SU45LY4 ,AG1 DOES X FOLL[
T ,2+1 IF "O1 IS MO;N.S8 ,:Y %D X N
MOVE1 ! :OLE ( X )9 XF1 Z "PS ( X D : >E
UNITIES1 E4G4 ? WAT]8 ,AG1 :Y IS
QUALITATIVE *ANGE IMPOSSI#8 ,B1 FUR!R1
,2+ _C 2 "O 9 =M1 ?\< X MAY 2 9 :AT X IS
MADE (4 7,EV5 "S (! PHYSICI/S HOLD X 6BE
"O 9 ! LATT] WAY1 ?\< N 9 ! =M]47 ,MAN
OBVI\SLY DI6]S F HORSE 9 =M1 & 3TR>IES F
EA* O!R4
  ,! SAME K9D ( >GU;T HOLDS GD AG/
,P>M5IDES AL1 2SS ANY T MAY APPLY
SPECI,Y 6HIS VIEW3 ! ANSW] 6HM 2+ T ,8?
IS N TRUE0' & ,8T DOES N FOLL[0'4 ,8
ASSUMP;N T "O IS US$ 9 A S+LE S5SE ONLY
IS FALSE1 2C X IS US$ 9 S"EAL4 ,8 3CLU.N
DOES N FOLL[1 2C IF WE TAKE ONLY :ITE
?+S1 & IF ,8:ITE0' HAS A S+LE M1N+1 N"O
! LESS :AT IS :ITE W 2 _M & N "O4 ,= :AT
IS :ITE W N 2 "O EI 9 ! S5SE T X IS
3T9U\S OR 9 ! S5SE T X M/ 2 DEF9$ 9 ONLY
"O WAY4 ,8,:ITE;S0' W 2 DI6]5T F ,8:AT
HAS :ITE;S0'4 ,NOR DOES ? M1N T "! IS
ANY?+ T C EXI/ SEP>ATELY1 OV] & ABV :AT
IS :ITE4 ,= ,8:ITE;S0' & ,8T : IS :ITE0'
DI6] 9 DEF9I;N1 N 9 ! S5SE T !Y >E ?+S :
C EXI/ A"P F EA* O!R4 ,B ,P>M5IDES _H N
-E 9 SI<T ( ? 4T9C;N4
  ,X IS NEC = HM1 !N1 6ASSUME N ONLY T
,82+0' HAS ! SAME M1N+1 ( :AT"E X IS
PR$ICAT$1 B FUR!R T X M1NS 7#A7 :AT J IS
& 7#B7 :AT IS J "O4
  ,X M/ 2 S1 = 7#A7 AN ATTRIBUTE IS
PR$ICAT$ ( "S SUBJECT1 S T ! SUBJECT 6:
,82+0' IS ATTRIBUT$ W N BE1 Z X IS "S?+
DI6]5T F ,82+0'4 ,"S?+1 "!=E1 : IS N W
BE4 ,H;E ,8SUB/.E0' W N 2 A PR$ICATE (
ANY?+ ELSE4 ,=! SUBJECT _C 2 A 2+1 UN.S
,82+0' M1NS S"EAL ?+S1 9 S* A WAY T EA*
IS "S?+4 ,B EX HYPO!SI ,82+0' M1NS ONLY
"O ?+4
  ,IF1 !N1 ,8SUB/.E0' IS N ATTRIBUT$
6ANY?+1 B O!R ?+S >E ATTRIBUT$ 6X1 H[
DOES ,8SUB/.E0' M1N :AT IS R ?AN :AT IS
N8 ,= SUPPOSE T ,8SUB/.E0' IS AL
,8:ITE0'4 ,S9CE ! DEF9I;N (! LATT] IS
DI6]5T 7= 2+ _C EV5 2 ATTRIBUT$ 6:ITE1 Z
NO?+ IS : IS N ,8SUB/.E0'71 X FOLL[S T
,8:ITE0' IS N-2+--& T N 9 ! S5SE (A
"PICUL> N-2+1 B 9 ! S5SE T X IS N AT
ALL4 ,H;E ,8SUB/.E0' IS N2 = X IS TRUE
6SAY T X IS :ITE1 : WE F.D 6M1N N-2+4
,IF 6AVOID ? WE SAY T EV5 ,8:ITE0' M1NS
SUB/.E1 X FOLL[S T ,82+0' HAS M ?AN "O
M1N+4
  ,9 "PICUL>1 !N1 ,2+ W N H MAGNITUDE1
IF X IS SUB/.E4 ,= EA* (! TWO "PS M/ HE
9 A DI6]5T S5SE4

7#B7 ,SUB/.E IS PLA9LY DIVISI# 96O!R
  SUB/.ES1 IF WE 3SID] ! M]E NATURE (A
  DEF9I;N4 ,= 9/.E1 IF ,8MAN0' IS A
  SUB/.E1 ,8ANIMAL0' & ,8BIP$0' M/ AL 2
  SUB/.ES4 ,= IF N SUB/.ES1 !Y M/ 2
  ATTRIBUTES-& IF ATTRIBUTES1 ATTRIBUTES
  EI ( 7A7 MAN OR ( 7B7 "S O!R SUBJECT4
  ,B NEI IS POSSI#4
7A7 ,AN ATTRIBUTE IS EI T : MAY OR MAY N
  2L;G 6! SUBJECT OR T 9 ^: DEF9I;N !
  SUBJECT ( : X IS AN ATTRIBUTE IS
  9VOLV$4 ,?US ,8SITT+0' IS AN EXAMPLE (
  A SEP>A# ATTRIBUTE1 :ILE ,8SNUB;S0'
  3TA9S ! DEF9I;N ( ,8NOSE0'1 6: WE
  ATTRIBUTE SNUB;S4 ,FUR!R1 ! DEF9I;N (!
  :OLE IS N 3TA9$ 9 ! DEF9I;NS (! 3T5TS
  OR ELE;TS (! DEF9ITORY =MULA2 T (
  ,8MAN0' = 9/.E 9 ,8BIP$0'1 OR T (
  ,8:ITE MAN0' 9 ,8:ITE0'4 ,IF !N ? IS
  S1 & IF ,8BIP$0' IS SUPPOS$ 6BE AN
  ATTRIBUTE ( ,8MAN0'1 X M/ 2 EI SEP>A#1
  S T ,8MAN0' MI<T POSSIBLY N 2
  ,8BIP$0'1 OR ! DEF9I;N ( ,8MAN0' M/ -E
  96! DEF9I;N ( ,8BIP$'-: IS IMPOSSI#1 Z
  ! 3V]SE IS ! CASE4
7B7 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE SUPPOSE T
  ,8BIP$0' & ,8ANIMAL0' >E ATTRIBUTES N
  ( MAN B ( "S?+ ELSE1 & >E N EA* ( !M A
  SUB/.E1 !N ,8MAN0' TOO W 2 AN
  ATTRIBUTE ( "S?+ ELSE4 ,B WE M/ ASSUME
  T SUB/.E IS N ! ATTRIBUTE ( ANY?+1 T !
  SUBJECT ( : BO? ,8BIP$0' & ,8ANIMAL0'
  & EA* SEP>ATELY >E PR$ICAT$ IS !
  SUBJECT AL (! -PLEX ,8BIP$ ANIMAL0'4

  ,>E WE !N 6SAY T ! ,ALL IS -POS$ (
9DIVISI# SUB/.ES8 ,"S ?9K]S DID1 9 PO9T
( FACT1 GIVE WAY 6BO? >GU;TS4 ,6! >GU;T
T ALL ?+S >E "O IF 2+ M1NS "O ?+1 !Y
3C$$ T N-2+ IS2 6T F BISEC;N1 !Y YIELD$
0POSIT+ ATOMIC MAGNITUDES4 ,B OBVI\SLY X
IS N TRUE T IF 2+ M1NS "O ?+1 & _C AT !
SAME "T M1N ! 3TRADICTORY ( ?1 "! W 2
NO?+ : IS N1 = EV5 IF :AT IS N _C 2 )\T
QUALIFIC,N1 "! IS NO R1SON :Y X %D N 2 A
"PICUL> N-2+4 ,6SAY T ALL ?+S W 2 "O1 IF
"! IS NO?+ 2SS ,2+ XF1 IS ABSURD4 ,= :O
"U/&S ,82+ XF0' 6BE ANY?+ B A "PICUL>
SUB/.E8 ,B IF ? IS S1 "! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T
"! 2+ _M 2+S1 Z HAS BE5 SD4
  ,X IS1 !N1 CLE>LY IMPOSSI# = ,2+ 6BE
"O 9 ? S5SE4

                   #D

  ,! PHYSICI/S ON ! O!R H& H TWO MODES (
EXPLAN,N4 ,! F/ SET MAKE ! "ULY+ BODY "O
EI "O (! ?REE OR "S?+ ELSE : IS D5S] ?AN
FIRE & R>] ?AN AIR !N G5]ATE "EY?+ ELSE
F ?1 & OBTA9 MULTIPLIC;Y 03D5S,N &
R>EFAC;N4 ,N[ ^! >E 3TR>IES1 : MAY 2
G5]ALIZ$ 9TO ,8EXCESS & DEFECT0'4 7,-P>E
,PLATO'S ,8,GRT & ,SMALL'-EXCEPT T HE
MAKE ^! 8 MATT]1 ! "O 8 =M1 :ILE ! O!RS
TR1T ! "O : "ULIES Z MATT] &! 3TR>IES Z
DI6]5TIAE1 I4E4 =MS74
  ,! SECOND SET ASS]T T ! 3TR>IETIES >E
3TA9$ 9 ! "O & EM]GE F X 0SEGREG,N1 =
EXAMPLE ,ANAXIM&] & AL ALL ^? :O ASS]T T
,8:AT IS0' IS "O & _M1 L ,EMP$OCLES &
,ANAXAGORAS2 = !Y TOO PRODUCE O!R ?+S F
_! MIXTURE 0SEGREG,N4 ,^! DI6]1 H["E1 F
EA* O!R 9 T ! =M] IMAG9ES A CYCLE ( S*
*ANGES1 ! LATT] A S+LE S]IES4
,ANAXAGORAS AG MADE BO? 8 ,8HOMCEOM]\S0'
SUB/.ES & 8 3TR>IES 9F9ITE 9 MULTITUDE1
":AS ,EMP$OCLES POSITS ONLY ! S-CALL$
ELE;TS4
  ,! !ORY ( ,ANAXAGORAS T ! PR9CIPLES >E
9F9ITE 9 MULTITUDE 0 PROBABLY DUE 6HIS
A3EPT.E (! -MON OP9ION (! PHYSICI/S T
NO?+ -ES 962+ F N-2+4 ,= ? IS ! R1SON :Y
!Y USE ! PHRASE ,8ALL ?+S 7 TGR0' &! -+
962+ ( S* & S* A K9D ( ?+ IS REDUC$
6*ANGE ( QUAL;Y1 :ILE "S SPOKE ( -B9,N &
SEP>,N4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FACT T ! 3TR>IES
PROCE$ F EA* O!R L$ !M 6! 3CLU.N4 ,! "O1
!Y R1SON$1 M/ H ALR EXI/$ 9 ! O!R2 =
S9CE "EY?+ T -ES 962+ M/ >ISE EI F :AT
IS OR F :AT IS N1 & X IS IMPOSSI# = X
6>ISE F :AT IS N 7ON ? PO9T ALL !
PHYSICI/S AGREE71 !Y ?"\ T ! TRU? (!
ALT]NATIVE NECESS>ILY FOLL[$1 "NLY T ?+S
-E 962+ \ ( EXI/5T ?+S1 I4E4 \ ( ?+S ALR
PRES5T1 B IMP]CEPTI# 6\R S5SES 2C (!
SMALL;S ( _! BULK4 ,S !Y ASS]T T "EY?+
HAS BE5 MIX$ 9 E4 ?+1 2C !Y SAW "EY?+
>IS+ \ ( "EY?+4 ,B ?+S1 Z !Y SAY1 APPE>
DI6]5T F "O ANO!R & RCV DI6]5T "NS AC 6!
NATURE (! "PICLES : >E NUM]IC,Y
PREDOM9ANT AM;G ! 9NUM]A# 3/ITU5TS (!
MIXTURE4 ,= NO?+1 !Y SAY1 IS PURELY &
5TIRELY :ITE OR BLACK OR SWEET1 B"O OR
FLE%1 B ! NATURE (A ?+ IS HELD 6BE T ( :
X 3TA9S ! MO/4
  ,N[ 7#A7 ! 9F9ITE QUA 9F9ITE IS
UN"KA#1 S T :AT IS 9F9ITE 9 MULTITUDE OR
SIZE IS UN"KA# 9 QUANT;Y1 & :AT IS
9F9ITE 9 V>IETY ( K9D IS UN"KA# 9
QUAL;Y4 ,B ! PR9CIPLES 9 "Q >E 9F9ITE
BO? 9 MULTITUDE & 9 K9D4 ,"!=E X IS
IMPOSSI# 6"K ?+S : >E -POS$ ( !M2 = X IS
:5 WE "K ! NATURE & QUANT;Y ( XS -PON5TS
T WE SUPPOSE WE "K A -PLEX4
  ,FUR!R 7#B7 IF ! "PS (A :OLE MAY 2 (
ANY SIZE 9 ! DIREC;N EI ( GRT;S OR (
SMALL;S 7BY ,8"PS0' ,I M1N -PON5TS 96: A
:OLE C 2 DIVID$ & : >E ACTU,Y PRES5T 9
X71 X IS NEC T ! :OLE ?+ XF MAY 2 ( ANY
SIZE4 ,CLE>LY1 "!=E1 S9CE X IS IMPOSSI#
= AN ANIMAL OR PLANT 6BE 9DEF9ITELY BIG
OR SMALL1 NEI C XS "PS 2 S*1 OR ! :OLE W
2 ! SAME4 ,B FLE%1 B"O1 &! L >E ! "PS (
ANIMALS1 &! FRUITS >E ! "PS ( PLANTS4
,H;E X IS OBVI\S T NEI FLE%1 B"O1 NOR
ANY S* ?+ C 2 ( 9DEF9ITE SIZE 9 !
DIREC;N EI (! GRT] OR (! LESS4
  ,AG 7#C7 AC 6! !ORY ALL S* ?+S >E ALR
PRES5T 9 "O ANO!R & D N -E 962+ B >E
3/ITU5TS : >E SEP>AT$ \1 &A ?+ RCVS XS
DESIGN,N F XS *IEF 3/ITU5T4 ,FUR!R1
ANY?+ MAY -E \ ( ANY?+-WAT] 0SEGREG,N F
FLE% & FLE% F WAT]4 ,H;E1 S9CE E F9ITE
BODY IS EXHAU/$ 0! REP1T$ AB/RAC;N (A
F9ITE BODY1 X SEEMS OBVI\SLY 6FOLL[ T
"EY?+ _C SUBSI/ 9 "EY?+ ELSE4 ,= LET
FLE% 2 EXTRACT$ F WAT] & AG M FLE% 2
PRODUC$ F ! REMA9D] 0REP1T+ ! PROCESS (
SEP>,N3 !N1 EV5 ?\< ! QUANT;Y SEP>AT$ \
W 3T9U,Y DECR1SE1 / X W N FALL 2L A
C]TA9 MAGNITUDE4 ,IF1 "!=E1 ! PROCESS
-ES 6AN 5D1 "EY?+ W N 2 9 "EY?+ ELSE 7=
"! W 2 NO FLE% 9 ! REMA9+ WAT]72 IF ON !
O!R H& X DOES N1 & FUR!R EXTRAC;N IS ALW
POSSI#1 "! W 2 AN 9F9ITE MULTITUDE (
F9ITE EQUAL "PICLES 9 A F9ITE QUANT;Y-:
IS IMPOSSI#4 ,ANO!R PRO( MAY 2 A4$3
,S9CE E BODY M/ DIM9I% 9 SIZE :5 "S?+ IS
TAK5 F X1 & FLE% IS QUANTITATIVELY
DEF9ITE 9 RESPECT BO? ( GRT;S & SMALL;S1
X IS CLE> T F ! M9IMUM QUANT;Y ( FLE% NO
BODY C 2 SEP>AT$ \2 =! FLE% LEFT WD 2
LESS ?AN ! M9IMUM ( FLE%4
  ,LA/LY 7#D7 9 EA* ( 8 9F9ITE BODIES "!
WD 2 ALR PRES5T 9F9ITE FLE% & BLOOD &
BRA9- HAV+ A 4T9CT EXI/;E1 H["E1 F "O
ANO!R1 & NO LESS R1L ?AN ! 9F9ITE
BODIES1 & EA* 9F9ITE3 : IS 3TR>Y 6R1SON4
  ,! /ATE;T T -PLETE SEP>,N N"E W TAKE
PLACE IS CORRECT 5\<1 ?\< ,ANAXAGORAS IS
N FULLY AW>E ( :AT X M1NS4 ,= A6EC;NS >E
9DE$ 9SEP>A#4 ,IF !N COL\RS & /ATES _H
5T]$ 96! MIXTURE1 & IF SEP>,N TOOK
PLACE1 "! WD 2 A ,8:ITE0' OR A ,8H1L?Y0'
: 0 NO?+ B :ITE OR H1L?Y1 I4E4 0 N !
PR$ICATE (A SUBJECT4 ,S 8 ,8,M9D0' IS AN
ABSURD P]SON AIM+ AT ! IMPOSSI#1 IF HE
IS SUPPOS$ 6WI% 6SEP>ATE !M1 & X IS
IMPOSSI# 6D S1 BO? 9 RESPECT ( QUANT;Y &
( QUAL;Y- ( QUANT;Y1 2C "! IS NO M9IMUM
MAGNITUDE1 &( QUAL;Y1 2C A6EC;NS >E
9SEP>A#4
  ,NOR IS ,ANAXAGORAS "R AB ! -+ 6BE (
HOMOG5E\S BODIES4 ,X IS TRUE "! IS A
S5SE 9 : CLAY IS DIVID$ 96PIECES ( CLAY1
B "! IS ANO!R 9 : X IS N4 ,WAT] & AIR
>E1 & >E G5]AT$ ,8F0' EA* O!R1 B N 9 !
WAY 9 : BRICKS -E ,8F0' A H\SE & AG A
H\SE ,8F0' BRICKS2 & X IS BETT] 6ASSUME
A SMALL] & F9ITE NUMB] ( PR9CIPLES1 Z
,EMP$OCLES DOES4
  #E
  ,ALL ?9K]S !N AGREE 9 MAK+ ! 3TR>IES
PR9CIPLES1 BO? ^? :O DESCRIBE ! ,ALL Z
"O & UNMOV$ 7= EV5 ,P>M5IDES TR1TS HOT &
COLD Z PR9CIPLES "U ! "NS ( FIRE & E>?7
& ^? TOO :O USE ! R>E &! D5SE4 ,! SAME
IS TRUE ( ,DEMOCRITUS AL1 ) 8 PL5UM &
VOID1 BO? ( : EXI/1 2 SAYS1 ! "O Z 2+1 !
O!R Z N-2+4 ,AG HE SP1KS ( DI6];ES 9
POSI;N1 %APE1 & ORD]1 & ^! >E G5]A ( : !
SPECIES >E 3TR>IES1 "NLY1 ( POSI;N1 ABV
& 2L1 2F & 2H2 ( %APE1 ANGUL> & ANGLE-
LESS1 /RAI<T & R.D4
  ,X IS PLA9 !N T !Y ALL 9 "O WAY OR
ANO!R ID5TIFY ! 3TR>IES )! PR9CIPLES4
,&) GD R1SON4 ,= F/ PR9CIPLES M/ N 2
DERIV$ F "O ANO!R NOR F ANY?+ ELSE1 :ILE
"EY?+ HAS 6BE DERIV$ F !M4 ,B ^! 3DI;NS
>E FULFILL$ 0! PRIM>Y 3TR>IES1 : >E N
DERIV$ F ANY?+ ELSE 2C !Y >E PRIM>Y1 NOR
F EA* O!R 2C !Y >E 3TR>IES4
  ,B WE M/ SEE H[ ? C 2 >RIV$ AT Z A
R1SON$ RESULT1 Z WELL Z 9 ! WAY J
9DICAT$4
  ,\R F/ PRESUPPOSI;N M/ 2 T 9 NATURE
NO?+ ACTS ON1 OR IS ACT$ ON BY1 ANY O!R
?+ AT R&OM1 NOR MAY ANY?+ -E F ANY?+
ELSE1 UN.S WE M1N T X DOES S 9 VIRTUE (A
3COMITANT ATTRIBUTE4 ,= H[ CD ,8:ITE0'
-E F ,8MUSICAL0'1 UN.S ,8MUSICAL0'
HAPP5$ 6BE AN ATTRIBUTE (! N-:ITE OR (!
BLACK8 ,NO1 ,8:ITE0' -ES F ,8N-:ITE'-& N
F ANY ,8N-:ITE0'1 B F BLACK OR "S
9T]M$IATE COL\R4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,8MUSICAL0'
-ES 6BE F ,8N-MUSICAL0'1 B N F ANY ?+
O!R ?AN MUSICAL1 B F ,8UNMUSICAL0' OR
ANY 9T]M$IATE /ATE "! MAY BE4
  ,NOR AG D ?+S PASS 96! F/ *.E ?+2
,8:ITE0' DOES N PASS 9TO ,8MUSICAL0'
7EXCEPT1 X MAY BE1 9 VIRTUE (A 3COMITANT
ATTRIBUTE71 B 9TO ,8N-:ITE'-& N 96ANY
*.E ?+ : IS N :ITE1 B 96BLACK OR AN
9T]M$IATE COL\R2 ,8MUSICAL0' PASSES 9TO
,8N-MUSICAL'-& N 96ANY *.E ?+ O!R ?AN
MUSICAL1 B 9TO ,8UNMUSICAL0' OR ANY
9T]M$IATE /ATE "! MAY BE4
  ,! SAME HOLDS ( O!R ?+S AL3 EV5 ?+S :
>E N SIMPLE B -PLEX FOLL[ ! SAME
PR9CIPLE1 B ! OPPOSITE /ATE HAS N RCVD A
"N1 S WE FAIL 6NOTICE ! FACT4 ,:AT IS 9
TUNE M/ -E F :AT IS N 9 TUNE1 & VICE
V]SA2 ! TUN$ PASSES 96UNTUN$;S-& N 96ANY
UNTUN$;S1 B 96! CORRESPOND+ OPPOSITE4 ,X
DOES N MATT] :E!R WE TAKE ATTUNE;T1
ORD]1 OR -POSI;N = \R ILLU/R,N2 !
PR9CIPLE IS OBVI\SLY ! SAME 9 ALL1 & 9
FACT APPLIES EQU,Y 6! PRODUC;N (A H\SE1
A /ATUE1 OR ANY O!R -PLEX4 ,A H\SE -ES F
C]TA9 ?+S 9 A C]TA9 /ATE ( SEP>,N 9/1D (
3JUNC;N1 A /ATUE 7OR ANY O!R ?+ T HAS
BE5 %AP$7 F %APE.S;S-EA* ( ^! OBJECTS 2+
"PLY ORD] & "PLY -POSI;N4
  ,IF !N ? IS TRUE1 "EY?+ T -ES 6BE OR
PASSES AWAY F1 OR PASSES 9TO1 XS 3TR>Y
OR AN 9T]M$IATE /ATE4 ,B ! 9T]M$IATES >E
DERIV$ F ! 3TR>IES-COL\RS1 = 9/.E1 F
BLACK & :ITE4 ,"EY?+1 "!=E1 T -ES 6BE 0A
NATURAL PROCESS IS EI A 3TR>Y OR A
PRODUCT ( 3TR>IES4
  ,UP 6? PO9T WE H PRACTIC,Y _H MO/ (!
O!R WRIT]S ON ! SUBJECT ) U1 Z ,I H SD
ALR3 = ALL ( !M ID5TIFY _! ELE;TS1 & :AT
!Y CALL _! PR9CIPLES1 )! 3TR>IES1 GIV+
NO R1SON 9DE$ =! !ORY1 B 3TRA9$ Z X 7 0!
TRU? XF4 ,!Y DI6]1 H["E1 F "O ANO!R 9 T
"S ASSUME 3TR>IES : >E M PRIM>Y1 O!RS
3TR>IES : >E LESS S3 "S ^? M "KA# 9 !
ORD] ( EXPLAN,N1 O!RS ^? M FAMILI>
6S5SE4 ,= "S MAKE HOT & COLD1 OR AG MOI/
& DRY1 ! 3DI;NS ( 2COM+2 :ILE O!RS MAKE
ODD & EV51 OR AG ,LOVE & ,/RIFE2 & ^!
DI6] F EA* O!R 9 ! WAY M5;N$4
  ,H;E _! PR9CIPLES >E 9 "O S5SE ! SAME1
9 ANO!R DI6]5T2 DI6]5T C]TA9LY1 Z 9DE$
MO/ P ?9K1 B ! SAME 9ASM* Z !Y >E
ANALOG\S2 = ALL >E TAK5 F ! SAME TA# (
COLUMNS1 "S (! PAIRS 2+ WID]1 O!RS N>R[]
9 EXT5T4 ,9 ? WAY !N _! !ORIES >E BO? !
SAME & DI6]5T1 "S BETT]1 "S WORSE2 "S1 Z
,I H SD1 TAKE Z _! 3TR>IES :AT IS M "KA#
9 ! ORD] ( EXPLAN,N1 O!RS :AT IS M
FAMILI> 6S5SE4 7,! UNIV]SAL IS M "KA# 9
! ORD] ( EXPLAN,N1 ! "PICUL> 9 ! ORD] (
S5SE3 = EXPLAN,N HAS 6D )! UNIV]SAL1
S5SE )! "PICUL>47 ,8,! GRT &! SMALL0'1 =
EXAMPLE1 2L;G 6! =M] CLASS1 ,8! D5SE &!
R>E0' 6! LATT]4
  ,X IS CLE> !N T \R PR9CIPLES M/ 2
3TR>IES4
  #F
  ,! NEXT "Q IS :E!R ! PR9CIPLES >E TWO
OR ?REE OR M 9 NUMB]4
  ,"O !Y _C BE1 = "! _C 2 "O 3TR>Y4 ,NOR
C !Y 2 9NUM]A#1 2C1 IF S1 ,2+ W N 2
"KA#3 & 9 ANY "O G5US "! IS ONLY "O
3TR>IETY1 & SUB/.E IS "O G5US3 AL A
F9ITE NUMB] IS SU6ICI5T1 &A F9ITE NUMB]1
S* Z ! PR9CIPLES ( ,EMP$OCLES1 IS BETT]
?AN AN 9F9ITE MULTITUDE2 = ,EMP$OCLES
PROFESSES 6OBTA9 F 8 PR9CIPLES ALL T
,ANAXAGORAS OBTA9S F 8 9NUM]A#
PR9CIPLES4 ,LA/LY1 "S 3TR>IES >E M
PRIM>Y ?AN O!RS1 & "S >ISE F O!RS-=
EXAMPLE SWEET & BITT]1 :ITE & BLACK-":AS
! PR9CIPLES M/ ALW REMA9 PR9CIPLES4
  ,? W SU6ICE 6%[ T ! PR9CIPLES >E NEI
"O NOR 9NUM]A#4
  ,GRANT$1 !N1 T !Y >E A LIMIT$ NUMB]1 X
IS PLAUSI# 6SUPPOSE !M M ?AN TWO4 ,= X
IS DI6ICULT 6SEE H[ EI D5S;Y %D 2 ( S* A
NATURE Z 6ACT 9 ANY WAY ON R>;Y OR R>;Y
ON D5S;Y4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ANY O!R PAIR
( 3TR>IES2 = ,LOVE DOES N GA!R ,/RIFE
TGR & MAKE ?+S \ ( X1 NOR DOES ,/RIFE
MAKE ANY?+ \ ( ,LOVE1 B BO? ACT ON A
?IRD ?+ DI6]5T F BO?4 ,"S 9DE$ ASSUME M
?AN "O S* ?+ F : !Y 3/RUCT ! _W (
NATURE4
  ,O!R OBJEC;NS 6! VIEW T X IS N NEC
6ASSUME A ?IRD PR9CIPLE Z A SUB/RATUM
MAY 2 A4$4 7#A7 ,WE D N F9D T ! 3TR>IES
3/ITUTE ! SUB/.E ( ANY ?+4 ,B :AT IS A
F/ PR9CIPLE "\ N 6BE ! PR$ICATE ( ANY
SUBJECT4 ,IF X W]E1 "! WD 2 A PR9CIPLE (
! SUPPOS$ PR9CIPLE3 =! SUBJECT IS A
PR9CIPLE1 & PRIOR PRESUMABLY 6:AT IS
PR$ICAT$ ( X4 ,AG 7#B7 WE HOLD T A
SUB/.E IS N 3TR>Y 6ANO!R SUB/.E4 ,H[ !N
C SUB/.E 2 DERIV$ F :AT >E N SUB/.ES8
,OR H[ C NON-SUB/.ES 2 PRIOR 6SUB/.E8
  ,IF !N WE A3EPT BO? ! =M] >GU;T & ?
"O1 WE M/1 6PRES]VE BO?1 ASSUME A ?IRD
"S:AT Z ! SUB/RATUM (! 3TR>IES1 S* Z IS
SPOK5 ( 0^? :O DESCRIBE ! ,ALL Z "O
NATURE-WAT] OR FIRE OR :AT IS 9T]M$IATE
2T !M4 ,:AT IS 9T]M$IATE SEEMS PREF]A#2
= FIRE1 E>?1 AIR1 & WAT] >E ALR 9VOLV$ )
PAIRS ( 3TR>IES4 ,"! IS1 "!=E1 M* 6BE SD
= ^? :O MAKE ! "ULY+ SUB/.E DI6]5T F ^!
F\R2 (! RE/1 ! NEXT BE/ *OICE IS AIR1 Z
PRES5T+ S5SI# DI6];ES 9 A LESS DEGREE
?AN ! O!RS2 & AF AIR1 WAT]4 ,ALL1 H["E1
AGREE 9 ?1 T !Y DI6]5TIATE _! ,"O 0M1NS
(! 3TR>IES1 S* Z D5S;Y & R>;Y & M &
LESS1 : MAY ( C\RSE 2 G5]ALIZ$1 Z HAS
ALR BE5 SD 96EXCESS & DEFECT4 ,9DE$ ?
DOCTR9E TOO 7T ! ,"O & EXCESS & DEFECT
>E ! PR9CIPLES ( ?+S7 WD APPE> 6BE ( OLD
/&+1 ?\< 9 DI6]5T =MS2 =! E>LY ?9K]S
MADE ! TWO ! ACTIVE &! "O ! PASSIVE
PR9CIPLE1 ":AS "S (! M REC5T MA9TA9 !
REV]SE4
  ,6SUPPOSE !N T ! ELE;TS >E ?REE 9
NUMB] WD SEEM1 F ^! & SIMIL> 3SID],NS1 A
PLAUSI# VIEW1 Z ,I SD 2F4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
! VIEW T !Y >E M ?AN ?REE 9 NUMB] WD
SEEM 6BE UNT5A#4
  ,=! "O SUB/RATUM IS SU6ICI5T 6BE ACT$
ON2 B IF WE H F\R 3TR>IES1 "! W 2 TWO
3TR>IETIES1 & WE % H 6SUPPOSE AN
9T]M$IATE NATURE = EA* PAIR SEP>ATELY4
,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! 3TR>IETIES1 2+ TWO1
C G5]ATE F EA* O!R1 ! SECOND 3TR>IETY W
2 SUP]FLU\S4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS IMPOSSI# T
"! %D 2 M ?AN "O PRIM>Y 3TR>IETY4 ,=
SUB/.E IS A S+LE G5US ( 2+1 S T !
PR9CIPLES C DI6] ONLY Z PRIOR & PO/]IOR1
N 9 G5US2 9 A S+LE G5US "! IS ALW A S+LE
3TR>IETY1 ALL ! O!R 3TR>IETIES 9 X 2+
HELD 6BE REDUCI# 6"O4
  ,X IS CLE> !N T ! NUMB] ( ELE;TS IS
NEI "O NOR M ?AN TWO OR ?REE2 B :E!R TWO
OR ?REE IS1 Z ,I SD1 A "Q ( 3SID]A#
DI6ICULTY4
  #G
  ,WE W N[ GIVE \R [N A3.T1 APPROA*+ !
"Q F/ ) REF];E 62COM+ 9 XS WIDE/ S5SE3 =
WE % 2 FOLL[+ ! NATURAL ORD] ( 9QUIRY IF
WE SP1K F/ ( -MON "*I/ICS1 & !N
9VE/IGATE ! "*I/ICS ( SPECIAL CASES4
  ,WE SAY T "O ?+ -ES 6BE F ANO!R ?+1 &
"O SORT ( ?+ F ANO!R SORT ( ?+1 BO? 9 !
CASE ( SIMPLE &( -PLEX ?+S4 ,I M1N !
FOLL[+4 ,WE C SAY 7#A7 ,8MAN 2COMES
MUSICAL0'1 7#B7 :AT IS ,8N-MUSICAL
2COMES MUSICAL0'1 OR 7#C71 ! ,8N-MUSICAL
MAN 2COMES A MUSICAL MAN0'4 ,N[ :AT
2COMES 9 7#A7 & 7#B7-'MAN0' & ,8N
MUSICAL'-,I CALL SIMPLE1 & :AT EA*
2COMES-,8MUSICAL'-SIMPLE AL4 ,B :5 7#C7
WE SAY ! ,8N-MUSICAL MAN 2COMES A
MUSICAL MAN0'1 BO? :AT 2COMES & :AT X
2COMES >E -PLEX4
  ,Z REG>DS "O ( ^! SIMPLE ,8?+S T
2COME0' WE SAY N ONLY ,8? 2COMES S-&-
S0'1 B AL ,8F 2+ ?1 -ES 6BE S-&-S0'1 Z
,8F 2+ N-MUSICAL -ES 6BE MUSICAL0'2 Z
REG>DS ! O!R WE D N SAY ? 9 ALL CASES1 Z
WE D N SAY 7#A7 ,8F 2+ A MAN HE CAME 6BE
MUSICAL0' B ONLY ,8! MAN 2CAME
MUSICAL0'4
  ,:5 A ,8SIMPLE0' ?+ IS SD 62COME "S?+1
9 "O CASE 7#A7 X SURVIVES "? ! PROCESS1
9 ! O!R 7#B7 X DOES N4 ,= MAN REMA9S A
MAN & IS S* EV5 :5 HE 2COMES MUSICAL1
":AS :AT IS N MUSICAL OR IS UNMUSICAL
DOES N 3T9UE 6EXI/1 EI SIMPLY OR -B9$ )!
SUBJECT4
  ,^! 4T9C;NS DRAWN1 "O C GA!R F SURVEY+
! V>I\S CASES ( 2COM+ 9 ! WAY WE >E
DESCRIB+ T1 Z WE SAY1 "! M/ ALW 2 AN
"ULY+ "S?+1 "NLY T : 2COMES1 & T ?1 ?\<
ALW "O NUM]IC,Y1 9 =M AT L1/ IS N "O4
7,0T ,I M1N T X C 2 DESCRIB$ 9 DI6]5T
WAYS47 ,= ,86BE MAN0' IS N ! SAME Z
,86BE UNMUSICAL0'4 ,"O "P SURVIVES1 !
O!R DOES N3 :AT IS N AN OPPOSITE
SURVIVES 7= ,8MAN0' SURVIVES71 B ,8N-
MUSICAL0' OR ,8UNMUSICAL0' DOES N
SURVIVE1 NOR DOES ! -P.D (! TWO1 "NLY
,8UNMUSICAL MAN0'4
  ,WE SP1K ( ,82COM+ T F ?0' 9/1D ( ,8?
2COM+ T0' M 9 ! CASE ( :AT DOES N
SURVIVE ! *ANGE-,82COM+ MUSICAL F
UNMUSICAL0'1 N ,8F MAN'-B "! >E
EXCEP;NS1 Z WE "S"TS USE ! LATT] =M (
EXPRES.N EV5 ( :AT SURVIVES2 WE SP1K (
'A /ATUE -+ 6BE F BRONZE0'1 N (!
,8BRONZE 2COM+ A /ATUE0'4 ,! *ANGE1
H["E1 F AN OPPOSITE : DOES N SURVIVE IS
DESCRIB$ 9DI6]5TLY 9 BO? WAYS1 ,82COM+ T
F ?0' OR ,8? 2COM+ T0'4 ,WE SAY BO? T
,8! UNMUSICAL 2COMES MUSICAL0'1 & T ,8F
UNMUSICAL HE 2COMES MUSICAL0'4 ,& S BO?
=MS >E US$ (! -PLEX1 ,82COM+ A MUSICAL
MAN F AN UNMUSICAL MAN0'1 & UNMUSICAL
MAN 2COM+ A MUSICAL MAN0'4
  ,B "! >E DI6]5T S5SES ( ,8-+ 6BE0'4 ,9
"S CASES WE D N USE ! EXPRES.N ,8-E
6BE0'1 B ,8-E 6BE S-&-S0'4 ,ONLY SUB/.ES
>E SD TO ,8-E 6BE0' 9 ! UNQUALIFI$ S5SE4
  ,N[ 9 ALL CASES O!R ?AN SUB/.E X IS
PLA9 T "! M/ 2 "S SUBJECT1 "NLY1 T :
2COMES4 ,= WE "K T :5 A ?+ -ES 6BE ( S*
A QUANT;Y OR QUAL;Y OR 9 S* A REL,N1 "T1
OR PLACE1 A SUBJECT IS ALW PRESUPPOS$1
S9CE SUB/.E AL"O IS N PR$ICAT$ ( ANO!R
SUBJECT1 B "EY?+ ELSE ( SUB/.E4
  ,B T SUB/.ES TOO1 & ANY?+ ELSE T C 2
SD ,86BE0' )\T QUALIFIC,N1 -E 6BE F "S
SUB/RATUM1 W APPE> ON EXAM9,N4 ,= WE F9D
9 E CASE "S?+ T "ULIES F : PROCE$S T :
-ES 6BE2 = 9/.E1 ANIMALS & PLANTS F SE$4
  ,G5],Y ?+S : -E 6BE1 -E 6BE 9 DI6]5T
WAYS3 7#A7 0*ANGE ( %APE1 Z A /ATUE2
7#B7 0A4I;N1 Z ?+S : GR[2 7#C7 0TAK+
AWAY1 Z ! ,H]MES F ! /"O2 7#D7 0PUTT+
TGR1 Z A H\SE2 7#E7 0ALT],N1 Z ?+S :
,8TURN0' 9 RESPECT ( _! MAT]IAL SUB/.E4
  ,X IS PLA9 T ^! >E ALL CASES ( -+ 6BE
F A SUB/RATUM4
  ,?US1 CLE>LY1 F :AT HAS BE5 SD1 :AT"E
-ES 6BE IS ALW -PLEX4 ,"! IS1 ON ! "O
H&1 7A7 "S?+ : -ES 96EXI/;E1 & AG 7B7
"S?+ : 2COMES T-! LATT] 7B7 9 TWO S5SES1
EI ! SUBJECT OR ! OPPOSITE4 ,0!
,8OPPOSITE0' ,I M1N ! ,8UNMUSICAL0'1 0!
,8SUBJECT0' ,8MAN0'1 & SIMIL>LY ,I CALL
! ABS;E ( %APE OR =M OR ORD] !
,8OPPOSITE0'1 &! BRONZE OR /"O OR GOLD !
,8SUBJECT0'4
  ,PLA9LY !N1 IF "! >E 3DI;NS &
PR9CIPLES : 3/ITUTE NATURAL OBJECTS & F
: !Y PRIM>ILY >E OR H -E 6BE-H -E 6BE1
,I M1N1 :AT EA* IS SD 6BE 9 XS ESS5TIAL
NATURE1 N :AT EA* IS 9 RESPECT (A
3COMITANT ATTRIBUTE-PLA9LY1 ,I SAY1
"EY?+ -ES 6BE F BO? SUBJECT & =M4 ,=
,8MUSICAL MAN0' IS -POS$ 7IN A WAY7 (
,8MAN0' & ,8MUSICAL0'3 Y C ANALYSE X 96!
DEF9I;NS ( XS ELE;TS4 ,X IS CLE> !N T
:AT -ES 6BE W -E 6BE F ^! ELE;TS4
  ,N[ ! SUBJECT IS "O NUM]IC,Y1 ?\< X IS
TWO 9 =M4 7,= X IS ! MAN1 ! GOLD-!
,8MATT]0' G5],Y-T IS C.T$1 = X IS M (!
NATURE (A ,8?0'1 & :AT -ES 6BE DOES N -E
F X 9 VIRTUE (A 3COMITANT ATTRIBUTE2 !
PRIV,N1 ON ! O!R H&1 &! 3TR>Y >E
9CID5TAL 9 ! PROCESS47 ,&! POSITIVE =M
IS "O-! ORD]1 ! ACQUIR$ >T ( MUSIC1 OR
ANY SIMIL> PR$ICATE4
  ,"! IS A S5SE1 "!=E1 9 : WE M/ DCL !
PR9CIPLES 6BE TWO1 &A S5SE 9 : !Y >E
?REE2 A S5SE 9 : ! 3TR>IES >E !
PR9CIPLES-SAY = EXAMPLE ! MUSICAL &!
UNMUSICAL1 ! HOT &! COLD1 ! TUN$ &!
UNTUN$-&A S5SE 9 : !Y >E N1 S9CE X IS
IMPOSSI# =! 3TR>IES 6BE ACT$ ON 0EA*
O!R4 ,B ? DI6ICULTY AL IS SOLV$ 0! FACT
T ! SUB/RATUM IS DI6]5T F ! 3TR>IES1 = X
IS XF N A 3TR>Y4 ,! PR9CIPLES "!=E >E1 9
A WAY1 N M 9 NUMB] ?AN ! 3TR>IES1 B Z X
7 TWO1 NOR YET PRECISELY TWO1 S9CE "! IS
A DI6];E ( ESS5TIAL NATURE1 B ?REE4 ,=
,86BE MAN0' IS DI6]5T F ,86BE
UNMUSICAL0'1 & ,86BE UN=M$0' F ,86BE
BRONZE0'4
  ,WE H N[ /AT$ ! NUMB] (! PR9CIPLES (
NATURAL OBJECTS : >E SUBJECT 6G5],N1 &
H[ ! NUMB] IS R1*$3 & X IS CLE> T "! M/
2 A SUB/RATUM =! 3TR>IES1 & T ! 3TR>IES
M/ 2 TWO4 7,YET 9 ANO!R WAY ( PUTT+ X ?
IS N NEC1 Z "O (! 3TR>IES W S]VE 6E6ECT
! *ANGE 0XS SU3ESSIVE ABS;E & PRES;E47
  ,! "ULY+ NATURE IS AN OBJECT (
SCI5TIFIC K1 0AN ANALOGY4 ,= Z ! BRONZE
IS 6! /ATUE1 ! WOOD 6! B$1 OR ! MATT] &!
=M.S 2F RCVG =M 6ANY ?+ : HAS =M1 S IS !
"ULY+ NATURE 6SUB/.E1 I4E4 ! ,8?0' OR
EXI/5T4
  ,? !N IS "O PR9CIPLE 7?\< N "O OR
EXI/5T 9 ! SAME S5SE Z ! ,8?0'71 &!
DEF9I;N 0 "O Z WE AGRE$2 !N FUR!R "! IS
XS 3TR>Y1 ! PRIV,N4 ,9 :AT S5SE ^! >E
TWO1 & 9 :AT S5SE M1 HAS BE5 /AT$ ABV4
,BRIEFLY1 WE EXPLA9$ F/ T ONLY ! 3TR>IES
7 PR9CIPLES1 & LAT] T A SUB/RATUM 0
9DISP5SA#1 & T ! PR9CIPLES 7 ?REE2 \R
LA/ /ATE;T HAS ELUCIDAT$ ! DI6];E 2T !
3TR>IES1 ! MUTUAL REL,N (! PR9CIPLES1 &!
NATURE (! SUB/RATUM4 ,:E!R ! =M OR !
SUB/RATUM IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE (A
PHYSICAL OBJECT IS N YET CLE>4 ,B T !
PR9CIPLES >E ?REE1 & 9 :AT S5SE1 &! WAY
9 : EA* IS A PR9CIPLE1 IS CLE>4
  ,S M* !N =! "Q (! NUMB] &! NATURE (!
PR9CIPLES4
  #H
  ,WE W N[ PROCE$ 6%[ T ! DI6ICULTY (!
E>LY ?9K]S1 Z WELL Z \R [N1 IS SOLV$ 9 ?
WAY AL"O4
  ,! F/ ( ^? :O /UDI$ SCI;E 7 MISL$ 9 _!
SE>* = TRU? &! NATURE ( ?+S 0_!
9EXP]I;E1 : Z X 7 ?RU/ !M 96ANO!R PA?4
,S !Y SAY T N"O (! ?+S T >E EI -ES 6BE
OR PASSES \ ( EXI/;E1 2C :AT -ES 6BE M/
D S EI F :AT IS OR F :AT IS N1 BO? ( :
>E IMPOSSI#4 ,= :AT IS _C -E 6BE 72C X
IS ALR71 & F :AT IS N NO?+ CD H -E 6BE
72C "S?+ M/ 2 PRES5T Z A SUB/RATUM74 ,S
TOO !Y EXA7]AT$ ! 3SEQU;E ( ?1 & W5T S
F> Z 6D5Y EV5 ! EXI/;E (A PLURAL;Y (
?+S1 MA9TA9+ T ONLY ,2+ XF IS4 ,S* !N 0
_! OP9ION1 & S* ! R1SON = XS ADOP;N4
  ,\R EXPLAN,N ON ! O!R H& IS T !
PHRASES ,8"S?+ -ES 6BE F :AT IS OR F :AT
IS N0'1 ,8:AT IS N OR :AT IS DOES "S?+
OR HAS "S?+ D"O 6X OR 2COMES "S "PICUL>
?+0'1 >E 6BE TAK5 7IN ! F/ WAY ( PUTT+
\R EXPLAN,N7 9 ! SAME S5SE Z 'A DOCTOR
DOES "S?+ OR HAS "S?+ D"O 6HM0'1 ,8IS OR
2COMES "S?+ F 2+ A DOCTOR40' ,^!
EXPRES.NS MAY 2 TAK5 9 TWO S5SES1 & S
TOO1 CLE>LY1 MAY ,8F 2+0'1 & ,82+ ACTS
OR IS ACT$ ON0'4 ,A DOCTOR BUILDS A
H\SE1 N QUA DOCTOR1 B QUA H\SEBUILD]1 &
TURNS GRAY1 N QUA DOCTOR1 B QUA D>K-
HAIR$4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE DOCTORS OR FAILS
6DOCTOR QUA DOCTOR4 ,B WE >E US+ ^WS MO/
APPROPRIATELY :5 WE SAY T A DOCTOR DOES
"S?+ OR "UGOES "S?+1 OR 2COMES "S?+ F 2+
A DOCTOR1 IF HE DOES1 "UGOES1 OR 2COMES
QUA DOCTOR4 ,CLE>LY !N AL ,86-E 6BE S-&-
S F N-2+0' M1NS ,8QUA N-2+0'4
  ,X 0 "? FAILURE 6MAKE ? 4T9C;N T ^?
?9K]S GAVE ! MATT] UP1 & "? ? ]ROR T !Y
W5T S M* F>!R A/RAY Z 6SUPPOSE T NO?+
ELSE -ES 6BE OR EXI/S A"P F ,2+ XF1 ?US
DO+ AWAY ) ALL 2COM+4
  ,WE \RVS >E 9 AGREE;T ) !M 9 HOLD+ T
NO?+ C 2 SD )\T QUALIFIC,N 6-E F :AT IS
N4 ,B N"E!.S WE MA9TA9 T A ?+ MAY ,8-E
6BE F :AT IS N'-T IS1 9 A QUALIFI$ S5SE4
,=A ?+ -ES 6BE F ! PRIV,N1 : 9 XS [N
NATURE IS N-2+1-? N SURVIV+ Z A 3/ITU5T
(! RESULT4 ,YET ? CAUSES SURPRISE1 & X
IS ?"\ IMPOSSI# T "S?+ %D -E 6BE 9 ! WAY
DESCRIB$ F :AT IS N4
  ,9 ! SAME WAY WE MA9TA9 T NO?+ -ES 6BE
F 2+1 & T 2+ DOES N -E 6BE EXCEPT 9 A
QUALIFI$ S5SE4 ,9 T WAY1 H["E1 X DOES1 J
Z ANIMAL MI<T -E 6BE F ANIMAL1 & AN
ANIMAL (A C]TA9 K9D F AN ANIMAL (A C]TA9
K9D4 ,?US1 SUPPOSE A DOG 6-E 6BE F A
HORSE4 ,! DOG WD !N1 X IS TRUE1 -E 6BE F
ANIMAL 7Z WELL Z F AN ANIMAL (A C]TA9
K9D7 B N Z ANIMAL1 = T IS ALR "!4 ,B IF
ANY?+ IS 62COME AN ANIMAL1 N 9 A
QUALIFI$ S5SE1 X W N 2 F ANIMAL3 & IF
2+1 N F 2+-NOR F N-2+ EI1 = X HAS BE5
EXPLA9$ T BY ,8F N 2+0' WE M1N F N-2+
QUA N-2+4
  ,NOTE FUR!R T WE D N SUBV]T ! PR9CIPLE
T "EY?+ EI IS OR IS N4
  ,? !N IS "O WAY ( SOLV+ ! DI6ICULTY4
,ANO!R 3SI/S 9 PO9T+ \ T ! SAME ?+S C 2
EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( POT5TIAL;Y & ACTUAL;Y4
,B ? HAS BE5 D"O ) GRT] PRECI.N ELSE":4
,S1 Z WE SD1 ! DI6ICULTIES : 3/RA9 P
6D5Y ! EXI/;E ( "S (! ?+S WE M5;N$ >E N[
SOLV$4 ,= X 0 ? R1SON : AL CAUS$ "S (!
E>LI] ?9K]S 6TURN S F> ASIDE F ! ROAD :
L1DS 6-+ 6BE & PASS+ AWAY & *ANGE G5],Y4
,IF !Y _H -E 9 SI<T ( ? NATURE1 ALL _!
IGNOR.E WD H BE5 4PELL$4
  #I
  ,O!RS1 9DE$1 H APPREH5D$ ! NATURE 9
"Q1 B N ADEQUATELY4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE !Y ALL[ T A ?+ MAY -E
6BE )\T QUALIFIC,N F N 2+1 A3EPT+ ON ?
PO9T ! /ATE;T ( ,P>M5IDES4 ,SECONDLY1 !Y
?9K T IF ! SUB/RATUM IS "O NUM]IC,Y1 X
M/ H AL ONLY A S+LE POT5TIAL;Y-: IS A V
DI6]5T ?+4
  ,N[ WE 4T+UI% MATT] & PRIV,N1 & HOLD T
"O ( ^!1 "NLY ! MATT]1 IS N-2+ ONLY 9
VIRTUE ( AN ATTRIBUTE : X HAS1 :ILE !
PRIV,N 9 XS [N NATURE IS N-2+2 & T !
MATT] IS NE>LY1 9 A S5SE IS1 SUB/.E1
:ILE ! PRIV,N 9 NO S5SE IS4 ,!Y1 ON !
O!R H&1 ID5TIFY _! ,GRT & ,SMALL ALIKE )
N 2+1 & T :E!R !Y >E TAK5 TGR Z "O OR
SEP>ATELY4 ,_! TRIAD IS "!=E ( Q A
DI6]5T K9D F \RS4 ,= !Y GOT S F> Z 6SEE
T "! M/ 2 "S "ULY+ NATURE1 B !Y MAKE X
"O-= EV5 IF "O PHILOSOPH] MAKES A DYAD (
X1 : HE CALLS ,GRT & ,SMALL1 ! E6ECT IS
! SAME1 = HE OV]LOOK$ ! O!R NATURE4 ,=!
"O : P]SI/S IS A JO9T CAUSE1 )! =M1 (
:AT -ES 6BE-A "M1 Z X W]E4 ,B ! NEGATIVE
"P (! 3TR>IETY MAY (T5 SEEM1 IF Y
3C5TRATE YR ATT5;N ON X Z AN EVIL AG5T1
N 6EXI/ AT ALL4
  ,= ADMITT+ ) !M T "! IS "S?+ DIV9E1
GD1 & DESIRA#1 WE HOLD T "! >E TWO O!R
PR9CIPLES1 ! "O 3TR>Y 6X1 ! O!R S* Z (
XS [N NATURE 6DESIRE & YE>N = X4 ,B !
3SEQU;E ( _! VIEW IS T ! 3TR>Y DESIRES
XS WTEXT9C;N4 ,YET ! =M _C DESIRE XF1 =
X IS N DEFECTIVE2 NOR C ! 3TR>Y DESIRE
X1 = 3TR>IES >E MUTU,Y DE/RUCTIVE4 ,!
TRU? IS T :AT DESIRES ! =M IS MATT]1 Z !
FEMALE DESIRES ! MALE &! UGLY ! B1UTI;L-
ONLY ! UGLY OR ! FEMALE N P] SE B P]
A3ID5S4
  ,! MATT] -ES 6BE & C1SES 6BE 9 "O
S5SE1 :ILE 9 ANO!R X DOES N4 ,Z T :
3TA9S ! PRIV,N1 X C1SES 6BE 9 XS [N
NATURE1 = :AT C1SES 6BE-! PRIV,N-IS
3TA9$ )9 X4 ,B Z POT5TIAL;Y X DOES N
C1SE 6BE 9 XS [N NATURE1 B IS NECESS>ILY
\TSIDE ! SPH]E ( 2COM+ & C1S+ 6BE4 ,= IF
X CAME 6BE1 "S?+ M/ H EXI/$ Z A PRIM>Y
SUB/RATUM F : X %D -E & : %D P]SI/ 9 X2
B ? IS XS [N SPECIAL NATURE1 S T X W 2
2F -+ 6BE4 7,= MY DEF9I;N ( MATT] IS J
?-! PRIM>Y SUB/RATUM ( EA* ?+1 F : X -ES
6BE )\T QUALIFIC,N1 & : P]SI/S 9 !
RESULT47 ,& IF X C1SES 6BE X W PASS 96T
AT ! LA/1 S X W H C1S$ 6BE 2F C1S+ 6BE4
  ,! A3URATE DET]M9,N (! F/ PR9CIPLE 9
RESPECT ( =M1 :E!R X IS "O OR _M & :AT X
IS OR :AT !Y >E1 IS ! PROV9CE (! PRIM>Y
TYPE ( SCI;E2 S ^! "QS MAY /& OV] TILL
!N4 ,B (! NATURAL1 I4E4 P]I%A#1 =MS WE %
SP1K 9 ! EXPOSI;NS : FOLL[4
  ,! ABV1 !N1 MAY 2 TAK5 Z SU6ICI5T
6E/ABLI% T "! >E PR9CIPLES & :AT !Y >E &
H[ _M "! >E4 ,N[ LET U MAKE A FRE% />T &
PROCE$4


