             ,,BOOK ,,EI<T
                   ,I

  ,NO "O W D\BT T ! LEGISLATOR %D DIRECT
8 ATT5;N ABV ALL 6! $UC,N ( Y\?2 =!
NEGLECT ( $UC,N DOES H>M 6! 3/ITU;N ,!
CITIZ5 %D 2 MOLD$ 6SUIT ! =M ( GOV]N;T
"U : HE LIVES4 ,= EA* GOV]N;T HAS A
PECULI> "* : ORIG9,Y =M$ & : 3T9UES
6PRES]VE X4 ,! "* ( DEMOCRACY CR1TES
DEMOCRACY1 &! "* ( OLIG>*Y CR1TES
OLIG>*Y2 & ALW ! BETT] ! "*1 ! BETT] !
GOV]N;T4
  ,AG1 =! EX]CISE ( ANY FACULTY OR >T A
PREVI\S TRA9+ & HABITU,N >E REQUIR$2
CLE>LY "!=E =! PRACTICE ( VIRTUE4 ,&
S9CE ! :OLE C;Y HAS "O 5D1 X IS MANIFE/
T $UC,N %D 2 "O &! SAME = ALL1 & T X %D
2 PUBLIC1 & N PRIVATE- N Z AT PRES5T1 :5
E "O LOOKS AF 8 [N *N SEP>ATELY1 & GIVES
!M SEP>ATE 9/RUC;N (! SORT : HE ?9KS
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2 ! SAME = ALL4 ,NEI M/ WE SUPPOSE T ANY
"O (! CITIZ5S 2L;GS 6HMF1 = !Y ALL 2L;G
6! /ATE1 & >E EA* ( !M A "P (! /ATE1 &!
C>E ( EA* "P IS 9SEP>A# F ! C>E (! :OLE4
,9 ? "PICUL> Z 9 "S O!RS !
,LAC$AEMONIANS >E 6BE PRAIS$1 = !Y TAKE
! GRTE/ PA9S AB _! *N1 & MAKE $UC,N !
BUSI;S (! /ATE4

                  ,,II

  ,T $UC,N %D 2 REGULAT$ 0LAW & %D 2 AN
A6AIR ( /ATE IS N 6BE D5I$1 B :AT %D 2 !
"* ( ? PUBLIC $UC,N1 & H[ "Y P]SONS %D 2
$UCAT$1 >E "QS : REMA9 6BE 3SID]$4 ,Z
?+S >E1 "! IS 4AGREE;T AB ! SUBJECTS4 ,=
MANK9D >E 0NO M1NS AGRE$ AB ! ?+S 6BE
TAU<T1 :E!R WE LOOK 6VIRTUE OR ! BE/
LIFE4 ,NEI IS X CLE> :E!R $UC,N IS M
3C]N$ ) 9TELLECTUAL OR ) MORAL VIRTUE4
,! EXI/+ PRACTICE IS P]PLEX+2 NO "O "KS
ON :AT PR9CIPLE WE %D PROCE$- %D ! USE;L
9 LIFE1 OR %D VIRTUE1 OR %D ! HI<] K1 2
! AIM ( \R TRA9+2 ALL ?REE OP9IONS H BE5
5T]TA9$4 ,AG1 AB ! M1NS "! IS NO
AGREE;T2 = DI6]5T P]SONS1 />T+ ) DI6]5T
ID1S AB ! NATURE ( VIRTUE1 NATUR,Y
4AGREE AB ! PRACTICE ( X4 ,"! C 2 NO
D\BT T *N %D 2 TAU<T ^? USE;L ?+S : >E
RE,Y NEC1 B N ALL USE;L ?+S2 = O3UP,NS
>E DIVID$ 96LIB]AL & ILLIB]AL2 & 6"Y *N
%D 2 IM"P$ ONLY S* K9DS ( K Z W 2 USE;L
6!M )\T VULG>IZ+ !M4 ,& ANY O3UP,N1 >T1
OR SCI;E1 : MAKES ! BODY OR S\L OR M9D (
! FREEMAN LESS FIT =! PRACTICE OR
EX]CISE ( VIRTUE1 IS VULG>2 ":=E WE CALL
^? >TS VULG> : T5D 6DE=M ! BODY1 &
LIKEWISE ALL PD EMPLOY;TS1 = !Y ABSORB &
DEGRADE ! M9D4 ,"! >E AL "S LIB]AL >TS Q
PROP] =A FREEMAN 6ACQUIRE1 B ONLY 9 A
C]TA9 DEGREE1 & IF HE ATT5D 6!M TOO
CLOSELY1 9 ORD] 6ATTA9 P]FEC;N 9 !M1 !
SAME EVIL E6ECTS W FOLL[4 ,! OBJECT AL :
A MAN SETS 2F HM MAKES A GRT DI6];E2 IF
HE DOES OR LE>NS ANY?+ = 8 [N SAKE OR =!
SAKE ( 8 FRS1 OR )A VIEW 6EXCELL;E !
AC;N W N APPE> ILLIB]AL2 B IF D"O =!
SAKE ( O!RS1 ! V SAME AC;N W 2 ?"\ M5IAL
& S]VILE4 ,! RCVD SUBJECTS ( 9/RUC;N1 Z
,I H ALR REM>K$1 >E "PLY (A LIB]AL & "PY
( AN ILLIB]AL "*4

                 ,,III

  ,! CU/OM>Y BRAN*ES ( $UC,N >E 9 NUMB]
F\R2 !Y >E--7#A7 R1D+ & WRIT+1 7#B7
GYMNA/IC EX]CISES1 7#C7 MUSIC1 6: IS
"S"TS A4$ 7#D7 DRAW+4 ,( ^!1 R1D+ &
WRIT+ & DRAW+ >E REG>D$ Z USE;L =!
PURPOSES ( LIFE 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS1 &
GYMNA/IC EX]CISES >E ?"\ 69FUSE C\RAGE4
3C]N+ MUSIC A D\BT MAY 2 RAIS$- 9 \R [N
"D MO/ M5 CULTIVATE X =! SAKE ( PL1SURE1
B ORIG9,Y X 0 9CLUD$ 9 $UC,N1 2C NATURE
H]F1 Z HAS BE5 (T5 SD1 REQUIRES T WE %D
2 A#1 N ONLY 6"W WELL1 B 6USE LEISURE
WELL2 =1 Z ,I M/ REP1T ONCE AG1 ! F/
PR9CIPLE ( ALL AC;N IS LEISURE4 ,BO? >E
REQUIR$1 B LEISURE IS BETT] ?AN O3UP,N &
IS XS 5D2 & "!=E ! "Q M/ 2 ASK$1 :AT "\
WE 6D :5 AT LEISURE8 ,CLE>LY WE "\ N 6BE
AMUS+ \RVS1 = !N AMUSE;T WD 2 ! 5D (
LIFE4 ,B IF ? IS 9CONCEIVA#1 & AMUSE;T
IS NE$$ M AMID S]I\S O3UP,NS ?AN AT O!R
"TS 7= HE :O IS H>D AT "W HAS NE$ (
RELAX,N1 & AMUSE;T GIVES RELAX,N1 ":AS
O3UP,N IS ALW A3OMPANI$ ) EX];N & EF=T71
WE %D 9TRODUCE AMUSE;TS ONLY AT SUITA#
"TS1 & !Y %D 2 \R M$IC9ES1 =! EMO;N : !Y
CR1TE 9 ! S\L IS A RELAX,N1 & F !
PL1SURE WE OBTA9 RE/4 ,B LEISURE ( XF
GIVES PL1SURE & HAPPI;S & 5JOY;T ( LIFE1
: >E EXP]I;ED1 N 0! BUSY MAN1 B 0^? :O H
LEISURE4 ,= HE :O IS O3UPI$ HAS 9 VIEW
"S 5D : HE HAS N ATTA9$2 B HAPPI;S IS AN
5D1 S9CE ALL M5 DEEM X 6BE A3OMPANI$ )
PL1SURE & N ) PA94 ,? PL1SURE1 H["E1 IS
REG>D$ DI6]5TLY 0DI6]5T P]SONS1 & V>IES
AC 6! HABIT ( 9DIVIDUALS2 ! PL1SURE (!
BE/ MAN IS ! BE/1 & SPR+S F ! NO#/
S\RCES4 ,X IS CLE> !N T "! >E BRAN*ES (
LE>N+ & $UC,N : WE M/ /UDY M]ELY )A VIEW
6LEISURE SP5T 9 9TELLECTUAL ACTIV;Y1 &
^! >E 6BE VALU$ = _! [N SAKE2 ":AS ^?
K9DS ( K : >E USE;L 9 BUSI;S >E 6BE
DEEM$ NEC1 & EXI/ =! SAKE ( O!R ?+S4 ,&
"!=E \R "FS ADMITT$ MUSIC 96$UC,N1 N ON
! GR.D EI ( XS NECESS;Y OR UTIL;Y1 = X
IS N NEC1 NOR 9DE$ USE;L 9 ! SAME MANN]
Z R1D+ & WRIT+1 : >E USE;L 9 M"OY-MAK+1
9 ! MANAGE;T (A H\SEHOLD1 9 ! ACQUISI;N
( K & 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 NOR L DRAW+1
USE;L =A M CORRECT JUDG;T (! "WS (
>TI/S1 NOR AG L GYMNA/IC1 : GIVES H1L? &
/R5G?2 = NEI ( ^! IS 6BE GA9$ F MUSIC4
,"! REMA9S1 !N1 ! USE ( MUSIC =
9TELLECTUAL 5JOY;T 9 LEISURE2 : IS 9
FACT EVID5TLY ! R1SON ( XS 9TRODUC;N1 ?
2+ "O (! WAYS 9 : X IS ?"\ T A FREEMAN
%D PASS 8 LEISURE2 Z ,HOM] SAYS1
  ,B HE :O AL"O %D 2 CALL$ 6! PL1SANT
F1/1
  & AFWS HE SP1KS ( O!RS :OM HE
DESCRIBES Z 9VIT+
  ,! B>D :O WD DELI<T !M ALL4
  ,& 9 ANO!R PLACE ,ODYSSEUS SAYS "! IS
NO BETT] WAY ( PASS+ LIFE ?AN :5 M5'S
HE>TS >E M]RY &
  ,! BANQUET]S 9 ! HALL1 SITT+ 9 ORD]1
HE> ! VOICE (! M9/REL4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T "! IS A SORT (
$UC,N 9 : P>5TS %D TRA9 _! SONS1 N Z 2+
USE;L OR NEC1 B 2C X IS LIB]AL OR NO#4
,:E!R ? IS ( "O K9D ONLY1 OR ( M ?AN "O1
& IF S1 :AT !Y >E1 & H[ !Y >E 6BE IM"P$1
M/ "HAF 2 DET]M9$4 ,?US M* WE >E N[ 9 A
POSI;N 6SAY1 T ! ANCI5TS WIT;S 6U2 = _!
OP9ION MAY 2 GA!R$ F ! FACT T MUSIC IS
"O (! RCVD & TRADI;NAL BRAN*ES ( $UC,N4
,FUR!R1 X IS CLE> T *N %D 2 9/RUCT$ 9 "S
USE;L ?+S- = EXAMPLE1 9 R1D+ & WRIT+- N
ONLY = _! USE;L;S1 B AL 2C _M O!R SORTS
( K >E ACQUIR$ "? !M4 ,)A L VIEW !Y MAY
2 TAU<T DRAW+1 N 6PREV5T _! MAK+
MISTAKES 9 _! [N PUR*ASES1 OR 9 ORD] T
!Y MAY N 2 IMPOS$ ^U 9 ! BUY+ OR SELL+ (
>TICLES1 B P]H R 2C X MAKES !M JUDGES (!
B1UTY (! HUMAN =M4 ,6BE ALW SEEK+ AF !
USE;L DOES N 2COME FREE & EXALT$ S\LS4
,N[ X IS CLE> T 9 $UC,N PRACTICE M/ 2
US$ 2F !ORY1 &! BODY 2 TRA9$ 2F ! M9D2 &
"!=E BOYS %D 2 H&$ OV] 6! TRA9]1 :O
CR1TES 9 !M ! ROP] HABIT ( BODY1 & 6!
WRE/L+-MA/]1 :O T1*ES !M _! EX]CISES4

                  ,,IV

  ,( ^? /ATES : 9 \R [N "D SEEM 6TAKE !
GRTE/ C>E ( *N1 "S AIM AT PRODUC+ 9 !M
AN A?LETIC HABIT1 B !Y ONLY 9JURE _! =MS
& /UNT _! GR[?4 ,AL? ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS H
N FALL5 96? MISTAKE1 YET !Y BRUTALIZE _!
*N 0LABORI\S EX]CISES : !Y ?9K W MAKE !M
C\RAGE\S4 ,B 9 TRU?1 Z WE H (T5 REP1T$1
$UC,N %D N 2 EXCLUSIVELY1 OR PR9CIP,Y1
DIRECT$ 6? 5D4 ,& EV5 IF WE SUPPOSE !
,LAC$AEMONIANS 6BE "R 9 _! 5D1 !Y D N
ATTA9 X4 ,= AM;G B>B>IANS & AM;G ANIMALS
C\RAGE IS F.D ASSOCIAT$1 N )! GRTE/
F]OC;Y1 B )A G5TLE & LION L TEMP]4 ,"!
>E _M RACES :O >E R1DY 5 6KILL & EAT M51
S* Z ! ,A*AEANS & ,H5IO*I1 :O BO? LIVE
AB ! ,BLACK ,SEA2 & "! >E O!R MA9L&
TRIBES1 Z BAD OR WORSE1 :O ALL LIVE
0PL"U1 B H NO C\RAGE4 ,X IS NOTORI\S T !
,LAC$AEMONIANS !MVS1 :ILE !Y AL"O 7
ASSIDU\S 9 _! LABORI\S DRILL1 7 SUP]IOR
6O!RS1 B N[ !Y >E B1T5 BO? 9 W> &
GYMNA/IC EX]CISES4 ,= _! ANCI5T
SUP]IOR;Y DID N DEP5D ON _! MODE ( TRA9+
_! Y\?1 B ONLY ON ! CIRCUM/.E T !Y TRA9$
!M :5 _! ONLY RIVALS DID N4 ,H;E WE MAY
9F] T :AT IS NO#1 N :AT IS BRUTAL1 %D H
! F/ PLACE2 NO WOLF OR O!R WILD ANIMAL W
FACE A RE,Y NO# DANG]2 S* DANG]S >E =!
BRAVE MAN4 ,& P>5TS :O DEVOTE _! *N
6GYMNA/ICS :ILE !Y NEGLECT _! NEC $UC,N1
9 R1L;Y VULG>IZE !M2 = !Y MAKE !M USE;L
6! >T ( /ATESMAN%IP 9 "O QUAL;Y ONLY1 &
EV5 9 ? ! >GU;T PROVES !M 6BE 9F]IOR
6O!RS4 ,WE %D JUDGE ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS N F
:AT !Y H BE51 B F :AT !Y >E2 = N[ !Y H
RIVALS :O -PETE ) _! $UC,N2 =M]LY !Y _H
N"O4
  ,X IS AN ADMITT$ PR9CIPLE1 T GYMNA/IC
EX]CISES %D 2 EMPLOY$ 9 $UC,N1 & T = *N
!Y %D 2 (A LI<T] K9D1 AVOID+ SEV]E DIET
OR PA9;L TOIL1 LE/ ! GR[? (! BODY 2
IMPAIR$4 ,! EVIL ( EXCESSIVE TRA9+ 9
E>LY YE>S IS /RIK+LY PROV$ 0! EXAMPLE (!
,OLYMPIC VICTORS2 = N M ?AN TWO OR ?REE
( !M H GA9$ A PRIZE BO? Z BOYS & Z M52
_! E>LY TRA9+ & SEV]E GYMNA/IC EX]CISES
EXHAU/$ _! 3/ITU;NS4 ,:5 BOYHOOD IS OV]1
?REE YE>S %D 2 SP5T 9 O!R /UDIES2 !
P]IOD ( LIFE : FOLL[S MAY !N 2 DEVOT$
6H>D EX]CISE & /RICT DIET4 ,M5 "\ N
6LABOR AT ! SAME "T ) _! M9DS &) _!
BODIES2 =! TWO K9DS ( LABOR >E OPPOS$
6"O ANO!R2 ! LABOR (! BODY IMP$ES ! M9D1
&! LABOR (! M9D ! BODY4

                  ;,V

  ,3C]N+ MUSIC "! >E "S "QS : WE H ALR
RAIS$2 ^! WE MAY N[ RESUME & C>RY FUR!R2
& \R REM>KS W S]VE Z A PRELUDE 6? OR ANY
O!R 4CUS.N (! SUBJECT4 ,X IS N EASY
6DET]M9E ! NATURE ( MUSIC1 OR :Y ANY "O
%D H A K ( X4 ,% WE SAY1 =! SAKE (
AMUSE;T & RELAX,N1 L SLEEP OR DR9K+1 :
>E N GD 9 !MVS1 B >E PL1SANT1 & AT !
SAME "T ,8C>E 6C1SE10' Z ,EURIPIDES
SAYS8 ,&= ? 5D M5 AL APPO9T MUSIC1 &
MAKE USE ( ALL ?REE ALIKE- SLEEP1 DR9K+1
MUSIC- 6: "S ADD DANC+4 ,OR % WE >GUE T
MUSIC 3DUCES 6VIRTUE1 ON ! GR.D T X C =M
\R M9DS & HABITUATE U 6TRUE PL1SURES Z
\R BODIES >E MADE 0GYMNA/IC 6BE (A C]TA9
"*8 ,OR % WE SAY T X 3TRIBUTES 6! 5JOY;T
( LEISURE & M5TAL CULTIV,N1 : IS A ?IRD
ALT]NATIVE8 ,N[ OBVI\SLY Y\?S >E N 6BE
9/RUCT$ )A VIEW 6_! AMUSE;T1 = LE>N+ IS
NO AMUSE;T1 B IS A3OMPANI$ ) PA94 ,NEI
IS 9TELLECTUAL 5JOY;T SUITA# 6BOYS ( T
AGE1 = X IS ! 5D1 & T : IS IMP]FECT _C
ATTA9 ! P]FECT OR 5D4 ,B P]H X MAY 2 SD
T BOYS LE>N MUSIC =! SAKE (! AMUSE;T :
!Y W H :5 !Y >E GR[N UP4 ,IF S1 :Y %D !Y
LE>N !MVS1 & N1 L ! ,P]SIAN & ,M$IAN
K+S1 5JOY ! PL1SURE & 9/RUC;N : IS
DERIV$ F HE>+ O!RS8 7= SURELY P]SONS :O
H MADE MUSIC ! BUSI;S & PROFES.N ( _!
LIVES W 2 BETT] P]=M]S ?AN ^? :O
PRACTICE ONLY L;G 5 6LE>N74 ,IF !Y M/
LE>N MUSIC1 ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE !Y %D
LE>N COOK]Y1 : IS ABSURD4 ,& EV5 GRANT+
T MUSIC MAY =M ! "*1 ! OBJEC;N / HOLDS3
:Y %D WE LE>N \RVS8 ,:Y _C WE ATTA9 TRUE
PL1SURE & =M A CORRECT JUDG;T F HE>+
O!RS1 L ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS8- = !Y1 )\T
LE>N+ MUSIC1 N"E!.S C CORRECTLY JUDGE1 Z
!Y SAY1 ( GD & BAD MELODIES4 ,OR AG1 IF
MUSIC %D 2 US$ 6PROMOTE *E];L;S & REF9$
9TELLECTUAL 5JOY;T1 ! OBJEC;N / REMA9S-
:Y %D WE LE>N \RVS 9/1D ( 5JOY+ !
P]=M.ES ( O!RS8 ,WE MAY ILLU/RATE :AT WE
>E SAY+ 0\R 3CEP;N (! ,GODS2 = 9 ! POETS
,ZEUS DOES N HMF S+ OR PLAY ON ! LYRE4
,NAY1 WE CALL PROFES.NAL P]=M]S VULG>2
NO FREEMAN WD PLAY OR S+ UN.S HE 7
9TOXICAT$ OR 9 JE/4 ,B ^! MATT]S MAY 2
LEFT =! PRES5T4
  ,! F/ "Q IS :E!R MUSIC IS OR IS N 6BE
A "P ( $UC,N4 ,(! ?REE ?+S M5;N$ 9 \R
4CUS.N1 : DOES X PRODUCE8- $UC,N OR
AMUSE;T OR 9TELLECTUAL 5JOY;T1 = X MAY 2
RECKON$ "U ALL ?REE1 & SEEMS 6%>E 9 !
NATURE ( ALL ( !M4 ,AMUSE;T IS =! SAKE (
RELAX,N1 & RELAX,N IS ( NECESS;Y SWEET1
= X IS ! REM$Y ( PA9 CAUS$ 0TOIL2 &
9TELLECTUAL 5JOY;T IS UNIV]S,Y AC"KL$G$
63TA9 AN ELE;T N ONLY (! NO# B (!
PL1SANT1 = HAPPI;S IS MADE UP ( BO?4
,ALL M5 AGREE T MUSIC IS "O (! PL1SANTE/
?+S1 :E!R ) OR )\T S;GS2 Z ,MUSAEUS
SAYS3
  ,S;G 6MORTALS ( ALL ?+S ! SWEETE/4
  ,H;E &) GD R1SON X IS 9TRODUC$
96SOCIAL GA!R+S & 5T]TA9;TS1 2C X MAKES
! HE>TS ( M5 GLAD3 S T ON ? GR.D AL"O WE
MAY ASSUME T ! "Y "\ 6BE TRA9$ 9 X4 ,=
9NOC5T PL1SURES >E N ONLY 9 H>MONY )!
P]FECT 5D ( LIFE1 B !Y AL PROVIDE
RELAX,N4 ,& ":AS M5 R>ELY ATTA9 ! 5D1 B
(T5 RE/ 0! WAY & AMUSE !MVS1 N ONLY )A
VIEW 6A FUR!R 5D1 B AL =! PL1SURE'S
SAKE1 X MAY 2 WELL AT "TS 6LET !M F9D A
REFRE%;T 9 MUSIC4 ,X "S"TS HAPP5S T M5
MAKE AMUSE;T ! 5D1 =! 5D PROBABLY 3TA9S
"S ELE;T ( PL1SURE1 ?\< N ANY ORD9>Y OR
L[] PL1SURE2 B !Y MISTAKE ! L[] =! HI<]1
& 9 SEEK+ =! "O F9D ! O!R1 S9CE E
PL1SURE HAS A LIKE;S 6! 5D ( AC;N4 ,=!
5D IS N ELIGI# =! SAKE ( ANY FUTURE GD1
NOR D ! PL1SURES : WE H DESCRIB$ EXI/ =!
SAKE ( ANY FUTURE GD B (! PA/1 T IS
6SAY1 !Y >E ! ALLEVI,N ( PA/ TOILS &
PA9S4 ,& WE MAY 9F] ? 6BE ! R1SON :Y M5
SEEK HAPPI;S F ^! PL1SURES4
  ,B MUSIC IS PURSU$1 N ONLY Z AN
ALLEVI,N ( PA/ TOIL1 B AL Z PROVID+
RECRE,N4 ,& :O C SAY :E!R1 HAV+ ? USE1 X
MAY N AL H A NO#R "O8 ,9 A4I;N 6? -MON
PL1SURE1 FELT & %>$ 9 0ALL 7=! PL1SURE
GIV5 0MUSIC IS NATURAL1 & "!=E ADAPT$
6ALL AGES & "*S71 MAY X N H AL "S 9FLU;E
OV] ! "* &! S\L8 ,X M/ H S* AN 9FLU;E IF
"*S >E A6ECT$ 0X4 ,& T !Y >E S A6ECT$ IS
PROV$ 9 _M WAYS1 & N L1/ 0! P[] : ! S;GS
( ,OLYMPUS EX]CISE2 = 2Y "Q !Y 9SPIRE
5?USIASM1 & 5?USIASM IS AN EMO;N (!
E?ICAL "P (! S\L4 ,2SS1 :5 M5 HE>
IMIT,NS1 EV5 A"P F ! RHY?MS & TUNES
!MVS1 _! FEEL+S MOVE 9 SYMPA?Y4 ,S9CE !N
MUSIC IS A PL1SURE1 & VIRTUE 3SI/S 9
RJCG & LOV+ & HAT+ A"R1 "! IS CLE>LY
NO?+ : WE >E S M* 3C]N$ 6ACQUIRE &
6CULTIVATE Z ! P[] ( =M+ "R JUDG;TS1 &(
TAK+ DELI<T 9 GD 4POSI;NS & NO# AC;NS4
,RHY?M & MELODY SUPPLY IMIT,NS ( ANG] &
G5TLE;S1 & AL ( C\RAGE & TEMP].E1 &( ALL
! QUALITIES 3TR>Y 6^!1 &(! O!R QUALITIES
( "*1 : H>DLY FALL %ORT (! ACTUAL
A6EC;NS1 Z WE "K F \R [N EXP]I;E1 = 9
LI/5+ 6S* /RA9S \R S\LS "UGO A *ANGE4 ,!
HABIT ( FEEL+ PL1SURE OR PA9 AT M]E
REPRES5T,NS IS N F> REMOV$ F ! SAME
FEEL+ AB R1LITIES2 = EXAMPLE1 IF ANY "O
DELI<TS 9 ! SI<T (A /ATUE = XS B1UTY
ONLY1 X NECESS>ILY FOLL[S T ! SI<T (!
ORIG9AL W 2 PL1SANT 6HM4 ,! OBJECTS ( NO
O!R S5SE1 S* Z TA/E OR T\*1 H ANY
RESEMBL.E 6MORAL QUALITIES2 9 VISI#
OBJECTS "! IS ONLY A LL1 = "! >E FIGURES
: >E (A MORAL "*1 B ONLY 6A SLI<T EXT5T1
& ALL D N "PICIPATE 9 ! FEEL+ AB !M4
,AG1 FIGURES & COLORS >E N IMIT,NS1 B
SIGNS1 ( MORAL HABITS1 9DIC,NS : ! BODY
GIVES ( /ATES ( FEEL+4 ,! 3NEC;N ( !M )
MORALS IS SLI<T1 B 9 S F> Z "! IS ANY1
"Y M5 %D 2 TAU<T 6LOOK1 N AT ! "WS (
,PAUSON1 B AT ^? ( ,POLYGNOTUS1 OR ANY
O!R PA9T] OR SCULPTOR :O EXPRESSES MORAL
ID1S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 EV5 9 M]E MELODIES
"! IS AN IMIT,N ( "*1 =! MUSICAL MODES
DI6] ESS5TI,Y F "O ANO!R1 & ^? :O HE> !M
>E DI6]5TLY A6ECT$ 0EA*4 ,"S ( !M MAKE
M5 SAD & GRAVE1 L ! S-CALL$ ,MIXOLYDIAN1
O!RS 5FEE# ! M9D1 L ! RELAX$ MODES1
ANO!R1 AG1 PRODUCES A MOD]ATE & SETTL$
TEMP]1 : APPE>S 6BE ! PECULI> E6ECT (!
,DORIAN2 ! ,PHRYGIAN 9SPIRES 5?USIASM4
,! :OLE SUBJECT HAS BE5 WELL TR1T$
0PHILOSOPHICAL WRIT]S ON ? BRAN* (
$UC,N1 & !Y 3FIRM _! >GU;TS 0FACTS4 ,!
SAME PR9CIPLES APPLY 6RHY?MS2 "S H A "*
( RE/1 O!RS ( MO;N1 &( ^! LATT] AG1 "S H
A M VULG>1 O!RS A NO#R MOVE;T4 ,5 HAS
BE5 SD 6%[ T MUSIC HAS A P[] ( =M+ ! "*1
& %D "!=E 2 9TRODUC$ 96! $UC,N (! "Y4 ,!
/UDY IS SUIT$ 6! /AGE ( Y\?1 = "Y P]SONS
W N1 IF !Y C HELP1 5DURE ANY?+ : IS N
SWEET5$ 0PL1SURE1 & MUSIC HAS A NATURAL
SWEET;S4 ,"! SEEMS 6BE 9 U A SORT (
A69;Y 6MUSICAL MODES & RHY?MS1 : MAKES
"S PHILOSOPH]S SAY T ! S\L IS A TUN+1
O!RS1 T X POSSESSES TUN+4

                  ,,VI

  ,& N[ WE H 6DET]M9E ! "Q : HAS BE5 ALR
RAIS$1 :E!R *N %D 2 !MVS TAU<T 6S+ &
PLAY OR N4 ,CLE>LY "! IS A 3SID]A#
DI6];E MADE 9 ! "* 0! ACTUAL PRACTICE (!
>T4 ,X IS DI6ICULT1 IF N IMPOSSI#1 = ^?
:O D N P]=M 6BE GD JUDGES (! P]=M.E (
O!RS4 ,2SS1 *N %D H "S?+ 6D1 &! RATTLE (
,>*YTAS1 : P GIVE 6_! *N 9 ORD] 6AMUSE
!M & PREV5T !M F BR1K+ ANY?+ 9 ! H\SE1 0
A CAPITAL 9V5;N1 =A "Y ?+ _C 2 QUIET4 ,!
RATTLE IS A TOY SUIT$ 6! 9FANT M9D1 &
$UC,N IS A RATTLE OR TOY = *N (A L>G]
GR[?4 ,WE 3CLUDE !N T !Y %D 2 TAU<T
MUSIC 9 S* A WAY Z 62COME N ONLY CRITICS
B P]=M]S4
  ,! "Q :AT IS OR IS N SUITA# = DI6]5T
AGES MAY 2 EASILY ANSW]$2 NOR IS "! ANY
DI6ICULTY 9 MEET+ ! OBJEC;N ( ^? :O SAY
T ! /UDY ( MUSIC IS VULG>4 ,WE REPLY
7#A7 9 ! F/ PLACE1 T !Y :O >E 6BE JUDGES
M/ AL 2 P]=M]S1 & T !Y %D 2G9 6PRACTICE
E>LY1 AL? :5 !Y >E OLD] !Y MAY 2 SP>$ !
EXECU;N2 !Y M/ H LE>N$ 6APPRECIATE :AT
IS GD & 6DELI<T 9 X1 ?ANKS 6! K : !Y
ACQUIR$ 9 _! Y\?4 ,Z TO 7#B7 ! VULG>IZ+
E6ECT : MUSIC IS SUPPOS$ 6EX]CISE1 ? IS
A "Q : WE % H NO DI6ICULTY 9 DET]M9+1 :5
WE H 3SID]$ 6:AT EXT5T FREEM5 :O >E 2+
TRA9$ 6POLITICAL VIRTUE %D PURSUE ! >T1
:AT MELODIES & :AT RHY?MS !Y %D 2 ALL[$
6USE1 & :AT 9/RU;TS %D 2 EMPLOY$ 9 T1*+
!M 6PLAY2 = EV5 ! 9/RU;T MAKES A DI6];E4
,! ANSW] 6! OBJEC;N TURNS ^U ^! 4T9C;NS2
= X IS Q POSSI# T C]TA9 ME?ODS ( T1*+ &
LE>N+ MUSIC D RE,Y H A DEGRAD+ E6ECT4 ,X
IS EVID5T !N T ! LE>N+ ( MUSIC "\ N
6IMP$E ! BUSI;S ( RIP] YE>S1 OR 6DEGRADE
! BODY OR R5D] X UNFIT = CIVIL OR
MILIT>Y TRA9+1 :E!R = BODILY EX]CISES AT
! "T OR = LAT] /UDIES4
  ,! "R M1SURE W 2 ATTA9$ IF /UD5TS (
MUSIC /OP %ORT (! >TS : >E PRACTIC$ 9
PROFES.NAL 3TE/S1 & D N SEEK 6ACQUIRE ^?
FANTA/IC M>VELS ( EXECU;N : >E N[ !
FA%ION 9 S* 3TE/S1 & F ^! H PASS$
96$UC,N4 ,LET ! "Y PRACTICE EV5 S* MUSIC
Z WE H PRESCRIB$1 ONLY UNTIL !Y >E A#
6FEEL DELI<T 9 NO# MELODIES & RHY?MS1 &
N M]ELY 9 T -MON "P ( MUSIC 9 : E SLAVE
OR * & EV5 "S ANIMALS F9D PL1SURE4
  ,F ^! PR9CIPLES WE MAY AL 9F] :AT
9/RU;TS %D 2 US$4 ,! FLUTE1 OR ANY O!R
9/RU;T : REQUIRES GRT SKILL1 Z = EXAMPLE
! H>P1 "\ N 6BE ADMITT$ 96$UC,N1 B ONLY
S* Z W MAKE 9TELLIG5T /UD5TS ( MUSIC OR
(! O!R "PS ( $UC,N4 ,2SS1 ! FLUTE IS N
AN 9/RU;T : IS EXPRESSIVE ( MORAL "*2 X
IS TOO EXCIT+4 ,! PROP] "T = US+ X IS :5
! P]=M.E AIMS N AT 9/RUC;N1 B AT !
RELIEF (! PAS.NS4 ,& "! IS A FUR!R
OBJEC;N2 ! IMP$I;T : ! FLUTE PRES5TS 6!
USE (! VOICE DETRACTS F XS $UC,NAL
VALUE4 ,! ANCI5TS "!=E 7 "R 9 =BI4+ !
FLUTE 6Y\?S & FREEM51 AL? !Y _H ONCE
ALL[$ X4 ,= :5 _! W1L? GAVE !M A GRT]
9CL9,N 6LEISURE1 & !Y _H L(TI] NO;NS (
EXCELL;E1 2+ AL ELAT$ ) _! SU3ESS1 BO?
2F & AF ! ,P]SIAN ,W>1 ) M Z1L ?AN
4C]N;T !Y PURSU$ E K9D ( K1 & S !Y
9TRODUC$ ! FLUTE 96$UC,N4 ,AT ,LAC$AEMON
"! 0 A *ORAGUS :O L$ ! *ORUS )A FLUTE1 &
AT ,A!NS ! 9/RU;T 2CAME S POPUL> T MO/
FREEM5 CD PLAY ^U X4 ,! POPUL>;Y IS %[N
0! TA#T : ,?RASIPPUS D$ICAT$ :5 HE
FURNI%$ ! *ORUS 6,ECPHANTIDES4 ,LAT]
EXP]I;E 5A#D M5 6JUDGE :AT 0 OR 0 N RE,Y
3DUCIVE 6VIRTUE1 & !Y REJECT$ BO? !
FLUTE & S"EAL O!R OLD-FA%ION$ 9/RU;TS1
S* Z ! ,LYDIAN H>P1 ! _M-/R+$ LYRE1 !
,8HEPTAGON10' ,8TRIANGLE10' ,8SAMBUCA10'
! L- : >E 9T5D$ ONLY 6GIVE PL1SURE 6!
HE>]1 & REQUIRE EXTRAORD9>Y SKILL ( H&4
,"! IS A M1N+ AL 9 ! MY? (! ANCI5TS1 :
TELLS H[ ,A!NE 9V5T$ ! FLUTE & !N ?REW X
AWAY4 ,X 0 N A BAD IDEA ( _!S1 T !
,GO4ESS 4LIK$ ! 9/RU;T 2C X MADE ! FACE
UGLY2 B ) / M R1SON MAY WE SAY T %E
REJECT$ X 2C ! ACQUIRE;T ( FLUTE-PLAY+
3TRIBUTES NO?+ 6! M9D1 S9C
  --;E 6,A!NE WE ASCRIBE BO? K & >T4
  ,?US !N WE REJECT ! PROFES.NAL 9/RU;TS
& AL ! PROFES.NAL MODE ( $UC,N 9 MUSIC
7& 0PROFES.NAL WE M1N T : IS ADOPT$ 9
3TE/S71 = 9 ? ! P]=M] PRACTICES ! >T1 N
=! SAKE ( 8 [N IMPROVE;T1 B 9 ORD] 6GIVE
PL1SURE1 & T (A VULG> SORT1 6HIS HE>]S4
,= ? R1SON ! EXECU;N ( S* MUSIC IS N !
"P (A FREEMAN B (A PD P]=M]1 &! RESULT
IS T ! P]=M]S >E VULG>IZ$1 =! 5D AT : !Y
AIM IS BAD4 ,! VULG>;Y (! SPECTATOR T5DS
6L[] ! "* (! MUSIC & "!=E (! P]=M]S2 !Y
LOOK 6HM- HE MAKES !M :AT !Y >E1 &
FA%IONS EV5 _! BODIES 0! MOVE;TS : HE
EXPECTS !M 6EXHIBIT4

                 ,,VII

  ,WE H AL 63SID] RHY?MS & MODES1 & _!
USE 9 $UC,N4 ,% WE USE !M ALL OR MAKE A
4T9C;N8 & % ! SAME 4T9C;N 2 MADE = ^? :O
PRACTICE MUSIC )A VIEW 6$UC,N1 OR % X 2
"S O!R8 ,N[ WE SEE T MUSIC IS PRODUC$
0MELODY & RHY?M1 & WE "\ 6"K :AT 9FLU;E
^! H RESPECTIVELY ON $UC,N1 & :E!R WE %D
PREF] EXCELL;E 9 MELODY OR EXCELL;E 9
RHY?M4 ,B Z ! SUBJECT HAS BE5 V WELL
TR1T$ 0_M MUSICIANS (! PRES5T "D1 & AL
0PHILOSOPH]S :O H _H 3SID]A# EXP]I;E (
MUSICAL $UC,N1 6^! WE WD REF] ! M EXACT
/UD5T (! SUBJECT2 WE % ONLY SP1K ( X N[
AF ! MANN] (! LEGISLATOR1 /AT+ ! G5]AL
PR9CIPLES4
  ,WE A3EPT ! DIVI.N ( MELODIES PROPOS$
0C]TA9 PHILOSOPH]S 96E?ICAL MELODIES1
MELODIES ( AC;N1 & PAS.NATE OR 9SPIR+
MELODIES1 EA* HAV+1 Z !Y SAY1 A MODE
CORRESPOND+ 6X4 ,B WE MA9TA9 FUR!R T
MUSIC %D 2 /UDI$1 N =! SAKE ( "O1 B ( _M
B5EFITS1 T IS 6SAY1 )A VIEW TO 7#A7
$UC,N1 7#B7 PURG,N 7! ^W ,8PURG,N0' WE
USE AT PRES5T )\T EXPLAN,N1 B :5 "HAF WE
SP1K ( POETRY1 WE W TR1T ! SUBJECT ) M
PRECI.N72 MUSIC MAY AL S]VE 7#C7 ==
5JOY;T1 = RELAX,N1 &= RECRE,N AF EX];N4
,X IS CLE>1 "!=E1 T ALL ! MODES M/ 2
EMPLOY$ 0U1 B N ALL ( !M 9 ! SAME MANN]4
,9 $UC,N ! MO/ E?ICAL MODES >E 6BE
PREF]R$1 B 9 LI/5+ 6! P]=M.ES ( O!RS WE
MAY ADMIT ! MODES ( AC;N & PAS.N AL4 ,=
FEEL+S S* Z P;Y & FE>1 OR1 AG1 5?USIASM1
EXI/ V /R;GLY 9 "S S\LS1 & H M OR LESS
9FLU;E OV] ALL4 ,"S P]SONS FALL 96A
RELIGI\S FR5ZY1 :OM WE SEE Z A RESULT (!
SACR$ MELODIES- :5 !Y H US$ ! MELODIES T
EXCITE ! S\L 6MY/IC FR5ZY- RE/OR$ Z ?\<
!Y _H F.D H1L+ & PURG,N4 ,^? :O >E
9FLU;ED 0P;Y OR FE>1 & E EMO;NAL NATURE1
M/ H A L EXP]I;E1 & O!RS 9 S F> Z EA* IS
SUSCEPTI# 6S* EMO;NS1 & ALL >E 9 A MANN]
PURG$ & _! S\LS LI<T5$ & DELI<T$4 ,!
PURGATIVE MELODIES LIKEWISE GIVE AN
9NOC5T PL1SURE 6MANK9D4 ,S* >E ! MODES &
! MELODIES 9 : ^? :O P]=M MUSIC AT !
!AT] %D 2 9VIT$ 6-PETE4 ,B S9CE !
SPECTATORS >E ( TWO K9DS- ! "O FREE &
$UCAT$1 &! O!R A VULG> CR[D -POS$ (
ME*ANICS1 LABOR]S1 &! L- "! "\ 6BE 3TE/S
& EXHIBI;NS 9/ITUT$ =! RELAX,N (! SECOND
CLASS AL4 ,&! MUSIC W CORRESPOND 6_!
M9DS2 = Z _! M9DS >E P]V]T$ F ! NATURAL
/ATE1 S "! >E P]V]T$ MODES & HI<LY /RUNG
& UNNATUR,Y COLOR$ MELODIES4 ,A MAN RCVS
PL1SURE F :AT IS NATURAL 6HM1 & "!=E
PROFES.NAL MUSICIANS MAY 2 ALL[$
6PRACTICE ? L[] SORT ( MUSIC 2F AN
AUDI;E (A L[] TYPE4 ,B1 =! PURPOSES (
$UC,N1 Z ,I H ALR SD1 ^? MODES &
MELODIES %D 2 EMPLOY$ : >E E?ICAL1 S* Z
! ,DORIAN1 Z WE SD 2F2 ?\< WE MAY 9CLUDE
ANY O!RS : >E APPROV$ 0PHILOSOPH]S :O H
_H A MUSICAL $UC,N4 ,! ,SOCRATES (!
,REPUBLIC IS WR;G 9 RETA9+ ONLY !
,PHRYGIAN MODE AL;G )! ,DORIAN1 &! M S
2C HE REJECTS ! FLUTE2 =! ,PHRYGIAN IS
6! MODES :AT ! FLUTE IS 6MUSICAL
9/RU;TS- BO? ( !M >E EXCIT+ & EMO;NAL4
,POETRY PROVES ?1 = ,BAC*IC FR5ZY & ALL
SIMIL> EMO;NS >E MO/ SUITABLY EXPRESS$
0! FLUTE1 & >E BETT] SET 6! ,PHRYGIAN
?AN 6ANY O!R MODE4 ,! DI?YRAMB1 =
EXAMPLE1 IS AC"KL$G$ 6BE ,PHRYGIAN1 A
FACT ( : ! 3NOISSEURS ( MUSIC (F] _M
PRO(S1 SAY+1 AM;G O!R ?+S1 T ,PHILOX5US1
HAV+ ATTEMPT$ 6-POSE 8 ,MYSIANS Z A
DI?YRAMB 9 ! ,DORIAN MODE1 F.D X
IMPOSSI#1 & FELL BACK 0! V NATURE ( ?+S
96! M APPROPRIATE ,PHRYGIAN4 ,ALL M5
AGREE T ! ,DORIAN MUSIC IS ! GRAVE/ &
MANLIE/4 ,& ":AS WE SAY T ! EXTREMES %D
2 AVOID$ &! M1N FOLL[$1 & ":AS ! ,DORIAN
IS A M1N 2T ! O!R MODES1 X IS EVID5T T
\R Y\? %D 2 TAU<T ! ,DORIAN MUSIC4
  ,TWO PR9CIPLES H 6BE KEPT 9 VIEW1 :AT
IS POSSI#1 :AT IS 2COM+3 AT ^! E MAN "\
6AIM4 ,B EV5 ^! >E RELATIVE 6AGE2 ! OLD1
:O H LO/ _! P[]S1 _C V WELL S+ ! HI<-
/RUNG MODES1 & NATURE H]F SEEMS 6SU7E/ T
_! S;GS %D 2 (! M RELAX$ K9D4 ,":=E !
MUSICIANS LIKEWISE BLAME ,SOCRATES1 &)
JU/ICE1 = REJECT+ ! RELAX$ MODES 9 $UC,N
"U ! IDEA T !Y >E 9TOXICAT+1 N 9 !
ORD9>Y S5SE ( 9TOXIC,N 7= W9E R T5DS
6EXCITE M571 B 2C !Y H NO /R5G? 9 !M4 ,&
S1 )A VIEW AL 6! "T ( LIFE :5 M5 2G9
6GR[ OLD1 !Y "\ 6PRACTICE ! G5TL] MODES
& MELODIES Z WELL Z ! O!RS1 &1 FUR!R1
ANY MODE1 S* Z ! ,LYDIAN ABV ALL O!RS
APPE>S 6BE1 : IS SUIT$ 6*N ( T5D] AGE1 &
POSSESSES ! ELE;TS BO? ( ORD] &( $UC,N4
,?US X IS CLE> T $UC,N %D 2 BAS$ ^U ?REE
PR9CIPLES- ! M1N1 ! POSSI#1 ! 2COM+1 ^!
?REE4

