                ,BOOK ,I
                   #A
  ,ALL M5 0NATURE DESIRE 6"K4 ,AN 9DIC,N
( ? IS ! DELI<T WE TAKE 9 \R S5SES2 =
EV5 A"P F _! USE;L;S !Y >E LOV$ = !MVS2
& ABV ALL O!RS ! S5SE ( SI<T4 ,= N ONLY
)A VIEW 6AC;N1 B EV5 :5 WE >E N GO+ 6D
ANY?+1 WE PREF] SEE+ 7"O MI<T SAY7
6"EY?+ ELSE4 ,! R1SON IS T ?1 MO/ ( ALL
! S5SES1 MAKES U "K & BR+S 6LI<T _M
DI6];ES 2T ?+S4
  ,0NATURE ANIMALS >E BORN )! FACULTY (
S5S,N1 & F S5S,N MEMORY IS PRODUC$ 9 "S
( !M1 ?\< N 9 O!RS4 ,& "!=E ! =M] >E M
9TELLIG5T & APT AT LE>N+ ?AN ^? : _C
REMEMB]2 ^? : >E 9CAPA# ( HE>+ S.DS >E
9TELLIG5T ?\< !Y _C 2 TAU<T1 E4G4 ! BEE1
& ANY O!R RACE ( ANIMALS T MAY 2 L X2 &
^? : 2SS MEMORY H ? S5SE ( HE>+ C 2
TAU<T4
  ,! ANIMALS O!R ?AN MAN LIVE 0APPE>.ES
& MEMORIES1 & H B LL ( 3NECT$ EXP]I;E2 B
! HUMAN RACE LIVES AL 0>T & R1SON+S4 ,N[
F MEMORY EXP]I;E IS PRODUC$ 9 M52 =!
S"EAL MEMORIES (! SAME ?+ PRODUCE F9,Y !
CAPAC;Y =A S+LE EXP]I;E4 ,& EXP]I;E
SEEMS PRETTY M* L SCI;E & >T1 B RE,Y
SCI;E & >T -E 6M5 "? EXP]I;E2 =
,8EXP]I;E MADE >T0'1 Z ,POLUS SAYS1 ,8B
9EXP]I;E LUCK40' ,N[ >T >ISES :5 F _M
NO;NS GA9$ 0EXP]I;E "O UNIV]SAL JUDGE;T
AB A CLASS ( OBJECTS IS PRODUC$4 ,= 6H A
JUDGE;T T :5 ,CALLIAS 0 ILL ( ? 41SE ?
DID HM GD1 & SIMIL>LY 9 ! CASE (
,SOCRATES & 9 _M 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 IS A
MATT] ( EXP]I;E2 B 6JUDGE T X HAS D"O GD
6ALL P]SONS (A C]TA9 3/ITU;N1 M>K$ (F 9
"O CLASS1 :5 !Y 7 ILL ( ? 41SE1 E4G4
6PHLEGMATIC OR BILI\S P :5 BURN+ )
FEV]S-? IS A MATT] ( >T4
  ,)A VIEW 6AC;N EXP]I;E SEEMS 9 NO
RESPECT 9F]IOR 6>T1 & M5 ( EXP]I;E SU3E$
EV5 BETT] ?AN ^? :O H !ORY )\T EXP]I;E4
7,! R1SON IS T EXP]I;E IS K (
9DIVIDUALS1 >T ( UNIV]SALS1 & AC;NS &
PRODUC;NS >E ALL 3C]N$ )! 9DIVIDUAL2 =!
PHYSICIAN DOES N CURE MAN1 EXCEPT 9 AN
9CID5TAL WAY1 B ,CALLIAS OR ,SOCRATES OR
"S O!R CALL$ 0"S S* 9DIVIDUAL "N1 :O
HAPP5S 6BE A MAN4 ,IF1 !N1 A MAN HAS !
!ORY )\T ! EXP]I;E1 & RECOGNIZES !
UNIV]SAL B DOES N "K ! 9DIVIDUAL 9CLUD$
9 ?1 HE W (T5 FAIL 6CURE2 = X IS !
9DIVIDUAL T IS 6BE CUR$47 ,B YET WE ?9K
T K & "U/&+ 2L;G 6>T R ?AN 6EXP]I;E1 &
WE SUPPOSE >TI/S 6BE WIS] ?AN M5 (
EXP]I;E 7: IMPLIES T ,WISDOM DEP5DS 9
ALL CASES R ON K72 & ? 2C ! =M] "K !
CAUSE1 B ! LATT] D N4 ,= M5 ( EXP]I;E "K
T ! ?+ IS S1 B D N "K :Y1 :ILE ! O!RS "K
! ,8:Y0' &! CAUSE4 ,H;E WE ?9K AL T !
MA/]"W]S 9 EA* CRAFT >E M HON\RA# & "K 9
A TRU] S5SE & >E WIS] ?AN ! MANUAL "W]S1
2C !Y "K ! CAUSES (! ?+S T >E D"O 7WE
?9K ! MANUAL "W]S >E L C]TA9 LIFE.S ?+S
: ACT 9DE$1 B ACT )\T "K+ :AT !Y D1 Z
FIRE BURNS1-B :ILE ! LIFE.S ?+S P]=M EA*
( _! FUNC;NS 0A NATURAL T5D5CY1 !
LAB\R]S P]=M !M "? HABIT72 ?US WE VIEW
!M Z 2+ WIS] N 9 VIRTUE ( 2+ A# 6ACT1 B
( HAV+ ! !ORY = !MVS & "K+ ! CAUSES4 ,&
9 G5]AL X IS A SIGN (! MAN :O "KS &(!
MAN :O DOES N "K1 T ! =M] C T1*1 & "!=E
WE ?9K >T M TRULY K ?AN EXP]I;E IS2 =
>TI/S C T1*1 & M5 ( M]E EXP]I;E _C4
  ,AG1 WE D N REG>D ANY (! S5SES Z
,WISDOM2 YET SURELY ^! GIVE ! MO/
AU?ORITATIVE K ( "PICUL>S4 ,B !Y D N
TELL U ! ,8:Y0' ( ANY?+-E4G4 :Y FIRE IS
HOT2 !Y ONLY SAY T X IS HOT4
  ,AT F/ HE :O 9V5T$ ANY >T :AT"E T W5T
2Y ! -MON P]CEP;NS ( MAN 0 NATUR,Y
ADMIR$ 0M51 N ONLY 2C "! 0 "S?+ USE;L 9
! 9V5;NS1 B 2C HE 0 ?"\ WISE & SUP]IOR
6! RE/4 ,B Z M >TS 7 9V5T$1 & "S 7
DIRECT$ 6! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 O!RS
6RECRE,N1 ! 9V5TORS (! LATT] 7 NATUR,Y
ALW REG>D$ Z WIS] ?AN ! 9V5TORS (! =M]1
2C _! BRAN*ES ( K DID N AIM AT UTIL;Y4
,H;E :5 ALL S* 9V5;NS 7 ALR E/ABLI%$1 !
SCI;ES : D N AIM AT GIV+ PL1SURE OR AT !
NECESSITIES ( LIFE 7 4COV]$1 & F/ 9 !
PLACES ": M5 F/ 2GAN 6H LEISURE4 ,? IS
:Y ! MA!MATICAL >TS 7 F.D$ 9 ,EGYPT2 =
"! ! PRIE/LY CA/E 0 ALL[$ 6BE AT
LEISURE4
  ,WE H SD 9 ! ,E?ICS :AT ! DI6];E IS 2T
>T & SCI;E &! O!R K9DR$ FACULTIES2 B !
PO9T ( \R PRES5T 4CUS.N IS ?1 T ALL M5
SUPPOSE :AT IS CALL$ ,WISDOM 6D1L )! F/
CAUSES &! PR9CIPLES ( ?+S2 S T1 Z HAS
BE5 SD 2F1 ! MAN ( EXP]I;E IS ?"\ 6BE
WIS] ?AN ! POSSESSORS ( ANY S5SE-P]CEP;N
:AT"E1 ! >TI/ WIS] ?AN ! M5 ( EXP]I;E1 !
MA/]"W] ?AN ! ME*ANIC1 &! !ORETICAL K9DS
( K 6BE M (! NATURE ( ,WISDOM ?AN !
PRODUCTIVE4 ,CLE>LY !N ,WISDOM IS K AB
C]TA9 PR9CIPLES & CAUSES4
                   #B
  ,S9CE WE >E SEEK+ ? K1 WE M/ 9QUIRE (
:AT K9D >E ! CAUSES &! PR9CIPLES1 ! K (
: IS ,WISDOM4 ,IF "O 7 6TAKE ! NO;NS WE
H AB ! WISE MAN1 ? MI<T P]H MAKE ! ANSW]
M EVID5T4 ,WE SUPPOSE F/1 !N1 T ! WISE
MAN "KS ALL ?+S1 Z F> Z POSSI#1 AL? HE
HAS N K ( EA* ( !M 9 DETAIL2 SECONDLY1 T
HE :O C LE>N ?+S T >E DI6ICULT1 & N EASY
= MAN 6"K1 IS WISE 7S5SE-P]CEP;N IS -MON
6ALL1 & "!=E EASY & NO M>K ( ,WISDOM72
AG1 T HE :O IS M EXACT & M CAPA# ( T1*+
! CAUSES IS WIS]1 9 E BRAN* ( K2 & T (!
SCI;ES1 AL1 T : IS DESIRA# ON XS [N A3.T
&=! SAKE ( "K+ X IS M (! NATURE (
,WISDOM ?AN T : IS DESIRA# ON A3.T ( XS
RESULTS1 &! SUP]IOR SCI;E IS M (! NATURE
( ,WISDOM ?AN ! ANCILL>Y2 =! WISE MAN M/
N 2 ORD]$ B M/ ORD]1 & HE M/ N OBEY
ANO!R1 B ! LESS WISE M/ OBEY HM4
  ,S* & S _M >E ! NO;NS1 !N1 : WE H AB
,WISDOM &! WISE4 ,N[ ( ^! "*I/ICS T (
"K+ ALL ?+S M/ 2L;G 6HM :O HAS 9 ! HI<E/
DEGREE UNIV]SAL K2 = HE "KS 9 A S5SE ALL
! 9/.ES T FALL "U ! UNIV]SAL4 ,& ^! ?+S1
! MO/ UNIV]SAL1 >E ON ! :OLE ! H>DE/ =
M5 6"K2 = !Y >E F>!/ F ! S5SES4 ,&! MO/
EXACT (! SCI;ES >E ^? : D1L MO/ ) F/
PR9CIPLES2 = ^? : 9VOLVE FEW] PR9CIPLES
>E M EXACT ?AN ^? : 9VOLVE A4I;NAL
PR9CIPLES1 E4G4 >I?METIC ?AN GEOMETRY4
,B ! SCI;E : 9VE/IGATES CAUSES IS AL
9/RUCTIVE1 9 A HI<] DEGREE1 =! P :O
9/RUCT U >E ^? :O TELL ! CAUSES ( EA*
?+4 ,& "U/&+ & K PURSU$ = _! [N SAKE >E
F.D MO/ 9 ! K ( T : IS MO/ "KA# 7= HE :O
*OOSES 6"K =! SAKE ( "K+ W *OOSE MO/
R1DILY T : IS MO/ TRULY K1 & S* IS ! K (
T : IS MO/ "KA#72 &! F/ PR9CIPLES &!
CAUSES >E MO/ "KA#2 = 0R1SON ( ^!1 & F
^!1 ALL O!R ?+S -E 6BE "KN1 & N ^! 0M1NS
(! ?+S SUBORD9ATE 6!M4 ,&! SCI;E : "KS
6:AT 5D EA* ?+ M/ 2 D"O IS ! MO/
AU?ORITATIVE (! SCI;ES1 & M AU?ORITATIVE
?AN ANY ANCILL>Y SCI;E2 & ? 5D IS ! GD (
T ?+1 & 9 G5]AL ! SUPREME GD 9 ! :OLE (
NATURE4 ,JUDG$ 0ALL ! TE/S WE H M5;N$1
!N1 ! "N 9 "Q FALLS 6! SAME SCI;E2 ? M/
2 A SCI;E T 9VE/IGATES ! F/ PR9CIPLES &
CAUSES2 =! GD1 I4E4 ! 5D1 IS "O (!
CAUSES4
  ,T X IS N A SCI;E ( PRODUC;N IS CLE>
EV5 F ! HI/ORY (! E>LIE/ PHILOSOPH]S4 ,=
X IS [+ 6_! WOND] T M5 BO? N[ 2G9 & AT
F/ 2GAN 6PHILOSOPHIZE2 !Y WOND]$ ORIG9,Y
AT ! OBVI\S DI6ICULTIES1 !N ADV.ED LL
0LL & /AT$ DI6ICULTIES AB ! GRT] MATT]S1
E4G4 AB ! PH5OM5A (! MOON & ^? (! SUN &(
! />S1 & AB ! G5ESIS (! UNIV]SE4 ,&A MAN
:O IS PUZZL$ & WOND]S ?9KS HMF IGNORANT
7:;E EV5 ! LOV] ( MY? IS 9 A S5SE A LOV]
( ,WISDOM1 =! MY? IS -POS$ ( WOND]S72
"!=E S9CE !Y PHILOSOPHIZ$ ORD] 6ESCAPE F
IGNOR.E1 EVID5TLY !Y 7 PURSU+ SCI;E 9
ORD] 6"K1 & N = ANY UTILIT>IAN 5D4 ,& ?
IS 3FIRM$ 0! FACTS2 = X 0 :5 ALM ALL !
NECESSITIES ( LIFE &! ?+S T MAKE = -=T &
RECRE,N _H BE5 SECUR$1 T S* K 2GAN 6BE
S"\4 ,EVID5TLY !N WE D N SEEK X =! SAKE
( ANY O!R ADVANTAGE2 B Z ! MAN IS FREE1
WE SAY1 :O EXI/S = 8 [N SAKE & N =
ANO!R'S1 S WE PURSUE ? Z ! ONLY FREE
SCI;E1 = X AL"O EXI/S = XS [N SAKE4
  ,H;E AL ! POSSES.N ( X MI<T 2 JU/LY
REG>D$ Z 2Y HUMAN P[]2 = 9 _M WAYS HUMAN
NATURE IS 9 BONDAGE1 S T AC 6,SIMONIDES
,8,GOD AL"O C H ? PRIVILEGE0'1 & X IS
UNFITT+ T MAN %D N 2 3T5T 6SEEK ! K T IS
SUIT$ 6HM4 ,IF1 !N1 "! IS "S?+ 9 :AT !
POETS SAY1 & J1L\SY IS NATURAL 6! DIV9E
P[]1 X WD PROBABLY O3UR 9 ? CASE ABV
ALL1 & ALL :O EXCELL$ 9 ? K WD 2
UN=TUNATE4 ,B ! DIV9E P[] _C 2 J1L\S
7NAY1 AC 6! PROV]B1 ,8B>DS TELL A
LIE0'71 NOR %D ANY O!R SCI;E 2 ?"\ M
HON\RA# ?AN "O ( ? SORT4 ,=! MO/ DIV9E
SCI;E IS AL MO/ HON\RA#2 & ? SCI;E AL"O
M/ BE1 9 TWO WAYS1 MO/ DIV9E4 ,=! SCI;E
: X WD 2 MO/ MEET = ,GOD 6H IS A DIV9E
SCI;E1 & S IS ANY SCI;E T D1LS ) DIV9E
OBJECTS2 & ? SCI;E AL"O HAS BO? ^!
QUALITIES2 = 7#A7 ,GOD IS ?"\ 6BE AM;G !
CAUSES ( ALL ?+S & 6BE A F/ PR9CIPLE1 &
7#B7 S* A SCI;E EI ,GOD AL"O C H1 OR
,GOD ABV ALL O!RS4 ,ALL ! SCI;ES1 9DE$1
>E M NEC ?AN ?1 B N"O IS BETT]4
  ,YET ! ACQUISI;N ( X M/ 9 A S5SE 5D 9
"S?+ : IS ! OPPOSITE ( \R ORIG9AL
9QUIRIES4 ,= ALL M5 2G91 Z WE SD1
0WOND]+ T ?+S >E Z !Y >E1 Z !Y D AB
SELF-MOV+ M>IONETTES1 OR AB ! SOL/ICES
OR ! 9COMM5SURABIL;Y (! DIAGONAL (A
SQU>E )! SIDE2 = X SEEMS WOND];L 6ALL :O
H N YET SE5 ! R1SON1 T "! IS A ?+ : _C 2
M1SUR$ EV5 0! SMALLE/ UNIT4 ,B WE M/ 5D
9 ! 3TR>Y &1 AC 6! PROV]B1 ! BETT] /ATE1
Z IS ! CASE 9 ^! 9/.ES TOO :5 M5 LE>N !
CAUSE2 = "! IS NO?+ : WD SURPRISE A
GEOMET] S M* Z IF ! DIAGONAL TURN$ \ 6BE
-M5SURA#4
  ,WE H /AT$1 !N1 :AT IS ! NATURE (!
SCI;E WE >E SE>*+ =1 & :AT IS ! M>K : \R
SE>* & \R :OLE 9VE/IG,N M/ R1*4
                   #C
  ,EVID5TLY WE H 6ACQUIRE K (! ORIG9AL
CAUSES 7= WE SAY WE "K EA* ?+ ONLY :5 WE
?9K WE RECOGNIZE XS F/ CAUSE71 & CAUSES
>E SPOK5 ( 9 F\R S5SES4 ,9 "O ( ^! WE
M1N ! SUB/.E1 I4E4 ! ESS;E 7=! ,8:Y0' IS
REDUCI# F9,Y 6! DEF9I;N1 &! ULTIMATE
,8:Y0' IS A CAUSE & PR9CIPLE72 9 ANO!R !
MATT] OR SUB/RATUM1 9 A ?IRD ! S\RCE (!
*ANGE1 & 9 A F\R? ! CAUSE OPPOS$ 6?1 !
PURPOSE &! GD 7= ? IS ! 5D ( ALL G5],N &
*ANGE74 ,WE H /UDI$ ^! CAUSES SU6ICI5TLY
9 \R "W ON NATURE1 B YET LET U CALL 6\R
AID ^? :O H ATTACK$ ! 9VE/IG,N ( 2+ &
PHILOSOPHIZ$ AB R1L;Y 2F U4 ,= OBVI\SLY
!Y TOO SP1K ( C]TA9 PR9CIPLES & CAUSES2
6G OV] _! VIEWS1 !N1 W 2 ( PR(IT 6!
PRES5T 9QUIRY1 = WE % EI F9D ANO!R K9D (
CAUSE1 OR 2 M 3V9C$ (! CORRECT;S ( ^? :
WE N[ MA9TA94
  ,(! F/ PHILOSOPH]S1 !N1 MO/ ?"\ !
PR9CIPLES : 7 (! NATURE ( MATT] 7 ! ONLY
PR9CIPLES ( ALL ?+S4 ,T ( : ALL ?+S T >E
3SI/1 ! F/ F : !Y -E 6BE1 ! LA/ 96: !Y
>E RESOLV$ 7! SUB/.E REMA9+1 B *ANG+ 9
XS MODIFIC,NS71 ? !Y SAY IS ! ELE;T & ?
! PR9CIPLE ( ?+S1 & "!=E !Y ?9K NO?+ IS
EI G5]AT$ OR DE/ROY$1 S9CE ? SORT ( 5T;Y
IS ALW 3S]V$1 Z WE SAY ,SOCRATES NEI -ES
6BE ABSOLUTELY :5 HE -ES 6BE B1UTI;L OR
MUSICAL1 NOR C1SES 6BE :5 LOSES ^!
"*I/ICS1 2C ! SUB/RATUM1 ,SOCRATES HMF
REMA9S4 J S !Y SAY NO?+ ELSE -ES 6BE OR
C1SES 6BE2 = "! M/ 2 "S 5T;Y-EI "O OR M
?AN "O-F : ALL O!R ?+S -E 6BE1 X 2+
3S]V$4
  ,YET !Y D N ALL AGREE Z 6! NUMB] &!
NATURE ( ^! PR9CIPLES4 ,?ALES1 ! F.D] (
? TYPE ( PHILOSOPHY1 SAYS ! PR9CIPLE IS
WAT] 7= : R1SON HE DCLD T ! E>? RE/S ON
WAT]71 GETT+ ! NO;N P]H F SEE+ T !
NUTRI;T ( ALL ?+S IS MOI/1 & T H1T XF IS
G5]AT$ F ! MOI/ & KEPT ALIVE 0X 7& T F :
!Y -E 6BE IS A PR9CIPLE ( ALL ?+S74 ,HE
GOT 8 NO;N F ? FACT1 & F ! FACT T ! SE$S
( ALL ?+S H A MOI/ NATURE1 & T WAT] IS !
ORIG9 (! NATURE ( MOI/ ?+S4
  ,"S ?9K T EV5 ! ANCI5TS :O LIV$ L;G 2F
! PRES5T G5],N1 & F/ FRAM$ A3.TS (!
GODS1 _H A SIMIL> VIEW ( NATURE2 = !Y
MADE ,OC1N & ,TE?YS ! P>5TS ( CRE,N1 &
DESCRIB$ ! OA? (! GODS Z 2+ 0WAT]1 6: !Y
GIVE ! "N ( ,/YX2 = :AT IS OLDE/ IS MO/
HON\RA#1 &! MO/ HON\RA# ?+ IS T 0: "O
SWE>S4 ,X MAY P]H 2 UNC]TA9 :E!R ?
OP9ION AB NATURE IS PRIMITIVE & ANCI5T1
B ,?ALES AT ANY RATE IS SD 6H DCLD HMF
?US AB ! F/ CAUSE4 ,HIPPO NO "O WD ?9K
FIT 69CLUDE AM;G ^! ?9K]S1 2C (!
PALTRI;S ( 8 ?"\4
  ,ANAXIM5ES & ,DIOG5ES MAKE AIR PRIOR
6WAT]1 &! MO/ PRIM>Y (! SIMPLE BODIES1
:ILE ,HIPPASUS ( ,METAPONTIUM &
,H]ACLITUS ( ,EPHESUS SAY ? ( FIRE1 &
,EMP$OCLES SAYS X (! F\R ELE;TS 7A4+ A
F\R?-E>?-TO ^? : H BE5 "ND72 = ^!1 HE
SAYS1 ALW REMA9 & D N -E 6BE1 EXCEPT T
!Y -E 6BE M OR FEW]1 2+ A7REGAT$ 96"O &
SEGREGAT$ \ ( "O4
  ,ANAXAGORAS ( ,CLAZOM5AE1 :O1 ?\< OLD]
?AN ,EMP$OCLES1 0 LAT] 9 8 PHILOSOPHICAL
ACTIV;Y1 SAYS ! PR9CIPLES >E 9F9ITE 9
NUMB]2 = HE SAYS ALM ALL ! ?+S T >E MADE
( "PS L !MVS1 9 ! MANN] ( WAT] OR FIRE1
>E G5]AT$ & DE/ROY$ 9 ? WAY1 ONLY
0A7REG,N & SEGREG,N1 & >E N 9 ANY O!R
S5SE G5]AT$ OR DE/ROY$1 B REMA9 ET]N,Y4
  ,F ^! FACTS "O MI<T ?9K T ! ONLY CAUSE
IS ! S-CALL$ MAT]IAL CAUSE2 B Z M5 ?US
ADV.ED1 ! V FACTS OP5$ ! WAY = !M & JO9$
9 =C+ !M 69VE/IGATE ! SUBJECT4 ,H["E
TRUE X MAY 2 T ALL G5],N & DE/RUC;N
PROCE$ F "S "O OR 7= T MATT]7 F M
ELE;TS1 :Y DOES ? HAPP5 & :AT IS !
CAUSE8 ,= AT L1/ ! SUB/RATUM XF DOES N
MAKE XF *ANGE2 E4G4 NEI ! WOOD NOR !
BRONZE CAUSES ! *ANGE ( EI ( !M1 NOR
DOES ! WOOD MANUFACTURE A B$ &! BRONZE A
/ATUE1 B "S?+ ELSE IS ! CAUSE (! *ANGE4
,& 6SEEK ? IS 6SEEK ! SECOND CAUSE1 Z WE
%D SAY1-T F : -ES ! 2G9N+ (! MOVE;T4 ,N[
^? :O AT ! V 2G9N+ SET !MVS 6? K9D (
9QUIRY1 & SD ! SUB/RATUM 0 "O1 7 N AT
ALL 4SATISFI$ ) !MVS2 B "S AT L1/ ( ^?
:O MA9TA9 X 6BE "O-Z ?\< DEF1T$ 0? SE>*
=! SECOND CAUSE-SAY ! "O & NATURE Z A
:OLE IS UN*ANGEA# N ONLY 9 RESPECT (
G5],N & DE/RUC;N 7= ? IS A PRIMITIVE
2LIEF1 & ALL AGRE$ 9 X71 B AL ( ALL O!R
*ANGE2 & ? VIEW IS PECULI> 6!M4 ,( ^? :O
SD ! UNIV]SE 0 "O1 !N N"O SU3E$$ 9
4COV]+ A CAUSE ( ? SORT1 EXCEPT P]H
,P>M5IDES1 & HE ONLY 9ASM* Z HE SUPPOSES
T "! IS N ONLY "O B AL 9 "S S5SE TWO
CAUSES4 ,B = ^? :O MAKE M ELE;TS X IS M
POSSI# 6/ATE ! SECOND CAUSE1 E4G4 = ^?
:O MAKE HOT & COLD1 OR FIRE & E>?1 !
ELE;TS2 = !Y TR1T FIRE Z HAV+ A NATURE :
FITS X 6MOVE ?+S1 & WAT] & E>? & S* ?+S
!Y TR1T 9 ! 3TR>Y WAY4
  ,:5 ^! M5 &! PR9CIPLES ( ? K9D _H _H
_! "D1 Z ! LATT] 7 F.D 9ADEQUATE 6G5]ATE
! NATURE ( ?+S M5 7 AG =C$ 0! TRU? XF1 Z
WE SD1 69QUIRE 96! NEXT K9D ( CAUSE4 ,=
X IS N LIKELY EI T FIRE OR E>? OR ANY S*
ELE;T %D 2 ! R1SON :Y ?+S MANIFE/ GD;S
&1 B1UTY BO? 9 _! 2+ & 9 _! -+ 6BE1 OR T
^? ?9K]S %D H SUPPOS$ X WAS2 NOR AG CD X
2 "R 65TRU/ S GRT A MATT] 6SPONTANE;Y &
*.E4 ,:5 "O MAN SD1 !N1 T R1SON 0
PRES5T-Z 9 ANIMALS1 S "?\T NATURE-Z !
CAUSE ( ORD] &( ALL >RANGE;T1 HE SEEM$ L
A SOB] MAN 9 3TRA/ )! R&OM TALK ( 8
PR$ECESSORS4 ,WE "K T ,ANAXAGORAS
C]TA9LY ADOPT$ ^! VIEWS1 B ,H]MOTIMUS (
,CLAZOM5AE IS CR$IT$ ) EXPRESS+ !M
E>LI]4 ,^? :O ?"\ ?US /AT$ T "! IS A
PR9CIPLE ( ?+S : IS AT ! SAME "T ! CAUSE
( B1UTY1 & T SORT ( CAUSE F : ?+S
ACQUIRE MOVE;T4
                   #D
  ,"O MI<T SUSPECT T ,HESIOD 0 ! F/
6LOOK = S* A ?+-OR "S "O ELSE :O PUT
LOVE OR DESIRE AM;G EXI/+ ?+S Z A
PR9CIPLE1 Z ,P>M5IDES1 TOO1 DOES2 = HE1
9 3/RUCT+ ! G5ESIS (! UNIV]SE1 SAYS3-
  ,LOVE F/ ( ALL ! ,GODS %E PLANN$4
  ,& ,HESIOD SAYS3-
  ,F/ ( ALL ?+S 0 *AOS MADE1 & !N
  ,BROAD-BR1/$ E>? '''
  ,& LOVE1 ,8MID ALL ! GODS PRE-EM95T1
  : IMPLIES T AM;G EXI/+ ?+S "! M/ 2 F !
F/ A CAUSE : W MOVE ?+S & BR+ !M TGR4
,H[ ^! ?9K]S %D 2 >RANG$ ) REG>D
6PRIOR;Y ( 4COV]Y LET U 2 ALL[$ 6DECIDE
LAT]2 B S9CE ! 3TR>IES (! V>I\S =MS ( GD
7 AL P]CVD 6BE PRES5T 9 NATURE-N ONLY
ORD] &! B1UTI;L1 B AL 4ORD] &! UGLY1 &
BAD ?+S 9 GRT] NUMB] ?AN GD1 & IGNO# ?+S
?AN B1UTI;L-"!=E ANO!R ?9K] 9TRODUC$
FR%IP & /RIFE1 EA* (! TWO ! CAUSE ( "O (
^! TWO SETS ( QUALITIES4 ,= IF WE 7
6FOLL[ \ ! VIEW ( ,EMP$OCLES1 & 9T]PRET
X AC 6XS M1N+ & N 6XS LISP+ EXPRES.N1 WE
%D F9D T FR%IP IS ! CAUSE ( GD ?+S1 &
/RIFE ( BAD4 ,"!=E1 IF WE SD T
,EMP$OCLES 9 A S5SE BO? M5;NS1 & IS ! F/
6M5;N1 ! BAD &! GD Z PR9CIPLES1 WE %D
P]H 2 "R1 S9CE ! CAUSE ( ALL GDS IS ! GD
XF4
  ,^! ?9K]S1 Z WE SAY1 EVID5TLY GRASP$1
& 6? EXT5T1 TWO (! CAUSES : WE 4T+UI%$ 9
\R "W ON NATURE-! MATT] &! S\RCE (!
MOVE;T-VAGUELY1 H["E1 &) NO CLE>;S1 B Z
UNTRA9$ M5 2HAVE 9 FI<TS2 = !Y G R.D _!
OPPON5TS & (T5 /RIKE F9E BL[S1 B !Y D N
FI<T ON SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES1 & S TOO ^!
?9K]S D N SEEM 6"K :AT !Y SAY2 = X IS
EVID5T T1 Z A RULE1 !Y MAKE NO USE ( _!
CAUSES EXCEPT 6A SMALL EXT5T4 ,=
,ANAXAGORAS USES R1SON Z A DEUS EX MA*9A
=! MAK+ (! _W1 & :5 HE IS AT A LOSS
6TELL F :AT CAUSE "S?+ NECESS>ILY IS1 !N
HE DRAGS R1SON IN1 B 9 ALL O!R CASES
ASCRIBES EV5TS 6ANY?+ R ?AN 6R1SON4 ,&
,EMP$OCLES1 ?\< HE USES ! CAUSES 6A GRT]
EXT5T ?AN ?1 NEI DOES S SU6ICI5TLY NOR
ATTA9S 3SI/5CY 9 _! USE4 ,AT L1/1 9 _M
CASES HE MAKES LOVE SEGREGATE ?+S1 &
/RIFE A7REGATE !M4 ,= :5"E ! UNIV]SE IS
4SOLV$ 96XS ELE;TS 0/RIFE1 FIRE IS
A7REGAT$ 96"O1 & S IS EA* (! O!R ELE;TS2
B :5"E AG "U ! 9FLU;E ( LOVE !Y -E TGR
96"O1 ! "PS M/ AG 2 SEGREGAT$ \ ( EA*
ELE;T4
  ,EMP$OCLES1 !N1 9 3TRA/ ) 8
PRECESSORS1 0 ! F/ 69TRODUCE ! DIVID+ (
? CAUSE1 N POSIT+ "O S\RCE ( MOVE;T1 B
DI6]5T & 3TR>Y S\RCES4 ,AG1 HE 0 ! F/
6SP1K ( F\R MAT]IAL ELE;TS2 YET HE DOES
N USE F\R1 B TR1TS !M Z TWO ONLY2 HE
TR1TS FIRE 0XF1 & XS OPPOSITE-E>?1 AIR1
& WAT]-Z "O K9D ( ?+4 ,WE MAY LE>N ?
0/UDY ( 8 V]SES4
  ,? PHILOSOPH] !N1 Z WE SAY1 HAS SPOK5
(! PR9CIPLES 9 ? WAY1 & MADE !M ( ?
NUMB]4 ,LEUCIPPUS & 8 ASSOCIATE
,DEMOCRITUS SAY T ! FULL &! EMPTY >E !
ELE;TS1 CALL+ ! "O 2+ &! O!R NON-2+-!
FULL & SOLID 2+ 2+1 ! EMPTY NON-2+ 7:;E
!Y SAY 2+ NO M IS ?AN NON-2+1 2C ! SOLID
NO M IS ?AN ! EMPTY72 & !Y MAKE ^! !
MAT]IAL CAUSES ( ?+S4 ,& Z ^? :O MAKE !
"ULY+ SUB/.E "O G5]ATE ALL O!R ?+S 0XS
MODIFIC,NS1 SUPPOS+ ! R>E &! D5SE 6BE !
S\RCES (! MODIFIC,NS1 9 ! SAME WAY ^!
PHILOSOPH]S SAY ! DI6];ES 9 ! ELE;TS >E
! CAUSES ( ALL O!R QUALITIES4 ,^!
DI6];ES1 !Y SAY1 >E ?REE-%APE & ORD] &
POSI;N4 ,= !Y SAY ! R1L IS DI6]5TIAT$
ONLY BY ,8RHY?M & ,89T]-3TACT0' &
,8TURN+0'2 &( ^! RHY?M IS %APE1 9T]-
3TACT IS ORD]1 & TURN+ IS POSI;N2 = ,A
DI6]S F ;,N 9 %APE1 ,,AN F ,,NA 9 ORD]1
;,M F ;,W 9 POSI;N4 ,! "Q ( MOVE;T-:;E
OR H[ X IS 62L;G 6?+S-^! ?9K]S1 L !
O!RS1 LAZILY NEGLECT$4
  ,REG>D+ ! TWO CAUSES1 !N1 Z WE SAY1 !
9QUIRY SEEMS 6H BE5 PU%$ ?US F> 0! E>LY
PHILOSOPH]S4
                   #E
  ,3TEMPORANE\SLY ) ^! PHILOSOPH]S & 2F
!M1 ! S-CALL$ ,PY?AGOR1NS1 :O 7 ! F/
6TAKE UP MA!MATICS1 N ONLY ADV.ED ?
/UDY1 B AL HAV+ BE5 BR"\ UP 9 X !Y ?"\
XS PR9CIPLES 7 ! PR9CIPLES ( ALL ?+S4
,S9CE ( ^! PR9CIPLES NUMB]S >E 0NATURE !
F/1 & 9 NUMB]S !Y SEEM$ 6SEE _M
RESEMBL.ES 6! ?+S T EXI/ & -E 962+-M ?AN
9 FIRE & E>? & WAT] 7S* & S* A MODIFIC,N
( NUMB]S 2+ JU/ICE1 ANO!R 2+ S\L &
R1SON1 ANO!R 2+ OPPORTUN;Y-& SIMIL>LY
ALM ALL O!R ?+S 2+ NUM]IC,Y EXPRESSI#72
S9CE1 AG1 !Y SAW T ! MODIFIC,NS &!
RATIOS (! MUSICAL SCALES 7 EXPRESSI# 9
NUMB]S2-S9CE1 !N1 ALL O!R ?+S SEEM$ 9 _!
:OLE NATURE 6BE MODELL$ ON NUMB]S1 &
NUMB]S SEEM$ 6BE ! F/ ?+S 9 ! :OLE (
NATURE1 !Y SUPPOS$ ! ELE;TS ( NUMB]S 6BE
! ELE;TS ( ALL ?+S1 &! :OLE H1V5 6BE A
MUSICAL SCALE &A NUMB]4 ,& ALL !
PROP]TIES ( NUMB]S & SCALES : !Y CD %[
6AGREE )! ATTRIBUTES & "PS &! :OLE
>RANGE;T (! H1V5S1 !Y COLLECT$ & FITT$
96_! S*EME2 & IF "! 0 A GAP ANY":1 !Y
R1DILY MADE A4I;NS S Z 6MAKE _! :OLE
!ORY COH]5T4 ,E4G4 Z ! NUMB] #AJ IS ?"\
6BE P]FECT & 6-PRISE ! :OLE NATURE (
NUMB]S1 !Y SAY T ! BODIES : MOVE "? !
H1V5S >E T51 B Z ! VISI# BODIES >E ONLY
N9E1 6MEET ? !Y 9V5T A T5?--! ,8C.T]-
E>?0'4 ,WE H 4CUSS$ ^! MATT]S M EXACTLY
ELSE":4
  ,B ! OBJECT ( \R REVIEW IS T WE MAY
LE>N F ^! PHILOSOPH]S AL :AT !Y SUPPOSE
6BE ! PR9CIPLES & H[ ^! FALL "U ! CAUSES
WE H "ND4 ,EVID5TLY1 !N1 ^! ?9K]S AL
3SID] T NUMB] IS ! PR9CIPLE BO? Z MATT]
= ?+S & Z =M+ BO? _! MODIFIC,NS & _!
P]MAN5T /ATES1 & HOLD T ! ELE;TS ( NUMB]
>E ! EV5 &! ODD1 & T ( ^! ! LATT] IS
LIMIT$1 &! =M] UNLIMIT$2 & T ! ,"O
PROCE$S F BO? ( ^! 7= X IS BO? EV5 &
ODD71 & NUMB] F ! ,"O2 & T ! :OLE H1V51
Z HAS BE5 SD1 IS NUMB]S4
  ,O!R MEMB]S ( ? SAME S*OOL SAY "! >E
T5 PR9CIPLES1 : !Y >RANGE 9 TWO COLUMNS
( COGNATES-LIMIT & UNLIMIT$1 ODD & EV51
"O & PLURAL;Y1 "R & LEFT1 MALE & FEMALE1
RE/+ & MOV+1 /RAI<T & CURV$1 LI<T &
D>K;S1 GD & BAD1 SQU>E & OBL;G4 ,9 ? WAY
,ALCMAEON ( ,CROTON SEEMS AL 6H 3CVD !
MATT]1 & EI HE GOT ? VIEW F !M OR !Y GOT
X F HM2 = HE EXPRESS$ HMF SIMIL>LY 6!M4
,= HE SAYS MO/ HUMAN A6AIRS G 9 PAIRS1
M1N+ N DEF9ITE 3TR>IETIES S* Z !
,PY?AGOR1NS SP1K (1 B ANY *.E
3TR>IETIES1 E4G4 :ITE & BLACK1 SWEET &
BITT]1 GD & BAD1 GRT & SMALL4 ,HE ?REW \
9DEF9ITE SU7ES;NS AB ! O!R 3TR>IETIES1 B
! ,PY?AGOR1NS DCLD BO? H[ _M & : _!
3TR>ICTIES >E4
  ,F BO? ^! S*OOLS1 !N1 WE C LE>N ? M*1
T ! 3TR>IES >E ! PR9CIPLES ( ?+S2 & H[
_M ^! PR9CIPLES >E & : !Y >E1 WE C LE>N
F "O (! TWO S*OOLS4 ,B H[ ^! PR9CIPLES C
2 BR"\ TGR "U ! CAUSES WE H "ND HAS N
BE5 CLE>LY & >TICULATELY /AT$ 0!M2 !Y
SEEM1 H["E1 6RANGE ! ELE;TS "U ! H1D (
MATT]2 = \ ( ^! Z IMMAN5T "PS !Y SAY
SUB/.E IS -POS$ & M\LD$4
  ,F ^! FACTS WE MAY SU6ICI5TLY P]CV !
M1N+ (! ANCI5TS :O SD ! ELE;TS ( NATURE
7 M ?AN "O2 B "! >E "S :O SPOKE (!
UNIV]SE Z IF X 7 "O 5T;Y1 ?\< !Y 7 N ALL
ALIKE EI 9 ! EXCELL;E ( _! /ATE;T OR 9
XS 3=M;Y 6! FACTS ( NATURE4 ,! 4CUS.N (
!M IS 9 NO WAY APPROPRIATE 6\R PRES5T
9VE/IG,N ( CAUSES1 =4 !Y D N1 L "S (!
NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ASSUME 2+ 6BE "O &
YET G5]ATE X \ (! "O Z \ ( MATT]1 B !Y
SP1K 9 ANO!R WAY2 ^? O!RS ADD *ANGE1
S9CE !Y G5]ATE ! UNIV]SE1 B ^! ?9K]S SAY
! UNIV]SE IS UN*ANGEA#4 ,YET ? M* IS
G]MANE 6! PRES5T 9QUIRY3 ,P>M5IDES SEEMS
6FA/5 ON T : IS "O 9 DEF9I;N1 ,MELISSUS
ON T : IS "O 9 MATT]1 = : R1SON ! =M]
SAYS T X IS LIMIT$1 ! LATT] T X IS
UNLIMIT$2 :ILE ,X5OPHANES1 ! F/ ( ^!
"PISANS (! ,"O 7= ,P>M5IDES IS SD 6H BE5
8 PUPIL71 GAVE NO CLE> /ATE;T1 NOR DOES
HE SEEM 6H GRASP$ ! NATURE ( EI ( ^!
CAUSES1 B ) REF];E 6! :OLE MAT]IAL
UNIV]SE HE SAYS ! ,"O IS ,GOD4 ,N[ ^!
?9K]S1 Z WE SD1 M/ 2 NEGLECT$ =!
PURPOSES (! PRES5T 9QUIRY-TWO ( !M
5TIRELY1 Z 2+ A LL TOO NAIVE1 VIZ4
,X5OPHANES & ,MELISSUS2 B ,P>M5IDES
SEEMS 9 PLACES 6SP1K ) M 9SI<T4 ,=1
CLAIM+ T1 2SS ! EXI/5T1 NO?+ NON-EXI/5T
EXI/S1 HE ?9KS T ( NECESS;Y "O ?+ EXI/S1
VIZ4 ! EXI/5T & NO?+ ELSE 7ON ? WE H
SPOK5 M CLE>LY 9 \R "W ON NATURE71 B 2+
=C$ 6FOLL[ ! OBS]V$ FACTS1 & SUPPOS+ !
EXI/;E ( T : IS "O 9 DEF9I;N1 B M ?AN "O
AC 6\R S5S,NS1 HE N[ POSITS TWO CAUSES &
TWO PR9CIPLES1 CALL+ !M HOT & COLD1 I4E4
FIRE & E>?2 &( ^! HE RANGES ! HOT )!
EXI/5T1 &! O!R )! NON-EXI/5T4
  ,F :AT HAS BE5 SD1 !N1 & F ! WISE M5
:O H N[ SAT 9 C\NCIL ) U1 WE H GOT ?US
M*-ON ! "O H& F ! E>LIE/ PHILOSOPH]S1 :O
REG>D ! F/ PR9CIPLE Z CORPOR1L 7= WAT] &
FIRE & S* ?+S >E BODIES71 &( :OM "S
SUPPOSE T "! IS "O CORPOR1L PR9CIPLE1
O!RS T "! >E M ?AN "O1 B BO? PUT ^! "U !
H1D ( MATT]2 & ON ! O!R H& F "S :O POSIT
BO? ? CAUSE & 2SS ? ! S\RCE ( MOVE;T1 :
WE H GOT F "S Z S+LE & F O!RS Z TWOFOLD4
  ,D[N 6! ,ITALIAN S*OOL1 !N1 & A"P F X1
PHILOSOPH]S H TR1T$ ^! SUBJECTS R
OBSCURELY1 EXCEPT T1 Z WE SD1 !Y H 9
FACT US$ TWO K9DS ( CAUSE1 & "O ( ^!-!
S\RCE ( MOVE;T-"S TR1T Z "O & O!RS Z
TWO4 ,B ! ,PY?AGOR1NS H SD 9 ! SAME WAY
T "! >E TWO PR9CIPLES1 B A4$ ? M*1 : IS
PECULI> 6!M1 T !Y ?"\ T F9ITUDE & 9F9;Y
7 N ATTRIBUTES ( C]TA9 O!R ?+S1 E4G4 (
FIRE OR E>? OR ANY?+ ELSE ( ? K9D1 B T
9F9;Y XF & UN;Y XF 7 ! SUB/.E (! ?+S ( :
!Y >E PR$ICAT$4 ,? IS :Y NUMB] 0 !
SUB/.E ( ALL ?+S4 ,ON ? SUBJECT1 !N1 !Y
EXPRESS$ !MVS ?US2 & REG>D+ ! "Q ( ESS;E
!Y 2GAN 6MAKE /ATE;TS & DEF9I;NS1 B
TR1T$ ! MATT] TOO SIMPLY4 ,= !Y BO?
DEF9$ SUP]FICI,Y & ?"\ T ! F/ SUBJECT (
: A GIV5 DEF9I;N 0 PR$ICA# 0 ! SUB/.E (!
?+ DEF9$1 Z IF "O SUPPOS$ T ,8D\#0' &
#'B0' 7 ! SAME1 2C #B IS ! F/ ?+ ( :
,8D\#0' IS PR$ICA#4 ,B SURELY 6BE D\# &
6BE #B >E N ! SAME2 IF !Y >E1 "O ?+ W 2
_M-A 3SEQU;E : !Y ACTU,Y DREW4 ,F !
E>LI] PHILOSOPH]S1 !N1 & F _! SU3ESSORS
WE C LE>N ?US M*4
                   #F
  ,AF ! SY/EMS WE H "ND CAME !
PHILOSOPHY ( ,PLATO1 : 9 MO/ RESPECTS
FOLL[$ ^! ?9K]S1 B _H PECULL>ITIES T
4T+UI%$ X F ! PHILOSOPHY (! ,ITALIANS4
,=1 HAV+ 9 8 Y\? F/ 2COME FAMILI> )
,CRATYLUS &)! ,H]ACLIT1N DOCTR9ES 7T ALL
S5SI# ?+S >E "E 9 A /ATE ( FLUX & "! IS
NO K AB !M71 ^! VIEWS HE HELD EV5 9 LAT]
YE>S4 ,SOCRATES1 H["E1 0 BUSY+ HMF AB
E?ICAL MATT]S & NEGLECT+ ! _W ( NATURE Z
A :OLE B SEEK+ ! UNIV]SAL 9 ^! E?ICAL
MATT]S1 & FIX$ ?"\ =! F/ "T ON DEF9I;NS2
,PLATO A3EPT$ 8 T1*+1 B HELD T ! PRO#M
APPLI$ N 6S5SI# ?+S B 65TITIES ( ANO!R
K9D-= ? R1SON1 T ! -MON DEF9I;N CD N 2 A
DEF9I;N ( ANY S5SI# ?+1 Z !Y 7 ALW
*ANG+4 ,?+S ( ? O!R SORT1 !N1 HE CALL$
,ID1S1 & S5SI# ?+S1 HE SD1 7 ALL "ND AF
^!1 & 9 VIRTUE (A REL,N 6^!2 =! _M EXI/$
0"PICIP,N 9 ! ,ID1S T H ! SAME "N Z !Y4
,ONLY ! "N ,8"PICIP,N0' 0 NEW2 =!
,PY?AGOR1NS SAY T ?+S EXI/ BY ,8IMIT,N0'
( NUMB]S1 & ,PLATO SAYS !Y EXI/
0"PICIP,N1 *ANG+ ! "N4 ,B :AT ! "PICIP,N
OR ! IMIT,N (! ,=MS CD 2 !Y LEFT AN OP5
"Q4
  ,FUR!R1 2SS S5SI# ?+S & ,=MS HE SAYS
"! >E ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS1 : O3UPY AN
9T]M$IATE POSI;N1 DI6]+ F S5SI# ?+S 9 2+
ET]NAL & UN*ANGEA#1 F ,=MS 9 T "! >E _M
ALIKE1 :ILE ! ,=M XF IS 9 EA* CASE
UNIQUE4
  ,S9CE ! ,=MS 7 ! CAUSES ( ALL O!R ?+S1
HE ?"\ _! ELE;TS 7 ! ELE;TS ( ALL ?+S4
,Z MATT]1 ! GRT &! SMALL 7 PR9CIPLES2 Z
ESS5TIAL R1L;Y1 ! ,"O2 = F ! GRT &!
SMALL1 0"PICIP,N 9 ! ,"O1 -E ! ,NUMB]S4
  ,B HE AGRE$ )! ,PY?AGOR1NS 9 SAY+ T !
,"O IS SUB/.E & N A PR$ICATE ( "S?+
ELSE2 & 9 SAY+ T ! ,NUMB]S >E ! CAUSES (
! R1L;Y ( O!R ?+S HE AGRE$ ) !M2 B
POSIT+ A DYAD & 3/RUCT+ ! 9F9ITE \ ( GRT
& SMALL1 9/1D ( TR1T+ ! 9F9ITE Z "O1 IS
PECULI> 6HM2 & S IS 8 VIEW T ! ,NUMB]S
EXI/ A"P F S5SI# ?+S1 :ILE !Y SAY T !
?+S !MVS >E ,NUMB]S1 & D N PLACE !
OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS 2T ,=MS & S5SI# ?+S4
,8 DIV]G;E F ! ,PY?AGOR1NS 9 MAK+ ! ,"O
&! ,NUMB]S SEP>ATE F ?+S1 & 8 9TRODUC;N
(! ,=MS1 7 DUE 6HIS 9QUIRIES 9 ! REGION
( DEF9I;NS 7=! E>LI] ?9K]S _H NO T9CTURE
( DIALECTIC71 & 8 MAK+ ! O!R 5T;Y 2SS !
,"O A DYAD 0 DUE 6! 2LIEF T ! NUMB]S1
EXCEPT ^? : 7 PRIME1 CD 2 N1TLY PRODUC$
\ (! DYAD Z \ ( "S PLA/IC MAT]IAL4 ,YET
:AT HAPP5S IS ! 3TR>Y2 ! !ORY IS N A
R1SONA# "O4 ,= !Y MAKE _M ?+S \ (!
MATT]1 &! =M G5]ATES ONLY ONCE1 B :AT WE
OBS]VE IS T "O TA# IS MADE F "O MATT]1
:ILE ! MAN :O APPLIES ! =M1 ?\< HE IS
"O1 MAKES _M TA#S4 ,&! REL,N (! MALE 6!
FEMALE IS SIMIL>2 =! LATT] IS IMPREGNAT$
0"O COPUL,N1 B ! MALE IMPREGNATES _M
FEMALES2 YET ^! >E ANALOGUES ( ^? F/
PR9CIPLES4
  ,PLATO1 !N1 DCLD HMF ?US ON ! PO9TS 9
"Q2 X IS EVID5T F :AT HAS BE5 SD T HE
HAS US$ ONLY TWO CAUSES1 T (! ESS;E &!
MAT]IAL CAUSE 7=! ,=MS >E ! CAUSES (!
ESS;E ( ALL O!R ?+S1 &! ,"O IS ! CAUSE (
! ESS;E (! ,=MS72 & X IS EVID5T :AT !
"ULY+ MATT] IS1 ( : ! ,=MS >E PR$ICAT$ 9
! CASE ( S5SI# ?+S1 &! ,"O 9 ! CASE (
,=MS1 VIZ4 T ? IS A DYAD1 ! GRT &!
SMALL4 ,FUR!R1 HE HAS ASSIGN$ ! CAUSE (
GD & T ( EVIL 6! ELE;TS1 "O 6EA* (! TWO1
Z WE SAY "S ( 8 PR$ECESSORS S"\ 6D1 E4G4
,EMP$OCLES & ,ANAXAGORAS4
                   #G
  ,\R REVIEW ( ^? :O H SPOK5 AB F/
PR9CIPLES & R1L;Y &(! WAY 9 : !Y H
SPOK51 HAS BE5 3CISE & SUMM>Y2 B YET WE
H LE>NT ? M* F !M1 T ( ^? :O SP1K AB
,8PR9CIPLE0' & ,8CAUSE0' NO "O HAS M5;N$
ANY PR9CIPLE EXCEPT ^? : H BE5 4T+UI%$ 9
\R "W ON NATURE1 B ALL EVID5TLY H "S
9KL+ ( !M1 ?\< ONLY VAGUELY4 ,= "S SP1K
(! F/ PR9CIPLE Z MATT]1 :E!R !Y SUPPOSE
"O OR M F/ PR9CIPLES1 & :E!R !Y SUPPOSE
? 6BE A BODY OR 6BE 9CORPOR1L2 E4G4
,PLATO SPOKE (! GRT &! SMALL1 !
,ITALIANS (! 9F9ITE1 ,EMP$OCLES ( FIRE1
E>?1 WAT]1 & AIR1 ,ANAXAGORAS (! 9F9;Y (
?+S -POS$ ( SIMIL> "PS4 ,^!1 !N1 H ALL
_H A NO;N ( ? K9D ( CAUSE1 & S H ALL :O
SP1K ( AIR OR FIRE OR WAT]1 OR "S?+ D5S]
?AN FIRE & R>] ?AN AIR2 = "S H SD !
PRIME ELE;T IS ( ? K9D4
  ,^! ?9K]S GRASP$ ? CAUSE ONLY2 B C]TA9
O!RS H M5;N$ ! S\RCE ( MOVE;T1 E4G4 ^?
:O MAKE FR%IP & /RIFE1 OR R1SON1 OR
LOVE1 A PR9CIPLE4
  ,! ESS;E1 I4E4 ! SUB/ANTIAL R1L;Y1 NO
"O HAS EXPRESS$ 4T9CTLY4 ,X IS H9T$ AT
*IEFLY 0^? :O 2LIEVE 9 ! ,=MS2 = !Y D N
SUPPOSE EI T ! ,=MS >E ! MATT] ( S5SI#
?+S1 &! ,"O ! MATT] (! ,=MS1 OR T !Y >E
! S\RCE ( MOVE;T 7= !Y SAY ^! >E CAUSES
R ( IMMOBIL;Y &( 2+ AT RE/71 B !Y FURNI%
! ,=MS Z ! ESS;E ( E O!R ?+1 &! ,"O Z !
ESS;E (! ,=MS4
  ,T = ^: SAKE AC;NS & *ANGES & MOVE;TS
TAKE PLACE1 !Y ASS]T 6BE A CAUSE 9 A
WAY1 B N 9 ? WAY1 I4E4 N 9 ! WAY 9 : X
IS XS NATURE 6BE A CAUSE4 ,= ^? :O SP1K
( R1SON OR FR%IP CLASS ^! CAUSES Z GDS2
!Y D N SP1K1 H["E1 Z IF ANY?+ T EXI/S EI
EXI/$ OR CAME 962+ =! SAKE ( ^!1 B Z IF
MOVE;TS />T$ F ^!4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ^? :O
SAY ! ,"O OR ! EXI/5T IS ! GD1 SAY T X
IS ! CAUSE ( SUB/.E1 B N T SUB/.E EI IS
OR -ES 6BE =! SAKE ( ?4 ,"!=E X TURNS \
T 9 A S5SE !Y BO? SAY & D N SAY ! GD IS
A CAUSE2 = !Y D N CALL X A CAUSE QUA GD
B ONLY 9CID5T,Y4
  ,ALL ^! ?9K]S !N1 Z !Y _C PIT* ON
ANO!R CAUSE1 SEEM 6TE/IFY T WE H DET]M9$
"RLY BO? H[ _M &( :AT SORT ! CAUSES >E4
,2SS ? X IS PLA9 T :5 ! CAUSES >E 2+
LOOK$ =1 EI ALL F\R M/ 2 S"\ ?US OR !Y
M/ 2 S"\ 9 "O ( ^! F\R WAYS4 ,LET U NEXT
4CUSS ! POSSI# DI6ICULTIES ) REG>D 6!
WAY 9 : EA* ( ^! ?9K]S HAS SPOK51 &)
REG>D 6HIS SITU,N RELATIVELY 6! F/
PR9CIPLES4
                   #H
  ,^?1 !N1 :O SAY ! UNIV]SE IS "O &
POSIT "O K9D ( ?+ Z MATT]1 & Z CORPOR1L
MATT] : HAS SPATIAL MAGNITUDE1 EVID5TLY
G A/RAY 9 _M WAYS4 ,= !Y POSIT ! ELE;TS
( BODIES ONLY1 N ( 9CORPOR1L ?+S1 ?\< "!
>E AL 9CORPOR1L ?+S4 ,& 9 TRY+ 6/ATE !
CAUSES ( G5],N & DE/RUC;N1 & 9 GIV+ A
PHYSICAL A3.T ( ALL ?+S1 !Y D AWAY )!
CAUSE ( MOVE;T4 ,FUR!R1 !Y ]R 9 N POSIT+
! SUB/.E1 I4E4 ! ESS;E1 Z ! CAUSE (
ANY?+1 & 2SS ? 9 LI<TLY CALL+ ANY (!
SIMPLE BODIES EXCEPT E>? ! F/ PR9CIPLE1
)\T 9QUIR+ H[ !Y >E PRODUC$ \ ( "O
ANO!RS-,I M1N FIRE1 WAT]1 E>?1 & AIR4 ,=
"S ?+S >E PRODUC$ \ ( EA* O!R 0-B9,N1
O!RS 0SEP>,N1 & ? MAKES ! GRTE/ DI6];E
6_! PRIOR;Y & PO/]IOR;Y4 ,= 7#A7 9 A WAY
! PROP]TY ( 2+ MO/ ELE;T>Y ( ALL WD SEEM
62L;G 6! F/ ?+ F : !Y >E PRODUC$ 0-B9,N1
& ? PROP]TY WD 2L;G 6! MO/ F9E-GRA9$ &
SUBTLE ( BODIES4 ,= ? R1SON ^? :O MAKE
FIRE ! PR9CIPLE WD 2 MO/ 9 AGREE;T ) ?
>GU;T4 ,B EA* (! O!R ?9K]S AGREES T !
ELE;T ( CORPOR1L ?+S IS ( ? SORT4 ,AT
L1/ N"O ( ^? :O "ND "O ELE;T CLAIM$ T
E>? 0 ! ELE;T1 EVID5TLY 2C (! CO>SE;S (
XS GRA94 7,(! O!R ?REE ELE;TS EA* HAS
F.D "S JUDGE ON XS SIDE2 = "S MA9TA9 T
FIRE1 O!RS T WAT]1 O!RS T AIR IS !
ELE;T4 ,YET :Y1 AF ALL1 D !Y N "N E>?
AL1 Z MO/ M5 D8 ,= P SAY ALL ?+S >E E>?
,HESIOD SAYS E>? 0 PRODUC$ F/ ( CORPOR1L
?+S2 S PRIMITIVE & POPUL> HAS ! OP9ION
BE547 ,AC 6? >GU;T1 !N1 NO "O WD 2 "R :O
EI SAYS ! F/ PR9CIPLE IS ANY (! ELE;TS
O!R ?AN FIRE1 OR SUPPOSES X 6BE D5S] ?AN
AIR B R>] ?AN WAT]4 ,B 7#B7 IF T : IS
LAT] 9 G5],N IS PRIOR 9 NATURE1 & T : IS
3COCT$ & -P.D$ IS LAT] 9 G5],N1 ! 3TR>Y
( :AT WE H BE5 SAY+ M/ 2 TRUE1-WAT] M/ 2
PRIOR 6AIR1 & E>? 6WAT]4
  ,S M*1 !N1 = ^? :O POSIT "O CAUSE S* Z
WE M5;N$2 B ! SAME IS TRUE IF "O
SUPPOSES M ( ^!1 Z ,EMP$OCLES SAYS MATT]
( ?+S IS F\R BODIES4 ,= HE TOO IS
3FRONT$ 03SEQU;ES "S ( : >E ! SAME Z H
BE5 M5;N$1 :ILE O!RS >E PECULI> 6HM4 ,=
WE SEE ^! BODIES PRODUC$ F "O ANO!R1 :
IMPLIES T ! SAME BODY DOES N ALW REMA9
FIRE OR E>? 7WE H SPOK5 AB ? 9 \R "WS ON
NATURE72 & REG>D+ ! CAUSE ( MOVE;T &! "Q
:E!R WE M/ POSIT "O OR TWO1 HE M/ 2 ?"\
6H SPOK5 NEI CORRECTLY NOR ALT
PLAUSIBLY4 ,& 9 G5]AL1 *ANGE ( QUAL;Y IS
NECESS>ILY D"O AWAY )= ^? :O SP1K ?US1 =
ON _! VIEW COLD W N -E F HOT NOR HOT F
COLD4 ,= IF X DID "! WD 2 "S?+ T A3EPT$
! 3TR>IES !MVS1 & "! WD 2 "S "O 5T;Y T
2CAME FIRE & WAT]1 : ,EMP$OCLES D5IES4
  ,Z REG>DS ,ANAXAGORAS1 IF "O 7
6SUPPOSE T HE SD "! 7 TWO ELE;TS1 !
SUPPOSI;N WD A3ORD ?OR\<LY ) AN >GU;T :
,ANAXAGORAS HMF DID N /ATE >TICULATELY1
B : HE M/ H A3EPT$ IF ANY "O _H L$ HM ON
6X4 ,TRUE1 6SAY T 9 ! 2G9N+ ALL ?+S 7
MIX$ IS ABSURD BO? ON O!R GR.DS & 2C X
FOLL[S T !Y M/ H EXI/$ 2F 9 AN UNMIX$
=M1 & 2C NATURE DOES N ALL[ ANY *.E ?+
6BE MIX$ ) ANY *.E ?+1 & AL 2C ON ? VIEW
MODIFIC,NS & A3ID5TS CD 2 SEP>AT$ F
SUB/.ES 7=! SAME ?+S : >E MIX$ C 2
SEP>AT$72 YET IF "O 7 6FOLL[ HM UP1
PIEC+ TGR :AT HE M1NS1 HE WD P]H 2 SE5
6BE "S:AT MOD]N 9 8 VIEWS4 ,= :5 NO?+ 0
SEP>AT$ \1 EVID5TLY NO?+ CD 2 TRULY
ASS]T$ (! SUB/.E T !N EXI/$4 ,I M1N1
E4G4 T X 0 NEI :ITE NOR BLACK1 NOR GREY
NOR ANY O!R COL\R1 B ( NECESS;Y COL\R.S2
= IF X _H BE5 COL\R$1 X WD H _H "O ( ^!
COL\RS4 ,& SIMIL>LY1 0? SAME >GU;T1 X 0
FLAV\R.S1 NOR _H X ANY SIMIL> ATTRIBUTE2
= X CD N 2 EI ( ANY QUAL;Y OR ( ANY
SIZE1 NOR CD X 2 ANY DEF9ITE K9D ( ?+4
,= IF X W]E1 "O (! "PICUL> =MS WD H
2L;G$ 6X1 & ? IS IMPOSSI#1 S9CE ALL 7
MIX$ TGR2 =! "PICUL> =M WD NECESS>ILY H
BE5 ALR SEP>AT$ \1 B HE ALL 7 MIX$
EXCEPT R1SON1 & ? AL"O 0 UNMIX$ & PURE4
,F ? X FOLL[S1 !N1 T HE M/ SAY !
PR9CIPLES >E ! ,"O 7= ? IS SIMPLE &
UNMIX$7 &! ,O!R1 : IS ( S* A NATURE Z WE
SUPPOSE ! 9DEF9ITE 6BE 2F X IS DEF9$ &
P>TAKES ( "S =M4 ,"!=E1 :ILE EXPRESS+
HMF NEI "RLY NOR CLE>LY1 HE M1NS "S?+ L
:AT ! LAT] ?9K]S SAY & :AT IS N[ M
CLE>LY SE5 6BE ! CASE4
  ,B ^! ?9K]S >E1 AF ALL1 AT HOME ONLY 9
>GU;TS AB G5],N & DE/RUC;N & MOVE;T2 = X
IS PRACTIC,Y ONLY ( ? SORT ( SUB/.E T !Y
SEEK ! PR9CIPLES &! CAUSES4 ,B ^? :O
EXT5D _! VI.N 6ALL ?+S T EXI/1 &( EXI/+
?+S SUPPOSE "S 6BE P]CEPTI# & O!RS N
P]CEPTI#1 EVID5TLY /UDY BO? CLASSES1 :
IS ALL ! M R1SON :Y "O %D DEVOTE "S "T
6SEE+ :AT IS GD 9 _! VIEWS & :AT BAD F !
/&PO9T (! 9QUIRY WE H N[ 2F U4
  ,! ,8,PY?AGOR1NS0' TR1T ( PR9CIPLES &
ELE;TS /RANG] ?AN ^? (! PHYSICAL
PHILOSOPH]S 7! R1SON IS T !Y GOT !
PR9CIPLES F NON-S5SI# ?+S1 =! OBJECTS (
MA!MATICS1 EXCEPT ^? ( A/RONOMY1 >E (!
CLASS ( ?+S )\T MOVE;T72 YET _! 4CUS.NS
& 9VE/IG,NS >E ALL AB NATURE2 = !Y
G5]ATE ! H1V5S1 &) REG>D 6_! "PS &
ATTRIBUTES & FUNC;NS !Y OBS]VE !
PH5OM5A1 & USE UP ! PR9CIPLES &! CAUSES
9 EXPLA9+ ^!1 : IMPLIES T !Y AGREE )!
O!RS1 ! PHYSICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 T ! R1L IS
J ALL T : IS P]CEPTI# & 3TA9$ 0! S-CALL$
,8H1V5S0'4 ,B ! CAUSES &! PR9CIPLES : !Y
M5;N >E1 Z WE SD1 SU6ICI5T 6ACT Z /EPS
EV5 UP 6! HI<] R1LMS ( R1L;Y1 & >E M
SUIT$ 6^! ?AN 6!ORIES AB NATURE4 ,!Y D N
TELL U AT ALL1 H["E1 H[ "! C 2 MOVE;T IF
LIMIT & UNLIMIT$ & ODD & EV5 >E ! ONLY
?+S ASSUM$1 OR H[ )\T MOVE;T & *ANGE "!
C 2 G5],N & DE/RUC;N1 OR ! BODIES T MOVE
"? ! H1V5S C D :AT !Y D4
  ,FUR!R1 IF "O EI GRANT$ !M T SPATIAL
MAGNITUDE 3SI/S ( ^! ELE;TS1 OR ? 7
PROV$1 / H[ WD "S BODIES 2 LI<T & O!RS H
WEI<T8 ,6JUDGE F :AT !Y ASSUME & MA9TA9
!Y >E SP1K+ NO M ( MA!MATICAL BODIES ?AN
( P]CEPTI#2 H;E !Y H SD NO?+ :AT"E AB
FIRE OR E>? OR ! O!R BODIES ( ? SORT1 ,I
SUPPOSE 2C !Y H NO?+ 6SAY : APPLIES
PECULI>LY 6P]CEPTI# ?+S4
  ,FUR!R1 H[ >E WE 6-B9E ! 2LIEFS T !
ATTRIBUTES ( NUMB]1 & NUMB] XF1 >E
CAUSES ( :AT EXI/S & HAPP5S 9 ! H1V5S
BO? F ! 2G9N+ & N[1 & T "! IS NO O!R
NUMB] ?AN ? NUMB] \ ( : ! _W IS -POS$8
,:5 9 "O "PICUL> REGION !Y PLACE OP9ION
& OPPORTUN;Y1 &1 A LL ABV OR 2L1 9JU/ICE
& DECI.N OR MIXTURE1 & ALLEGE1 Z PRO(1 T
EA* ( ^! IS A NUMB]1 & T "! HAPP5S 6BE
ALR 9 ? PLACE A PLURAL;Y (! EXT5D$
BODIES -POS$ ( NUMB]S1 2C ^! ATTRIBUTES
( NUMB] ATTA* 6! V>I\S PLACES1-? 2+ S1
IS ? NUMB]1 : WE M/ SUPPOSE EA* ( ^!
AB/RAC;NS 6BE1 ! SAME NUMB] : IS
EXHIBIT$ 9 ! MAT]IAL UNIV]SE1 OR IS X
ANO!R ?AN ?8 ,PLATO SAYS X IS DI6]5T2
YET EV5 HE ?9KS T BO? ^! BODIES & _!
CAUSES >E NUMB]S1 B T ! 9TELLIGI# NUMB]S
>E CAUSES1 :ILE ! O!RS >E S5SI#4
                   #I
  ,LET U L1VE ! ,PY?AGOR1NS =! PRES5T2 =
X IS 5 6H T\*$ ON !M Z M* Z WE H D"O4 ,B
Z = ^? :O POSIT ! ,ID1S Z CAUSES1 F/LY1
9 SEEK+ 6GRASP ! CAUSES (! ?+S >.D U1 !Y
9TRODUC$ O!RS EQUAL 9 NUMB] 6^!1 Z IF A
MAN :O WANT$ 6C.T ?+S ?"\ HE WD N 2 A#
6D X :ILE !Y 7 FEW1 B TRI$ 6C.T !M :5 HE
_H A4$ 6_! NUMB]4 ,=! ,=MS >E PRACTIC,Y
EQUAL TO-OR N FEW] ?AN-! ?+S1 9 TRY+
6EXPLA9 : ^! ?9K]S PROCE$$ F !M 6! ,=MS4
,= 6EA* ?+ "! ANSW]S AN 5T;Y : HAS !
SAME "N & EXI/S A"P F ! SUB/.ES1 & S AL
9 ! CASE ( ALL O!R GR\PS "! IS A "O OV]
_M1 :E!R ! _M >E 9 ? _W OR >E ET]NAL4
  ,FUR!R1 (! WAYS 9 : WE PROVE T ! ,=MS
EXI/1 N"O IS 3V9C+2 = F "S NO 9F];E
NECESS>ILY FOLL[S1 & F "S >ISE ,=MS EV5
( ?+S ( : WE ?9K "! >E NO ,=MS4 ,= AC 6!
>GU;TS F ! EXI/;E (! SCI;ES "! W 2 ,=MS
( ALL ?+S ( : "! >E SCI;ES & AC 6! ,8"O
OV] _M0' >GU;T "! W 2 ,=MS EV5 ( NEG,NS1
& AC 6! >GU;T T "! IS AN OBJECT = ?"\
EV5 :5 ! ?+ HAS P]I%$1 "! W 2 ,=MS (
P]I%A# ?+S2 = WE H AN IMAGE ( ^!4
,FUR!R1 (! M A3URATE >GU;TS1 "S L1D
6,ID1S ( REL,NS1 ( : WE SAY "! IS NO
9DEP5D5T CLASS1 & O!RS 9TRODUCE ! ,8?IRD
MAN0'4
  ,& 9 G5]AL ! >GU;TS =! ,=MS DE/ROY !
?+S = ^: EXI/;E WE >E M Z1L\S ?AN =!
EXI/;E (! ,ID1S2 = X FOLL[S T N ! DYAD B
NUMB] IS F/1 I4E4 T ! RELATIVE IS PRIOR
6! ABSOLUTE1-2SS ALL ! O!R PO9TS ON :
C]TA9 P 0FOLL[+ \ ! OP9IONS HELD AB !
,ID1S H -E 963FLICT )! PR9CIPLES (!
!ORY4
  ,FUR!R1 AC 6! ASSUMP;N ON : \R 2LIEF 9
! ,ID1S RE/S1 "! W 2 ,=MS N ONLY (
SUB/.ES B AL ( _M O!R ?+S 7=! 3CEPT IS
S+LE N ONLY 9 ! CASE ( SUB/.ES B AL 9 !
O!R CASES1 & "! >E SCI;ES N ONLY (
SUB/.E B AL ( O!R ?+S1 &A ?\S& O!R S*
DI6ICULTIES 3FRONT !M74 ,B AC 6!
NECESSITIES (! CASE &! OP9IONS HELD AB !
,=MS1 IF ,=MS C 2 %>$ 9 "! M/ 2 ,ID1S (
SUB/.ES ONLY4 ,= !Y >E N %>$ 9 9CID5T,Y1
B A ?+ M/ %>E 9 XS ,=M Z 9 "S?+ N
PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT 7BY ,82+ %>$ 9
9CID5T,Y0' ,I M1N T E4G4 IF A ?+ %>ES 9
,8D\# XF0'1 X %>ES AL 9 ,8ET]NAL0'1 B
9CID5T,Y2 = ,8ET]NAL0' HAPP5S 6BE
PR$ICA# (! ,8D\#0'74 ,"!=E ! ,=MS W 2
SUB/.E2 B ! SAME T]MS 9DICATE SUB/.E 9 ?
& 9 ! ID1L _W 7OR :AT W 2 ! M1N+ ( SAY+
T "! IS "S?+ A"P F ! "PICUL>S-! "O OV]
_M874 ,& IF ! ,ID1S &! "PICUL>S T %>E 9
!M H ! SAME =M1 "! W 2 "S?+ -MON 6^!2 =
:Y %D #'B0' 2 "O &! SAME 9 ! P]I%A# #B'S
OR 9 ^? : >E _M B ET]NAL1 & N ! SAME 9 !
#'B0' XF0' Z 9 ! "PICUL> #B8 ,B IF !Y H
N ! SAME =M1 !Y M/ H ONLY ! "N 9 -MON1 &
X IS Z IF "O 7 6CALL BO? ,CALLIAS &A
WOOD5 IMAGE A ,8MAN0'1 )\T OBS]V+ ANY
-MUN;Y 2T !M4
  ,ABV ALL "O MI<T 4CUSS ! "Q :AT ON E>?
! ,=MS 3TRIBUTE 6S5SI# ?+S1 EI 6^? T >E
ET]NAL OR 6^? T -E 962+ & C1SE 6BE4 ,=
!Y CAUSE NEI MOVE;T NOR ANY *ANGE 9 !M4
,B AG !Y HELP 9 NO WISE EI T[>DS ! K (!
O!R ?+S 7= !Y >E N EV5 ! SUB/.E ( ^!1
ELSE !Y WD H BE5 9 !M71 OR T[>DS _! 2+1
IF !Y >E N 9 ! "PICUL>S : %>E 9 !M2 ?\<
IF !Y W]E1 !Y MI<T 2 ?"\ 6BE CAUSES1 Z
:ITE CAUSES :ITE;S 9 A :ITE OBJECT 05T]+
96XS -POSI;N4 ,B ? >GU;T1 : F/
,ANAXAGORAS & LAT] ,EUDOXUS & C]TA9 O!RS
US$1 IS V EASILY UPSET2 = X IS N
DI6ICULT 6COLLECT _M 9SUP]A# OBJEC;NS
6S* A VIEW4
  ,B1 FUR!R1 ALL O!R ?+S _C -E F ! ,=MS
9 ANY (! USUAL S5SES ( ,8F0'4 ,& 6SAY T
!Y >E PATT]NS &! O!R ?+S %>E 9 !M IS
6USE EMPTY ^WS & POETICAL METAPHORS4 ,=
:AT IS X T "WS1 LOOK+ 6! ,ID1S8 ,& ANY?+
C EI BE1 OR 2COME1 L ANO!R )\T 2+ COPI$
F X1 S T :E!R ,SOCRATES OR N A MAN
,SOCRATES L MI<T -E 6BE2 & EVID5TLY ?
MI<T 2 S EV5 IF ,SOCRATES 7 ET]NAL4 ,&
"! W 2 S"EAL PATT]NS (! SAME ?+1 & "!=E
S"EAL ,=MS2 E4G4 ,8ANIMAL0' & ,8TWO-
FOOT$0' & AL ,8MAN HMF0' W 2 ,=MS ( MAN4
,AG1 ! ,=MS >E PATT]NS N ONLY S5SI# ?+S1
B ( ,=MS !MVS AL2 I4E4 ! G5US1 Z G5US (
V>I\S SPECIES1 W 2 S2 "!=E ! SAME ?+ W 2
PATT]N & COPY4
  ,AG1 X WD SEEM IMPOSSI# T ! SUB/.E & T
( : X IS ! SUB/.E %D EXI/ A"P2 H[1 "!=E1
CD ! ,ID1S1 2+ ! SUB/.ES ( ?+S1 EXI/
A"P8 ,9 ! ,PHAEDO0' ! CASE IS /AT$ 9 ?
WAY-T ! ,=MS >E CAUSES BO? ( 2+ &(
2COM+2 YET :5 ! ,=MS EXI/1 / ! ?+S T %>E
9 !M D N -E 962+1 UN.S "! IS "S?+
6ORIG9ATE MOVE;T2 & _M O!R ?+S -E 962+
7E4G4 A H\SE OR A R+7 ( : WE SAY "! >E
NO ,=MS4 ,CLE>LY1 "!=E1 EV5 ! O!R ?+S C
BO? 2 & -E 962+ [+ 6S* CAUSES Z PRODUCE
! ?+S J M5;N$4
  ,AG1 IF ! ,=MS >E NUMB]S1 H[ C !Y 2
CAUSES8 ,IS X 2C EXI/+ ?+S >E O!R
NUMB]S1 E4G4 "O NUMB] IS MAN1 ANO!R IS
,SOCRATES1 ANO!R ,CALLIAS8 ,:Y !N >E !
"O SET ( NUMB]S CAUSES (! O!R SET8 ,X W
N MAKE ANY DI6];E EV5 IF ! =M] >E ET]NAL
&! LATT] >E N4 ,B IF X IS 2C ?+S 9 ?
S5SI# _W 7E4G4 H>MONY7 >E RATIOS (
NUMB]S1 EVID5TLY ! ?+S 2T : !Y >E RATIOS
>E "S "O CLASS ( ?+S4 ,IF1 !N1 ?--!
MATT]--IS "S DEF9ITE ?+1 EVID5TLY !
NUMB]S !MVS TOO W 2 RATIOS ( "S?+ 6"S?+
ELSE4 ,E4G4 IF ,CALLIAS IS A NUM]ICAL
RATIO 2T FIRE & E>? & WAT] & AIR1 8
,IDEA AL W 2 A NUMB] ( C]TA9 O!R "ULY+
?+S2 & MAN HMF1 :E!R X IS A NUMB] 9 A
S5SE OR N1 W / 2 A NUM]ICAL RATIO (
C]TA9 ?+S & N A NUMB] PROP]1 NOR W X 2
;A ( NUMB] M]ELY 2C X IS A NUM]ICAL
RATIO4
  ,AG1 F _M NUMB]S "O NUMB] IS PRODUC$1
B H[ C "O ,=M -E F _M ,=MS8 ,& IF !
NUMB] -ES N F ! _M NUMB]S !MVS B F !
UNITS 9 !M1 E4G4 9 #AJ1JJJ1 H[ IS X )!
UNITS8 ,IF !Y >E SPECIFIC,Y ALIKE1
NUM]\S ABSURDITIES W FOLL[1 & AL IF !Y
>E N ALIKE 7NEI ! UNITS 9 "O NUMB] 2+
!MVS L "O ANO!R NOR ^? 9 O!R NUMB]S 2+
ALL L 6ALL72 = 9 :AT W !Y DI6]1 Z !Y >E
)\T QUAL;Y8 ,? IS N A PLAUSI# VIEW1 NOR
IS X 3SI/5T ) \R ?"\ ON ! MATT]4
  ,FUR!R1 !Y M/ SET UP A SECOND K9D (
NUMB] 7) : >I?METIC D1LS71 & ALL !
OBJECTS : >E CALL$ ,89T]M$IATE0' 0"S
?9K]S2 & H[ D ^! EXI/ OR F :AT PR9CIPLES
D !Y PROCE$8 ,OR :Y M/ !Y 2 9T]M$IATE 2T
! ?+S 9 ? S5SI# _W &! ?+S-!MVS8
  ,FUR!R1 ! UNITS 9 M/ EA* -E F A PRIOR
B ? IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,FUR!R1 :Y IS A NUMB]1 :5 TAK5 ALL
TGR1 "O8
  ,AG1 2SS :AT HAS BE5 SD1 IF ! UNITS >E
DIV]SE ! ,PLATONI/S %D H SPOK5 L ^? :O
SAY "! >E F\R1 OR TWO1 ELE;TS2 = EA* (
^! ?9K]S GIVES ! "N ( ELE;T N 6T : IS
-MON1 E4G4 6BODY1 B 6FIRE & E>?1 :E!R "!
IS "S?+ -MON 6!M1 VIZ4 BODY1 OR N4 ,B 9
FACT ! ,PLATONI/S SP1K Z IF ! ,"O 7
HOMOG5E\S L FIRE OR WAT]2 & IF ? IS S1 !
NUMB]S W N 2 SUB/.ES4 ,EVID5TLY1 IF "!
IS A ,"O XF & ? IS A F/ PR9CIPLE1 ,8"O0'
IS 2+ US$ 9 M ?AN "O S5SE2 = O!RWISE !
!ORY IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,:5 WE WI% 6REDUCE SUB/.ES 6_!
PR9CIPLES1 WE /ATE T L9ES -E F ! %ORT &
L;G 7I4E4 F A K9D ( SMALL & GRT71 &!
PLANE F ! BROAD & N>R[1 & BODY F ! DEEP
& %ALL[4 ,YET H[ !N C EI ! PLANE 3TA9 A
L9E1 OR ! SOLID A L9E OR A PLANE8 ,=!
BROAD & N>R[ IS A DI6]5T CLASS F ! DEEP
& %ALL[4 ,"!=E1 J Z NUMB] IS N PRES5T 9
^!1 2C ! _M & FEW >E DI6]5T F ^!1
EVID5TLY NO O!R (! HI<] CLASSES W 2
PRES5T 9 ! L[]4 ,B AG ! BROAD IS N A
G5US : 9CLUDES ! DEEP1 = !N ! SOLID WD H
BE5 A SPECIES ( PLANE4 ,FUR!R1 F :AT
PR9CIPLE W ! PRES;E (! PO9TS 9 ! L9E 2
DERIV$8 ,PLATO EV5 US$ 6OBJECT 6? CLASS
( ?+S Z 2+ A GEOMETRICAL FIC;N4 ,HE GAVE
! "N ( PR9CIPLE (! L9E-& ? HE (T5
POSIT$-TO ! 9DIVISI# L9ES4 ,YET ^! M/ H
A LIMIT2 "!=E ! >GU;T F : ! EXI/;E (!
L9E FOLL[S PROVES AL ! EXI/;E (! PO9T4
  ,9 G5]AL1 ?\< PHILOSOPHY SEEKS ! CAUSE
( P]CEPTI# ?+S1 WE H GIV5 ? UP 7= WE SAY
NO?+ (! CAUSE F : *ANGE TAKES XS />T71 B
:ILE WE FANCY WE >E /AT+ ! SUB/.E (
P]CEPTI# ?+S1 WE ASS]T ! EXI/;E (A
SECOND CLASS ( SUB/.ES1 :ILE \R A3.T (!
WAY 9 : !Y >E ! SUB/.ES ( P]CEPTI# ?+S
IS EMPTY TALK2 = ,8%>+0'1 Z WE SD 2F1
M1NS NO?+4
  ,NOR H ! ,=MS ANY 3NEXION ) :AT WE SEE
6BE ! CAUSE 9 ! CASE (! >TS1 T = ^: SAKE
BO? ALL M9D &! :OLE ( NATURE >E
OP]ATIVE1-) ? CAUSE : WE ASS]T 6BE "O (!
F/ PR9CIPLES2 B MA!MATICS HAS -E 6BE
ID5TICAL ) PHILOSOPHY = MOD]N ?9K]S1 ?\<
!Y SAY T X %D 2 /UDI$ =! SAKE ( O!R ?+S4
,FUR!R1 "O MI<T SUPPOSE T ! SUB/.E : AC
6!M "ULIES Z MATT] IS TOO MA!MATICAL1 &
IS A PR$ICATE & DI6]5TIA (! SUB/.E1 IE4
(! MATT]1 R ?AN MATT] XF2 I4E4 ! GRT &!
SMALL >E L ! R>E &! D5SE : ! PHYSICAL
PHILOSOPH]S SP1K (1 CALL+ ^! ! PRIM>Y
DI6]5TIAE (! SUB/RATUM2 = ^! >E A K9D (
EXCESS & DEFECT4 ,& REG>D+ MOVE;T1 IF !
GRT &! SMALL >E 6HE MOVE;T1 EVID5TLY !
,=MS W 2 MOV$2 B IF !Y >E N 6BE MOVE;T1
:;E DID MOVE;T -E8 ,! :OLE /UDY ( NATURE
HAS BE5 ANNIHILAT$4
  ,& :AT IS ?"\ 6BE EASY-TO %[ T ALL ?+S
>E "O-IS N D"O2 = :AT IS PROV$ 0! ME?OD
( SETT+ \ 9/.ES IS N T ALL ?+S >E "O B T
"! IS A ,"O XF1-IF WE GRANT ALL !
ASSUMP;NS4 ,& N EV5 ? FOLL[S1 IF WE D N
GRANT T ! UNIV]SAL IS A G5US2 & ? 9 "S
CASES X _C BE4
  ,NOR C X 2 EXPLA9$ EI H[ ! L9ES &
PLANES & SOLIDS T -E AF ! NUMB]S EXI/ OR
C EXI/1 OR :AT SIGNIFIC.E !Y H2 = ^! C
NEI 2 ,=MS 7= !Y >E N NUMB]S71 NOR !
9T]M$IATES 7= ^? >E ! OBJECTS (
MA!MATICS71 NOR ! P]I%A# ?+S4 ,? IS
EVID5TLY A 4T9CT F\R? CLASS4
  ,9 G5]AL1 IF WE SE>* =! ELE;TS ( EXI/+
?+S )\T 4T+UI%+ ! _M S5SES 9 : ?+S >E SD
6EXI/1 WE _C F9D !M1 ESPECI,Y IF ! SE>*
=! ELE;TS ( : ?+S >E MADE IS 3DUCT$ 9 ?
MANN]4 ,= X IS SURELY IMPOSSI# 64COV]
:AT ,8ACT+0' OR ,82+ ACT$ ON0'1 OR ,8!
/RAI<T0'1 IS MADE (1 B IF ELE;TS C 2
4COV]$ AT ALL1 X IS ONLY ! ELE;TS (
SUB/.ES2 "!=E EI 6SEEK ! ELE;TS ( ALL
EXI/+ ?+S OR 6?9K "O HAS !M IS 9CORRECT4
  ,& H[ CD WE LE>N ! ELE;TS ( ALL ?+S8
,EVID5TLY WE _C />T 0"K+ ANY?+ 2F4 ,= Z
HE :O IS LE>N+ GEOMETRY1 ?\< HE MAY "K
O!R ?+S 2F1 "KS N"O (! ?+S ) : ! SCI;E
D1LS & AB : HE IS 6LE>N1 S IS X 9 ALL
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