              ,BOOK ,,XII
                   #A
  ,! SUBJECT ( \R 9QUIRY IS SUB/.E2 =!
PR9CIPLES &! CAUSES WE >E SEEK+ >E ^? (
SUB/.ES4 ,= IF ! UNIV]SE IS (! NATURE (A
:OLE1 SUB/.E IS XS F/ "P2 & IF X CO"HS
M]ELY 0VIRTUE ( S]IAL SU3ES.N1 ON ? VIEW
AL SUB/.E IS F/1 & IS SU3E$$ 0QUAL;Y1 &
!N 0QUANT;Y4 ,AT ! SAME "T ^! LATT] >E N
EV5 2+ 9 ! FULL S5SE1 B >E QUALITIES &
MOVE;TS ( X1-OR ELSE EV5 ! N-:ITE &! N-
/RAI<T WD 2 2+2 AT L1/ WE SAY EV5 ^! >E1
E4G4 ,8"! IS A N-:ITE0'4 ,FUR!R1 N"O (!
CATEGORIES O!R ?AN SUB/.E C EXI/ A"P4
,&! E>LY PHILOSOPH]S AL 9 PRACTICE
TE/IFY 6! PRIMACY ( SUB/.E2 = X 0 (
SUB/.E T !Y S"\ ! PR9CIPLES & ELE;TS &
CAUSES4 ,! ?9K]S (! PRES5T "D T5D 6RANK
UNIV]SALS Z SUB/.ES 7= G5]A >E
UNIV]SALS1 & ^! !Y T5D 6DESCRIBE Z
PR9CIPLES & SUB/.ES1 [+ 6! AB/RACT
NATURE ( _! 9QUIRY72 B ! ?9K]S ( OLD
RANK$ "PICUL> ?+S Z SUB/.ES1 E4G4 FIRE &
E>?1 N :AT IS -MON 6BO?1 BODY4
  ,"! >E ?REE K9DS ( SUB/.E-"O T IS
S5SI# 7( : "O SUBDIVI.N IS ET]NAL &
ANO!R IS P]I%A#2 ! LATT] IS RECOGNIZ$
0ALL M51 & 9CLUDES E4G4 PLANTS &
ANIMALS71 ( : WE M/ GRASP ! ELE;TS1 :E!R
"O OR _M2 & ANO!R T IS IMMOVA#1 & ?
C]TA9 ?9K]S ASS]T 6BE CAPA# ( EXI/+ A"P1
"S DIVID+ X 96TWO1 O!RS ID5TIFY+ ! ,=MS
&! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS1 & O!RS POSIT+1 (
^! TWO1 ONLY ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS4 ,!
=M] TWO K9DS ( SUB/.E >E ! SUBJECT (
PHYSICS 7= !Y IMPLY MOVE;T72 B ! ?IRD
K9D 2L;GS 6ANO!R SCI;E1 IF "! IS NO
PR9CIPLE -MON 6X & 6! O!R K9DS4
                   #B
  ,S5SI# SUB/.E IS *ANGEA#4 ,N[ IF *ANGE
PROCE$S F OPPOSITES OR F 9T]M$IATES1 & N
F ALL OPPOSITES 7=! VOICE IS N-:ITE1 7B
X DOES N "!=E *ANGE 6:ITE771 B F !
3TR>Y1 "! M/ 2 "S?+ "ULY+ : *ANGES 96!
3TR>Y /ATE2 =! 3TR>IES D N *ANGE4
,FUR!R1 "S?+ P]SI/S1 B ! 3TR>Y DOES N
P]SI/2 "! IS1 !N1 "S ?IRD ?+ 2SS !
3TR>IES1 VIZ4 ! MATT]4 ,N[ S9CE *ANGES
>E ( F\R K9DS-EI 9 RESPECT (! ,8:AT0' OR
(! QUAL;Y OR (! QUANT;Y OR (! PLACE1 &
*ANGE 9 RESPECT ( ,8?IS;S0' IS SIMPLE
G5],N & DE/RUC;N1 & *ANGE 9 QUANT;Y IS
9CR1SE & DIM9U;N1 & *ANGE 9 RESPECT ( AN
A6EC;N IS ALT],N1 & *ANGE ( PLACE IS
MO;N1 *ANGES W 2 F GIV5 /ATES 96^? 3TR>Y
6!M 9 ^! S"EAL RESPECTS4 ,! MATT]1 !N1 :
*ANGES M/ 2 CAPA# ( BO? /ATES4 ,& S9CE T
: ,8IS0' HAS TWO S5SES1 WE M/ SAY T
"EY?+ *ANGES F T : IS POT5TI,Y 6T : IS
ACTU,Y1 E4G4 F POT5TI,Y :ITE 6ACTU,Y
:ITE1 & SIMIL>LY 9 ! CASE ( 9CR1SE &
DIM9U;N4 ,"!=E N ONLY C A ?+ -E 6BE1
9CID5T,Y1 \ ( T : IS N1 B AL ALL ?+S -E
6BE \ ( T : IS1 B IS POT5TI,Y1 & IS N
ACTU,Y4 ,& ? IS ! ,8,"O0' ( ,ANAXAGORAS2
= 9/1D ( ,8ALL ?+S 7 TGR'-&!
,8,MIXTURE0' ( ,EMP$OCLES & ,ANAXIM&] &!
A3.T GIV5 0,DEMOCRITUS-X IS BETT] 6SAY
,8ALL ?+S 7 TGR POT5TI,Y B N ACTU,Y0'4
,"!=E ^! ?9K]S SEEM 6H _H "S NO;N (
MATT]4 ,N[ ALL ?+S T *ANGE H MATT]1 B
DI6]5T MATT]2 &( ET]NAL ?+S ^? : >E N
G5]A# B >E MOVA# 9 SPACE H MATT]-N MATT]
= G5],N1 H["E1 B = MO;N F "O PLACE
6ANO!R4
  ,"O MI<T RAISE ! "Q F :AT SORT ( NON-
2+ G5],N PROCE$S2 = ,8NON-2+0' HAS ?REE
S5SES4 ,IF1 !N1 "O =M ( NON-2+ EXI/S
POT5TI,Y1 / X IS N 0VIRTUE (A POT5TIAL;Y
= ANY & E ?+1 B DI6]5T ?+S -E F DI6]5T
?+S2 NOR IS X SATISFACTORY 6SAY T ,8ALL
?+S 7 TGR0'2 = !Y DI6] 9 _! MATT]1 S9CE
O!RWISE :Y DID AN 9F9;Y ( ?+S -E 6BE1 &
N "O ?+8 ,= ,8R1SON0' IS "O1 S T IF
MATT] AL 7 "O1 T M/ H -E 6BE 9 ACTUAL;Y
: ! MATT] 0 9 POT5CY4 ,! CAUSES &!
PR9CIPLES1 !N1 >E ?REE1 TWO 2+ ! PAIR (
3TR>IES ( : "O IS DEF9I;N & =M &! O!R IS
PRIV,N1 &! ?IRD 2+ ! MATT]4
                   #C
  ,NOTE1 NEXT1 T NEI ! MATT] NOR ! =M
-ES 6BE-& ,I M1N ! LA/ MATT] & =M4 ,=
"EY?+ T *ANGES IS "S?+ & IS *ANG$ 0"S?+
& 96"S?+4 ,T 0: X IS *ANG$ IS ! IMM
MOV]2 T : IS *ANG$1 ! MATT]2 T 96: X IS
*ANG$1 ! =M4 ,! PROCESS1 !N1 W G ON
69F9;Y1 IF N ONLY ! BRONZE -ES 6BE R.D B
AL ! R.D OR ! BRONZE -ES 6BE2 "!=E "! M/
2 A /OP4
  ,NOTE1 NEXT1 T EA* SUB/.E -ES 962+ \ (
"S?+ T %>ES XS "N4 7,NATURAL OBJECTS &
O!R ?+S BO? RANK Z SUB/.ES47 ,= ?+S -E
962+ EI 0>T OR 0NATURE OR 0LUCK OR
0SPONTANE;Y4 ,N[ >T IS A PR9CIPLE (
MOVE;T 9 "S?+ O!R ?AN ! ?+ MOV$1 NATURE
IS A PR9CIPLE 9 ! ?+ XF 7= MAN 2GETS
MAN71 &! O!R CAUSES >E PRIV,NS ( ^! TWO4
  ,"! >E ?REE K9DS ( SUB/.E-! MATT]1 :
IS A ,8?0' 9 APPE>.E 7= ALL ?+S T >E
"*IZ$ 03TACT & N1 0ORGANIC UN;Y >E MATT]
& SUB/RATUM1 E4G4 FIRE1 FLE%1 H1D2 = ^!
>E ALL MATT]1 &! LA/ MATT] IS ! MATT] (
T : IS 9 ! FULL S5SE SUB/.E72 ! NATURE1
: IS A ,8?0' OR POSITIVE /ATE T[>DS :
MOVE;T TAKES PLACE2 & AG1 ?IRDLY1 !
"PICUL> SUB/.E : IS -POS$ ( ^! TWO1 E4G4
,SOCRATES OR ,CALLIAS4 ,N[ 9 "S CASES !
,8?0' DOES N EXI/ A"P F ! -POSITE
SUB/.E1 E4G4 ! =M ( H\SE DOES N S EXI/1
UN.S ! >T ( BUILD+ EXI/S A"P 7NOR IS "!
G5],N & DE/RUC;N ( ^! =MS1 B X IS 9
ANO!R WAY T ! H\SE A"P F XS MATT]1 &
H1L?1 & ALL ID1LS ( >T1 EXI/ & D N
EXI/72 B IF ! ,8?0' EXI/S A"P F ! 3CRETE
?+1 X IS ONLY 9 ! CASE ( NATURAL
OBJECTS4 ,& S ,PLATO 0 N F> WR;G :5 HE
SD T "! >E Z _M ,=MS Z "! >E K9DS (
NATURAL OBJECT 7IF "! >E ,=MS 4T9CT F !
?+S ( ? E>?74 ,! MOV+ CAUSES EXI/ Z ?+S
PREC$+ ! E6ECTS1 B CAUSES 9 ! S5SE (
DEF9I;NS >E SIMULTANE\S ) _! E6ECTS4 ,=
:5 A MAN IS H1L?Y1 !N H1L? AL EXI/S2 &!
%APE (A BRONZE SPH]E EXI/S AT ! SAME "T
Z ! BRONZE SPH]E4 7,B WE M/ EXAM9E :E!R
ANY =M AL SURVIVES AFWS4 ,= 9 "S CASES
"! IS NO?+ 6PREV5T ?2 E4G4 ! S\L MAY 2 (
? SORT-N ALL S\L B ! R1SON2 = PRESUMABLY
X IS IMPOSSI# T ALL S\L %D SURVIVE47
,EVID5TLY !N "! IS NO NECESS;Y1 ON ?
GR.D AT L1/1 =! EXI/;E (! ,ID1S4 ,= MAN
IS 2GOTT5 0MAN1 A GIV5 MAN 0AN 9DIVIDUAL
"F2 & SIMIL>LY 9 ! >TS2 =! M$ICAL >T IS
! =MAL CAUSE ( H1L?4

                   #D
  ,! CAUSES &! PR9CIPLES ( DI6]5T ?+S >E
9 A S5SE DI6]5T1 B 9 A S5SE1 IF "O SP1KS
UNIV]S,Y & ANALOGIC,Y1 !Y >E ! SAME =
ALL4 ,= "O MI<T RAISE ! "Q :E!R !
PR9CIPLES & ELE;TS >E DI6]5T OR ! SAME =
SUB/.ES &= RELATIVE T]MS1 & SIMIL>LY 9 !
CASE ( EA* (! CATEGORIES4 ,B X WD 2
P>ADOXICAL IF !Y 7 ! SAME = ALL4 ,= !N F
! SAME ELE;TS W PROCE$ RELATIVE T]MS &
SUB/.ES4 ,:AT !N W ? -MON ELE;T BE8 ,=
7#A7 7A7 "! IS NO?+ -MON 6& 4T9CT F
SUB/.E &! O!R CATEGORIES1 VIZ4 ^? : >E
PR$ICAT$2 B AN ELE;T IS PRIOR 6! ?+S ( :
X IS AN ELE;T4 ,B AG 7B7 SUB/.E IS N AN
ELE;T 9 RELATIVE T]MS1 NOR IS ANY ( ^!
AN ELE;T 9 SUB/.E4 ,FUR!R1 7#B7 H[ C ALL
?+S H ! SAME ELE;TS8 ,= N"O (! ELE;TS C
2 ! SAME Z T : IS -POS$ ( ELE;TS1 E4G4
;B OR A _C 2 ! SAME Z BA4 7,N"O1 "!=E1 (
! 9TELLIGI#S1 E4G4 2+ OR UN;Y1 IS AN
ELE;T2 = ^! >E PR$ICA# ( EA* (! -P.DS Z
WELL47 ,N"O (! ELE;TS1 !N1 W 2 EI A
SUB/.E OR A RELATIVE T]M2 B X M/ 2 "O OR
O!R4 ,ALL ?+S1 !N1 H N ! SAME ELE;TS4
  ,OR1 Z WE >E WONT 6PUT X1 9 A S5SE !Y
H & 9 A S5SE !Y H N2 E4G4 P]H ! ELE;TS (
P]CEPTI# BODIES >E1 Z =M1 ! HOT1 & 9
ANO!R S5SE ! COLD1 : IS ! PRIV,N2 &1 Z
MATT]1 T : DIRECTLY &( XF POT5TI,Y HAS
^! ATTRIBUTES2 & SUB/.ES -PRISE BO? ^! &
! ?+S -POS$ ( ^!1 ( : ^! >E ! PR9CIPLES1
OR ANY UN;Y : IS PRODUC$ \ (! HOT &!
COLD1 E4G4 FLE% OR B"O2 =! PRODUCT M/ 2
DI6]5T F ! ELE;TS4 ,^! ?+S !N H ! SAME
ELE;TS & PR9CIPLES 7?\< SPECIFIC,Y
DI6]5T ?+S H SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T ELE;TS72
B ALL ?+S H N ! SAME ELE;TS 9 ? S5SE1 B
ONLY ANALOGIC,Y2 I4E4 "O MI<T SAY T "!
>E ?REE PR9CIPLES-! =M1 ! PRIV,N1 &!
MATT]4 ,B EA* ( ^! IS DI6]5T = EA*
CLASS2 E4G4 9 COL\R !Y >E :ITE1 BLACK1 &
SURFACE1 & 9 "D & NI<T !Y >E LI<T1
D>K;S1 & AIR4
  ,S9CE N ONLY ! ELE;TS PRES5T 9 A ?+ >E
CAUSES1 B AL "S?+ EXT]NAL1 I4E4 ! MOV+
CAUSE1 CLE>LY :ILE ,8PR9CIPLE0' &
,8ELE;T0' >E DI6]5T BO? >E CAUSES1 &
,8PR9CIPLE0' IS DIVID$ 96^! TWO K9DS2 &
T : ACTS Z PRODUC+ MOVE;T OR RE/ IS A
PR9CIPLE &A SUB/.E4 ,"!=E ANALOGIC,Y "!
>E ?REE ELE;TS1 & F\R CAUSES &
PR9CIPLES2 B ! ELE;TS >E DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T
?+S1 &! PROXIMATE MOV+ CAUSE IS DI6]5T =
DI6]5T ?+S4 ,H1L?1 41SE1 BODY2 ! MOV+
CAUSE IS ! M$ICAL >T4 ,=M1 4ORD] (A
"PICUL> K9D1 BRICKS2 ! MOV+ CAUSE IS !
BUILD+ >T4 ,& S9CE ! MOV+ CAUSE 9 ! CASE
( NATURAL ?+S IS-= MAN1 = 9/.E1 MAN1 & 9
! PRODUCTS ( ?"\ ! =M OR XS 3TR>Y1 "! W
2 9 A S5SE ?REE CAUSES1 :ILE 9 A S5SE "!
>E F\R4 ,=! M$ICAL >T IS 9 "S S5SE H1L?1
&! BUILD+ >T IS ! =M (! H\SE1 & MAN
2GETS MAN2 FUR!R1 2SS ^! "! IS T : Z F/
( ALL ?+S MOVES ALL ?+S4
                   #E
  ,"S ?+S C EXI/ A"P & "S _C1 & X IS !
=M] T >E SUB/.ES4 ,& "!=E ALL ?+S H !
SAME CAUSES1 2C1 )\T SUB/.ES1 MODIFIC,NS
& MOVE;TS D N EXI/4 ,FUR!R1 ^! CAUSES W
PROBABLY 2 S\L & BODY1 OR R1SON & DESIRE
& BODY4
  ,& 9 YET ANO!R WAY1 ANALOGIC,Y
ID5TICAL ?+S >E PR9CIPLES1 I4E4 ACTUAL;Y
& POT5CY2 B ^! AL >E N ONLY DI6]5T =
DI6]5T ?+S B AL APPLY 9 DI6]5T WAYS 6!M4
,= 9 "S CASES ! SAME ?+ EXI/S AT "O "T
ACTU,Y & AT ANO!R POT5TI,Y1 E4G4 W9E OR
FLE% OR MAN DOES S4 7,& ^! TOO FALL "U !
ABV-"ND CAUSES4 ,=! =M EXI/S ACTU,Y1 IF
X C EXI/ A"P1 & S DOES ! -PLEX ( =M &
MATT]1 &! PRIV,N1 E4G4 D>K;S OR 41SE2 B
! MATT] EXI/S POT5TI,Y2 = ? IS T : C
2COME QUALIFI$ EI 0! =M OR 0! PRIV,N47
,B ! 4T9C;N ( ACTUAL;Y & POT5TIAL;Y
APPLIES 9 ANO!R WAY 6CASES ": ! MATT] (
CAUSE &( E6ECT IS N ! SAME1 9 "S ( :
CASES ! =M IS N ! SAME B DI6]5T2 E4G4 !
CAUSE ( MAN IS 7#A7 ! ELE;TS 9 MAN 7VIZ4
FIRE & E>? Z MATT]1 &! PECULI> =M71 &
FUR!R 7#B7 "S?+ ELSE \TSIDE1 I4E4 ! "F1
& 7#C7 2SS ^! ! SUN & XS OBLIQUE C\RSE1
: >E NEI MATT] NOR =M NOR PRIV,N ( MAN
NOR (! SAME SPECIES ) HM1 B MOV+ CAUSES4
  ,FUR!R1 "O M/ OBS]VE T "S CAUSES C 2
EXPRESS$ 9 UNIV]SAL T]MS1 & "S _C4 ,!
PROXIMATE PR9CIPLES ( ALL ?+S >E ! ,8?0'
: IS PROXIMATE 9 ACTUAL;Y1 & ANO!R : IS
PROXIMATE 9 POT5TIAL;Y4 ,! UNIV]SAL
CAUSES1 !N1 ( : WE SPOKE D N EXI/4 ,= X
IS ! 9DIVIDUAL T IS ! ORIG9ATIVE
PR9CIPLE (! 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= :ILE MAN IS !
ORIG9ATIVE PR9CIPLE ( MAN UNIV]S,Y1 "!
IS NO UNIV]SAL MAN1 B ,PELEUS IS !
ORIG9ATIVE PR9CIPLE ( ,A*ILLES1 & YR "F
( Y1 & ? "PICUL> ;B ( ? "PICUL> BA1 ?\<
;B 9 G5]AL IS ! ORIG9ATIVE PR9CIPLE ( BA
TAK5 )\T QUALIFIC,N4
  ,FUR!R1 IF ! CAUSES ( SUB/.ES >E !
CAUSES ( ALL ?+S1 YET DI6]5T ?+S H
DI6]5T CAUSES & ELE;TS1 Z 0 SD2 ! CAUSES
( ?+S T >E N 9 ! SAME CLASS1 E4G4 (
COL\RS & S.DS1 ( SUB/.ES & QUANTITIES1
>E DI6]5T EXCEPT 9 AN ANALOGICAL S5SE2 &
^? ( ?+S 9 ! SAME SPECIES >E DI6]5T1 N 9
SPECIES1 B 9 ! S5SE T ! CAUSES ( DI6]5T
9DIVIDUALS >E DI6]5T1 YR MATT] & =M &
MOV+ CAUSE 2+ DI6]5T F M9E1 :ILE 9 _!
UNIV]SAL DEF9I;N !Y >E ! SAME4 ,& IF WE
9QUIRE :AT >E ! PR9CIPLES OR ELE;TS (
SUB/.ES & REL,NS & QUALITIES-:E!R !Y >E
! SAME OR DI6]5T-CLE>LY :5 ! "NS (!
CAUSES >E US$ 9 S"EAL S5SES ! CAUSES (
EA* >E ! SAME1 B :5 ! S5SES >E 4T+UI%$ !
CAUSES >E N ! SAME B DI6]5T1 EXCEPT T 9
! FOLL[+ S5SES ! CAUSES ( ALL >E ! SAME4
,!Y >E 7#A7 ! SAME OR ANALOG\S 9 ? S5SE1
T MATT]1 =M1 PRIV,N1 &! MOV+ CAUSE >E
-MON 6ALL ?+S2 & 7#B7 ! CAUSES ( SUB/.ES
MAY 2 TR1T$ Z CAUSES ( ALL ?+S 9 ? S5SE1
T :5 SUB/.ES >E REMOV$ ALL ?+S >E
REMOV$2 FUR!R1 7#C7 T : IS F/ 9 RESPECT
( -PLETE R1L;Y IS ! CAUSE ( ALL ?+S4 ,B
9 ANO!R S5SE "! >E DI6]5T F/ CAUSES1
VIZ4 ALL ! 3TR>IES : >E NEI G5]IC NOR
AMBIGU\S T]MS2 &1 FUR!R1 ! MATT]S (
DI6]5T ?+S >E DI6]5T4 ,WE H /AT$1 !N1
:AT >E ! PR9CIPLES ( S5SI# ?+S & H[ _M
!Y >E1 & 9 :AT S5SE !Y >E ! SAME & 9 :AT
S5SE DI6]5T4
                   #F
  ,S9CE "! 7 ?REE K9DS ( SUB/.E1 TWO (
!M PHYSICAL & "O UNMOVA#1 REG>D+ ! LATT]
WE M/ ASS]T T X IS NEC T "! %D 2 AN
ET]NAL UNMOVA# SUB/.E4 ,= SUB/.ES >E !
F/ ( EXI/+ ?+S1 & IF !Y >E ALL
DE/RUCTI#1 ALL ?+S >E DE/RUCTI#4 ,B X IS
IMPOSSI# T MOVE;T %D EI H -E 962+ OR
C1SE 6BE 7= X M/ ALW H EXI/$71 OR T "T
%D4 ,= "! CD N 2 A 2F & AN AF IF "T DID
N EXI/4 ,MOVE;T AL IS 3T9U\S1 !N1 9 !
S5SE 9 : "T IS2 = "T IS EI ! SAME ?+ Z
MOVE;T OR AN ATTRIBUTE ( MOVE;T4 ,& "!
IS NO 3T9U\S MOVE;T EXCEPT MOVE;T 9
PLACE1 &( ? ONLY T : IS CIRCUL> IS
3T9U\S4
  ,B IF "! IS "S?+ : IS CAPA# ( MOV+ ?+S
OR ACT+ ON !M1 B IS N ACTU,Y DO+ S1 "! W
N NECESS>ILY 2 MOVE;T2 = T : HAS A
POT5CY NE$ N EX]CISE X4 ,NO?+1 !N1 IS
GA9$ EV5 IF WE SUPPOSE ET]NAL SUB/.ES1 Z
! 2LIEV]S 9 ! ,=MS D1 UN.S "! IS 6BE 9
!M "S PR9CIPLE : C CAUSE *ANGE2 NAY1 EV5
? IS N 5\<1 NOR IS ANO!R SUB/.E 2SS !
,=MS 5\<2 = IF X IS N 6ACT1 "! W 2 NO
MOVE;T4 ,FUR!R EV5 IF X ACTS1 ? W N 2
5\<1 IF XS ESS;E IS POT5CY2 = "! W N 2
ET]NAL MOVE;T1 S9CE T : IS POT5TI,Y MAY
POSSIBLY N BE4 ,"! M/1 !N1 2 S* A
PR9CIPLE1 ^: V ESS;E IS ACTUAL;Y4
,FUR!R1 !N1 ^! SUB/.ES M/ 2 )\T MATT]2 =
!Y M/ 2 ET]NAL1 IF ANY?+ IS ET]NAL4
,"!=E !Y M/ 2 ACTUAL;Y4
  ,YET "! IS A DI6ICULTY2 = X IS ?"\ T
"EY?+ T ACTS IS A# 6ACT1 B T N "EY?+ T
IS A# 6ACT ACTS1 S T ! POT5CY IS PRIOR4
,B IF ? IS S1 NO?+ T IS NE$ BE2 = X IS
POSSI# = ALL ?+S 6BE CAPA# ( EXI/+ B N
YET 6EXI/4
  ,YET IF WE FOLL[ ! !OLOGIANS :O G5]ATE
! _W F NI<T1 OR ! NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S :O
SAY T ,8ALL ?+S 7 TGR0'1 ! SAME IMPOSSI#
RESULT 5SUES4 ,= H[ W "! 2 MOVE;T1 IF "!
IS NO ACTU,Y EXI/+ CAUSE8 ,WOOD W SURELY
N MOVE XF-! C>P5T]'S >T M/ ACT ON X2 NOR
W ! M5/RUAL BLOOD NOR ! E>? SET !MVS 9
MO;N1 B ! SE$S M/ ACT ON ! E>? &! SEM5
ON ! M5/RUAL BLOOD4
  ,? IS :Y "S SUPPOSE ET]NAL ACTUAL;Y-
E4G4 ,LEUCIPPUS & ,PLATO2 = !Y SAY "! IS
ALW MOVE;T4 ,B :Y & :AT ? MOVE;T IS !Y D
SAY1 NOR1 IF ! _W MOVES 9 ? WAY OR T1 D
!Y TELL U ! CAUSE ( XS DO+ S4 ,N[ NO?+
IS MOV$ AT R&OM1 B "! M/ ALW 2 "S?+
PRES5T 6MOVE X2 E4G4 Z A MATT] ( FACT A
?+ MOVES 9 "O WAY 0NATURE1 & 9 ANO!R
0=CE OR "? ! 9FLU;E ( R1SON OR "S?+
ELSE4 7,FUR!R1 :AT SORT ( MOVE;T IS
PRIM>Y8 ,? MAKES A VA/ DI6];E47 ,B AG =
,PLATO1 AT L1/1 X IS N P]MISSI# 6"N "H T
: HE "S"TS SUPPOSES 6BE ! S\RCE (
MOVE;T-T : MOVES XF2 =! S\L IS LAT]1 &
COEVAL )! H1V5S1 AC 6HIS A3.T4 ,6SUPPOSE
POT5CY PRIOR 6ACTUAL;Y1 !N1 IS 9 A S5SE
"R1 & 9 A S5SE N2 & WE H SPECIFI$ ^!
S5SES4 ,T ACTUAL;Y IS PRIOR IS TE/IFI$
0,ANAXAGORAS 7= 8 ,8R1SON0' IS ACTUAL;Y7
& 0,EMP$OCLES 9 8 DOCTR9E ( LOVE &
/RIFE1 & 0^? :O SAY T "! IS ALW MOVE;T1
E4G4 ,LEUCIPPUS4 ,"!=E *AOS OR NI<T DID
N EXI/ = AN 9F9ITE "T1 B ! SAME ?+S H
ALW EXI/$ 7EI PASS+ "? A CYCLE ( *ANGES
OR OBEY+ "S O!R LAW71 S9CE ACTUAL;Y IS
PRIOR 6POT5CY4 ,IF1 !N1 "! IS A 3/ANT
CYCLE1 "S?+ M/ ALW REMA91 ACT+ 9 ! SAME
WAY4 ,& IF "! IS 6BE G5],N & DE/RUC;N1
"! M/ 2 "S?+ ELSE : IS ALW ACT+ 9 DI6]5T
WAYS4 ,? M/1 !N1 ACT 9 "O WAY 9 VIRTUE (
XF1 & 9 ANO!R 9 VIRTUE ( "S?+ ELSE-EI (A
?IRD AG5T1 "!=E1 OR (! F/4 ,N[ X M/ 2 9
VIRTUE (! F/4 ,= O!RWISE ? AG CAUSES !
MO;N BO? (! SECOND AG5T &(! ?IRD4 ,"!=E
X IS BETT] 6SAY ,8! F/0'4 ,= X 0 ! CAUSE
( ET]NAL UNI=M;Y2 & "S?+ ELSE IS ! CAUSE
( V>IETY1 & EVID5TLY BO? TGR >E ! CAUSE
( ET]NAL V>IETY4 ,?1 ACLY1 IS ! "* : !
MO;NS ACTU,Y EXHIBIT4 ,:AT NE$ !N IS "!
6SEEK = O!R PR9CIPLES8
                   #G
  ,S9CE 7#A7 ? IS A POSSI# A3.T (!
MATT]1 & 7#B7 IF X 7 N TRUE1 ! _W WD H
PROCE$$ \ ( NI<T & ,8ALL ?+S TGR0' & \ (
NON-2+1 ^! DI6ICULTIES MAY 2 TAK5 Z
SOLV$4 ,"! IS1 !N1 "S?+ : IS ALW MOV$ )
AN UNC1S+ MO;N1 : IS MO;N 9 A CIRCLE2 &
? IS PLA9 N 9 !ORY ONLY B 9 FACT4 ,"!=E
! F/ H1V5 M/ 2 ET]NAL4 ,"! IS "!=E AL
"S?+ : MOVES X4 ,& S9CE T : MOVES & IS
MOV$ IS 9T]M$IATE1 "! IS "S?+ : MOVES
)\T 2+ MOV$1 2+ ET]NAL1 SUB/.E1 &
ACTUAL;Y4 ,&! OBJECT ( DESIRE &! OBJECT
( ?"\ MOVE 9 ? WAY2 !Y MOVE )\T 2+ MOV$4
,! PRIM>Y OBJECTS ( DESIRE &( ?"\ >E !
SAME4 ,=! APP>5T GD IS ! OBJECT (
APPETITE1 &! R1L GD IS ! PRIM>Y OBJECT (
R,NAL WI%4 ,B DESIRE IS 3SEQU5T ON
OP9ION R ?AN OP9ION ON DESIRE2 =! ?9K+
IS ! />T+-PO9T4 ,& ?"\ IS MOV$ 0! OBJECT
( ?"\1 & "O (! TWO COLUMNS ( OPPOSITES
IS 9 XF ! OBJECT ( ?"\2 & 9 ?1 SUB/.E IS
F/1 & 9 SUB/.E1 T : IS SIMPLE & EXI/S
ACTU,Y4 7,! "O &! SIMPLE >E N ! SAME2 =
,8"O0' M1NS A M1SURE1 B ,8SIMPLE0' M1NS
T ! ?+ XF HAS A C]TA9 NATURE47 ,B !
B1UTI;L1 AL1 & T : IS 9 XF DESIRA# >E 9
! SAME COLUMN2 &! F/ 9 ANY CLASS IS ALW
BE/1 OR ANALOG\S 6! BE/4
  ,T A F9AL CAUSE MAY EXI/ AM;G
UN*ANGEA# 5TITIES IS %[N 0! 4T9C;N ( XS
M1N+S4 ,=! F9AL CAUSE IS 7A7 "S 2+ = ^:
GD AN AC;N IS D"O1 & 7B7 "S?+ AT : !
AC;N AIMS2 &( ^! ! LATT] EXI/S AM;G
UN*ANGEA# 5TITIES ?\< ! =M] DOES N4 ,!
F9AL CAUSE1 !N1 PRODUCES MO;N Z 2+ LOV$1
B ALL O!R ?+S MOVE 02+ MOV$4 ,N[ IF "S?+
IS MOV$ X IS CAPA# ( 2+ O!RWISE ?AN Z X
IS4 ,"!=E IF XS ACTUAL;Y IS ! PRIM>Y =M
( SPATIAL MO;N1 !N 9 S F> Z X IS SUBJECT
6*ANGE1 9 ? RESPECT X IS CAPA# ( 2+
O!RWISE1-IN PLACE1 EV5 IF N 9 SUB/.E4 ,B
S9CE "! IS "S?+ : MOVES :ILE XF UNMOV$1
EXI/+ ACTU,Y1 ? C 9 NO WAY 2 O!RWISE ?AN
Z X IS4 ,= MO;N 9 SPACE IS ! F/ (! K9DS
( *ANGE1 & MO;N 9 A CIRCLE ! F/ K9D (
SPATIAL MO;N2 & ? ! F/ MOV] PRODUCES4 ,!
F/ MOV]1 !N1 EXI/S ( NECESS;Y2 & 9 S F>
Z X EXI/S 0NECESS;Y1 XS MODE ( 2+ IS GD1
& X IS 9 ? S5SE A F/ PR9CIPLE4 ,=! NEC
HAS ALL ^! S5SES-T : IS NEC P]=CE 2C X
IS 3TR>Y 6! NATURAL IMPULSE1 T )\T : !
GD IS IMPOSSI#1 & T : _C 2 O!RWISE B C
EXI/ ONLY 9 A S+LE WAY4
  ,ON S* A PR9CIPLE1 !N1 DEP5D ! H1V5S &
! _W ( NATURE4 ,& X IS A LIFE S* Z ! BE/
: WE 5JOY1 & 5JOY = B A %ORT "T 7= X IS
"E 9 ? /ATE1 : WE _C BE71 S9CE XS
ACTUAL;Y IS AL PL1SURE4 7,&= ? R1SON >E
WAK+1 P]CEP;N1 & ?9K+ MO/ PL1SANT1 &
HOPES & MEMORIES >E S ON A3.T ( ^!47 ,&
?9K+ 9 XF D1LS ) T : IS BE/ 9 XF1 & T :
IS ?9K+ 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE ) T : IS BE/ 9 !
FULLE/ S5SE4 ,& ?"\ ?9KS ON XF 2C X %>ES
! NATURE (! OBJECT ( ?"\2 = X 2COMES AN
OBJECT ( ?"\ 9 -+ 963TACT )& ?9K+ XS
OBJECTS1 S T ?"\ & OBJECT ( ?"\ >E !
SAME4 ,= T : IS CAPA# ( RCVG ! OBJECT (
?"\1 I4E4 ! ESS;E1 IS ?"\4 ,B X IS
ACTIVE :5 X POSSESSES ? OBJECT4 ,"!=E !
POSSES.N R ?AN ! RECEPTIV;Y IS ! DIV9E
ELE;T : ?"\ SEEMS 63TA91 &! ACT (
3TEMPL,N IS :AT IS MO/ PL1SANT & BE/4
,IF1 !N1 ,GOD IS ALW 9 T GD /ATE 9 : WE
"S"TS >E1 ? -PELS \R WOND]2 & IF 9 A
BETT] ? -PELS X YET M4 ,& ,GOD IS 9 A
BETT] /ATE4 ,& LIFE AL 2L;GS 6,GOD2 =!
ACTUAL;Y ( ?"\ IS LIFE1 & ,GOD IS T
ACTUAL;Y2 & ,GOD'S SELF-DEP5D5T ACTUAL;Y
IS LIFE MO/ GD & ET]NAL4 ,WE SAY "!=E T
,GOD IS A LIV+ 2+1 ET]NAL1 MO/ GD1 S T
LIFE & DUR,N 3T9U\S & ET]NAL 2L;G 6,GOD2
= ? IS ,GOD4
  ,^? :O SUPPOSE1 Z ! ,PY?AGOR1NS &
,SPEUSIPPUS D1 T SUPREME B1UTY & GD;S >E
N PRES5T 9 ! 2G9N+1 2C ! 2G9N+S BO? (
PLANTS &( ANIMALS >E CAUSES1 B B1UTY &
-PLETE;S >E 9 ! E6ECTS ( ^!1 >E WR;G 9
_! OP9ION4 ,=! SE$ -ES F O!R 9DIVIDUALS
: >E PRIOR & -PLETE1 &! F/ ?+ IS N SE$ B
! -PLETE 2+2 E4G4 WE M/ SAY T 2F ! SE$
"! IS A MAN1-N ! MAN PRODUC$ F ! SE$1 B
ANO!R F :OM ! SE$ -ES4
  ,X IS CLE> !N F :AT HAS BE5 SD T "! IS
A SUB/.E : IS ET]NAL & UNMOVA# & SEP>ATE
F S5SI# ?+S4 ,X HAS BE5 %[N AL T ?
SUB/.E _C H ANY MAGNITUDE1 B IS )\T "PS
& 9DIVISI# 7= X PRODUCES MOVE;T "?
9F9ITE "T1 B NO?+ F9ITE HAS 9F9ITE P[]2
&1 :ILE E MAGNITUDE IS EI 9F9ITE OR
F9ITE1 X _C1 =! ABV R1SON1 H F9ITE
MAGNITUDE1 & X _C H 9F9ITE MAGNITUDE 2C
"! IS NO 9F9ITE MAGNITUDE AT ALL74 ,B X
HAS AL BE5 %[N T X IS IMPASSIVE &
UNALT]A#2 = ALL ! O!R *ANGES >E PO/]IOR
6*ANGE ( PLACE4
                   #H
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 :Y ^! ?+S >E Z !Y >E4
,B WE M/ N IGNORE ! "Q :E!R WE H
6SUPPOSE "O S* SUB/.E OR M ?AN "O1 & IF
! LATT]1 H[ _M2 WE M/ AL M5;N1 REG>D+ !
OP9IONS EXPRESS$ 0O!RS1 T !Y H SD NO?+
AB ! NUMB] (! SUB/.ES T C EV5 2 CLE>LY
/AT$4 ,=! !ORY ( ,ID1S HAS NO SPECIAL
4CUS.N (! SUBJECT2 = ^? :O SP1K ( ,ID1S
SAY ! ,ID1S >E NUMB]S1 & !Y SP1K (
NUMB]S N[ Z UNLIMIT$1 N[ Z LIMIT$ 0!
NUMB] #AJ2 B Z =! R1SON :Y "! %D 2 J S
_M NUMB]S1 NO?+ IS SD ) ANY DEMON/RATIVE
EXACT;S4 ,WE H["E M/ 4CUSS ! SUBJECT1
/>T+ F ! PRESUPPOSI;NS & 4T9C;NS WE H
M5;N$4 ,! F/ PR9CIPLE OR PRIM>Y 2+ IS N
MOVA# EI 9 XF OR A3ID5T,Y1 B PRODUCES !
PRIM>Y ET]NAL & S+LE MOVE;T4 ,B S9CE T :
IS MOV$ M/ 2 MOV$ 0"S?+1 &! F/ MOV] M/ 2
9 XF UNMOVA#1 & ET]NAL MOVE;T M/ 2
PRODUC$ 0"S?+ ET]NAL &A S+LE MOVE;T 0A
S+LE ?+1 & S9CE WE SEE T 2SS ! SIMPLE
SPATIAL MOVE;T (! UNIV]SE1 : WE SAY ! F/
& UNMOVA# SUB/.E PRODUCES1 "! >E O!R
SPATIAL MOVE;TS-^? (! PLANETS-: >E
ET]NAL 7=A BODY : MOVES 9 A CIRCLE IS
ET]NAL & UNRE/+2 WE H PROV$ ^! PO9TS 9 !
PHYSICAL TR1TISES71 EA* ( ^! MOVE;TS AL
M/ 2 CAUS$ 0A SUB/.E BO? UNMOVA# 9 XF &
ET]NAL4 ,=! NATURE (! />S IS ET]NAL J 2C
X IS A C]TA9 K9D ( SUB/.E1 &! MOV] IS
ET]NAL & PRIOR 6! MOV$1 & T : IS PRIOR
6A SUB/.E M/ 2 A SUB/.E4 ,EVID5TLY1 !N1
"! M/ 2 SUB/.ES : >E (! SAME NUMB] Z !
MOVE;TS (! />S1 & 9 _! NATURE ET]NAL1 &
9 !MVS UNMOVA#1 & )\T MAGNITUDE1 =!
R1SON 2F M5;N$4 ,T ! MOV]S >E SUB/.ES1
!N1 & T "O ( ^! IS F/ & ANO!R SECOND AC
6! SAME ORD] Z ! MOVE;TS (! />S1 IS
EVID5T4 ,B 9 ! NUMB] (! MOVE;TS WE R1* A
PRO#M : M/ 2 TR1T$ F ! /&PO9T ( T "O (!
MA!MATICAL SCI;ES : IS MO/ AK9
6PHILOSOPHY-VIZ4 ( A/RONOMY2 = ? SCI;E
SPECULATES AB SUB/.E : IS P]CEPTI# B
ET]NAL1 B ! O!R MA!MATICAL SCI;ES1 I4E4
>I?METIC & GEOMETRY1 TR1T ( NO SUB/.E4
,T ! MOVE;TS >E M NUM]\S ?AN ! BODIES T
>E MOV$ IS EVID5T 6^? :O H GIV5 EV5
MOD]ATE ATT5;N 6! MATT]2 = EA* (!
PLANETS HAS M ?AN "O MOVE;T4 ,B Z 6!
ACTUAL NUMB] ( ^! MOVE;TS1 WE N[-TO GIVE
"S NO;N (! SUBJECT-QUOTE :AT "S (!
MA!MATICIANS SAY1 T \R ?"\ MAY H "S
DEF9ITE NUMB] 6GRASP2 B1 =! RE/1 WE M/
"PLY 9VE/IGATE = \RVS1 ,"PLY LE>N F O!R
9VE/IGATORS1 & IF ^? :O /UDY ? SUBJECT
=M AN OP9ION 3TR>Y 6:AT WE H N[ /AT$1 WE
M/ E/EEM BO? "PIES 9DE$1 B FOLL[ ! M
A3URATE4
  ,EUDOXUS SUPPOS$ T ! MO;N (! SUN OR (!
MOON 9VOLVES1 9 EI CASE1 ?REE SPH]ES1 (
: ! F/ IS ! SPH]E (! FIX$ />S1 &! SECOND
MOVES 9 ! CIRCLE : RUNS AL;G ! MI4LE (!
ZODIAC1 &! ?IRD 9 ! CIRCLE : IS 9CL9$
ACR ! BR1D? (! ZODIAC2 B ! CIRCLE 9 : !
MOON MOVES IS 9CL9$ AT A GRT] ANGLE ?AN
T 9 : ! SUN MOVES4 ,&! MO;N (! PLANETS
9VOLVES1 9 EA* CASE1 F\R SPH]ES1 &( ^!
AL ! F/ & SECOND >E ! SAME Z ! F/ TWO
M5;N$ ABV 7=! SPH]E (! FIX$ />S IS T :
MOVES ALL ! O!R SPH]ES1 & T : IS PLAC$
2N ? & HAS XS MOVE;T 9 ! CIRCLE :
BISECTS ! ZODIAC IS -MON 6ALL71 B !
POLES (! ?IRD SPH]E ( EA* PLANET >E 9 !
CIRCLE : BISECTS ! ZODIAC1 &! MO;N (!
F\R? SPH]E IS 9 ! CIRCLE : IS 9CL9$ AT
AN ANGLE 6! EQUATOR (! ?IRD SPH]E2 &!
POLES (! ?IRD SPH]E >E DI6]5T = EA* (!
O!R PLANETS1 B ^? ( ,V5US & ,M]CURY >E !
SAME4
  ,CALLIPPUS MADE ! POSI;N (! SPH]ES !
SAME Z ,EUDOXUS DID1 B :ILE HE ASSIGN$ !
SAME NUMB] Z ,EUDOXUS DID 6,JUPIT] &
6,SATURN1 HE ?"\ TWO M SPH]ES %D 2 A4$
6! SUN & TWO 6! MOON1 IF "O IS 6EXPLA9 !
OBS]V$ FACTS2 & "O M 6EA* (! O!R
PLANETS4
  ,B X IS NEC1 IF ALL ! SPH]ES -B9$ >E
6EXPLA9 ! OBS]V$ FACTS1 T = EA* (!
PLANETS "! %D 2 O!R SPH]ES 7"O FEW] ?AN
^? HI!RTO ASSIGN$7 : C.T]ACT ^? ALR
M5;N$ & BR+ BACK 6! SAME POSI;N ! \T]MO/
SPH]E (! /> : 9 EA* CASE IS SITUAT$ 2L !
/> 9 "Q2 = ONLY ?US C ALL ! =CES AT "W
PRODUCE ! OBS]V$ MO;N (! PLANETS4 ,S9CE1
!N1 ! SPH]ES 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVE;T (!
PLANETS !MVS >E--EI<T = ,SATURN &
,JUPIT] & TW5TY-FIVE =! O!RS1 &( ^! ONLY
^? 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVE;T (! L[E/-SITUAT$
PLANET NE$ N 2 C.T]ACT$ ! SPH]ES :
C.T]ACT ^? (! \T]MO/ TWO PLANETS W 2 SIX
9 NUMB]1 &! SPH]ES : C.T]ACT ^? (! NEXT
F\R PLANETS W 2 SIXTE52 "!=E ! NUMB] (
ALL ! SPH]ES--BO? ^? : MOVE ! PLANETS &
^? : C.T]ACT ^!--W 2 FIFTY-FIVE4 ,& IF
"O 7 N 6ADD 6! MOON & 6! SUN ! MOVE;TS
WE M5;N$1 ! :OLE SET ( SPH]ES W 2 =TY-
SEV5 9 NUMB]4
  ,LET ?1 !N1 2 TAK5 Z ! NUMB] (!
SPH]ES1 S T ! UNMOVA# SUB/.ES &
PR9CIPLES AL MAY PROBABLY 2 TAK5 Z J S
_M2 ! ASS];N ( NECESS;Y M/ 2 LEFT 6M
P[];L ?9K]S4 ,B IF "! C 2 NO SPATIAL
MOVE;T : DOES N 3DUCE 6! MOV+ (A />1 &
IF FUR!R E 2+ & E SUB/.E : IS IMMUNE F
*ANGE & 9 VIRTUE ( XF HAS ATTA9$ 6! BE/
M/ 2 3SID]$ AN 5D1 "! C 2 NO O!R 2+ A"P
F ^! WE H "ND1 B ? M/ 2 ! NUMB] (!
SUB/.ES4 ,= IF "! >E O!RS1 !Y W CAUSE
*ANGE Z 2+ A F9AL CAUSE ( MOVE;T2 B "!
_C HE O!R MOVE;TS 2SS ^? M5;N$4 ,& X IS
R1SONA# 69F] ? F A 3SID],N (! BODIES T
>E MOV$2 = IF "EY?+ T MOVES IS =! SAKE (
T : IS MOV$1 & E MOVE;T 2L;GS 6"S?+ T IS
MOV$1 NO MOVE;T C 2 =! SAKE ( XF OR (
ANO!R MOVE;T1 B ALL ! MOVE;TS M/ 2 =!
SAKE (! />S4 ,= IF "! IS 6BE A MOVE;T =!
SAKE (A MOVE;T1 ? LATT] AL W H 6BE =!
SAKE ( "S?+ ELSE2 S T S9CE "! _C 2 AN
9F9ITE REGRESS1 ! 5D ( E MOVE;T W 2 "O (
! DIV9E BODIES : MOVE "? ! H1V54
  7,EVID5TLY "! IS B "O H1V54 ,= IF "!
>E _M H1V5S Z "! >E _M M51 ! MOV+
PR9CIPLES1 ( : EA* H1V5 W H "O1 W 2 "O 9
=M B 9 NUMB] _M4 ,B ALL ?+S T >E _M 9
NUMB] H MATT]2 = "O &! SAME DEF9I;N1
E4G4 T ( MAN1 APPLIES 6_M ?+S1 :ILE
,SOCRATES IS "O4 ,B ! PRIM>Y ESS;E HAS N
MATT]2 = X IS -PLETE R1L;Y4 ,S ! UNMOVA#
F/ MOV] IS "O BO? 9 DEF9I;N & 9 NUMB]2 S
TOO1 "!=E1 IS T : IS MOV$ ALW &
3T9U\SLY2 "!=E "! IS "O H1V5 AL"O47 ,\R
=E"FS 9 ! MO/ REMOTE AGES H H&$ D[N 6_!
PO/];Y A TRADI;N1 9 ! =M (A MY?1 T ^!
BODIES >E GODS1 & T ! DIV9E 5CLOSES !
:OLE ( NATURE4 ,! RE/ (! TRADI;N HAS BE5
A4$ LAT] 9 MY?ICAL =M )A VIEW 6! P]SUA.N
(! MULTITUDE & 6XS LEGAL & UTILIT>IAN
EXP$I5CY2 !Y SAY ^! GODS >E 9 ! =M ( M5
OR L "S (! O!R ANIMALS1 & !Y SAY O!R ?+S
3SEQU5T ON & SIMIL> 6^! : WE H M5;N$4 ,B
IF "O 7 6SEP>ATE ! F/ PO9T F ^! A4I;NS &
TAKE X AL"O-T !Y ?"\ ! F/ SUB/.ES 6BE
GODS1 "O M/ REG>D ? Z AN 9SPIR$ UTT].E1
& REFLECT T1 :ILE PROBABLY EA* >T & EA*
SCI;E HAS (T5 BE5 DEVELOP$ Z F> Z POSSI#
& HAS AG P]I%$1 ^! OP9IONS1 ) O!RS1 H
BE5 PRES]V$ UNTIL ! PRES5T L RELICS (!
ANCI5T TR1SURE4 ,ONLY ?US F>1 !N1 IS !
OP9ION ( \R ANCE/ORS &( \R E>LIE/
PR$ECESSORS CLE> 6U4
                   #I
  ,! NATURE (! DIV9E ?"\ 9VOLVES C]TA9
PRO#MS2 = :ILE ?"\ IS HELD 6BE ! MO/
DIV9E ( ?+S OBS]V$ 0U1 ! "Q H[ X M/ 2
SITUAT$ 9 ORD] 6H T "* 9VOLVES
DI6ICULTIES4 ,= IF X ?9KS ( NO?+1 :AT IS
"! "H ( DIGN;Y8 ,X IS J L "O :O SLEEPS4
,& IF X ?9KS1 B ? DEP5DS ON "S?+ ELSE1
!N 7S9CE T : IS XS SUB/.E IS N ! ACT (
?9K+1 B A POT5CY7 X _C 2 ! BE/ SUB/.E2 =
X IS "? ?9K+ T XS VALUE 2L;GS 6X4
,FUR!R1 :E!R XS SUB/.E IS ! FACULTY (
?"\ OR ! ACT ( ?9K+1 :AT DOES X ?9K (8
,EI ( XF OR ( "S?+ ELSE2 & IF ( "S?+
ELSE1 EI (! SAME ?+ ALW OR ( "S?+
DI6]5T4 ,DOES X MATT]1 !N1 OR N1 :E!R X
?9KS (! GD OR ( ANY *.E ?+8 ,>E "! N "S
?+S AB : X IS 9CR$I# T X %D ?9K8
,EVID5TLY1 !N1 X ?9KS ( T : IS MO/ DIV9E
& PRECI\S1 & X DOES N *ANGE2 = *ANGE WD
2 *ANGE =! WORSE1 & ? WD 2 ALR A MOVE;T4
,F/1 !N1 IF ,8?"\0' IS N ! ACT ( ?9K+ B
A POT5CY1 X WD 2 R1SONA# 6SUPPOSE T !
3T9U;Y ( XS ?9K+ IS WE>I"S 6X4
,SECONDLY1 "! WD EVID5TLY 2 "S?+ ELSE M
PRECI\S ?AN ?"\1 VIZ4 T : IS ?"\ (4 ,=
BO? ?9K+ &! ACT ( ?"\ W 2L;G EV5 6"O :O
?9KS (! WOR/ ?+ 9 ! _W1 S T IF ? "\ 6BE
AVOID$ 7& X "\1 = "! >E EV5 "S ?+S : X
IS BETT] N 6SEE ?AN 6SEE71 ! ACT ( ?9K+
_C 2 ! BE/ ( ?+S4 ,"!=E X M/ 2 ( XF T !
DIV9E ?"\ ?9KS 7S9CE X IS ! MO/ EXCELL5T
( ?+S71 & XS ?9K+ IS A ?9K+ ON ?9K+4
  ,B EVID5TLY K & P]CEP;N & OP9ION &
"U/&+ H ALW "S?+ ELSE Z _! OBJECT1 &
!MVS ONLY 0! WAY4 ,FUR!R1 IF ?9K+ & 2+
?"\ ( >E DI6]5T1 9 RESPECT ( : DOES GD;S
2L;G 6?"\8 ,= 6HE AN ACT ( ?9K+ & 6HE AN
OBJECT ( ?"\ >E N ! SAME ?+4 ,WE ANSW] T
9 "S CASES ! K IS ! OBJECT4 ,9 !
PRODUCTIVE SCI;ES X IS ! SUB/.E OR ESS;E
(! OBJECT1 MATT] OMITT$1 & 9 ! !ORETICAL
SCI;ES ! DEF9I;N OR ! ACT ( ?9K+ IS !
OBJECT4 ,S9CE1 !N1 ?"\ &! OBJECT ( ?"\
>E N DI6]5T 9 ! CASE ( ?+S T H N MATT]1
! DIV9E ?"\ & XS OBJECT W 2 ! SAME1 I4E4
! ?9K+ W 2 "O )! OBJECT ( XS ?"\4
  ,A FUR!R "Q IS LEFT-:E!R ! OBJECT (!
DIV9E ?"\ IS -POSITE2 = IF X W]E1 ?"\ WD
*ANGE 9 PASS+ F "P 6"P (! :OLE4 ,WE
ANSW] T "EY?+ : HAS N MATT] IS 9DIVISI#-
Z HUMAN ?"\1 OR R ! ?"\ ( -POSITE 2+S1
IS 9 A C]TA9 P]IOD ( "T 7= X DOES N
POSSESS ! GD AT ? MO;T OR AT T1 B XS
BE/1 2+ "S?+ DI6]5T F X1 IS ATTA9$ ONLY
9 A :OLE P]IOD ( "T71 S "?\T ET]N;Y IS !
?"\ : HAS XF = XS OBJECT4
                  #AJ
  ,WE M/ 3SID] AL 9 : ( TWO WAYS !
NATURE (! UNIV]SE 3TA9S ! GD1 &! HI<E/
GD1 :E!R Z "S?+ SEP>ATE & 0XF1 OR Z !
ORD] (! "PS4 ,PROBABLY 9 BO? WAYS1 Z AN
>MY DOES2 = XS GD IS F.D BO? 9 XS ORD] &
9 XS L1D]1 & M 9 ! LATT]2 = HE DOES N
DEP5D ON ! ORD] B X DEP5DS ON HM4 ,& ALL
?+S >E ORD]$ TGR "SH[1 B N ALL ALIKE1-
BO? FI%ES & F[LS & PLANTS2 &! _W IS N S*
T "O ?+ HAS NO?+ 6D ) ANO!R1 B !Y >E
3NECT$4 ,= ALL >E ORD]$ TGR 6"O 5D1 B X
IS Z 9 A H\SE1 ": ! FREEM5 >E L1/ AT
LIB]TY 6ACT AT R&OM1 B ALL ?+S OR MO/
?+S >E ALR ORDA9$ = !M1 :ILE ! SLAVES &!
ANIMALS D LL =! -MON GD1 &=! MO/ "P LIVE
AT R&OM2 = ? IS ! SORT ( PR9CIPLE T
3/ITUTES ! NATURE ( EA*4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1
T ALL M/ AT L1/ -E 6BE 4SOLV$ 96_!
ELE;TS1 & "! >E O!R FUNC;NS SIMIL>LY 9 :
ALL %>E =! GD (! :OLE4
  ,WE M/ N FAIL 6OBS]VE H[ _M IMPOSSI#
OR P>ADOXICAL RESULTS 3FRONT ^? :O HOLD
DI6]5T VIEWS F \R [N1 & :AT >E ! VIEWS (
! SUBTL] ?9K]S1 & : VIEWS >E ATT5D$
0FEWE/ DI6ICULTIES4 ,ALL MAKE ALL ?+S \
( 3TR>IES4 ,B NEI ,8ALL ?+S0' NOR ,8\ (
3TR>IES0' IS "R2 NOR D ^! ?9K]S TELL U
H[ ALL ! ?+S 9 : ! 3TR>IES >E PRES5T C 2
MADE \ (! 3TR>IES2 = 3TR>IES >E N A6ECT$
0"O ANO!R4 ,N[ = U ? DI6ICULTY IS SOLV$
NATUR,Y 0! FACT T "! IS A ?IRD ELE;T4
,^! ?9K]S H["E MAKE "O (! TWO 3TR>IES
MATT]2 ? IS D"O = 9/.E 0^? :O MAKE !
UNEQUAL MATT] =! EQUAL1 OR ! _M MATT] =!
"O4 ,B ? AL IS REFUT$ 9 ! SAME WAY2 =!
"O MATT] : "ULIES ANY PAIR ( 3TR>IES IS
3TR>Y 6NO?+4 ,FUR!R1 ALL ?+S1 EXCEPT !
"O1 W1 ON ! VIEW WE >E CRITICIZ+1 P>TAKE
( EVIL2 =! BAD XF IS "O (! TWO ELE;TS4
,B ! O!R S*OOL DOES N TR1T ! GD &! BAD
EV5 Z PR9CIPLES2 YET 9 ALL ?+S ! GD IS 9
! HI<E/ DEGREE A PR9CIPLE4 ,! S*OOL WE
F/ M5;N$ IS "R 9 SAY+ T X IS A PR9CIPLE1
B H[ ! GD IS A PR9CIPLE !Y D N SAY-:E!R
Z 5D OR Z MOV] OR Z =M4
  ,EMP$OCLES AL HAS A P>ADOXICAL VIEW2 =
HE ID5TIFIES ! GD ) LOVE1 B ? IS A
PR9CIPLE BO? Z MOV] 7= X BR+S ?+S TGR7 &
Z MATT] 7= X IS "P (! MIXTURE74 ,N[ EV5
IF X HAPP5S T ! SAME ?+ IS A PR9CIPLE
BO? Z MATT] & Z MOV]1 / ! 2+1 AT L1/1 (!
TWO IS N ! SAME4 ,9 : RESPECT !N IS LOVE
A PR9CIPLE8 ,X IS P>ADOXICAL AL T /RIFE
%D 2 IMP]I%A#2 ! NATURE ( 8 ,8EVIL0' IS
J /RIFE4
  ,ANAXAGORAS MAKES ! GD A MOTIVE
PR9CIPLE2 = 8 ,8R1SON0' MOVES ?+S4 ,B X
MOVES !M = AN 5D1 : M/ 2 "S?+ O!R ?AN X1
EXCEPT AC 6\R WAY ( /AT+ ! CASE2 =1 ON
\R VIEW1 ! M$ICAL >T IS 9 A S5SE H1L?4
,X IS P>ADOXICAL AL N 6SUPPOSE A 3TR>Y
6! GD1 I4E4 6R1SON4 ,B ALL :O SP1K (!
3TR>IES MAKE NO USE (! 3TR>IES1 UN.S WE
BR+ _! VIEWS 96%APE4 ,& :Y "S ?+S >E
P]I%A# & O!RS IMP]I%A#1 NO "O TELLS U2 =
!Y MAKE ALL EXI/+ ?+S \ (! SAME
PR9CIPLES4 ,FUR!R1 "S MAKE EXI/+ ?+S \ (
! NONEXI/5T2 & O!RS 6AVOID ! NECESS;Y (
? MAKE ALL ?+S "O4
  ,FUR!R1 :Y %D "! ALW 2 2COM+1 & :AT IS
! CAUSE ( 2COM+8-? NO "O TELLS U4 ,& ^?
:O SUPPOSE TWO PR9CIPLES M/ SUPPOSE
ANO!R1 A SUP]IOR PR9CIPLE1 & S M/ ^? :O
2LIEVE 9 ! ,=MS2 = :Y DID ?+S -E
6"PICIPATE1 OR :Y D !Y "PICIPATE1 9 !
,=MS8 ,& ALL O!R ?9K]S >E 3FRONT$ 0! NEC
3SEQU;E T "! IS "S?+ 3TR>Y 6,WISDOM1
I4E4 6! HI<E/ K2 B WE >E N4 ,= "! IS
NO?+ 3TR>Y 6T : IS PRIM>Y2 = ALL 3TR>IES
H MATT]1 & ?+S T H MATT] EXI/ ONLY
POT5TI,Y2 &! IGNOR.E : IS 3TR>Y 6ANY K
L1DS 6AN OBJECT 3TR>Y 6! OBJECT (! K2 B
:AT IS PRIM>Y HAS NO 3TR>Y4
  ,AG1 IF 2SS S5SI# ?+S NO O!RS EXI/1 "!
W 2 NO F/ PR9CIPLE1 NO ORD]1 NO 2COM+1
NO H1V5LY BODIES1 B EA* PR9CIPLE W H A
PR9CIPLE 2F X1 Z 9 ! A3.TS (! !OLOGIANS
& ALL ! NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S4 ,B IF !
,=MS OR ! NUMB]S >E 6EXI/1 !Y W 2 CAUSES
( NO?+2 OR IF N T1 AT L1/ N ( MOVE;T4
,FUR!R1 H[ IS EXT5.N1 I4E4 A 3T9UUM1 6BE
PRODUC$ \ ( UNEXT5D$ "PS8 ,= NUMB] W N1
EI Z MOV] OR Z =M1 PRODUCE A 3T9UUM4 ,B
AG "! _C 2 ANY 3TR>Y T IS AL ESS5TI,Y A
PRODUCTIVE OR MOV+ PR9CIPLE2 = X WD 2
POSSI# = X N 6BE4 ,OR AT L1/ XS AC;N WD
2 PO/]IOR 6XS POT5CY4 ,! _W1 !N1 WD N 2
ET]NAL4 ,B X IS2 "O ( ^! PREMISSES1 !N1
M/ 2 D5I$4 ,& WE H SD H[ ? M/ 2 D"O4
,FUR!R1 9 VIRTUE ( :AT ! NUMB]S1 OR !
S\L &! BODY1 OR 9 G5]AL ! =M &! ?+1 >E
"O-( ? NO "O TELLS U ANY?+2 NOR C ANY "O
TELL1 UN.S HE SAYS1 Z WE D1 T ! MOV]
MAKES !M "O4 ,& ^? :O SAY MA!MATICAL
NUMB] IS F/ & G ON 6G5]ATE "O K9D (
SUB/.E AF ANO!R & GIVE DI6]5T PR9CIPLES
= EA*1 MAKE ! SUB/.E (! UNIV]SE A M]E
S]IES ( EPISODES 7= "O SUB/.E HAS NO
9FLU;E ON ANO!R 0XS EXI/;E OR
NONEXI/;E71 & !Y GIVE U _M GOV]N+
PR9CIPLES2 B ! _W REFUSES 6BE GOV]N$
BADLY4
  ,8,! RULE ( _M IS N GD2 "O RUL] LET "!
BE40'
