              ,,*APT] ,X4
     ,,SECOND>Y ,,SEXUAL ,,"*S ,,(
               ,,9SECTS4

  ,9 ! IMM5SE CLASS ( 9SECTS ! SEXES
"S"TS DI6] 9 _! LOCOMOTIVE-ORGANS1 & (T5
9 _! S5SE-ORGANS1 Z 9 ! PECT9AT$ &
B1UTI;LLY PLUMOSE ANT5NAE (! MALES ( _M
SPECIES4 ,9 ,*LOEON1 "O (! ,EPHEM]AE1 !
MALE HAS GRT PILL>$ EYES1 ( : ! FEMALE
IS 5TIRELY DE/ITUTE4 99 ,! OCELLI >E
ABS5T 9 ! FEMALES ( C]TA9 9SECTS1 Z 9 !
,MULTILLIDAE2 & "H ! FEMALES >E LIKEWISE
W+.S4 ,B WE >E *IEFLY 3C]N$ ) /RUCTURES
0: "O MALE IS 5A#D 63QU] ANO!R1 EI 9
BATTLE OR C\RT%IP1 "? 8 /R5G?1 PUGNAC;Y1
ORNA;TS1 OR MUSIC4 ,! 9NUM]A# 3TRIV.ES1
"!=E1 0: ! MALE IS A# 6SEIZE ! FEMALE1
MAY 2 BRIEFLY PASS$ OV]4 ,2SS ! -PLEX
/RUCTURES AT ! APEX (! ABDOM51 : "\ P]H
6BE RANK$ Z PRIM>Y ORGANS1 99 7#B7 8X IS
A/ONI%+10 Z ,MR4 ,B4 ,D4 ,WAL% 99 7#C7
HAS REM>K$1 8H[ _M DI6]5T ORGANS >E "W$
9 0NATURE =! SEEM+LY 9SIGNIFICANT OBJECT
( 5ABL+ ! MALE 6GRASP ! FEMALE FIRMLY40
,! M&I#S OR JAWS >E "S"TS US$ = ?
PURPOSE2 ?US ! MALE ,CORYDALIS CORNUTUS
7A NEUROPT]\S 9SECT 9 "S DEGREE ALLI$ 6!
DRAGON FLIES1 &C47 HAS IMM5SE CURV$
JAWS1 _M "TS L;G] ?AN ^? (! FEMALE2 & !Y
>E SMOO? 9/1D ( 2+ TOO!D1 S T HE IS ?US
5A#D 6SEIZE H] )\T 9JURY4 99 7#D7 ,"O (!
/AG-BEETLES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 7,LUCANUS
ELAPHUS7 USES 8 JAWS1 : >E M* L>G] ?AN
^? (! FEMALE1 =! SAME PURPOSE1 B
PROBABLY LIKEWISE = FI<T+4 ,9 "O (! S&-
WASPS 7,AMMOPHILA7 ! JAWS 9 ! TWO SEXES
>E CLOSELY ALIKE1 B >E US$ = WIDELY
DI6]5T PURPOSES3 ! MALES1 Z ,PROFESSOR
,WE/WOOD OBS]VES1 8>E EXCE$+LY >D5T1
SEIZ+ _! "PN]S R.D ! NECK ) _! SICKLE-
%AP$ JAWS02 99 7#E7 :IL/ ! FEMALES USE
^! ORGANS = BURR[+ 9 S&-BANKS & MAK+ _!
NE/S4
      --,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK1 ,TRANSACT4
    ,L9N1N ,SOC41 VOL4 ;XXV1 #AHFF1 P4
    #DHD4 ,) RESPECT 6! ,MUTILLIDAE1 SEE
    ,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N ,CLASS4 ( ,9SECTS1
    VOL4 ;II41 P4 #BAC4
      997#B7 ,^! ORGANS 9 ! MALE (T5
    DI6] 9 CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES1 & AF=D
    EXCELL5T SPECIFIC "*S4 ,B _!
    IMPORT.E1 F A FUNC;NAL PO9T ( VIEW1
    Z ,MR4 ,R4 ,MAC,LA*LAN HAS REM>K$
    6ME1 HAS PROBABLY BE5 OV]RAT$4 ,X
    HAS BE5 SU7E/$1 T SLI<T DI6];ES 9 ^!
    ORGANS WD SU6ICE 6PREV5T ! 9T]CROSS+
    ( WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES OR 9CIPI5T
    SPECIES1 & WD ?US AID 9 _!
    DEVELOP;T4 ,T ? C H>DLY 2 ! CASE1 WE
    MAY 9F] F ! _M RECORD$ CASES 7SEE1 =
    9/.E1 ,BRONN1 ,GES*I*TE D] ,NATUR1
    ,B4 ;II41 #AHDC1 S4 #AFD2 &
    ,WE/WOOD1 ,TRANSACT4 ,5T4 ,SOC41
    VOL4 ;III41 #AHDB1 P4 #AIE7 ( 4T9CT
    SPECIES HAV+ BE5 OBS]V$ 9 UNION4
    ,MR4 ,MAC,LA*LAN 9=MS ME 7VIDE
    ,/ETT4 ,5T4 ,ZEITUNG1 #AHFG1 S4
    #AEE7 T :5 S"EAL SPECIES (
    ,PHRYGANIDAE1 : PRES5T /R;GLY-
    PRON\NC$ DI6];ES ( ? K9D1 7 3F9$ TGR
    0,DR4 ,AUG4 ,MEY]1 !Y C\PL$1 & "O
    PAIR PRODUC$ F]TILE OVA4
      997#C7 ,! ,PRACTICAL ,5TOMOLOGI/1
    ,PHILADELPHIA1 VOL4 ;II41 ,MAY1
    #AHFG1 ;P #HH4
      997#D7 ,MR4 ,WAL%1 IBID41 P4 #AJG4
  997#E7 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N ( ,9SECTS1
VOL4 ;II41 #AHDJ1 PP4 #BJE1 #BJF4 ,MR4
,WAL%1 :O CALL$ MY ATT5;N 6! D\# USE (!
JAWS1 SAYS T HE HAS REP1T$LY OBS]V$ ?
FACT4
  ,! T>SI (! FRONT-LEGS >E DILAT$ 9 _M
MALE BEETLES1 OR >E FURNI%$ ) BROAD
CU%IONS ( HAIRS2 & 9 _M G5]A ( WAT]-
BEETLES !Y >E >M$ )A R.D FLAT SUCK]1 S T
! MALE MAY AD"H 6! SLIPP]Y BODY (!
FEMALE4 ,X IS A M* M UNUSUAL CIRCUM/.E T
! FEMALES ( "S WAT]-BEETLES 7,DYTISCUS7
H _! ELYTRA DEEPLY GROOV$1 & 9 ,ACILIUS
SULCATUS ?ICKLY SET ) HAIRS1 Z AN AID 6!
MALE4 ,! FEMALES ( "S O!R WAT]-BEETLES
7,HYDROPORUS7 H _! ELYTRA PUNCTUR$ =!
SAME PURPOSE4 99 ,9 ! MALE (
,CRABROCRIBR>IUS 7SEE FIG4 #I71 X IS !
TIBIA : IS DILAT$ 96A BROAD HORNY PLATE1
) M9UTE MEMBRANE\S DOTS1 GIV+ 6X A S+UL>
APPE>.E L T (A RI4LE4 99 7#B7 ,9 ! MALE
( ,P5! 7A G5US ( BEETLES7 A FEW (! MI4LE
JO9TS (! ANT5NAE >E DILAT$ & FURNI%$ ON
! 9F]IOR SURFACE ) CU%IONS ( HAIR1
EXACTLY L ^? ON ! T>SI (! ,C>ABIDAE1 8&
OBVI\SLY =! SAME 5D40 ,9 MALE DRAGON-
FLIES1 8! APP5DAGES AT ! TIP (! TAIL >E
MODIFI$ 9 AN ALM 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CURI\S
PATT]NS 65A# !M 6EMBRACE ! NECK (!
FEMALE40 ,LA/LY1 9 ! MALES ( _M 9SECTS1
! LEGS >E FURNI%$ ) PECULI> SP9ES1 KNOBS
OR SPURS2 OR ! :OLE LEG IS B[$ OR
?ICK5$1 B ? IS 0NO M1NS 9V>IABLY A
SEXUAL "*2 OR "O PAIR1 OR ALL ?REE PAIRS
>E EL;GAT$1 "S"TS 6AN EXTRAVAGANT
L5G?4997#C7
      --,WE H "H A CURI\S & 9EXPLICA#
    CASE ( DIMORPHISM1 = "S (! FEMALES (
    F\R ,EUROP1N SPECIES ( ,DY/ICUS1 &(
    C]TA9 SPECIES ( ,HYDROPORUS1 H _!
    ELYTRA SMOO?2 & NO 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS
    2T ! SULCAT$ OR PUNCTUR$1 &! Q SMOO?
    ELYTRA H BE5 OBS]V$4 ,SEE ,DR4 ,H4
    ,S*AUM1 Z QUOT$ 9 ! ,ZOOLOGI/1 VOLS4
    V4-;VI41 #AHDG-DH1 P4 #AHIF4 ,AL
    ,KIRBY & ,SP;E1 ,9TRODUC;N
    6,5TOMOLOGY1 VOL4 ;III41 #AHBF1 P4
    #CJE4
      997#B7 ,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N ,CLASS41
    VOL4 ;II41 P4 #AIC4 ,! FOLL[+ /ATE;T
    AB ,P5!1 & O!RS 9 9V]T$ -MAS1 >E
    TAK5 F ,MR4 ,WAL%1 ,PRACTICAL
    ,5TOMOLOGI/1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 VOL4
    ;III41 P4 #HH4
      997#C7 ,KIRBY & ,SP;E1 ,9TRODUCT4
    &C41 VOL4 ;III41 PP4 #CCB-CCF4
  ,! SEXES ( _M SPECIES 9 ALL ! ORD]S
PRES5T DI6];ES1 ( : ! M1N+ IS N "U/OOD4
,"O CURI\S CASE IS T (A BEETLE 7SEE FIG4
#AJ71 ! MALE ( : HAS LEFT M&I# M* 5L>G$2
S T ! M\? IS GRTLY 4TORT$4 ,9 ANO!R
C>ABID\S BEETLE1 ,EURYGNA?US1 99 WE H !
CASE1 UNIQUE Z F> Z "KN 6,MR4 ,WOLLA/ON1
(! H1D (! FEMALE 2+ M* BROAD] & L>G]1
?\< 9 A V>IA# DEGREE1 ?AN T (! MALE4
,ANY NUMB] ( S* CASES CD 2 GIV54 ,!Y
AB.D 9 ! ,LEPIDOPT]A3 "O (! MO/
EXTRAORD9>Y IS T C]TA9 MALE BUTT]FLIES H
_! =E-LEGS M OR LESS ATROPHI$1 )! TIBIAE
& T>SI REDUC$ 6M]E RUDI;T>Y KNOBS4 ,!
W+S1 AL1 9 ! TWO SEXES (T5 DI6] 9
NEUR,N1 99 7#B7 & "S"TS 3SID]ABLY 9
\TL9E1 Z 9 ! ,>ICORIS EPITUS1 : 0 %EWN
6ME 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM 0,MR4 ,A4
,BUTL]4 ,! MALES ( C]TA9 ,S\? ,AM]ICAN
BUTT]FLIES H TUFTS ( HAIR ON ! M>G9S (!
W+S1 & HORNY EXCRESC;ES ON ! DISCS (!
PO/]IOR PAIR4 99 7#C7 ,9 S"EAL ,BRITI%
BUTT]FLIES1 Z %EWN 0,MR4 ,WON=1 ! MALES
AL"O >E 9 "PS CLO!D ) PECULI> SCALES4
      --,9SECTA ,MAD]5SIA1 #AHED1 PAGE
    #BJ4
      997#B7 ,E4 ,D\#"D1 ,ANNALS & ,MAG4
    ( ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4 I41 #AHDH1 P4
    #CGI4 ,I MAY ADD T ! W+S 9 C]TA9
    ,HYM5OPT]A 7SEE ,%UCK>D1 ,FOSSORIAL
    ,HYM5OPT]A1 #AHCG1 PP4 #CI-DC7 DI6]
    9 NEUR,N AC 6SEX4
      997#C7 ,H4 ,W4 ,BATES1 9 ,J\RNAL (
    ,PROC4 ,L9N4 ,SOC41 VOL4 ;VI41
    #AHFB1 P4 #GD4 ,MR4 ,WON='S OBS]V,NS
    >E QUOT$ 9 ,POPUL> ,SCI;E ,REVIEW1
    #AHFH1 P4 #CDC4
  ,! USE (! B"R LI<T (! FEMALE GL[-WORM
HAS BE5 SUBJECT 6M* 4CUS.N4 ,! MALE IS
FEEBLY LUM9\S1 Z >E ! L>VAE & EV5 ! E7S4
,X HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ 0"S AU?ORS T ! LI<T
S]VES 6F"R5 AWAY 5EMIES1 & 0O!RS 6GUIDE
! MALE 6! FEMALE4 ,AT LA/1 ,MR4 ,BELT 99
APPE>S 6H SOLV$ ! DI6ICULTY3 HE F9DS T
ALL ! ,LAMPYRIDAE : HE HAS TRI$ >E HI<LY
4TA/E;L 69SECTIVOR\S MAMMALS & BIRDS4
,H;E X IS 9 A3ORD.E ) ,MR4 ,BATES' VIEW1
"HAF 6BE EXPLA9$1 T _M 9SECTS MIMIC !
,LAMPYRIDAE CLOSELY1 9 ORD] 6BE MISTAK5
= !M1 & ?US 6ESCAPE DE/RUC;N4 ,HE FUR!R
2LIEVES T ! LUM9\S SPECIES PR(IT 02+ AT
ONCE RECOGNIS$ Z UNPALATA#4 ,X IS PROBA#
T ! SAME EXPLAN,N MAY 2 EXT5D$ 6!
ELAT]S1 BO? SEXES ( : >E HI<LY LUM9\S4
,X IS N "KN :Y ! W+S (! FEMALE GL[-WORM
H N BE5 DEVELOP$2 B 9 H] PRES5T /ATE %E
CLOSELY RESEM#S A L>VA1 & Z L>VAE >E S
L>GELY PREY$ ON 0_M ANIMALS1 WE C "U/&
:Y %E HAS BE5 R5D]$ S M* M LUM9\S &
3SPICU\S ?AN ! MALE2 & :Y ! L>VAE !MVS
>E LIKEWISE LUM9\S4
      --,! ,NATURALI/ 9 ,NIC>AGUA1
    #AHGD1 PP4 #CAF-CBJ4 ,ON !
    PHOSPHORESC;E (! E7S1 SEE ,ANNALS &
    ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 ,NOV41
    #AHGA1 P4 #CGB4
      ,DI6];E 9 ,SIZE 2T ! ,SEXES4- ,)
    9SECTS ( ALL K9DS ! MALES >E -MONLY
    SMALL] ?AN ! FEMALES2 & ? DI6];E C
    (T5 2 DETECT$ EV5 9 ! L>VAL /ATE4 ,S
    3SID]A# IS ! DI6];E 2T ! MALE &
    FEMALE COCOONS (! SILK-MO? 7,BOMBYX
    MORI71 T 9 ,FR.E !Y >E SEP>AT$ 0A
    "PICUL> MODE ( WEI<+4 99 ,9 ! L[]
    CLASSES (! ANIMAL K+DOM1 ! GRT] SIZE
    (! FEMALES SEEMS G5],Y 6DEP5D ON _!
    DEVELOP+ AN ENORM\S NUMB] ( OVA2 & ?
    MAY 6A C]TA9 EXT5T HOLD GD ) 9SECTS4
    ,B ,DR4 ,WALLACE HAS SU7E/$ A M* M
    PROBA# EXPLAN,N4 ,HE F9DS1 AF
    C>E;LLY ATT5D+ 6! DEVELOP;T (!
    CAT]PILL>S ( ,BOMBYX CYN?IA &
    YAMAMAI1 & ESPECI,Y 6T ( "S DW>F$
    CAT]PILL>S RE>$ F A SECOND BROOD ON
    UNNATURAL FOOD1 8T 9 PROPOR;N Z !
    9DIVIDUAL MO? IS F9]1 S IS ! "T
    REQUIR$ = XS METAMORPHOSIS L;G]2 &=
    ? R1SON ! FEMALE1 : IS ! L>G] &
    H1VI] 9SECT1 F HAV+ 6C>RY H] NUM]\S
    E7S1 W 2 PREC$$ 0! MALE1 : IS SMALL]
    & HAS LESS 6MATURE48 997#B7 ,N[ Z
    MO/ 9SECTS >E %ORT-LIV$1 & Z !Y >E
    EXPOS$ 6_M DANG]S1 X WD MANIFE/LY 2
    ADVANTAGE\S 6! FEMALE 6BE IMPREGNAT$
    Z SOON Z POSSI#4 ,? 5D WD 2 GA9$ 0!
    MALES 2+ F/ MATUR$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S
    R1DY =! ADV5T (! FEMALES2 & ? AG WD
    NATUR,Y FOLL[1 Z ,MR4 ,A4 ,R4
    ,WALLACE HAS REM>K$1 99 7#C7 "?
    NATURAL SELEC;N2 =! SMALL] MALES WD
    2 F/ MATUR$1 & ?US WD PROCR1TE A
    L>GE NUMB] ( (FSPR+ : WD 9H]IT !
    REDUC$ SIZE ( _! MALE P>5TS1 :IL/ !
    L>G] MALES F 2+ MATUR$ LAT] WD L1VE
    FEW] (FSPR+4
      --,ROB9ET1 ,V]S A ,SOIE1 #AHDH1 P4
    #BJG4
      997#B7 ,TRANSACT4 ,5T4 ,SOC41 #CRD
    S]IES1 VOL4 V41 P4 #DHF4
      997#C7 ,J\RNAL ( ,PROC4 ,5T4
    ,SOC41 ,FEB4 #D1 #AHFG1 P4 ;LXXI4
  ,"! >E1 H["E1 EXCEP;NS 6! RULE ( MALE
9SECTS 2+ SMALL] ?AN ! FEMALES3 & "S (
^! EXCEP;NS >E 9TELLIGI#4 ,SIZE & /R5G?
WD 2 AN ADVANTAGE 6! MALES1 : FI<T =!
POSSES.N (! FEMALES2 & 9 ^! CASES1 Z )!
/AGBEETLE 7,LUCANUS71 ! MALES >E L>G]
?AN ! FEMALES4 ,"! >E1 H["E1 O!R BEETLES
: >E N "KN 6FI<T TGR1 ( : ! MALES EXCE$
! FEMALES 9 SIZE2 &! M1N+ ( ? FACT IS N
"KN2 B 9 "S ( ^! CASES1 Z )! HUGE
,DYNA/ES & ,MEGASOMA1 WE C AT L1/ SEE T
"! WD 2 NO NECESS;Y =! MALES 6BE SMALL]
?AN ! FEMALES1 9 ORD] 6BE MATUR$ 2F !M1
= ^! BEETLES >E N %ORT-LIV$1 & "! WD 2
AMPLE "T =! PAIR+ (! SEXES4 ,S AG1 MALE
DRAGON-FLIES 7,LIBELLULIDAE7 >E "S"TS
S5SIBLY L>G]1 & N"E SMALL]1 ?AN !
FEMALES2 99 & Z ,MR4 ,MAC,LA*LAN
2LIEVES1 !Y D N G5],Y PAIR )! FEMALES
UNTIL A WEEK OR =TNI<T HAS ELAPS$1 &
UNTIL !Y H ASSUM$ _! PROP] MASCUL9E
COL\RS4 ,B ! MO/ CURI\S CASE1 %EW+ ON
:AT -PLEX & EASILY-OV]LOOK$ REL,NS1 S
TRIFL+ A "* Z DI6];E 9 SIZE 2T ! SEXES
MAY DEP5D1 IS T (! ACUL1TE ,HYM5OPT]A2 =
,MR4 ,F4 ,SMI? 9=MS ME T "?\T NE>LY !
:OLE ( ? L>GE GR\P1 ! MALES1 9 A3ORD.E )
! G5]AL RULE1 >E SMALL] ?AN ! FEMALES1 &
EM]GE AB A WEEK 2F !M2 B AM;G/ ! BEES1 !
MALES ( ,APIS MELLIFICA1 ,AN?IDIUM
MANICATUM1 & ,AN?OPHORA AC]VORUM1 &
AM;G/ ! FOSS]ES1 ! MALES (! ,ME?OCA
I*NEUMONIDES1 >E L>G] ?AN ! FEMALES4 ,!
EXPLAN,N ( ? ANOMALY IS T A M>RIAGE
FLI<T IS ABSOLUTELY NEC ) ^! SPECIES1 &!
MALE REQUIRES GRT /R5G? & SIZE 9 ORD]
6C>RY ! FEMALE "? ! AIR4 ,9CR1S$ SIZE
HAS "H BE5 ACQUIR$ 9 OPPOSI;N 6! USUAL
REL,N 2T SIZE &! P]IOD ( DEVELOP;T1 =!
MALES1 ?\< L>G]1 EM]GE 2F ! SMALL]
FEMALES4
      --,= ? & O!R /ATE;TS ON ! SIZE (!
    SEXES1 SEE ,KIRBY & ,SP;E1 IBID41
    VOL4 ;III41 P4 #CJJ2 ON ! DUR,N (
    LIFE 9 9SECTS1 SEE P4 #CDD4
  ,WE W N[ REVIEW ! S"EAL ,ORD]S1
SELECT+ S* FACTS Z M "PICUL>LY 3C]N U4
,! ,LEPIDOPT]A 7BUTT]FLIES & MO?S7 W 2
RETA9$ =A SEP>ATE *APT]4
  ,ORD]3 ,,?YSANURA4- ,! MEMB]S ( ? L[LY
ORGANIS$ ORD] >E W+.S1 DULL-COL\R$1
M9UTE 9SECTS1 ) UGLY1 ALM MIS-%AP5 H1DS
& BODIES4 ,_! SEXES D N DI6]1 B !Y >E
9T]E/+ Z %EW+ U T ! MALES PAY S$UL\S
C\RT 6! FEMALES EV5 L[ D[N 9 ! ANIMAL
SCALE4 ,SIR ,J4 ,LU2OCK 99 SAYS3 8,X IS
V AMUS+ 6SEE ^! LL CR1TURES 7,SMYN?URUS
LUTEUS7 COQUETT+ TGR4 ,! MALE1 : IS M*
SMALL] ?AN ! FEMALE1 RUNS R.D H]1 & !Y
BUTT "O ANO!R1 /&+ FACE 6FACE & MOV+
BACKW>D & =W>D L TWO PLAY;L LAMBS4 ,!N !
FEMALE PRET5DS 6RUN AWAY &! MALE RUNS AF
H] )A QUE] APPE>.E ( ANG]1 GETS 9 FRONT
& /&S FAC+ H] AG2 !N %E TURNS COYLY R.D1
B HE1 QK] & M ACTIVE1 SCUTTLES R.D TOO1
& SEEMS 6:IP H] ) 8 ANT5NAE2 !N =A BIT
!Y /& FACE 6FACE1 PLAY ) _! ANT5NAE1 &
SEEM 6BE ALL 9 ALL 6"O ANO!R40
      --,TRANSACT4 ,L9N1N ,SOC41 VOL4
    ;XXVI41 #AHFH1 P4 #BIF4
  ,ORD]3 ,,DIPT]A 7,FLIES74- ,! SEXES
DI6] LL 9 COL\R4 ,! GRTE/ DI6];E1 "KN
6,MR4 ,F4 ,WALK]1 IS 9 ! G5US ,BIBIO1 9
: ! MALES >E BLACKI% OR Q BLACK1 &!
FEMALES OBSCURE BR[NI%-ORANGE4 ,! G5US
,ELAPHOMYIA1 4COV]$ 0,MR4 ,WALLACE 99 9
,NEW ,GU9EA1 IS HI<LY REM>KA#1 Z ! MALES
>E FURNI%$ ) HORNS1 ( : ! FEMALES >E Q
DE/ITUTE4 ,! HORNS SPR+ F 2N ! EYES1 &
CURI\SLY RESEM# ^? (A /AG1 2+ EI BRAN*$
OR PALMAT$4 ,9 "O (! SPECIES1 !Y EQUAL !
:OLE BODY 9 L5G?4 ,!Y MI<T 2 ?"\ 6BE
ADAPT$ = FI<T+1 B Z 9 "O SPECIES !Y >E (
A B1UTI;L P9K COL\R1 $G$ ) BLACK1 )A
PALE C5TRAL /RIPE1 & Z ^! 9SECTS H ALT A
V ELEGANT APPE>.E1 X IS P]H M PROBA# T
!Y S]VE Z ORNA;TS4 ,T ! MALES ( "S
,DIPT]A FI<T TGR IS C]TA92 ,PR(4
,WE/WOOD 99 7#B7 HAS S"EAL "TS SE5 ? )!
,TIPULAE4 ,! MALES ( O!R ,DIPT]A
APP>5TLY TRY 6W9 ! FEMALES 0_! MUSIC3
,H4 ,MULL] 99 7#C7 WAT*$ = "S "T TWO
MALES ( AN ,]I/ALIS C\RT+ A FEMALE2 !Y
HOV]$ ABV H]1 & FLEW F SIDE 6SIDE1 MAK+
A HI< HUMM+ NOISE AT ! SAME "T4 ,GNATS &
MOSQUITOES 7,CULICIDAE7 AL SEEM 6ATTRACT
EA* O!R 0HUMM+2 & ,PR(4 ,MAY] HAS
REC5TLY ASC]TA9$ T ! HAIRS ON ! ANT5NAE
(! MALE VIBRATE 9 UNISON )! NOTES (A
TUN+-=K1 )9 ! RANGE (! S.DS EMITT$ 0!
FEMALE4 ,! L;G] HAIRS VIBRATE
SYMPA!TIC,Y )! GRAV] NOTES1 &! %ORT]
HAIRS )! HI<] "OS4 ,L&OIS AL ASS]TS T HE
HAS REP1T$LY DRAWN D[N A :OLE SW>M (
GNATS 0UTT]+ A "PICUL> NOTE4 ,X MAY 2
A4$ T ! M5TAL FACULTIES (! ,DIPT]A >E
PROBABLY HI<] ?AN 9 MO/ O!R 9SECTS1 9
A3ORD.E ) _! HI<LY-DEVELOP$ N]V\S
,SY/EM4 99 7#D7
      --,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 VOL4 ;II41
    #AHFI1 P4 #CAC4
      997#B7 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N (
    ,9SECTS1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHDJ1 P4 #EBF4
      997#C7 8,ANW5DUNG10 &C41 ,V]H4 D4
    N4 ,V4 ,JAHRG4 ;XXIX4 P4 #HJ4 ,MAY]1
    9 ,AM]ICAN ,NATURALI/1 #AHGD1 P4
    #BCF4
      997#D7 ,SEE ,MR4 ,B4 ,T4 ,L[NE'S
    9T]E/+ "W1 ,ON ! ,ANATOMY (!
    ,BL[FLY1 ,MUSCA VOMITORIA1 #AHGJ1 P4
    #AD4 ,HE REM>KS 7P4 #CC7 T1 8!
    CAPTUR$ FLIES UTT] A PECULI>
    PLA9TIVE NOTE1 & T ? S.D CAUSES O!R
    FLIES 64APPE>40
  ,ORD]3 ,,HEMIPT]A 7,FIELD-,BUGS74-
,MR4 ,J4 ,W4 ,D\GLAS1 :O HAS "PICUL>LY
ATT5D$ 6! ,BRITI% SPECIES1 HAS K9DLY
GIV5 ME AN A3.T ( _! SEXUAL DI6];ES4 ,!
MALES ( "S SPECIES >E FURNI%$ ) W+S1
:IL/ ! FEMALES >E W+.S2 ! SEXES DI6] 9 !
=M ( _! BODIES1 ELYTRA1 ANT5NAE & T>SI2
B Z ! SIGNIFIC,N ( ^! DI6];ES IS UN"KN1
!Y MAY 2 "H PASS$ OV]4 ,! FEMALES >E
G5],Y L>G] & M ROBU/ ?AN ! MALES4 ,)
,BRITI%1 &1 Z F> Z ,MR4 ,D\GLAS "KS1 )
EXOTIC SPECIES1 ! SEXES D N -MONLY DI6]
M* 9 COL\R2 B 9 AB SIX ,BRITI% SPECIES !
MALE IS 3SID]ABLY D>K] ?AN ! FEMALE1 & 9
AB F\R O!R SPECIES ! FEMALE IS D>K] ?AN
! MALE4 ,BO? SEXES ( "S SPECIES >E
B1UTI;LLY COL\R$2 & Z ^! 9SECTS EMIT AN
EXTREMELY NAUSE\S OD\R1 _! 3SPICU\S
COL\RS MAY S]VE Z A SIGNAL T !Y >E
UNPALATA# 69SECTIVOR\S ANIMALS4 ,9 "S
FEW CASES _! COL\RS APPE> 6BE DIRECTLY
PROTECTIVE3 ?US ,PR(4 ,H(FMANN 9=MS ME T
HE CD H>DLY 4T+UI% A SMALL P9K & GRE5
SPECIES F ! BUDS ON ! TRUNKS ( LIME-
TREES1 : ? 9SECT FREQU5TS4
  ,"S SPECIES ( ,REDUVIDAE MAKE A
/RIDULAT+ NOISE2 &1 9 ! CASE ( ,PIRATES
/RIDULUS1 ? IS SD 99 6BE E6ECT$ 0!
MOVE;T (! NECK )9 ! PRO?ORACIC CAV;Y4
,AC 6,WE/R+1 ,REDUVIUS P]SONATUS AL
/RIDULATES4 ,B ,I H NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T
? IS A SEXUAL "*1 EXCEPT+ T ) NON-SOCIAL
9SECTS "! SEEMS 6BE NO USE = S.D-PRODUC+
ORGANS1 UN.S X 2 Z A SEXUAL CALL4
      --,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N (
    ,9SECTS1 VOL4 ;II41 P4 #DGC4
  ,ORD]3 ,,HOMOPT]A4- ,E "O :O HAS W&]$
9 A TROPICAL =E/ M/ H BE5 A/ONI%$ AT !
D9 MADE 0! MALE ,CICADAE4 ,! FEMALES >E
MUTE2 Z ! ,GRECIAN POET ,X5>*US SAYS1
8,HAPPY ! CICADAS LIVE1 S9CE !Y ALL H
VOICE.S WIVES40 ,! NOISE ?US MADE CD 2
PLA9LY HE>D ON BO>D ! ,B1GLE1 :5 AN*OR$
AT A QU>T] (A MILE F ! %ORE ( ,BRAZIL2 &
,CAPTA9 ,HANCOCK SAYS X C 2 HE>D AT !
4T.E (A MILE4 ,! ,GREEKS =M]LY KEPT1 &!
,*9ESE N[ KEEP ^! 9SECTS 9 CAGES =! SAKE
( _! S;G1 S T X M/ 2 PL1S+ 6! E>S ( "S
M54 99 ,! ,CICADIDAE USU,Y S+ DUR+ ! "D1
:IL/ ! ,FULGORIDAE APPE> 6BE NI<T-
S;G/]S4 ,! S.D1 AC 6,L&OIS1 99 7#B7 IS
PRODUC$ 0! VIBR,N (! LIPS (! SPIRACLES1
: >E SET 96MO;N 0A CURR5T ( AIR EMITT$ F
! TRA*1E2 B ? VIEW HAS LATELY BE5 4PUT$4
,DR4 ,P[ELL APPE>S 6H PROV$ 99 7#C7 T X
IS PRODUC$ 0! VIBR,N (A MEMBRANE1 SET
96AC;N 0A SPECIAL MUSCLE4 ,9 ! LIV+
9SECT1 :IL/ /RIDULAT+1 ? MEMBRANE C 2
SE5 6VIBRATE2 & 9 ! D1D 9SECT ! PROP]
S.D IS HE>D1 IF ! MUSCLE1 :5 A LL DRI$ &
H>D5$1 IS PULL$ )! PO9T (A P94 ,9 !
FEMALE ! :OLE -PLEX MUSICAL APP>ATUS IS
PRES5T1 B IS M* LESS DEVELOP$ ?AN 9 !
MALE1 & IS N"E US$ = PRODUC+ S.D4
      --,^! "PICUL>S >E TAK5 F
    ,WE/WOOD'S ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N (
    ,9SECTS1 VOL4 ;II41 #AHDJ1 P4 #DBB4
    ,SEE1 AL1 ON ! ,FULGORIDAE1 ,KIRBY &
    ,SP;E1 ,9TRODUCT41 VOL4 ;II41 P4
    #DJA4
      997#B7 ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR WISS5S*AFT
    ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XVII41 #AHFG1 SS4
    #AEB-AEH4
      997#C7 ,TRANSAC;NS (! ,NEW ,Z1L&
    ,9/ITUTE1 VOL4 V41 #AHGC1 P4 #BHF4
  ,) RESPECT 6! OBJECT (! MUSIC4 ,DR4
,H>TMAN1 9 SP1K+ (! ,CICADA SEPTEMDECIM
(! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SAYS1 99 8,! DRUMS >E
N[ 7,JUNE #F? & #G?1 #AHEA7 HE>D 9 ALL
DIREC;NS4 ,? ,I 2LIEVE 6BE ! M>TIAL
SUMMONS F ! MALES4 ,/&+ 9 ?ICK *E/NUT
SPR\TS AB Z HI< Z MY H1D1 ": HUNDR$S 7
>.D ME1 ,I OBS]V$ ! FEMALES -+ >.D !
DRUMM+ MALES40 ,HE A4S1 8,? S1SON 7,AUG4
#AHFH7 A DW>F PE> TREE 9 MY G>D5 PRODUC$
AB FIFTY L>VAE ( ,C4 PRU9OSA2 & ,I S"EAL
"TS NOTIC$ ! FEMALES 6ALI<T NE> A MALE
:ILE HE 0 UTT]+ 8 CLANG+ NOTES40 ,FRITZ
,MULL] WRITES 6ME F ,S4 ,BRAZIL T HE HAS
(T5 LI/5$ 6A MUSICAL 3TE/ 2T TWO OR ?REE
MALES (A SPECIES )A "PICUL>LY L\D VOICE1
S1T$ AT A 3SID]A# 4T.E F EA* O!R3 Z SOON
Z "O _H F9I%$ 8 S;G1 ANO!R IMMLY 2GUN1 &
!N ANO!R4 ,Z "! IS S M* RIVALRY 2T !
MALES1 X IS PROBA# T ! FEMALES N ONLY
F9D !M 0_! S.DS1 B T1 L FEMALE BIRDS1 !Y
>E EXCIT$ OR ALLUR$ 0! MALE )! MO/
ATTRACTIVE VOICE4
      --,I AM 9DEBT$ 6,MR4 ,WAL% = HAV+
    S5T ME ? EXTRACT F ,A ,J\RNAL (!
    ,DO+S ( ,CICADA SEPTEMDECIM1 0,DR4
    ,H>TMAN4
  ,I H N HE>D ( ANY WELL-M>K$ CASES (
ORNA;TAL DI6];ES 2T ! SEXES (!
,HOMOPT]A4 ,MR4 ,D\GLAS 9=MS ME T "! >E
?REE ,BRITI% SPECIES1 9 : ! MALE IS
BLACK OR M>K$ ) BLACK B&S1 :IL/ !
FEMALES >E PALE-COL\R$ OR OBSCURE4
      ,ORD]3 ,,OR?OPT]A 7,CRICKETS &
    ,GRASSHOPP]S74- ,! MALES 9 ! ?REE
    SALTATORIAL FAMILIES 9 ? ,ORD] >E
    REM>KA# = _! MUSICAL P[]S1 "NLY !
    ,A*ETIDAE OR CRICKETS1 ! ,LOCU/IDAE
    = : "! IS NO EQUIVAL5T ,5GLI% "N1 &!
    ,ACRIDIIDAE OR GRASSHOPP]S4 ,!
    /RIDUL,N PRODUC$ 0"S (! ,LOCU/IDAE
    IS S L\D T X C 2 HE>D DUR+ ! NI<T AT
    ! 4T.E (A MILE2 99 & T MADE 0C]TA9
    SPECIES IS N UNMUSICAL EV5 6! HUMAN
    E>1 S T ! ,9DIANS ON ! ,AMAZONS KEEP
    !M 9 WICK] CAGES4 ,ALL OBS]V]S AGREE
    T ! S.DS S]VE EI 6CALL OR EXCITE !
    MUTE FEMALES4 ,) RESPECT 6!
    MIGRATORY LOCU/S ( ,RUSSIA1 ,KORTE
    HAS GIV5 99 7#B7 AN 9T]E/+ CASE (
    SELEC;N 0! FEMALE (A MALE4 ,! MALES
    ( ? SPECIES 7,PA*YTYLUS MIGRATORIUS7
    :IL/ C\PL$ )! FEMALE /RIDULATE F
    ANG] OR J1L\SY1 IF APPROA*$ 0O!R
    MALES4 ,! H\SE-CRICKET :5 SURPRIS$
    AT NI<T USES XS VOICE 6W>N XS
    FELL[S4 99 7#C7 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA !
    KATYDID 7,PLATYPHYLLUM 3CAVUM1 "O (!
    ,LOCU/IDAE7 IS DESCRIB$ 99 7#D7 Z
    M.T+ ON ! UPP] BRAN*ES (A TREE1 & 9
    ! EV5+ 2G9N+ 8HIS NOISY BAB#1 :ILE
    RIVAL NOTES ISSUE F ! NEI<B\R+
    TREES1 &! GRAVES RES.D )! CALL (
    ,KATY-DID-%E-DID ! LIVE-L;G NI<T40
    ,MR4 ,BATES1 9 SP1K+ (! ,EUROP1N
    FIELD-CRICKET 7"O (! ,A*ETIDAE71
    SAYS 8! MALE HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 6PLACE
    HMF 9 ! EV5+ AT ! 5TR.E ( 8 BURR[1 &
    /RIDULATE UNTIL A FEMALE APPROA*ES1
    :5 ! L\D] NOTES >E SU3E$$ 0A M
    SUBDU$ T"O1 :IL/ ! SU3ESS;L MUSICIAN
    C>ESSES ) 8 ANT5NAE ! MATE HE HAS
    WON48 997#E7 ,DR4 ,SCU4] 0 A#
    6EXCITE "O ( ^! 9SECTS 6ANSW] HM1
    0RU2+ ON A FILE )A QUILL4 99 7#F7 ,9
    BO? SEXES A REM>KA# AUDITORY
    APP>ATUS HAS BE5 4COV]$ 0VON
    ,SIEBOLD1 SITUAT$ 9 ! FRONT LEGS4 99
    7#G7
      --,L4 ,GUILD+1 ,TRANSAC;NS (!
    ,L9N1N ,SOCIETY1 VOL4 ;XV41 P4 #AED4
      997#B7 ,I /ATE ? ON ! AU?OR;Y (
    ,KOPP51 8,UB] DIE ,HEUS*RECK5 9
    ,SUDRUSSL&10 #AHFF1 P4 #CB1 = ,I H 9
    VA9 5D1V\R$ 6PROCURE ,KORTE'S "W4
      997#C7 ,GILB]T ,:ITE1 ,NATURAL
    ,HI/ORY ( ,SELBORNE1 VOL4 ;II41
    #AHBE1 P4 #BFB4
      997#D7 ,H>RIS1 ,9SECTS ( ,NEW
    ,5GL&1 #AHDB1 P4 #ABH4
      997#E7 ,! ,NATURALI/ ON !
    ,AMAZONS1 VOL4 I41 #AHFC1 P4 #BEB4
    ,MR4 ,BATES GIVES A V 9T]E/+ 4CUS.N
    ON ! GRAD,NS 9 ! MUSICAL APP>ATUS (!
    ?REE FAMILIES4 ,SEE AL ,WE/WOOD1
    ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N ( ,9SECTS1 VOL4
    ;II41 PP4 #DDE & #DEC4
      997#F7 ,PROCE$+S (! ,BO/ON
    ,SOCIETY ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 VOL4
    ;XI41 ,APRIL1 #AHFH4
      997#G7 ,N\V1U ,MANUEL D',ANAT4
    ,-P41 ,FR5* TRANSLAT41 TOM4 #A1
    #AHEJ1 P4 #EFG4
  ,9 ! ?REE FAMILIES ! S.DS >E DI6]5TLY
PRODUC$4 ,9 ! MALES (! ,A*ETIDAE BO? W+-
COV]S H ! SAME APP>ATUS2 & ? 9 ! FIELD
CRICKET 7SEE ,GRYLLUS CAMPE/RIS1 FIG4
#AA7 3SI/S1 Z DESCRIB$ 0,L&OIS1 99 ( F
#ACA 6#ACH %>P1 TRANSV]SE RIDGES OR TEE?
7ST7 ON ! "U SIDE ( "O (! N]VURES (! W+-
COV]4 ,? TOO!D N]VURE IS RAPIDLY SCRAP$
ACR A PROJECT+1 SMOO?1 H>D N]VURE 7R7 ON
! UPP] SURFACE (! OPPOSITE W+4 ,F/ "O W+
IS RU2$ OV] ! O!R1 & !N ! MOVE;T IS
REV]S$4 ,BO? W+S >E RAIS$ A LL AT ! SAME
"T1 S Z 69CR1SE ! RESON.E4 ,9 "S SPECIES
! W+-COV]S (! MALES >E FURNI%$ AT ! BASE
)A TALC-L PLATE4 99 7#B7 ,I "H GIVE A
DRAW+ 7SEE FIG4 #AB7 (! TEE? ON ! "U
SIDE (! N]VURE ( ANO!R SPECIES (
,GRYLLUS1 VIZ41 ,G4 DOME/ICUS4 ,)
RESPECT 6! =M,N ( ^! TEE?1 ,DR4 ,GRUB]
HAS %[N 99 7#C7 T !Y H BE5 DEVELOP$ 0!
AID ( SELEC;N1 F ! M9UTE SCALES & HAIRS
) : ! W+S & BODY >E COV]$1 & ,I CAME 6!
SAME 3CLU.N ) RESPECT 6^? (! ,COLEOPT]A4
,B ,DR4 ,GRUB] FUR!R %EWS T _! DEVELOP;T
IS 9 "P DIRECTLY DUE 6! /IMULUS F !
FRIC;N ( "O W+ OV] ! O!R4
      --,ZEITS*RIFT FUR WISS5S*AFT4
    ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XVII41 #AHFG1 S4
    #AAG4
      997#B7 ,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N
    ,CLASSIFIC,N ( ,9SECTS1 VOL4 I41 P4
    #DDJ4
      997#C7 8,UB] D] ,TONAPP>AT D]
    ,LOCU/ID51 E9 ,BEITRAGE ZUM
    ,D>W9ISMUS10 ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR
    WISS5S*AFT4 ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XXII41
    #AHGB1 P4 #AJJ4
  ,9 ! ,LOCU/IDAE ! OPPOSITE W+-COV]S
DI6] F EA* O!R 9 /RUCTURE 7SEE FIG4
#AC71 &! AC;N _C1 Z 9 ! LA/ FAMILY1 2
REV]S$4 ,! LEFT W+1 : ACTS Z ! B[1 LIES
OV] ! "R W+ : S]VES Z ! FI4LE4 ,"O (!
N]VURES 7A7 ON ! "U SURFACE (! =M] IS
F9ELY S]RAT$1 & IS SCRAP$ ACR ! PROM95T
N]VURES ON ! UPP] SURFACE (! OPPOSITE OR
"R W+4 ,9 \R ,BRITI% ,PHASGONURA
VIRIDISSIMA X APPE>$ 6ME T ! S]RAT$
N]VURE IS RU2$ AG/ ! R.D$ H9D-CORN] (!
OPPOSITE W+1 ! $GE ( : IS ?ICK5$1 COL\R$
BR[N1 & V %>P4 ,9 ! "R W+1 B N 9 ! LEFT1
"! IS A LL PLATE1 Z TRANSP>5T Z TALC1
SURR.D$ 0N]VURES1 & CALL$ ! SPECULUM4 ,9
,EPHIPPIG] VITIUM1 A MEMB] ( ? SAME
FAMILY1 WE H A CURI\S SUBORD9ATE
MODIFIC,N2 =! W+-COV]S >E GRTLY REDUC$ 9
SIZE1 B 8! PO/]IOR "P (! PRO-?RAX IS
ELEVAT$ 96A K9D ( DOME OV] ! W+-COV]S1 &
: HAS PROBABLY ! E6ECT ( 9CR1S+ ! S.D48
99
      --,WE/WOOD ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N (
    ,9SECTS1 VOL4 I41 P4 #DEC4
  ,WE ?US SEE T ! MUSICAL APP>ATUS IS M
DI6]5TIAT$ OR SPECIALIS$ 9 ! ,LOCU/IDAE
7: 9CLUDE1 ,I 2LIEVE1 ! MO/ P[];L P]=M]S
9 ! ,ORD]71 ?AN 9 ! ,A*ETIDAE1 9 : BO?
W+-COV]S H ! SAME /RUCTURE &! SAME
FUNC;N4 99 ,L&OIS1 H["E1 DETECT$ 9 "O (!
,LOCU/IDAE1 "NLY 9 ,DECTICUS1 A %ORT &
N>R[ R[ ( SMALL TEE?1 M]E RUDI;TS1 ON !
9F]IOR SURFACE (! "R W+-COV]1 : "ULIES !
O!R & IS N"E US$ Z ! B[4 ,I OBS]V$ !
SAME RUDI;T>Y /RUCTURE ON ! "U SIDE (!
"R W+-COV] 9 ,PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA4
,H;E WE MAY 9F] ) 3FID;E T ! ,LOCU/IDAE
>E DESC5D$ F A =M1 9 :1 Z 9 ! EXI/+
,A*ETIDAE1 BO? W+-COV]S _H S]RAT$
N]VURES ON ! "U SURFACE1 & CD 2
9DI6]5TLY US$ Z ! B[2 B T 9 ! ,LOCU/IDAE
! TWO W+-COV]S GRADU,Y 2CAME DI6]5TIAT$
& P]FECT$1 ON ! PR9CIPLE (! DIVI.N (
LAB\R1 ! "O 6ACT EXCLUSIVELY Z ! B[1 &!
O!R Z ! FI4LE4 ,DR4 ,GRUB] TAKES ! SAME
VIEW1 & HAS %EWN T RUDI;T>Y TEE? >E
-MONLY F.D ON ! 9F]IOR SURFACE (! "R W+4
,0:AT /EPS ! M SIMPLE APP>ATUS 9 !
,A*ETIDAE ORIG9AT$1 WE D N "K1 B X IS
PROBA# T ! BASAL POR;NS (! W+-COV]S
ORIG9,Y OV]LAPP$ EA* O!R Z !Y D AT
PRES5T2 & T ! FRIC;N (! N]VURES PRODUC$
A GRAT+ S.D1 Z IS N[ ! CASE )! W+-COV]S
(! FEMALES4 99 7#B7 ,A GRAT+ S.D ?US
O3A.N,Y & A3ID5T,Y MADE 0! MALES1 IF X
S]V$ !M "E S LL Z A LOVE-CALL 6!
FEMALES1 MI<T R1DILY H BE5 9T5SIFI$ "?
SEXUAL SELEC;N1 0V>I,NS 9 ! R\<;S (!
N]VURES HAV+ BE5 3T9U,Y PRES]V$4
      --,L&OIS1 ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR
    WISS5S*AFT4 ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XVII41
    #AHFG1 SS4 #ABA1 #ABB4
      997#B7 ,MR4 ,WAL% AL 9=MS ME T HE
    HAS NOTIC$ T ! FEMALE (!
    ,PLATYPHYLLUM 3CAVUM1 8:5 CAPTUR$
    MAKES A FEE# GRAT+ NOISE 0%U6L+ H]
    W+-COV]S TGR40
  ,9 ! LA/ & ?IRD FAMILY1 "NLY !
,ACRIDIIDAE OR GRASSHOPP]S1 ! /RIDUL,N
IS PRODUC$ 9 A V DI6]5T MANN]1 & AC
6,DR4 ,SCU4]1 IS N S %RILL Z 9 ! PREC$+
FAMILIES4 ,! 9N] SURFACE (! FEMUR 7SEE
FIG4 #AD1 R7 IS FURNI%$ )A L;GITUD9AL R[
( M9UTE1 ELEGANT1 L.ET-%AP$1 ELA/IC
TEE?1 F #HE 6#IC 9 NUMB]2 99 & ^! >E
SCRAP$ ACR ! %>P1 PROJECT+ N]VURES ON !
W+-COV]S1 : >E ?US MADE 6VIBRATE &
RES.D4 ,H>RIS 99 7#B7 SAYS T :5 "O (!
MALES 2G9S 6PLAY1 HE F/ 8B5DS ! %ANK (!
H9D-LEG 2N ! ?I<1 ": X IS LODG$ 9 A
FURR[ DESIGN$ 6RCV X1 & !N DRAWS ! LEG
BRISKLY UP & D[N4 ,HE DOES N PLAY BO?
FI4LES TGR1 B ALT]NATELY1 F/ ^U "O & !N
ON ! O!R40 ,9 _M SPECIES1 ! BASE (!
ABDOM5 IS HOLL[$ \ 96A GRT CAV;Y : IS
2LIEV$ 6ACT Z A RES.D+ BO>D4 ,9
,PNEUMORA 7SEE FIG4 #AE71 A ,S4 ,AFRICAN
G5US 2L;G+ 6! SAME FAMILY1 WE MEET )A
NEW & REM>KA# MODIFIC,N2 9 ! MALES A
SMALL NOT*$ RIDGE PROJECTS OBLIQUELY F
EA* SIDE (! ABDOM51 AG/ : ! H9D FEMORA
>E RU2$4 99 7#C7 ,Z ! MALE IS FURNI%$ )
W+S 7! FEMALE 2+ W+.S71 X IS REM>KA# T !
?I<S >E N RU2$ 9 ! USUAL MANN] AG/ ! W+-
COV]S2 B ? MAY P]H 2 A3.T$ = 0! UNUSU,Y
SMALL SIZE (! H9D-LEGS4 ,I H N BE5 A#
6EXAM9E ! 9N] SURFACE (! ?I<S1 :1 JUDG+
F ANALOGY1 WD 2 F9ELY S]RAT$4 ,! SPECIES
( ,PNEUMORA H BE5 M PROF.DLY MODIFI$ =!
SAKE ( /RIDUL,N ?AN ANY O!R OR?OPT]\S
9SECT2 = 9 ! MALE ! :OLE BODY HAS BE5
3V]T$ 96A MUSICAL 9/RU;T1 2+ 4T5D$ )
AIR1 L A GRT PELLUCID BLA4]1 S Z 69CR1SE
! RESON.E4 ,MR4 ,TRIM5 9=MS ME T AT !
,CAPE ( ,GD ,HOPE ^! 9SECTS MAKE A
WOND];L NOISE DUR+ ! NI<T4
      --,L&OIS1 IBID41 S4 #AAC4
      997#B7 ,9SECTS ( ,NEW ,5GL&1
    #AHDB1 P4 #ACC4
      997#C7 ,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N
    ,CLASSIFIC,N1 VOL I41 P4 #DFB4
  ,9 ! ?REE =EGO+ FAMILIES1 ! FEMALES >E
ALM ALW DE/ITUTE ( AN E6ICI5T MUSICAL
APP>ATUS4 ,B "! >E A FEW EXCEP;NS 6?
RULE1 = ,DR4 ,GRUB] HAS %EWN T BO? SEXES
( ,EPHIPPIG] VITIUM >E ?US PROVID$2 ?\<
! ORGANS DI6] 9 ! MALE & FEMALE 6A C]TA9
EXT5T4 ,H;E WE _C SUPPOSE T !Y H BE5
TRANSF]R$ F ! MALE 6! FEMALE1 Z APPE>S
6H BE5 ! CASE )! SECOND>Y SEXUAL "*S (
_M O!R ANIMALS4 ,!Y M/ H BE5 9DEP5D5TLY
DEVELOP$ 9 ! TWO SEXES1 : NO D\BT MUTU,Y
CALL 6EA* O!R DUR+ ! S1SON ( LOVE4 ,9
MO/ O!R ,LOCU/IDAE 7B N1 AC 6,L&OIS1 9
,DECTICUS7 ! FEMALES H RUDI;TS (!
/RIDULATORY ORGANS PROP] 6! MALE2 F :OM
X IS PROBA# T ^! H BE5 TRANSF]R$4 ,L&OIS
AL F.D S* RUDI;TS ON ! "U SURFACE (! W+-
COV]S (! FEMALE ,A*ETIDAE1 & ON ! FEMORA
(! FEMALE ,ACRIDIIDAE4 ,9 ! ,HOMOPT]A1
AL1 ! FEMALES H ! PROP] MUSICAL APP>ATUS
9 A FUNC;N.S /ATE2 & WE % "HAF MEET 9
O!R DIVI.NS (! ANIMAL K+DOM ) _M 9/.ES (
/RUCTURES PROP] 6! MALE 2+ PRES5T 9 A
RUDI;T>Y 3DI;N (! FEMALE4
  ,L&OIS HAS OBS]V$ ANO!R IMPORTANT
FACT1 "NLY1 T 9 ! FEMALES (!
,ACRIDIIDAE1 ! /RIDULAT+ TEE? ON !
FEMORA REMA9 "?\T LIFE 9 ! SAME 3DI;N 9
: !Y F/ APPE> DUR+ ! L>VAL /ATE 9 BO?
SEXES4 ,9 ! MALES1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y 2COME
FUR!R DEVELOP$1 & ACQUIRE _! P]FECT
/RUCTURE AT ! LA/ M\LT1 :5 ! 9SECT IS
MATURE & R1DY 6BRE$4
  ,F ! FACTS N[ GIV51 WE SEE T ! M1NS 0:
! MALES (! ,OR?OPT]A PRODUCE _! S.DS >E
EXTREMELY DIV]SIFI$1 & >E ALT DI6]5T F
^? EMPLOY$ 0! ,HOMOPT]A4 99 ,B "?\T !
ANIMAL K+DOM WE (T5 F9D ! SAME OBJECT
GA9$ 0! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ M1NS2 ? SEEMS DUE
6! :OLE ORGANIS,N HAV+ "UG"O MULTIF>I\S
*ANGES 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES1 & Z "P AF "P
V>I$ DI6]5T V>I,NS 7 TAK5 ADVANTAGE (=!
SAME G5]AL PURPOSE4 ,! DIV]S;Y ( M1NS =
PRODUC+ S.D 9 ! ?REE FAMILIES (!
,OR?OPT]A & 9 ! ,HOMOPT]A1 IMPRESSES !
M9D )! HI< IMPORT.E ( ^! /RUCTURES 6!
MALES1 =! SAKE ( CALL+ OR ALLUR+ !
FEMALES4 ,WE NE$ FEEL NO SURPRISE AT !
AM.T ( MODIFIC,N : ! ,OR?OPT]A H "UG"O 9
? RESPECT1 Z WE N[ "K1 F ,DR4 ,SCU4]'S
REM>KA# 4COV]Y1 99 7#B7 T "! HAS BE5 M
?AN AMPLE "T4 ,? NATURALI/ HAS LATELY
F.D A FOSSIL 9SECT 9 ! ,DEVONIAN =M,N (
,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 : IS FURNI%$ ) 8! WELL-
"KN TYMPANUM OR /RIDULAT+ APP>ATUS (!
MALE ,LOCU/IDAE40 ,! 9SECT1 ?\< 9 MO/
RESPECTS RELAT$ 6! ,NEUROPT]A1 APPE>S1 Z
IS S (T5 ! CASE ) V ANCI5T =MS1 63NECT !
TWO RELAT$ ,ORD]S (! ,NEUROPT]A &
,OR?OPT]A4
      --,L&OIS HAS REC5TLY F.D 9 C]TA9
    ,OR?OPT]A RUDI;T>Y /RUCTURES CLOSELY
    SIMIL> 6! S.D-PRODUC+ ORGANS 9 !
    ,HOMOPT]A2 & ? IS A SURPRIS+ FACT4
    ,SEE ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR WISS5S*AFT4
    ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XXII41 ,HEFT #C1
    #AHGA1 P4 #CDH4
      997#B7 ,TRANSAC;NS1 ,5TOMOLOGICAL
    ,SOCIETY1 #CRD S]IES1 VOL4 ;II4
    7,J\RNAL ( ,PROCE$+S1 P4 #AAG74
  ,I H B LL M 6SAY ON ! ,OR?OPT]A4 ,"S (
! SPECIES >E V PUGNACI\S3 :5 TWO MALE
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7#B7 ! MALES ( "S (! ,AGRIONIDAE1 8>E (A
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ABSOLUTELY USE.S4 99 7#B7
      --8,ANW5DUNG D] ,D>W9S*5 ,LEHRE
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G5],Y EXHIBIT RUDI;TS (! HORNS 9 ! =M (
SMALL KNOBS OR RIDGES2 B "S >E DE/ITUTE
( EV5 ! SLI<TE/ RUDI;T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !
HORNS >E NE>LY Z WELL DEVELOP$ 9 !
FEMALE Z 9 ! MALE ,PHANAEUS LANCIF]2 &
ONLY A LL LESS WELL DEVELOP$ 9 ! FEMALES
( "S O!R SPECIES ( ? G5US &( ,COPRIS4 ,I
AM 9=M$ 0,MR4 ,BATES T ! HORNS D N DI6]
9 ANY MANN] CORRESPOND+ )! M IMPORTANT
"*I/IC DI6];ES 2T ! S"EAL SUBDIVI.NS (!
FAMILY3 ?US )9 ! SAME SEC;N (! G5US
,ON?OPHAGUS1 "! >E SPECIES : H A S+LE
HORN1 & O!RS : H TWO4
  ,9 ALM ALL CASES1 ! HORNS >E REM>KA# =
_! EXCESSIVE V>IABIL;Y2 S T A GRADUAT$
S]IES C 2 =M$1 F ! MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$
MALES 6O!RS S DEG5]ATE T !Y C B>ELY 2
4T+UI%$ F ! FEMALES4 ,MR4 ,WAL% 99 F.D T
9 ,PHANAEUS C>NIFEX ! HORNS 7 ?RICE Z
L;G 9 "S MALES Z 9 O!RS4 ,MR4 ,BATES1 AF
EXAM9+ ABV A HUNDR$ MALES ( ,ON?OPHAGUS
RANGIF] 7SEE FIG4 #BJ71 ?"\ T HE _H AT
LA/ 4COV]$ A SPECIES 9 : ! HORNS DID N
V>Y2 B FUR!R RESE>* PROV$ ! 3TR>Y4
      --,PROCE$+S (! ,5TOMOLOGICAL
    ,SOCIETY ( ,PHILADEPHIA1 #AHFD1 P4
    #BBH4
  ,! EXTRAORD9>Y SIZE (! HORNS1 & _!
WIDELY DI6]5T /RUCTURE 9 CLOSELY-ALLI$
=MS1 9DICATE T !Y H BE5 =M$ = "S
PURPOSE2 B _! EXCESSIVE V>IABIL;Y 9 !
MALES (! SAME SPECIES L1DS 6! 9F];E T ?
PURPOSE _C 2 (A DEF9ITE NATURE4 ,! HORNS
D N %[ M>KS ( FRIC;N1 Z IF US$ = ANY
ORD9>Y "W4 ,"S AU?ORS SUPPOSE 99 T Z !
MALES W&] AB M* M ?AN ! FEMALES1 !Y
REQUIRE HORNS Z A DEF;E AG/ _! 5EMIES2 B
Z ! HORNS >E (T5 BLUNT1 !Y D N SEEM WELL
ADAPT$ = DEF;E4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S 3JECTURE
IS T !Y >E US$ 0! MALES = FI<T+ TGR2 B !
MALES H N"E BE5 OBS]V$ 6FI<T2 NOR CD
,MR4 ,BATES1 AF A C>E;L EXAM9,N ( NUM]\S
SPECIES1 F9D ANY SU6ICI5T EVID;E1 9 _!
MUTILAT$ OR BROK5 3DI;N1 ( _! HAV+ BE5
?US US$4 ,IF ! MALES _H BE5 HABITUAL
FI<T]S1 ! SIZE ( _! BODIES WD PROBABLY H
BE5 9CR1S$ "? SEXUAL SELEC;N1 S Z 6H
EXCE$$ T (! FEMALES2 B ,MR4 ,BATES1 AF
-P>+ ! TWO SEXES 9 ABV A HUNDR$ SPECIES
(! ,COPRIDAE1 DID N F9D ANY M>K$ DI6];E
9 ? RESPECT AM;G/ WELL-DEVELOP$
9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 ,LE?RUS1 MOREOV]1 A
BEETLE 2L;G+ 6! SAME GRT DIVI.N (!
LAMELLICORNS1 ! MALES >E "KN 6FI<T1 B >E
N PROVID$ ) HORNS1 ?\< _! M&I#S >E M*
L>G] ?AN ^? (! FEMALE4
      --,KIRBY & ,SP;E1 ,9TRODUC;N
    6,5TOMOLOGY1 VOL4 ;III41 ,P4 #CJJ4
  ,! 3CLU.N T ! HORNS H BE5 ACQUIR$ Z
ORNA;TS IS T : BE/ AGREES )! FACT ( _!
HAV+ BE5 S IMM5SELY1 YET N FIX$LY1
DEVELOP$1- Z %EWN 0_! EXTREME V>IABIL;Y
9 ! SAME SPECIES1 & 0_! EXTREME DIV]S;Y
9 CLOSELY-ALLI$ SPECIES4 ,? VIEW W AT F/
APPE> EXTREMELY IMPROBA#2 B WE % "HAF
F9D ) _M ANIMALS /&+ M* HI<] 9 ! SCALE1
"NLY FI%ES1 AMPHIBIANS1 REPTILES &
BIRDS1 T V>I\S K9DS ( CRE/S1 KNOBS1
HORNS & -BS H BE5 DEVELOP$ APP>5TLY = ?
SOLE PURPOSE4
  ,! MALES ( ,ONITIS FURCIF] 7SEE FIG4
#BA71 &( "S O!R SPECIES (! G5US1 >E
FURNI%$ ) S+UL> PROJEC;NS ON _! ANT]IOR
FEMORA1 &)A GRT =K OR PAIR ( HORNS ON !
L[] SURFACE (! ?ORAX4 ,JUDG+ F O!R
9SECTS1 ^! MAY AID ! MALE 9 CL++ 6!
FEMALE4 ,AL? ! MALES H N EV5 A TRACE (A
HORN ON ! UPP] SURFACE (! BODY1 YET !
FEMALES PLA9LY EXHIBIT A RUDI;T (A S+LE
HORN ON ! H1D 7SEE FIG4 #BB1 A71 &(A
CRE/ 7B7 ON ! ?ORAX4 ,T ! SLI<T ?ORACIC
CRE/ 9 ! FEMALE IS A RUDI;T (A PROJEC;N
PROP] 6! MALE1 ?\< 5TIRELY ABS5T 9 !
MALE ( ? "PICUL> SPECIES1 IS CLE>3 =!
FEMALE ( ,BUBAS BISON 7A G5US : -ES NEXT
6,ONITIS7 HAS A SIMIL> SLI<T CRE/ ON !
?ORAX1 &! MALE BE>S A GRT PROJEC;N 9 !
SAME SITU,N4 ,S1 AG1 "! C H>DLY 2 A D\BT
T ! LL PO9T 7A7 ON ! H1D (! FEMALE
,ONITIS FURCIF]1 Z WELL Z ON ! H1D (!
FEMALES ( TWO OR ?REE ALLI$ SPECIES1 IS
A RUDI;T>Y REPRES5TATIVE (! CEPHALIC
HORN1 : IS -MON 6! MALES ( S _M
LAMELLICORN BEETLES1 Z 9 ,PHANAEUS 7SEE
FIG4 #AH74
  ,! OLD 2LIEF T RUDI;TS H BE5 CR1T$
6-PLETE ! S*EME ( NATURE IS "H S F> F
HOLD+ GD1 T WE H A -PLETE 9V].N (!
ORD9>Y /ATE ( ?+S 9 ! FAMILY4 ,WE MAY
R1SONABLY SUSPECT T ! MALES ORIG9,Y BORE
HORNS & TRANSF]R$ !M 6! FEMALES 9 A
RUDI;T>Y 3DI;N1 Z 9 S _M O!R
LAMELLICORNS4 ,:Y ! MALES SUBSEQU5TLY
LO/ _! HORNS1 WE "K N2 B ? MAY H BE5
CAUS$ "? ! PR9CIPLE ( -P5S,N1 [+ 6!
DEVELOP;T (! L>GE HORNS & PROJEC;NS ON !
L[] SURFACE2 & Z ^! >E 3F9$ 6! MALES1 !
RUDI;TS (! UPP] HORNS ON ! FEMALES WD N
H BE5 ?US OBLIT]AT$4
      ,! CASES HI!RTO GIV5 REF] 6!
    LAMELLICORNS1 B ! MALES ( "S FEW O!R
    BEETLES1 2L;G+ 6TWO WIDELY 4T9CT
    GR\PS1 "NLY1 ! ,CURCULIONIDAE &
    ,/APHYL9IDAE1 >E FURNI%$ ) HORNS--IN
    ! =M] ON ! L[] SURFACE (! BODY1 99 9
    ! LATT] ON ! UPP] SURFACE (! H1D &
    ?ORAX4 ,9 ! ,/APHYL9IDAE1 ! HORNS (!
    MALES >E EXTRAORD9>ILY V>IA# 9 !
    SAME SPECIES1 J Z WE H SE5 )!
    LAMELLICORNS4 ,9 ,SIAGONIUM WE H A
    CASE ( DIMORPHISM1 =! MALES C 2
    DIVID$ 96TWO SETS1 DI6]+ GRTLY 9 !
    SIZE ( _! BODIES & 9 ! DEVELOP;T (
    _! HORNS1 )\T 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS4 ,9
    A SPECIES ( ,BL$IUS 7SEE FIG4 #BC71
    AL 2L;G+ 6! ,/APHYL9IDAE1 ,PROFESSOR
    ,WE/WOOD /ATES T1 8MALE SPECIM5S C 2
    F.D 9 ! SAME LOCAL;Y 9 : ! C5TRAL
    HORN (! ?ORAX IS V L>GE1 B ! HORNS (
    ! H1D Q RUDI;TAL2 & O!RS1 9 : !
    ?ORACIC HORN IS M* %ORT]1 :IL/ !
    PROTUB].ES ON ! H1D >E L;G48 997#B7
    ,"H WE APP>5TLY H A CASE ( -P5S,N1 :
    ?R[S LI<T ON T J GIV51 (! SUPPOS$
    LOSS (! UPP] HORNS 0! MALES (
    ,ONITIS4
      --,KIRBY & ,SP;E1 ,9TRODUC;N
    6,5TOMOLOGY1 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #CBI4
    997#B7 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N (
    ,9SECTS1 VOL4 I41 P4 #AGB3
    ,SIAGONIUM1 P4 #AGB4 ,9 ! ,BRITI%
    ,MUSEUM ,I NOTIC$ "O MALE SPECIM5 (
    ,SIAGONIUM 9 AN 9T]M$IATE 3DI;N1 S T
    ! DIMORPHISM IS N /RICT4
  ,LAW ( ,BATTLE4- ,"S MALE BEETLES1 :
SEEM ILL-FITT$ = FI<T+1 N"E!.S 5GAGE 9
3FLICTS =! POSSES.N (! FEMALES4 ,MR4
,WALLACE 99 SAW TWO MALES (
,LEPTORHYN*US ANGU/ATUS1 A L9E> BEETLE )
A M* EL;GAT$ RO/RUM1 8FI<T+ =A FEMALE1
:O /OOD CLOSE 0BUSY AT H] BOR+4 ,!Y PU%$
AT EA* O!R ) _! RO/RA1 & CLAW$ & ?UMP$1
APP>5TLY 9 ! GRTE/ RAGE40 ,! SMALL]
MALE1 H["E1 8SOON RAN AWAY1 AC"KL$G+ HMF
VANQUI%$40 ,9 "S FEW CASES MALE BEETLES
>E WELL ADAPT$ = FI<T+1 0POSSESS+ GRT
TOO!D M&I#S1 M* L>G] ?AN ^? (! FEMALES4
,? IS ! CASE )! -MON /AG-BEETLE
7,LUCANUS C]VUS71 ! MALES ( : EM]GE F !
PUPAL /ATE AB A WEEK 2F ! O!R SEX1 S T
S"EAL MAY (T5 2 SE5 PURSU+ ! SAME
FEMALE4 ,AT ? S1SON !Y 5GAGE 9 FI]CE
3FLICTS4 ,:5 ,MR4 ,A4 ,H4 ,DAVIS 99 7#B7
5CLOS$ TWO MALES ) "O FEMALE 9 A BOX1 !
L>G] MALE SEV]ELY P9*$ ! SMALL] "O1
UNTIL HE RESIGN$ 8 PRET5.NS4 ,A FR 9=MS
ME T :5 A BOY HE (T5 PUT ! MALES TGR
6SEE !M FI<T1 & HE NOTIC$ T !Y 7 M*
BOLD] & FI]C] ?AN ! FEMALES1 Z )! HI<]
ANIMALS4 ,! MALES WD SEIZE HOLD ( 8 F+]1
IF HELD 9 FRONT ( !M1 B N S ! FEMALES1
AL? !Y H /R;G] JAWS4 ,! MALES ( _M (!
,LUCANIDAE Z WELL Z (! ABV-M5;N$
,LEPTORHYN*US1 >E L>G] & M P[];L 9SECTS
?AN ! FEMALES4 ,! TWO SEXES ( ,LE?RUS
CEPHALOTES 7"O (! LAMELLICORNS7 9HABIT !
SAME BURR[2 &! MALE HAS L>G] M&I#S ?AN !
FEMALE4 ,IF1 DUR+ ! BRE$+-S1SON1 A
/RANGE MALE ATTEMPTS 65T] ! BURR[1 HE IS
ATTACK$2 ! FEMALE DOES N REMA9 PASSIVE1
B CLOSES ! M\? (! BURR[1 & 5C\RAGES H]
MATE 03T9U,Y PU%+ HM ON F 2H2 &! BATTLE
LA/S UNTIL ! A7RESSOR IS KILL$ OR RUNS
AWAY4 99 7#C7 ,! TWO SEXES ( ANO!R
LAMELLICORN BEETLE1 ! ,ATEU*US
CICATRICOSUS1 LIVE 9 PAIRS1 & SEEM M*
ATTA*$ 6EA* O!R2 ! MALE EXCITES !
FEMALES 6ROLL ! BALLS ( DUNG 9 : ! OVA
>E DEPOSIT$2 & IF %E IS REMOV$1 HE
2COMES M* AGITAT$4 ,IF ! MALE IS REMOV$
! FEMALE C1SES ALL "W1 & Z ,M4
,BRUL]IE997#D7 2LIEVES1 WD REMA9 ON !
SAME SPOT UNTIL %E DI$4
      --,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 VOL4 ;II41
    #AHFI1 P4 #BGF4 ,RILEY1 ,SIX?
    ,REPORT ON ,9SECTS ( ,MISS\RI1
    #AHGD1 P4 #AAE4
      997#B7 ,5TOMOLOGICAL ,MAGAZ9E1
    VOL4 I41 #AHCC1 P4 #HB4 ,SEE AL ON !
    3FLICTS ( ? SPECIES1 ,KIRBY & ,SP;E1
    IBID41 VOL4 ;III41 P4 #CAD2 &
    ,WE/WOOD1 IBID41 VOL4 I41 P4 #AHG4
      997#C7 ,QUOT$ F ,FIS*]1 9 ,DICT4
    ,CLASS4 D',HI/4 ,NAT41 TOM4 X41 P4
    #CBD4
      997#D7 ,ANN4 ,SOC4 ,5TOMOLOG4
    ,FR.E1 #AHFF1 Z QUOT$ 9 ,J\RNAL (
    ,TRAVEL1 BY ;,A4 ,MURRAY1 #AHFH1 P4
    #ACE4
  ,! GRT M&I#S (! MALE ,LUCANIDAE >E
EXTREMELY V>IA# BO? 9 SIZE & /RUCTURE1 &
9 ? RESPECT RESEM# ! HORNS ON ! H1D &
?ORAX ( _M MALE LAMELLICORNS &
,/APHYL9IDAE4 ,A P]FECT S]IES C 2 =M$ F
! BE/-PROVID$ 6! WOR/-PROVID$ OR
DEG5]ATE MALES4 ,AL? ! M&I#S (! -MON
/AG-BEETLE1 & PROBABLY ( _M O!R SPECIES1
>E US$ Z E6ICI5T W1PONS = FI<T+1 X IS
D\BT;L :E!R _! GRT SIZE C ?US 2 A3.T$ =4
,WE H SE5 T !Y >E US$ 0! ,LUCANUS
ELAPHUS ( ,N4 ,AM]ICA = SEIZ+ ! FEMALE4
,Z !Y >E S 3SPICU\S & S ELEGANTLY
BRAN*$1 & Z [+ 6_! GRT L5G? !Y >E N WELL
ADAPT$ = P9*+1 ! SUSPICION HAS CROSS$ MY
M9D T !Y MAY 9 A4I;N S]VE Z AN ORNA;T1 L
! HORNS ON ! H1D & ?ORAX (! V>I\S
SPECIES ABV DESCRIB$4 ,! MALE
,*IASOGNA?US GRANTII ( ,S4 ,*ILE- A
SPL5DID BEETLE 2L;G+ 6! SAME FAMILY- HAS
ENORM\SLY DEVELOP$ M&I#S 7SEE FIG4 #BD72
HE IS BOLD & PUGNACI\S2 :5 ?R1T5$ HE
FACES R.D1 OP5S 8 GRT JAWS1 & AT ! SAME
"T /RIDULATES L\DLY4 ,B ! M&I#S 7 N /R;G
5 6P9* MY F+] S Z 6CAUSE ACTUAL PA94
  ,SEXUAL SELEC;N1 : IMPLIES ! POSSES.N
( 3SID]A# P]CEPTIVE P[]S &( /R;G PAS.NS1
SEEMS 6H BE5 M E6ECTIVE )! LAMELLICORNS
?AN ) ANY O!R FAMILY ( BEETLES4 ,) "S
SPECIES ! MALES >E PROVID$ ) W1PONS =
FI<T+2 "S LIVE 9 PAIRS & %[ MUTUAL
A6EC;N2 _M H ! P[] ( /RIDULAT+ :5
EXCIT$2 _M >E FURNI%$ )! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y
HORNS1 APP>5TLY =! SAKE ( ORNA;T2 & "S1
: >E DIURNAL 9 _! HABITS1 >E GORGE\SLY
COL\R$4 ,LA/LY1 S"EAL (! L>GE/ BEETLES 9
! _W 2L;G 6? FAMILY1 : 0 PLAC$ 0,L9NAEUS
& ,FABRICIUS Z ! H1D (! ,ORD]4 99
      --,WE/WOOD1 ,MOD]N ,CLASSIFIC,N1
    VOL4 I41 P4 #AHD4
  ,/RIDULAT+ ORGANS4- ,BEETLES 2L;G+ 6_M
& WIDELY 4T9CT FAMILIES POSSESS ^!
ORGANS4 ,! S.D ?US PRODUC$ C "S"TS 2
HE>D AT ! 4T.E ( S"EAL FEET OR EV5 Y>DS1
99 B X IS N -P>A# ) T MADE 0! ,OR?OPT]A4
,! RASP G5],Y 3SI/S (A N>R[1 SLI<TLY-
RAIS$ SURFACE1 CROSS$ 0V F9E1 P>ALLEL
RIBS1 "S"TS S F9E Z 6CAUSE IRIDESC5T
COL\RS1 & HAV+ A V ELEGANT APPE>.E "U !
MICROSCOPE4 ,9 "S CASES1 Z ) ,TYPHOEUS1
M9UTE1 BRI/LY OR SCALE-L PROM9;ES1 ) : !
:OLE SURR.D+ SURFACE IS COV]$ 9
APPROXIMATELY P>ALLEL L9ES1 CD 2 TRAC$
PASS+ 96! RIBS (! RASP4 ,! TRANSI;N
TAKES PLACE 0_! 2COM+ 3FLU5T & /RAI<T1 &
AT ! SAME "T M PROM95T & SMOO?4 ,A H>D
RIDGE ON AN ADJO9+ "P (! BODY S]VES Z !
SCRAP] =! RASP1 B ? SCRAP] 9 "S CASES
HAS BE5 SPECI,Y MODIFI$ =! PURPOSE4 ,X
IS RAPIDLY MOV$ ACR ! RASP1 OR 3V]SELY !
RASP ACR ! SCRAP]4
      --,WOLLA/ON1 8,ON ,C]TA9 ,MUSICAL
    ,CURCULIONIDAE10 ,ANNALS & ,MAG4 (
    ,NAT4 ,HI/41 VOL4 ;VI41 #AHFJ1 P4
    #AD4
  ,^! ORGANS >E SITUAT$ 9 WIDELY DI6]5T
POSI;NS4 ,9 ! C>RION-BEETLES
7,NECROPHORUS7 TWO P>ALLEL RASPS 7SEE
;R1 FIG4 #BE7 /& ON ! DORSAL SURFACE (!
FIF? ABDOM9AL SEG;T1 EA* RASP 99 3SI/+ (
#ABF 6#ADJ F9E RIBS4 ,^! RIBS >E SCRAP$
AG/ ! PO/]IOR M>G9S (! ELYTRA1 A SMALL
POR;N ( : PROJECTS 2Y ! G5]AL \TL9E4 ,9
_M ,CRIOC]IDAE1 & 9 ,CLY?RA #D-PUNCTATA
7"O (! ,*RY"SLIDAE71 & 9 "S
,T5EBRIONIDAE1 &C41 99 7#B7 ! RASP IS
S1T$ ON ! DORSAL APEX (! ABDOM51 ON !
PYGIDIUM OR PROPYGIDIUM1 & IS SCRAP$ 9 !
SAME MANN] 0! ELYTRA4 ,9 ,HET]OC]US1 :
2L;GS 6ANO!R FAMILY1 ! RASPS >E PLAC$ ON
! SIDES (! F/ ABDOM9AL SEG;T1 & >E
SCRAP$ 0RIDGES ON ! FEMORA4 99 7#C7 ,9
C]TA9 ,CURCULIONIDAE & ,C>ABIDAE1 99
7#D7 ! "PS >E -PLETELY REV]S$ 9 POSI;N1
=! RASPS >E S1T$ ON ! 9F]IOR SURFACE (!
ELYTRA1 NE> _! APICES1 OR AL;G _! \T]
M>G9S1 &! $GES (! ABDOM9AL SEG;TS S]VE Z
! SCRAP]S4 ,9 ,PELOBIUS ,H]MANNI 7"O (
,DYTISCIDAE OR WAT]-BEETLES7 A /R;G
RIDGE RUNS P>ALLEL & NE> 6! SUTURAL M>G9
(! ELYTRA1 & IS CROSS$ 0RIBS1 CO>SE 9 !
MI4LE "P1 B 2COM+ GRADU,Y F9] AT BO?
5DS1 ESPECI,Y AT ! UPP] 5D2 :5 ? 9SECT
IS HELD "U WAT] OR 9 ! AIR1 A /RIDULAT+
NOISE IS PRODUC$ 0! EXTREME HORNY M>G9 (
! ABDOM5 2+ SCRAP$ AG/ ! RASPS4 ,9 A GRT
NUMB] ( L;GHORN$ BEETLES 7,L;GICORNIA7 !
ORGANS >E SITUAT$ Q O!RWISE1 ! RASP 2+
ON ! MESO-?ORAX1 : IS RU2$ AG/ ! PRO-
?ORAX2 ,L&OIS C.T$ #BCH V F9E RIBS ON !
RASP ( ,C]AMBYX H]OS4
      --,L&OIS1 ,ZEITS*RIFT FUR
    WISS5S*AFT4 ,ZOOLOG41 ,B4 ;XVII41
    #AHFG1 S4 #ABG4
      997#B7 ,I AM GRTLY 9DEBT$ 6,MR4
    ,G4 ,B4 ,CROT* = HAV+ S5T ME _M
    PREP>$ SPECIM5S ( V>I\S BEETLES
    2L;G+ 6^! ?REE FAMILIES & 6O!RS1 Z
    WELL Z = VALUA# 9=M,N4 ,HE 2LIEVES T
    ! P[] ( /RIDUL,N 9 ! ,CLY?RA HAS N
    BE5 PREVI\SLY OBS]V$4 ,I AM AL M*
    9DEBT$ 6,MR4 ,E4 ,W4 ,JANSON1 =
    9=M,N & SPECIM5S4 ,I MAY ADD T MY
    SON1 ,MR4 ,F4 ,D>W91 F9DS T ,D]ME/ES
    MUR9US /RIDULATES1 B HE SE>*$ 9 VA9
    =! APP>ATUS4 ,SCOLYTUS HAS LATELY
    BE5 DESCRIB$ 0,DR4 ,*APMAN Z A
    /RIDULATOR1 9 ! ,5TOMOLOGI/'S
    ,MON?LY ,MAGAZ9E1 VOL4 ;VI41 P4
    #ACJ4
      997#C7 ,S*IODTE1 TRANSLAT$1 9
    ,ANNALS & ,MAGAZ9E ( ,NATURAL
    ,HI/ORY1 VOL4 ;XX41 #AHFG1 P4 #CG4
      997#D7 ,WE/R+ HAS DESCRIB$
    7,KROY]1 ,NATURHI/4 ,TIDSKRIFT1 ,B4
    ;II41 #AHDH-DI1 P4 #CCD7 ! /RIDULAT+
    ORGANS 9 ^! TWO1 Z WELL Z 9 O!R
    FAMILIES4 ,9 ! ,C>ABIDAE ,I H EXAM9$
    ,EALPHRUS ULIG9OSUS & ,BLE?ISA
    MULTIPUNCTATA1 S5T 6ME 0,MR4 ,CROT*4
    ,9 ,BLE?ISA ! TRANSV]SE RIDGES ON !
    FURR[$ BORD] (! ABDOM9AL SEG;T D N1
    Z F> Z ,I CD JUDGE1 -E 96PLAY 9
    SCRAP+ ! RASPS ON ! ELYTRA4
  ,_M LAMELLICORNS H ! P[] ( /RIDULAT+1
&! ORGANS DI6] GRTLY 9 POSI;N4 ,"S
SPECIES /RIDULATE V L\DLY1 S T :5 ,MR4
,F4 ,SMI? CAU<T A ,TROX SABULOSUS1 A
GAMEKEEP]1 :O /OOD BY1 ?"\ HE _H CAU<T A
M\SE2 B ,I FAIL$ 64COV] ! PROP] ORGANS 9
? BEETLE4 ,9 ,GEOTRUPES & ,TYPHAEUS1 A
N>R[ RIDGE RUNS OBLIQUELY ACR 7SEE ;R1
FIG4 #BF7 ! COXA ( EA* H9DLEG 7HAV+ 9
,G4 /]COR>IUS #HD RIBS71 : IS SCRAP$ 0A
SPECI,Y PROJECT+ "P ( "O (! ABDOM9AL
SEG;TS4 ,9 ! NE>LY ALLI$ ,COPRIS LUN>IS1
AN EXCESSIVELY N>R[ F9E RASP RUNS AL;G !
SUTURAL M>G9 (! ELYTRA1 ) ANO!R %ORT
RASP NE> ! BASAL \T] M>G92 B 9 "S O!R
,COPR9I ! RASP IS S1T$1 AC 6,LECONTE1 ON
! DORSAL SURFACE (! ABDOM54 ,9 ,ORYCTES
X IS S1T$ ON ! PROPYGIDIUM2 &1 AC 6!
SAME 5TOMOLOGI/1 9 "S O!R ,DYNA/9I1 ON !
"U SURFACE (! ELYTRA4 ,LA/LY1 ,WE/R+
/ATES T 9 ,OMALOPLIA BRUNNEA ! RASP IS
PLAC$ ON ! PRO-/]NUM1 &! SCRAP] ON !
META-/]NUM1 ! "PS ?US O3UPY+ ! "U
SURFACE (! BODY1 9/1D (! UPP] SURFACE Z
9 ! ,L;GICORNS4
      --,I AM 9DEBT$ 6,MR4 ,WAL%1 (
    ,ILL9OIS1 = HAV+ S5T ME EXTRACTS F
    ,LECONTE'S ,9TRODUC;N 6,5TOMOLOGY1
    PP4 #AJA1 #ADC4
  ,WE ?US SEE T 9 ! DI6]5T COLEOPT]\S
FAMILIES ! /RIDULAT+ ORGANS >E WOND];LLY
DIV]SIFI$ 9 POSI;N1 B N M* 9 /RUCTURE4
,)9 ! SAME FAMILY "S SPECIES >E PROVID$
) ^! ORGANS1 & O!RS >E DE/ITUTE ( !M4 ,?
DIV]S;Y IS 9TELLIGI#1 IF WE SUPPOSE T
ORIG9,Y V>I\S BEETLES MADE A %U6L+ OR
HISS+ NOISE 0! RU2+ TGR ( ANY H>D & R\<
"PS ( _! BODIES1 : HAPP5$ 6BE 9 3TACT2 &
T F ! NOISE ?US PRODUC$ 2+ 9 "S WAY
USE;L1 ! R\< SURFACES 7 GRADU,Y DEVELOP$
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      --,M4 ,P4 DE LA ,BRUL]IE1 Z QUOT$
    9 ,J\RNAL ( ,TRAVEL1 ,A4 ,MURRAY1
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      997#B7 ,AC 6,MR4 ,D\#"D1 8! NOISE
    IS PRODUC$ 0! 9SECT RAIS+ XF ON XS
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    SU3ES.N1 AG/ ! SUB/.E ^U : X IS
    SITT+40 ,= REF];ES ON ? SUBJECT SEE
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    MALE1 OB$I5T 6? CALL1 SOON ATT5DS
    H]1 & !Y PAIR40



