              ,BOOK ,,VIII
                   #A
  ,WE M/ RECKON UP ! RESULTS >IS+ F :AT
HAS BE5 SD1 & -PUTE ! SUM ( !M1 & PUT !
F9I%+ T\* 6\R 9QUIRY4 ,WE H SD T !
CAUSES1 PR9CIPLES1 & ELE;TS ( SUB/.ES >E
! OBJECT ( \R SE>*4 ,& "S SUB/.ES >E
RECOGNIZ$ 0E "O1 B "S H BE5 ADVOCAT$
0"PICUL> S*OOLS4 ,^? G5],Y RECOGNIZ$ >E
! NATURAL SUB/.ES1 I4E4 FIRE1 E>?1 WAT]1
AIR1 &C41 ! SIMPLE BODIES2 SECOND PLANTS
& _! "PS1 & ANIMALS &! "PS ( ANIMALS2 &
F9,Y ! PHYSICAL UNIV]SE & XS "PS2 :ILE
"S "PICUL> S*OOLS SAY T ,=MS &! OBJECTS
( MA!MATICS >E SUB/.ES4 ,B "! >E >GU;TS
: L1D 6! 3CLU.N T "! >E O!R SUB/.ES1 !
ESS;E &! SUB/RATUM4 ,AG1 9 ANO!R WAY !
G5US SEEMS M SUB/ANTIAL ?AN ! V>I\S
SP3IES1 &! UNIV]SAL ?AN ! "PICUL>S4 ,&)!
UNIV]SAL &! G5US ! ,ID1S >E 3NECT$2 X IS
9 VIRTUE (! SAME >GU;T T !Y >E ?"\ 6BE
SUB/.ES4 ,& S9CE ! ESS;E IS SUB/.E1 &!
DEF9I;N IS A =MULA (! ESS;E1 = ? R1SON
WE H 4CUSS$ DEF9I;N & ESS5TIAL PR$IC,N4
,S9CE ! DEF9I;N IS A =MULA1 &A =MULA HAS
"PS1 WE _H 63SID] AL ) RESPECT 6! NO;N (
,8"P0'1 :AT >E "PS (! SUB/.E & :AT >E N1
& :E!R ! "PS (! SUB/.E >E AL "PS (!
DEF9I;N4 ,FUR!R1 TOO1 NEI ! UNIV]SAL NOR
! G5US IS A SUB/.E2 WE M/ 9QUIRE LAT]
96! ,ID1S &! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS2 = "S
SAY ^! >E SUB/.ES Z WELL Z ! S5SI#
SUB/.ES4
  ,B N[ LET U RESUME ! 4CUS.N (! G5],Y
RECOGNIZ$ SUB/.ES4 ,^! >E ! S5SI#
SUB/.ES1 & S5SI# SUB/.ES ALL H MATT]4 ,!
SUB/RATUM IS SUB/.E1 & ? IS 9 "O S5SE !
MATT] 7& 0MATT] ,I M1N T :1 N 2+ A ,8?0'
ACTU,Y1 IS POT5TI,Y A ,8?0'71 & 9 ANO!R
S5SE ! =MULA OR %APE 7T : 2+ A ,8?0' C 2
SEP>ATELY =MULAT$71 & ?IRDLY ! -PLEX (
^! TWO1 : AL"O IS G5]AT$ & DE/ROY$1 &
IS1 )\T QUALIFIC,N1 CAPA# ( SEP>ATE
EXI/;E2 =( SUB/.ES -PLETELY EXPRESSI# 9
A =MULA "S >E SEP>A# & "S >E SEP>A# & "S
>E N4
  ,B CLE>LY MATT] AL IS SUB/.E2 = 9 ALL
! OPPOSITE *ANGES T O3UR "! IS "S?+ :
"ULIES ! *ANGES1 E4G4 9 RESPECT ( PLACE
T : IS N[ "H & AG ELSE":1 & 9 RESPECT (
9CR1SE T : IS N[ ( "O SIZE & AG LESS OR
GRT]1 & 9 RESPECT ( ALT],N T : IS N[
H1L?Y & AG 41S$2 & SIMIL>LY 9 RESPECT (
SUB/.E "! IS "S?+ T IS N[ 2+ G5]AT$ & AG
2+ DE/ROY$1 & N[ "ULIES ! PROCESS Z A
,8?0' & AG "ULIES X 9 RESPECT (A PRIV,N
( POSITIVE "*4 ,& 9 ? *ANGE ! O!RS >E
9VOLV$4 ,B 9 EI "O OR TWO (! O!RS ? IS N
9VOLV$2 = X IS N NEC IF A ?+ HAS MATT] =
*ANGE ( PLACE T X %D AL H MATT] = G5],N
& DE/RUC;N4
  ,! DI6];E 2T 2COM+ 9 ! FULL S5SE &
2COM+ 9 A QUALIFI$ S5SE HAS BE5 /AT$ 9
\R PHYSICAL "WS4
                   #B
  ,S9CE ! SUB/.E : EXI/S Z "ULY+ & Z
MATT] IS G5],Y RECOGNIZ$1 & ? T : EXI/S
POT5TI,Y1 X REMA9S = U 6SAY :AT IS !
SUB/.E1 9 ! S5SE ( ACTUAL;Y1 ( S5SI#
?+S4 ,DEMOCRITUS SEEMS 6?9K "! >E ?REE
K9DS ( DI6];E 2T ?+S2 ! "ULY+ BODY1 !
MATT]1 IS "O &! SAME1 B !Y DI6] EI 9
RHY?M1 I4E4 %APE1 OR 9 TURN+1 I4E4
POSI;N1 OR 9 9T]-3TACT1 I4E4 ORD]4 ,B
EVID5TLY "! >E _M DI6];ES2 = 9/.E1 "S
?+S >E "*IZ$ 0! MODE ( -POSI;N ( _!
MATT]1 E4G4 ! ?+S =M$ 0BL5D+1 S* Z H"OY-
WAT]2 & O!RS 02+ B.D TGR1 E4G4 BUNDLE2 &
O!RS 02+ GLU$ TGR1 E4G4 A BOOK2 & O!RS
02+ NAIL$ TGR1 E4G4 A CASKET2 & O!RS 9 M
?AN "O ( ^! WAYS2 & O!RS 0POSI;N1 E4G4
?RE%OLD & L9TEL 7= ^! DI6] 02+ PLAC$ 9 A
C]TA9 WAY72 & O!RS 0"T1 E4G4 D9N] &
BR1KFA/2 & O!RS 0PLACE1 E4G4 ! W9DS2 &
O!RS 0! A6EC;NS PROP] 6S5SI# ?+S1 E4G4
H>D;S & S(T;S1 D5S;Y & R>;Y1 DRY;S &
WET;S2 & "S ?+S 0"S ( ^! QUALITIES1 O!RS
0!M ALL1 & 9 G5]AL "S 0EXCESS & "S
0DEFECT4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 ! ^W ,8IS0' HAS J
Z _M M1N+S2 A ?+ IS A ?RE%OLD 2C X LIES
9 S* & S* A POSI;N1 & XS 2+ M1NS XS LY+
9 T POSI;N1 :ILE 2+ ICE M1NS HAV+ BE5
SOLIDIFI$ 9 S* & S* A WAY4 ,&! 2+ ( "S
?+S W 2 DEF9$ 0ALL ^! QUALITIES1 2C "S
"PS ( !M >E MIX$1 O!RS >E BL5D$1 O!RS >E
B.D TGR1 O!RS >E SOLIDIFI$1 & O!RS USE !
O!R DI6]5TIAE2 E4G4 ! H& OR ! FOOT
REQUIRES S* -PLEX DEF9I;N4 ,WE M/ GRASP1
!N1 ! K9DS ( DI6]5TIAE 7= ^! W 2 !
PR9CIPLES (! 2+ ( ?+S71 E4G4 ! ?+S "*IZ$
0! M &! LESS1 OR 0! D5SE &! R>E1 & 0O!R
S* QUALITIES2 = ALL ^! >E =MS ( EXCESS &
DEFECT4 ,& ANY?+ T IS "*IZ$ 0%APE OR
0SMOO?;S & R\<;S IS "*IZ$ 0! /RAI<T &!
CURV$4 ,&= O!R ?+S _! 2+ W M1N _! 2+
MIX$1 & _! N 2+ W M1N ! OPPOSITE4
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 F ^! FACTS T1 S9CE XS
SUB/.E IS ! CAUSE ( EA* ?+'S 2+1 WE M/
SEEK 9 ^! DI6]5TIAE :AT IS ! CAUSE (! 2+
( EA* ( ^! ?+S4 ,N[ N"O ( ^! DI6]5TIAE
IS SUB/.E1 EV5 :5 C\PL$ ) MATT]1 YET X
IS :AT IS ANALOG\S 6SUB/.E 9 EA* CASE2 &
Z 9 SUB/.ES T : IS PR$ICAT$ (! MATT] IS
! ACTUAL;Y XF1 9 ALL O!R DEF9I;NS AL X
IS :AT MO/ RESEM#S FULL ACTUAL;Y4 ,E4G4
IF WE _H 6DEF9E A ?RE%OLD1 WE %D SAY
,8WOOD OR /"O 9 S* & S* A POSI;N0'1 &A
H\SE WE %D DEF9E Z ,8BRICKS & TIMB]S 9
S* & S* A POSI;N0'17OR A PURPOSE MAY
EXI/ Z WELL 9 "S CASES71 & IF WE _H
6DEF9E ICE WE %D SAY ,8WAT] FROZ5 OR
SOLIDIFI$ 9 S* & S* A WAY0'1 & H>MONY IS
,8S* & S* A BL5D+ ( HI< & L[0'2 &
SIMIL>LY 9 ALL O!R CASES4
  ,OBVI\SLY1 !N1 ! ACTUAL;Y OR ! =MULA
IS DI6]5T :5 ! MATT] IS DI6]5T2 = 9 "S
CASES X IS ! -POSI;N1 9 O!RS ! MIX+1 & 9
O!RS "S O!R (! ATTRIBUTES WE H "ND4 ,&
S1 (! P :O G 9 = DEF9+1 ^? :O DEF9E A
H\SE Z /"OS1 BRICKS1 & TIMB]S >E SP1K+ (
! POT5TIAL H\SE1 = ^! >E ! MATT]2 B ^?
:O PROPOSE 'A RECEPTACLE 6%ELT] *ATTELS
& LIV+ 2+S0'1 OR "S?+ (! SORT1 SP1K (!
ACTUAL;Y4 ,^? :O -B9E BO? ( ^! SP1K (!
?IRD K9D ( SUB/.E1 : IS -POS$ ( MATT] &
=M 7=! =MULA T GIVES ! DI6]5TIAE SEEMS
6BE AN A3.T (! =M OR ACTUAL;Y1 :ILE T :
GIVES ! -PON5TS IS R AN A3.T (! MATT]72
&! SAME IS TRUE (! K9D ( DEF9I;NS :
,>*YTAS US$ 6A3EPT2 !Y >E A3.TS (! -B9$
=M & MATT]4 ,E4G4 :AT IS / W1!R8 ,ABS;E
( MO;N 9 A L>GE EXPANSE ( AIR2 AIR IS !
MATT]1 & ABS;E ( MO;N IS ! ACTUAL;Y &
SUB/.E4 ,:AT IS A CALM8 ,SMOO?;S ( SEA2
! MAT]IAL SUB/RATUM IS ! SEA1 &!
ACTUAL;Y OR %APE IS SMOO?;S4 ,X IS
OBVI\S !N1 F :AT HAS BE5 SD1 :AT S5SI#
SUB/.E IS & H[ X EXI/S-"O K9D ( X Z
MATT]1 ANO!R Z =M OR ACTUAL;Y1 :ILE !
?IRD K9D IS T : IS -POS$ ( ^! TWO4

                   #C
  ,WE M/ N FAIL 6NOTICE T "S"TS X IS N
CLE> :E!R A "N M1NS ! -POSITE SUB/.E1 OR
! ACTUAL;Y OR =M1 E4G4 :E!R ,8H\SE0' IS
A SIGN =! -POSITE ?+1 'A COV]+ 3SI/+ (
BRICKS & /"OS LAID ?US & ?US0'1 OR =!
ACTUAL;Y OR =M1 'A COV]+0'1 & :E!R A L9E
IS ,8TWO;S 9 L5G?0' OR ,8TWO;S0'1 & :E!R
AN ANIMAL IS S\L 9 A BODY0' OR 'A S\L0'2
= S\L IS ! SUB/.E OR ACTUAL;Y ( "S BODY4
,8,ANIMAL0' MI<T EV5 2 APPLI$ 6BO?1 N Z
"S?+ DEF9A# 0"O =MULA1 B Z RELAT$ 6A
S+LE ?+4 ,B ? "Q1 :ILE IMPORTANT = ANO!R
PURPOSE1 IS ( NO IMPORT.E =! 9QUIRY
96S5SI# SUB/.E2 =! ESS;E C]TA9LY ATTA*ES
6! =M &! ACTUAL;Y4 ,= ,8S\L0' & ,86BE
S\L0' >E ! SAME1 B ,86BE MAN0' & ,8MAN0'
>E N ! SAME1 UN.S EV5 ! B>E S\L IS 6BE
CALL$ MAN2 & ?US ON "O 9T]PRET,N ! ?+ IS
! SAME Z XS ESS;E1 & ON ANO!R X IS N4
  ,IF WE EXAM9E WE F9D T ! SYLLA# DOES N
3SI/ (! LRS @+ JUXTAPOSI;N1 NOR IS !
H\SE BRICKS @+ JUXTAPOSI;N4 ,& ? IS "R2
=! JUXTAPOSI;N OR MIX+ DOES N 3SI/ ( ^?
?+S ( : X IS ! JUXTAPOSI;N OR MIX+4 ,&!
SAME IS TRUE 9 ALL O!R CASES2 E4G4 IF !
?RE%OLD IS "*IZ$ 0XS POSI;N1 ! POSI;N IS
N 3/ITUT$ 0! ?RE%OLD1 B R ! LATT] IS
3/ITUT$ 0! =M]4 ,NOR IS MAN ANIMAL @+
BIP$1 B "! M/ 2 "S?+ 2SS ^!1 IF ^! >E
MATT]1-"S?+ : IS NEI AN ELE;T 9 ! :OLE
NOR A -P.D1 B IS ! SUB/.E2 B ? P
ELIM9ATE1 & /ATE ONLY ! MATT]4 ,IF1 !N1
? IS ! CAUSE (! ?+'S 2+1 & IF ! CAUSE (
XS 2+ IS XS SUB/.E1 !Y W N 2 /AT+ !
SUB/.E XF4
  7,?1 !N1 M/ EI 2 ET]NAL OR X M/ 2
DE/RUCTI# )\T 2+ "E 9 C\RSE ( 2+
DE/ROY$1 & M/ H -E 6BE )\T "E 2+ 9 C\RSE
( -+ 6BE4 ,B X HAS BE5 PROV$ & EXPLA9$
ELSE": T NO "O MAKES OR 2GETS ! =M1 B X
IS ! 9DIVIDUAL T IS MADE1 I4E4 ! -PLEX (
=M & MATT] T IS G5]AT$4 ,:E!R ! SUB/.ES
( DE/RUCTI# ?+S C EXI/ A"P1 IS N YET AT
ALL CLE>2 EXCEPT T OBVI\SLY ? IS
IMPOSSI# 9 "S CASES-IN ! CASE ( ?+S : _C
EXI/ A"P F ! 9DIVIDUAL 9/.ES1 E4G4 H\SE
OR UT5SIL4 ,P]H1 9DE$1 NEI ^! ?+S !MVS1
NOR ANY (! O!R ?+S : >E N =M$ 0NATURE1
>E SUB/.ES AT ALL2 = "O MI<T SAY T !
NATURE 9 NATURAL OBJECTS IS ! ONLY
SUB/.E 6BE F.D 9 DE/RUCTI# ?+S47
  ,"!=E ! DI6ICULTY : US$ 6BE RAIS$ 0!
S*OOL ( ,ANTIS!NES & O!R S* UN$UCAT$ P
HAS A C]TA9 "TLI;S4 ,!Y SD T ! ,8:AT0'
_C 2 DEF9$ 7=! DEF9I;N S CALL$ IS A
,8L;G RIGM>OLE0'7 B ( :AT SORT A ?+1
E4G4 SILV]1 IS1 !Y ?"\ X POSSI# ACTU,Y
6EXPLA91 N SAY+ :AT X IS1 B T X IS L T94
,"!=E "O K9D ( SUB/.E C 2 DEF9$ &
=MULAT$1 I4E4 ! -POSITE K9D1 :E!R X 2
P]CEPTI# OR 9TELLIGI#2 B ! PRIM>Y "PS (
: ? 3SI/S _C 2 DEF9$1 S9CE A DEF9ITORY
=MULA PR$ICATES "S?+ ( "S?+1 & "O "P (!
DEF9I;N M/ PLAY ! "P ( MATT] &! O!R T (
=M4
  ,X IS AL OBVI\S T1 IF SUB/.ES >E 9 A
S5SE NUMB]S1 !Y >E S 9 ? S5SE & N1 Z "S
SAY1 Z NUMB]S ( UNITS4 ,=A DEF9I;N IS A
SORT ( NUMB]2 = 7#A7 X IS DIVISI#1 &
969DIVISI# "PS 7= DEF9ITORY =MULAE >E N
9F9ITE71 & NUMB] AL IS ( ? NATURE4 ,&
7#B7 Z1 :5 "O (! "PS ( : A NUMB] 3SI/S
HAS BE5 TAK5 F OR A4$ 6! NUMB]1 X IS NO
L;G] ! SAME NUMB]1 B A DI6]5T "O1 EV5 IF
X IS ! V SMALLE/ "P T HAS BE5 TAK5 AWAY
OR A4$1 S ! DEF9I;N &! ESS;E W NO L;G]
REMA9 :5 ANY?+ HAS BE5 TAK5 AWAY OR A4$4
,& 7#C7 ! NUMB] M/ 2 "S?+ 9 VIRTUE ( : X
IS "O1 & ? ^! ?9K]S _C /ATE1 :AT MAKES X
"O1 IF X IS "O 7= EI X IS N "O B A SORT
( H1P1 OR IF X IS1 WE "\ 6SAY :AT X IS T
MAKES "O \ ( _M72 &! DEF9I;N IS "O1 B
SIMIL>LY !Y _C SAY :AT MAKES X "O4 ,& ?
IS A NATURAL RESULT2 =! SAME R1SON IS
APPLICA#1 & SUB/.E IS "O 9 ! S5SE : WE H
EXPLA9$1 & N1 Z "S SAY1 02+ A SORT (
UNIT OR PO9T2 EA* IS A -PLETE R1L;Y &A
DEF9ITE NATURE4 ,& 7#D7 Z NUMB] DOES N
ADMIT (! M &! LESS1 NEI DOES SUB/.E1 9 !
S5SE ( =M1 B IF ANY SUB/.E DOES1 X IS
ONLY ! SUB/.E : 9VOLVES MATT]4 ,LET ?1
!N1 SU6ICE = AN A3.T (! G5],N & DE/RUC;N
( S-CALL$ SUB/.ES 9 :AT S5SE X IS POSSI#
& 9 :AT S5SE IMPOSSI#--&(! REDUC;N ( ?+S
6NUMB]4

                   #D
  ,REG>D+ MAT]IAL SUB/.E WE M/ N =GET T
EV5 IF ALL ?+S -E F ! SAME F/ CAUSE OR H
! SAME ?+S = _! F/ CAUSES1 & IF ! SAME
MATT] S]VES Z />T+-PO9T = _! G5],N1 YET
"! IS A MATT] PROP] 6EA*1 E4G4 = PHLEGM
! SWEET OR ! FAT1 &= BILE ! BITT]1 OR
"S?+ ELSE2 ?\< P]H ^! -E F ! SAME
ORIG9AL MATT]4 ,& "! -E 6BE S"EAL MATT]S
=! SAME ?+1 :5 ! "O MATT] IS MATT] =!
O!R2 E4G4 PHLEGM -ES F ! FAT & F !
SWEET1 IF ! FAT -ES F ! SWEET2 & X -ES F
BILE 0ANALYSIS (! BILE 96XS ULTIMATE
MATT]4 ,= "O ?+ -ES F ANO!R 9 TWO S5SES1
EI 2C X W 2 F.D AT A LAT] /AGE1 OR 2C X
IS PRODUC$ IF ! O!R IS ANALYS$ 96XS
ORIG9AL 3/ITU5TS4 ,:5 ! MATT] IS "O1
DI6]5T ?+S MAY 2 PRODUC$ [+ 6DI6];E 9 !
MOV+ CAUSE2 E4G4 F WOOD MAY 2 MADE BO? A
*E/ &A B$4 ,B "S DI6]5T ?+S M/ H _!
MATT] DI6]5T2 E4G4 A SAW CD N 2 MADE (
WOOD1 NOR IS ? 9 ! P[] (! MOV+ CAUSE2 =
X CD N MAKE A SAW ( WOOL OR ( WOOD4 ,B
IF1 Z A MATT] ( FACT1 ! SAME ?+ C 2 MADE
( DI6]5T MAT]IAL1 CLE>LY ! >T1 I4E4 !
MOV+ PR9CIPLE1 IS ! SAME2 = IF BO? !
MATT] &! MOV+ CAUSE 7 DI6]5T1 ! PRODUCT
WD 2 S TOO4
  ,:5 "O 9QUIRES 96! CAUSE ( "S?+1 "O
%D1 S9CE ,8CAUSES0' >E SPOK5 ( 9 S"EAL
S5SES1 /ATE ALL ! POSSI# CAUSES4 :AT IS
! MAT]IAL CAUSE ( MAN8 ,% WE SAY ,8!
M5/RUAL FLUID0'8 ,:AT IS MOV+ CAUSE8 ,%
WE SAY ,8! SE$0'8 ,! =MAL CAUSE8 ,8
ESS;E4 ,! F9AL CAUSE8 ,8 5D4 ,B P]H !
LATT] TWO >E ! SAME4-,X IS ! PROXIMATE
CAUSES WE M/ /ATE4 ,:AT IS ! MAT]IAL
CAUSE8 ,WE M/ "N N FIRE OR E>?1 B !
MATT] PECULI> 6! ?+4
  ,REG>D+ ! SUB/.ES T >E NATURAL &
G5]A#1 IF ! CAUSES >E RE,Y ^! &( ? NUMB]
& WE H 6LE>N ! CAUSES1 WE M/ 9QUIRE ?US1
IF WE >E 69QUIRE "RLY4 ,B 9 ! CASE (
NATURAL B ET]NAL SUB/.ES ANO!R A3.T M/ 2
GIV54 ,= P]H "S H NO MATT]1 OR N MATT] (
? SORT B ONLY S* Z C 2 MOV$ 9 RESPECT (
PLACE4 ,NOR DOES MATT] 2L;G 6^? ?+S :
EXI/ 0NATURE B >E N SUB/.ES2 _!
SUB/RATUM IS ! SUB/.E4 ,E4;G :AT IS !
CAUSE ( ECLIPSE8 ,:AT IS XS MATT]8 ,"!
IS N"O2 ! MOON IS T : SU6]S ECLIPSE4
,:AT IS ! MOV+ CAUSE : EXT+UI%$ ! LI<T8
,! E>?4 ,! F9AL CAUSE P]H DOES N EXI/4
,! =MAL PR9CIPLE IS ! DEF9ITORY =MULA1 B
? IS OBSCURE IF X DOES N 9CLUDE ! CAUSE4
,E4G4 :AT IS ECLIPSE8 ,DEPRIV,N ( LI<T4
,B IF WE ADD ,80! E>?'S -+ 9 2T0'1 ? IS
! =MULA : 9CLUDES ! CAUSE4 ,9 ! CASE (
SLEEP X IS N CLE> :AT X IS T PROXIMATELY
HAS ? A6EC;N4 ,% WE SAY T X IS ! ANIMAL8
,YES1 B ! ANIMAL 9 VIRTUE ( :AT1 I4E4
:AT IS ! PROXIMATE SUBJECT8 ,! HE>T OR
"S O!R "P4 ,NEXT1 0:AT IS X PRODUC$8
,NEXT1 :AT IS ! A6EC;N-T (! PROXIMATE
SUBJECT1 N (! :OLE ANIMAL8 ,% WE SAY T X
IS IMMOBIL;Y ( S* & S* A K9D8 ,YES1 B
6:AT PROCESS 9 ! PROXIMATE SUBJECT IS ?
DUE8
                   #E
  ,S9CE "S ?+S >E & >E N1 )\T -+ 6BE &
C1S+ 6BE1 E4G4 PO9TS1 IF !Y C 2 SD 6BE1
& 9 G5]AL =MS 7= X IS N ,8:ITE0' -ES
6BE1 B ! WOOD -ES 6BE :ITE1 IF "EY?+ T
-ES 6BE -ES F "S?+ & -ES 6BE "S?+71 N
ALL 3TR>IES C -E F "O ANO!R1 B X IS 9
DI6]5T S5SES T A PALE MAN -ES F A D>K
MAN1 & PALE -ES F D>K4 ,NOR HAS "EY?+
MATT]1 B ONLY ^? ?+S : -E 6BE & *ANGE
96"O ANO!R4 ,^? ?+S :1 )\T "E 2+ 9 C\RSE
( *ANG+1 >E OR >E N1 H NO MATT]4
  ,"! IS DI6ICULTY 9 ! "Q H[ ! MATT] (
EA* ?+ IS RELAT$ 6XS 3TR>Y /ATES4 ,E4G4
IF ! BODY IS POT5TI,Y H1L?Y1 & 41SE IS
3TR>Y 6H1L?1 IS X POT5TI,Y BO? H1L?Y &
41S$8 ,& IS WAT] POT5TI,Y W9E & V9EG>8
,WE ANSW] T X IS ! MATT] ( "O 9 VIRTUE (
XS POSITIVE /ATE & XS =M1 &(! O!R 9
VIRTUE (! PRIV,N ( XS POSITIVE /ATE &!
CORRUP;N ( X 3TR>Y 6XS NATURE4 ,X IS AL
H>D 6SAY :Y W9E IS N SD 6BE ! MATT] (
V9EG> NOR POT5TI,Y V9EG> 7?\< V9EG> IS
PRODUC$ F X71 & :Y A LIV+ MAN IS N SD
6BE POT5TI,Y D1D4 ,9 FACT !Y >E N1 B !
CORRUP;NS 9 "Q >E A3ID5TAL1 & X IS !
MATT] (! ANIMAL T IS XF 9 VIRTUE ( XS
CORRUP;N ! POT5CY & MATT] (A CORPSE1 & X
IS WAT] T IS ! MATT] ( V9EG>4 ,=! CORPSE
-ES F ! ANIMAL1 & V9EG> F W9E1 Z NI<T F
"D4 ,& ALL ! ?+S : *ANGE ?US 96"O ANO!R
M/ G BACK 6_! MATT]2 E4G4 IF F A CORPSE
IS PRODUC$ AN ANIMAL1 ! CORPSE F/ GOES
BACK 6XS MATT]1 & ONLY !N 2COMES AN
ANIMAL2 & V9EG> F/ GOES BACK 6WAT]1 &
ONLY !N 2COMES W9E4
                   #F
  ,6RETURN 6! DI6ICULTY : HAS BE5 /AT$ )
RESPECT BO? 6DEF9I;NS & 6NUMB]S1 :AT IS
! CAUSE ( _! UN;Y8 ,9 ! CASE ( ALL ?+S :
H S"EAL "PS & 9 : ! TOTAL;Y IS N1 Z X
W]E1 A M]E H1P1 B ! :OLE IS "S?+ 2S !
"PS1 "! IS A CAUSE2 = EV5 9 BODIES 3TACT
IS ! CAUSE ( UN;Y 9 "S CASES1 & 9 O!RS
VISCOS;Y OR "S O!R S* QUAL;Y4 ,&A
DEF9I;N IS A SET ( ^WS : IS "O N 02+
3NECT$ TGR1 L ! ,ILIAD1 B 0D1L+ ) "O
OBJECT4-,:AT !N1 IS X T MAKES MAN "O2 :Y
IS HE "O & N _M1 E4G4 ANIMAL @+ BIP$1
ESPECI,Y IF "! >E1 Z "S SAY1 AN ANIMAL-
XF &A BIP$-XF8 ,:Y >E N ^? ,=MS !MVS !
MAN1 S T M5 WD EXI/ 0"PICIP,N N 9 MAN1
NOR IN-"O ,=M1 B 9 TWO1 ANIMAL & BIP$1 &
9 G5]AL MAN WD 2 N "O B M ?AN "O ?+1
ANIMAL & BIP$8
  ,CLE>LY1 !N1 IF P PROCE$ ?US 9 _!
USUAL MANN] ( DEF9I;N & SPEE*1 !Y _C
EXPLA9 & SOLVE ! DI6ICULTY4 ,B IF1 Z WE
SAY1 "O ELE;T IS MATT] & ANO!R IS =M1 &
"O IS POT5TI,Y &! O!R ACTU,Y1 ! "Q W NO
L;G] 2 ?"\ A DI6ICULTY4 ,= ? DI6ICULTY
IS ! SAME Z WD >ISE IF ,8R.D BRONZE0' 7
! DEF9I;N ( ,8CLOAK0'2 = ? ^W WD 2 A
SIGN (! DEF9ITORY =MULA1 S T ! "Q IS1
:AT IS ! CAUSE (! UN;Y ( ,8R.D0' &
,8BRONZE0'8 ,! DI6ICULTY 4APPE>S1 2C !
"O IS MATT]1 ! O!R =M4 ,:AT1 !N1 CAUSES
?-T : 0 POT5TI,Y 6BE ACTU,Y-EXCEPT1 9 !
CASE ( ?+S : >E G5]AT$1 ! AG5T8 ,= "! IS
NO O!R CAUSE (! POT5TIAL SPH]E'S 2COM+
ACTU,Y A SPH]E1 B ? 0 ! ESS;E ( EI4 ,(
MATT] "S IS 9TELLIGI#1 "S P]CEPTI#1 & 9
A =MULA "! IS ALW AN ELE;T ( MATT] Z
WELL Z "O ( ACTUAL;Y2 E4G4 ! CIRCLE IS
'A PLANE FIGURE0'4 ,B (! ?+S : H NO
MATT]1 EI 9TELLIGI# OR P]CEPTI#1 EA* IS
0XS NATURE ESS5TI,Y A K9D ( UN;Y1 Z X IS
ESS5TI,Y A K9D ( 2+-9DIVIDUAL SUB/.E1
QUAL;Y1 OR QUANT;Y 7& S NEI ,8EXI/5T0'
NOR ,8"O0' IS PRES5T 9 _! DEF9I;NS71 &!
ESS;E ( EA* ( !M IS 0XS V NATURE A K9D (
UN;Y Z X IS A K9D ( 2+-& S N"O ( ^! HAS
ANY R1SON \TSIDE XF1 = 2+ "O1 NOR = 2+ A
K9D ( 2+2 = EA* IS 0XS NATURE A K9D ( 2+
&A K9D ( UN;Y1 N Z 2+ 9 ! G5US ,82+0' OR
,8"O0' NOR 9 ! S5SE T 2+ & UN;Y C EXI/
A"P F "PICUL>S4
  ,[+ 6! DI6ICULTY AB UN;Y "S SP1K (
,8"PICIP,N0'1 & RAISE ! "Q1 :AT IS !
CAUSE ( "PICIP,N & :AT IS X 6"PICIPATE2
& O!RS SP1K ( ,8-MUNION0'1 Z ,LYCOPHRON
SAYS K IS A -MUNION ( "K+ )! S\L2 & O!RS
SAY LIFE IS A ,8-POSI;N0' OR ,83NEXION0'
( S\L ) BODY4 ,YET ! SAME A3.T APPLIES
6ALL CASES2 = 2+ H1L?Y1 TOO1 W ON ? %[+
2 EI A ,8-MUNION0' OR A ,83NEXION0' OR A
,8-POSI;N0' ( S\L & H1L?1 &! FACT T !
BRONZE IS A TRIANGLE W 2 A ,8-POSI;N0' (
BRONZE & TRIANGLE1 &! FACT T A ?+ IS
:ITE W 2 A ,8-POSI;N0' ( SURFACE &
:ITE;S4 ,! R1SON IS T P LOOK =A UNIFY+
=MULA1 &A DI6];E1 2T POT5CY & -PLETE
R1L;Y4 ,B1 Z HAS BE5 SD1 ! PROXIMATE
MATT] &! =M >E "O &! SAME ?+1 ! "O
POT5TI,Y1 &! O!R ACTU,Y4 ,"!=E X IS L
ASK+ :AT 9 G5]AL IS ! CAUSE ( UN;Y &(A
?+'S 2+ "O2 = EA* ?+ IS A UN;Y1 &!
POT5TIAL &! ACTUAL >E "SH[ "O4 ,"!=E "!
IS NO O!R CAUSE "H UN.S "! IS "S?+ :
CAUS$ ! MOVE;T F POT5CY 96ACTUAL;Y4 ,&
ALL ?+S : H NO MATT] >E )\T QUALIFIC,N
ESS5TI,Y UNITIES4

