               #CEJ ,,BC
               ,,RHETORIC
               0,>I/OTLE
    TRANSLAT$ BY ;,W4 ,RHYS ,ROB]TS

    ,TRANSLAT$ 6,GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
                ,BOOK ,I
                   #A

  ,RHETORIC ! C.T]"P ( ,DIALECTIC4 ,BO?
ALIKE >E 3C]N$ ) S* ?+S Z -E1 M OR LESS1
)9 ! G5]AL K5 ( ALL M5 & 2L;G 6NO
DEF9ITE SCI;E4 ,ACLY ALL M5 MAKE USE1 M
OR LESS1 ( BO?2 = 6A C]TA9 EXT5T ALL M5
ATTEMPT 64CUSS /ATE;TS & 6MA9TA9 !M1
6DEF5D !MVS & 6ATTACK O!RS4 ,ORD9>Y P D
? EI AT R&OM OR "? PRACTICE & F ACQUIR$
HABIT4 ,BO? WAYS 2+ POSSI#1 ! SUBJECT C
PLA9LY 2 H&L$ SY/EMATIC,Y1 = X IS POSSI#
69QUIRE ! R1SON :Y "S SP1K]S SU3E$ "?
PRACTICE & O!RS SPONTANE\SLY2 & E "O W
AT ONCE AGREE T S* AN 9QUIRY IS ! FUNC;N
( AN >T4
  ,N[1 ! FRAM]S (! CURR5T TR1TISES ON
RHETORIC H 3/RUCT$ B A SMALL POR;N ( T
>T4 ,! MODES ( P]SUA.N >E ! ONLY TRUE
3/ITU5TS (! >T3 "EY?+ ELSE IS M]ELY
A3ESSORY4 ,^! WRIT]S1 H["E1 SAY NO?+ AB
5?YMEMES1 : >E ! SUB/.E ( RHETORICAL
P]SUA.N1 B D1L MA9LY ) NON-ESS5TIALS4 ,!
>\S+ ( PREJUDICE1 P;Y1 ANG]1 & SIMIL>
EMO;NS HAS NO?+ 6D )! ESS5TIAL FACTS1 B
IS M]ELY A P]SONAL APP1L 6! MAN :O IS
JUDG+ ! CASE4 ,3SEQU5TLY IF ! RULES =
TRIALS : >E N[ LAID D[N "S /ATES-
ESPECI,Y 9 WELL-GOV]N$ /ATES-W]E APPLI$
"EY":1 S* P WD H NO?+ 6SAY4 ,ALL M51 NO
D\BT1 ?9K T ! LAWS %D PRESCRIBE S*
RULES1 B "S1 Z 9 ! C\RT ( ,>EOPAGUS1
GIVE PRACTICAL E6ECT 6_! ?"\S & =BID
TALK AB NON-ESS5TIALS4 ,? IS S.D LAW &
CU/OM4 ,X IS N "R 6P]V]T ! JUDGE 0MOV+
HM 6ANG] OR 5VY OR P;Y-"O MI<T Z WELL
W>P A C>P5T]'S RULE 2F US+ X4 ,AG1 A
LITIGANT HAS CLE>LY NO?+ 6D B 6%[ T !
ALLEG$ FACT IS S OR IS N S1 T X HAS OR
HAS N HAPP5$4 ,Z 6:E!R A ?+ IS IMPORTANT
OR UNIMPORTANT1 J OR UNJU/1 ! JUDGE M/
SURELY REFUSE 6TAKE 8 9/RUC;NS F !
LITIGANTS3 HE M/ DECIDE = HMF ALL S*
PO9TS Z ! LAW-GIV] HAS N ALR DEF9$ = HM4
  ,N[1 X IS ( GRT MO;T T WELL-DRAWN LAWS
%D !MVS DEF9E ALL ! PO9TS !Y POSSIBLY C
& L1VE Z FEW Z MAY 2 6! DECI.N (!
JUDGES2 & ? = S"EAL R1SONS4 ,F/1 6F9D "O
MAN1 OR A FEW M51 :O >E S5SI# P]SONS &
CAPA# ( LEGISLAT+ & ADM9I/]+ JU/ICE IS
EASI] ?AN 6F9D A L>GE NUMB]4 ,NEXT1 LAWS
>E MADE AF L;G 3SID],N1 ":AS DECI.NS 9 !
C\RTS >E GIV5 AT %ORT NOTICE1 : MAKES X
H>D = ^? :O TRY ! CASE 6SATISFY ! CLAIMS
( JU/ICE & EXP$I5CY4 ,! WEI<TIE/ R1SON (
ALL IS T ! DECI.N (! LAWGIV] IS N
"PICUL> B PROSPECTIVE & G5]AL1 ":AS
MEMB]S (! ASSEMBLY &! JURY F9D X _! DUTY
6DECIDE ON DEF9ITE CASES BR"\ 2F !M4 ,!Y
W (T5 H ALL[$ !MVS 6BE S M* 9FLU;ED
0FEEL+S ( FR%IP OR HATR$ OR SELF-9T]E/ T
!Y LOSE ANY CLE> VI.N (! TRU? & H _!
JUDGE;T OBSCUR$ 03SID],NS ( P]SONAL
PL1SURE OR PA94 ,9 G5]AL1 !N1 ! JUDGE
%D1 WE SAY1 2 ALL[$ 6DECIDE Z FEW ?+S Z
POSSI#4 ,B "QS Z 6:E!R "S?+ HAS HAPP5$
OR HAS N HAPP5$1 W 2 OR W N BE1 IS OR IS
N1 M/ ( NECESS;Y 2 LEFT 6! JUDGE1 S9CE !
LAWGIV] _C =ESEE !M4 ,IF ? IS S1 X IS
EVID5T T ANY "O :O LAYS D[N RULES AB O!R
MATT]S1 S* Z :AT M/ 2 ! 3T5TS (!
,89TRODUC;N0' OR ! ,8N>R,N0' OR ANY (!
O!R DIVI.NS (A SPEE*1 IS !ORIZ+ AB NON-
ESS5TIALS Z IF !Y 2L;G$ 6! >T4 ,! ONLY
"Q ) : ^! WRIT]S "H D1L IS H[ 6PUT !
JUDGE 96A GIV5 FRAME ( M9D4 ,AB !
ORATOR'S PROP] MODES ( P]SUA.N !Y H NO?+
6TELL U2 NO?+1 T IS1 AB H[ 6GA9 SKILL 9
5?YMEMES4
  ,H;E X -ES T1 AL? ! SAME SY/EMATIC
PR9CIPLES APPLY 6POLITICAL Z 6=5SIC
ORATORY1 & AL? ! =M] IS A NO#R BUSI;S1 &
FITT] =A CITIZ51 ?AN T : 3C]NS ! REL,NS
( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 ^! AU?ORS SAY NO?+
AB POLITICAL ORATORY1 B TRY1 "O & ALL1
6WRITE TR1TISES ON ! WAY 6PL1D 9 C\RT4
,! R1SON = ? IS T 9 POLITICAL ORATORY "!
IS LESS 9DUCE;T 6TALK AB NONESS5TIALS4
,POLITICAL ORATORY IS LESS GIV5
6UNSCRUPUL\S PRACTICES ?AN =5SIC1 2C X
TR1TS ( WID] ISSUES4 ,9 A POLITICAL
DEBATE ! MAN :O IS =M+ A JUDGE;T IS MAK+
A DECI.N AB 8 [N VITAL 9T]E/S4 ,"! IS NO
NE$1 "!=E1 6PROVE ANY?+ EXCEPT T ! FACTS
>E :AT ! SUPPORT] (A M1SURE MA9TA9S !Y
>E4 ,9 =5SIC ORATORY ? IS N 5\<2
63CILIATE ! LI/5] IS :AT PAYS "H4 ,X IS
O!R P'S A6AIRS T >E 6BE DECID$1 S T !
JUDGES1 9T5T ON _! [N SATISFAC;N & LI/5+
) "PIAL;Y1 SURR5D] !MVS 6! 4PUTANTS 9/1D
( JUDG+ 2T !M4 ,H;E 9 _M PLACES1 Z WE H
SD ALR1 IRRELEVANT SP1K+ IS =BI45 9 !
LAW-C\RTS3 9 ! PUBLIC ASSEMBLY ^? :O H
6=M A JUDGE;T >E !MVS WELL A# 6GU>D AG/
T4
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 T RHETORICAL /UDY1 9
XS /RICT S5SE1 IS 3C]N$ )! MODES (
P]SUA.N4 ,P]SUA.N IS CLE>LY A SORT (
DEMON/R,N1 S9CE WE >E MO/ FULLY P]SUAD$
:5 WE 3SID] A ?+ 6H BE5 DEMON/RAT$4 ,!
ORATOR'S DEMON/R,N IS AN 5?YMEME1 & ?
IS1 9 G5]AL1 ! MO/ E6ECTIVE (! MODES (
P]SUA.N4 ,! 5?YMEME IS A SORT (
SYLLOGISM1 &! 3SID],N ( SYLLOGISMS ( ALL
K9DS1 )\T 4T9C;N1 IS ! BUSI;S (
DIALECTIC1 EI ( DIALECTIC Z A :OLE OR (
"O ( XS BRAN*ES4 ,X FOLL[S PLA9LY1 "!=E1
T HE :O IS BE/ A# 6SEE H[ & F :AT ELE;TS
A SYLLOGISM IS PRODUC$ W AL 2 BE/ SKILL$
9 ! 5?YMEME1 :5 HE HAS FUR!R LE>NT :AT
XS SUBJECT-MATT] IS & 9 :AT RESPECTS X
DI6]S F ! SYLLOGISM ( /RICT LOGIC4 ,!
TRUE &! APPROXIMATELY TRUE >E APPREH5D$
0! SAME FACULTY2 X MAY AL 2 NOT$ T M5 H
A SU6ICI5T NATURAL 9/9CT = :AT IS TRUE1
& USU,Y D >RIVE AT ! TRU?4 ,H;E ! MAN :O
MAKES A GD GUESS AT TRU? IS LIKELY 6MAKE
A GD GUESS AT PROBABILITIES4
  ,X HAS N[ BE5 %[N T ! ORD9>Y WRIT]S ON
RHETORIC TR1T ( NON-ESS5TIALS2 X HAS AL
BE5 %[N :Y !Y H 9CL9$ M T[>DS ! =5SIC
BRAN* ( ORATORY4
  ,RHETORIC IS USE;L 7#A7 2C ?+S T >E
TRUE & ?+S T >E J H A NATURAL T5D5CY
6PREVAIL OV] _! OPPOSITES1 S T IF !
DECI.NS ( JUDGES >E N :AT !Y "\ 6BE1 !
DEF1T M/ 2 DUE 6! SP1K]S !MVS1 & !Y M/ 2
BLAM$ ACLY4 ,MOREOV]1 7#B7 2F "S AUDI;ES
N EV5 ! POSSES.N (! EXACTE/ K W MAKE X
EASY = :AT WE SAY 6PRODUCE 3VIC;N4 ,=
>GU;T BAS$ ON K IMPLIES 9/RUC;N1 & "! >E
P :OM "O _C 9/RUCT4 ,"H1 !N1 WE M/ USE1
Z \R MODES ( P]SUA.N & >GU;T1 NO;NS
POSSESS$ 0"EYBODY1 Z WE OBS]V$ 9 !
,TOPICS :5 D1L+ )! WAY 6H&LE A POPUL>
AUDI;E4 ,FUR!R1 7#C7 WE M/ 2 A# 6EMPLOY
P]SUA.N1 J Z /RICT R1SON+ C 2 EMPLOY$1
ON OPPOSITE SIDES (A "Q1 N 9 ORD] T WE
MAY 9 PRACTICE EMPLOY X 9 BO? WAYS 7= WE
M/ N MAKE P 2LIEVE :AT IS WR;G71 B 9
ORD] T WE MAY SEE CLE>LY :AT ! FACTS >E1
& T1 IF ANO!R MAN >GUES UNFAIRLY1 WE ON
\R "P MAY 2 A# 63FUTE HM4 ,NO O!R (! >TS
DRAWS OPPOSITE 3CLU.NS3 DIALECTIC &
RHETORIC AL"O D ?4 ,BO? ^! >TS DRAW
OPPOSITE 3CLU.NS IM"PI,Y4 ,N"E!.S1 !
"ULY+ FACTS D N L5D !MVS EQU,Y WELL 6!
3TR>Y VIEWS4 ,NO2 ?+S T >E TRUE & ?+S T
>E BETT] >E1 0_! NATURE1 PRACTIC,Y ALW
EASI] 6PROVE & EASI] 62LIEVE IN4 ,AG1
7#D7 X IS ABSURD 6HOLD T A MAN "\ 6BE
A%AM$ ( 2+ UNA# 6DEF5D HMF ) 8 LIMBS1 B
N ( 2+ UNA# 6DEF5D HMF ) SPEE* & R1SON1
:5 ! USE ( R,NAL SPEE* IS M 4T9CTIVE (A
HUMAN 2+ ?AN ! USE ( 8 LIMBS4 ,& IF X 2
OBJECT$ T "O :O USES S* P[] ( SPEE*
UNJU/LY MI<T D GRT H>M1 T IS A *>GE :
MAY 2 MADE 9 -MON AG/ ALL GD ?+S EXCEPT
VIRTUE1 & ABV ALL AG/ ! ?+S T >E MO/
USE;L1 Z /R5G?1 H1L?1 W1L?1 G5]AL%IP4 ,A
MAN C 3F] ! GRTE/ ( B5EFITS 0A "R USE (
^!1 & 9FLICT ! GRTE/ ( 9JURIES 0US+ !M
WR;GLY4
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 T RHETORIC IS N B.D UP
)A S+LE DEF9ITE CLASS ( SUBJECTS1 B IS Z
UNIV]SAL Z DIALECTIC2 X IS CLE>1 AL1 T X
IS USE;L4 ,X IS CLE>1 FUR!R1 T XS FUNC;N
IS N SIMPLY 6SU3E$ 9 P]SUAD+1 B R 64COV]
! M1NS ( -+ Z NE> S* SU3ESS Z !
CIRCUM/.ES ( EA* "PICUL> CASE ALL[4 ,9 ?
X RESEM#S ALL O!R >TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 X IS
N ! FUNC;N ( M$IC9E SIMPLY 6MAKE A MAN Q
H1L?Y1 B 6PUT HM Z F> Z MAY 2 ON ! ROAD
6H1L?2 X IS POSSI# 6GIVE EXCELL5T TR1T;T
EV5 6^? :O C N"E 5JOY S.D H1L?4
,FUR!RMORE1 X IS PLA9 T X IS ! FUNC;N (
"O &! SAME >T 64C]N ! R1L &! APP>5T M1NS
( P]SUA.N1 J Z X IS ! FUNC;N ( DIALECTIC
64C]N ! R1L &! APP>5T SYLLOGISM4 ,:AT
MAKES A MAN A ,8SOPHI/0' IS N 8 FACULTY1
B 8 MORAL PURPOSE4 ,9 RHETORIC1 H["E1 !
T]M ,8RHETORICIAN0' MAY DESCRIBE EI !
SP1K]'S K (! >T1 OR 8 MORAL PURPOSE4 ,9
DIALECTIC X IS DI6]5T3 A MAN IS A
,8SOPHI/0' 2C HE HAS A C]TA9 K9D ( MORAL
PURPOSE1 A ,8DIALECTICIAN0' 9 RESPECT1 N
( 8 MORAL PURPOSE1 B ( 8 FACULTY4
  ,LET U N[ TRY 6GIVE "S A3.T (!
SY/EMATIC PR9CIPLES ( ,RHETORIC XF-(! "R
ME?OD & M1NS ( SU3E$+ 9 ! OBJECT WE SET
2F U4 ,WE M/ MAKE Z X 7 A FRE% />T1 & 2F
GO+ FUR!R DEF9E :AT RHETORIC IS4

                   #B

  ,RHETORIC MAY 2 DEF9$ Z ! FACULTY (
OBS]V+ 9 ANY GIV5 CASE ! AVAILA# M1NS (
P]SUA.N4 ,? IS N A FUNC;N ( ANY O!R >T4
,E O!R >T C 9/RUCT OR P]SUADE AB XS [N
"PICUL> SUBJECT-MATT]2 = 9/.E1 M$IC9E AB
:AT IS H1L?Y & UNH1L?Y1 GEOMETRY AB !
PROP]TIES ( MAGNITUDES1 >I?METIC AB
NUMB]S1 &! SAME IS TRUE (! O!R >TS &
SCI;ES4 ,B RHETORIC WE LOOK ^U Z ! P[] (
OBS]V+ ! M1NS ( P]SUA.N ON ALM ANY
SUBJECT PRES5T$ 6U2 & T IS :Y WE SAY T1
9 XS TE*NICAL "*1 X IS N 3C]N$ ) ANY
SPECIAL OR DEF9ITE CLASS ( SUBJECTS4
  ,(! MODES ( P]SUA.N "S 2L;G /RICTLY 6!
>T ( RHETORIC & "S D N4 ,0! LATT] ,I M1N
S* ?+S Z >E N SUPPLI$ 0! SP1K] B >E "!
AT ! \TSET-WIT;SES1 EVID;E GIV5 "U
TORTURE1 WRITT5 3TRACTS1 & S ON4 ,0! =M]
,I M1N S* Z WE C \RVS 3/RUCT 0M1NS (!
PR9CIPLES ( RHETORIC4 ,! "O K9D HAS
M]ELY 6BE US$1 ! O!R HAS 6BE 9V5T$4
  ,(! MODES ( P]SUA.N FURNI%$ 0! SPOK5
^W "! >E ?REE K9DS4 ,! F/ K9D DEP5DS ON
! P]SONAL "* (! SP1K]2 ! SECOND ON PUTT+
! AUDI;E 96A C]TA9 FRAME ( M9D2 ! ?IRD
ON ! PRO(1 OR APP>5T PRO(1 PROVID$ 0!
^WS (! SPEE* XF4 ,P]SUA.N IS A*IEV$ 0!
SP1K]'S P]SONAL "* :5 ! SPEE* IS S SPOK5
Z 6MAKE U ?9K HM CR$I#4 ,WE 2LIEVE GD M5
M FULLY & M R1DILY ?AN O!RS3 ? IS TRUE
G5],Y :AT"E ! "Q IS1 & ABSOLUTELY TRUE
": EXACT C]TA9TY IS IMPOSSI# & OP9IONS
>E DIVID$4 ,? K9D ( P]SUA.N1 L ! O!RS1
%D 2 A*IEV$ 0:AT ! SP1K] SAYS1 N 0:AT P
?9K ( 8 "* 2F HE 2G9S 6SP1K4 ,X IS N
TRUE1 Z "S WRIT]S ASSUME 9 _! TR1TISES
ON RHETORIC1 T ! P]SONAL GD;S REV1L$ 0!
SP1K] 3TRIBUTES NO?+ 6HIS P[] ( P]SUA.N2
ON ! 3TR>Y1 8 "* MAY ALM 2 CALL$ ! MO/
E6ECTIVE M1NS ( P]SUA.N HE POSSESSES4
,SECONDLY1 P]SUA.N MAY -E "? ! HE>]S1 :5
! SPEE* /IRS _! EMO;NS4 ,\R JUDGE;TS :5
WE >E PL1S$ & FRLY >E N ! SAME Z :5 WE
>E PA9$ & HO/ILE4 ,X IS T[>DS PRODUC+ ^!
E6ECTS1 Z WE MA9TA91 T PRES5T-"D WRIT]S
ON RHETORIC DIRECT ! :OLE ( _! EF=TS4 ,?
SUBJECT % 2 TR1T$ 9 DETAIL :5 WE -E
6SP1K (! EMO;NS4 ,?IRDLY1 P]SUA.N IS
E6ECT$ "? ! SPEE* XF :5 WE H PROV$ A
TRU? OR AN APP>5T TRU? 0M1NS (!
P]SUASIVE >GU;TS SUITA# 6! CASE 9 "Q4
  ,"! >E1 !N1 ^! ?REE M1NS ( E6ECT+
P]SUA.N4 ,! MAN :O IS 6BE 9 -M& ( !M M/1
X IS CLE>1 2 A# 7#A7 6R1SON LOGIC,Y1
7#B7 6"U/& HUMAN "* & GD;S 9 _! V>I\S
=MS1 & 7#C7 6"U/& ! EMO;NS-T IS1 6"N !M
& DESCRIBE !M1 6"K _! CAUSES &! WAY 9 :
!Y >E EXCIT$4 ,X ?US APPE>S T RHETORIC
IS AN (F%OOT ( DIALECTIC & AL ( E?ICAL
/UDIES4 ,E?ICAL /UDIES MAY FAIRLY 2
CALL$ POLITICAL2 &= ? R1SON RHETORIC
MASQU]ADES Z POLITICAL SCI;E1 &!
PROFESSORS ( X Z POLITICAL EXP]TS-"S"TS
F WANT ( $UC,N1 "S"TS F O/5T,N1 "S"TS [+
6O!R HUMAN FAIL+S4 ,Z A MATT] ( FACT1 X
IS A BRAN* ( DIALECTIC & SIMIL> 6X1 Z WE
SD AT ! \TSET4 ,NEI RHETORIC NOR
DIALECTIC IS ! SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( ANY "O
SEP>ATE SUBJECT3 BO? >E FACULTIES =
PROVID+ >GU;TS4 ,? IS P]H A SU6ICI5T
A3.T ( _! SCOPE &( H[ !Y >E RELAT$ 6EA*
O!R4
  ,) REG>D 6! P]SUA.N A*IEV$ 0PRO( OR
APP>5T PRO(3 J Z 9 DIALECTIC "! IS
9DUC;N ON ! "O H& & SYLLOGISM OR APP>5T
SYLLOGISM ON ! O!R1 S X IS 9 RHETORIC4
,! EXAMPLE IS AN 9DUC;N1 ! 5?YMEME IS A
SYLLOGISM1 &! APP>5T 5?YMEME IS AN
APP>5T SYLLOGISM4 ,I CALL ! 5?YMEME A
RHETORICAL SYLLOGISM1 &! EXAMPLE A
RHETORICAL 9DUC;N4 ,E "O :O E6ECTS
P]SUA.N "? PRO( DOES 9 FACT USE EI
5?YMEMES OR EXAMPLES3 "! IS NO O!R WAY4
,& S9CE E "O :O PROVES ANY?+ AT ALL IS
B.D 6USE EI SYLLOGISMS OR 9DUC;NS 7& ?
IS CLE> 6U F ! ,ANALYTICS71 X M/ FOLL[ T
5?YMEMES >E SYLLOGISMS & EXAMPLES >E
9DUC;NS4 ,! DI6];E 2T EXAMPLE & 5?YMEME
IS MADE PLA9 0! PASSAGES 9 ! ,TOPICS ":
9DUC;N & SYLLOGISM H ALR BE5 4CUSS$4 ,:5
WE BASE ! PRO( (A PROPOSI;N ON A NUMB] (
SIMIL> CASES1 ? IS 9DUC;N 9 DIALECTIC1
EXAMPLE 9 RHETORIC2 :5 X IS %[N T1 C]TA9
PROPOSI;NS 2+ TRUE1 A FUR!R & Q 4T9CT
PROPOSI;N M/ AL 2 TRUE 9 3SEQU;E1 :E!R
9V>IABLY OR USU,Y1 ? IS CALL$ SYLLOGISM
9 DIALECTIC1 5?YMEME 9 RHETORIC4 ,X IS
PLA9 AL T EA* ( ^! TYPES ( ORATORY HAS
XS ADVANTAGES4 ,TYPES ( ORATORY1 ,I SAY3
= :AT HAS BE5 SD 9 ! ,ME?ODICS APPLIES
EQU,Y WELL "H2 9 "S ORATORICAL /YLES
EXAMPLES PREVAIL1 9 O!RS 5?YMEMES2 & 9 L
MANN]1 "S ORATORS >E BETT] AT ! =M] & "S
AT ! LATT]4 ,SPEE*ES T RELY ON EXAMPLES
>E Z P]SUASIVE Z ! O!R K9D1 B ^? : RELY
ON 5?YMEMES EXCITE ! L\D] APPLAUSE4 ,!
S\RCES ( EXAMPLES & 5?YMEMES1 & _! PROP]
USES1 WE W 4CUSS LAT]4 ,\R NEXT /EP IS
6DEF9E ! PROCESSES !MVS M CLE>LY4
  ,A /ATE;T IS P]SUASIVE & CR$I# EI 2C X
IS DIRECTLY SELF-EVID5T OR 2C X APPE>S
6BE PROV$ F O!R /ATE;TS T >E S4 ,9 EI
CASE X IS P]SUASIVE 2C "! IS "SBODY :OM
X P]SUADES4 ,B N"O (! >TS !ORIZE AB
9DIVIDUAL CASES4 ,M$IC9E1 = 9/.E1 DOES N
!ORIZE AB :AT W HELP 6CURE ,SOCRATES OR
,CALLIAS1 B ONLY AB :AT W HELP 6CURE ANY
OR ALL (A GIV5 CLASS ( PATI5TS3 ? AL"O
IS BUSI;S3 9DIVIDUAL CASES >E S 9F9ITELY
V>I\S T NO SY/EMATIC K ( !M IS POSSI#4
,9 ! SAME WAY ! !ORY ( RHETORIC IS 3C]N$
N ) :AT SEEMS PROBA# 6A GIV5 9DIVIDUAL L
,SOCRATES OR ,HIPPIAS1 B ) :AT SEEMS
PROBA# 6M5 (A GIV5 TYPE2 & ? IS TRUE (
DIALECTIC AL4 ,DIALECTIC DOES N 3/RUCT
XS SYLLOGISMS \ ( ANY HAPHAZ>D MAT]IALS1
S* Z ! FANCIES ( CRAZY P1 B \ ( MAT]IALS
T CALL = 4CUS.N2 & RHETORIC1 TOO1 DRAWS
^U ! REGUL> SUBJECTS ( DEBATE4 ,! DUTY (
RHETORIC IS 6D1L ) S* MATT]S Z WE
DELIB]ATE ^U )\T >TS OR SY/EMS 6GUIDE U1
9 ! HE>+ ( P]SONS :O _C TAKE 9 AT A GL.E
A -PLICAT$ >GU;T1 OR FOLL[ A L;G *A9 (
R1SON+4 ,! SUBJECTS ( \R DELIB],N >E S*
Z SEEM 6PRES5T U ) ALT]NATIVE
POSSIBILITIES3 AB ?+S T CD N H BE51 & _C
N[ OR 9 ! FUTURE BE1 O!R ?AN !Y >E1
NOBODY :O TAKES !M 6BE ( ? NATURE WA/ES
8 "T 9 DELIB],N4
  ,X IS POSSI# 6=M SYLLOGISMS & DRAW
3CLU.NS F ! RESULTS ( PREVI\S
SYLLOGISMS2 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 F PREMISSES
: H N BE5 ?US PROV$1 & AT ! SAME "T >E S
LL A3EPT$ T !Y CALL = PRO(4 ,R1SON+S (!
=M] K9D W NECESS>ILY 2 H>D 6FOLL[ [+ 6_!
L5G?1 = WE ASSUME AN AUDI;E ( UNTRA9$
?9K]S2 ^? (! LATT] K9D W FAIL 6W9 ASS5T1
2C !Y >E BAS$ ON PREMISSES T >E N G5],Y
ADMITT$ OR 2LIEV$4
  ,! 5?YMEME &! EXAMPLE M/1 !N1 D1L )
:AT IS 9 ! MA9 3T+5T1 ! EXAMPLE 2+ AN
9DUC;N1 &! 5?YMEME A SYLLOGISM1 AB S*
MATT]S4 ,! 5?YMEME M/ 3SI/ ( FEW
PROPOSI;NS1 FEW] (T5 ?AN ^? : MAKE UP !
NORMAL SYLLOGISM4 ,= IF ANY ( ^!
PROPOSI;NS IS A FAMILI> FACT1 "! IS NO
NE$ EV5 6M5;N X2 ! HE>] A4S X HMF4 ,?US1
6%[ T ,DORIEUS HAS BE5 VICTOR 9 A 3TE/ =
: ! PRIZE IS A CR[N1 X IS 5 6SAY ,8,= HE
HAS BE5 VICTOR 9 ! ,OLYMPIC GAMES0'1 )\T
A4+ ,8,& 9 ! ,OLYMPIC GAMES ! PRIZE IS A
CR[N0'1 A FACT : "EYBODY "KS4
  ,"! >E FEW FACTS (! ,8NEC0' TYPE T C
=M ! BASIS ( RHETORICAL SYLLOGISMS4 ,MO/
(! ?+S AB : WE MAKE DECI.NS1 & 96: "!=E
WE 9QUIRE1 PRES5T U ) ALT]NATIVE
POSSIBILITIES4 ,= X IS AB \R AC;NS T WE
DELIB]ATE & 9QUIRE1 & ALL \R AC;NS H A
3T+5T "*2 H>DLY ANY ( !M >E DET]M9$
0NECESS;Y4 ,AG1 3CLU.NS T /ATE :AT IS
M]ELY USUAL OR POSSI# M/ 2 DRAWN F
PREMISSES T D ! SAME1 J Z ,8NEC0'
3CLU.NS M/ 2 DRAWN F ,8NEC0' PREMISSES2
? TOO IS CLE> 6U F ! ,ANALYTICS4 ,X IS
EVID5T1 "!=E1 T ! PROPOSI;NS =M+ ! BASIS
( 5?YMEMES1 ?\< "S ( !M MAY 2 ,8NEC0'1 W
MO/ ( !M 2 ONLY USU,Y TRUE4 ,N[ !
MAT]IALS ( 5?YMEMES >E ,PROBABILITIES &
,SIGNS1 : WE C SEE M/ CORRESPOND
RESPECTIVELY )! PROPOSI;NS T >E G5],Y &
^? T >E NECESS>ILY TRUE4 ,A ,PROBABIL;Y
IS A ?+ T USU,Y HAPP5S2 N1 H["E1 Z "S
DEF9I;NS WD SU7E/1 ANY?+ :AT"E T USU,Y
HAPP5S1 B ONLY IF X 2L;GS 6! CLASS (!
,83T+5T0' OR ,8V>IA#0'4 ,X BE>S ! SAME
REL,N 6T 9 RESPECT ( : X IS PROBA# Z !
UNIV]SAL BE>S 6! "PICUL>4 ,( ,SIGNS1 "O
K9D BE>S ! SAME REL,N 6! /ATE;T X
SUPPORTS Z ! "PICUL> BE>S 6! UNIV]SAL1 !
O!R ! SAME Z ! UNIV]SAL BE>S 6! "PICUL>4
,! 9FALLI# K9D IS A ,8-PLETE PRO(0'
7TEKM]HI\72 ! FALLI# K9D HAS NO SPECIFIC
"N4 ,09FALLI# SIGNS ,I M1N ^? ON :
SYLLOGISMS PROP] MAY 2 BAS$3 & ? %[S U
:Y ? K9D ( ,SIGN IS CALL$ ,8-PLETE
PRO(0'3 :5 P ?9K T :AT !Y H SD _C 2
REFUT$1 !Y !N ?9K T !Y >E BR++ =W>D A
,8-PLETE PRO(0'1 M1N+ T ! MATT] HAS N[
BE5 DEMON/RAT$ & -PLET$ 7PEP]HASMEU\72 =
! ^W ,8P]HAS0' HAS ! SAME M1N+ 7( ,85D0'
OR ,8B.D>Y0'7 Z ! ^W ,8TEKM>H0' 9 !
ANCI5T T;GUE4 ,N[ ! "O K9D ( ,SIGN 7T :
BE>S 6! PROPOSI;N X SUPPORTS ! REL,N (
"PICUL> 6UNIV]SAL7 MAY 2 ILLU/RAT$ ?US4
,SUPPOSE X 7 SD1 ,8,! FACT T ,SOCRATES 0
WISE & J IS A SIGN T ! WISE >E J0'4 ,"H
WE C]TA9LY H A ,SIGN2 B EV5 ?\< !
PROPOSI;N 2 TRUE1 ! >GU;T IS REFUTA#1
S9CE X DOES N =M A SYLLOGISM4 ,SUPPOSE1
ON ! O!R H&1 X 7 SD1 ,8,! FACT T HE HAS
A FEV] IS A SIGN T HE IS ILL0'1 OR1 ,8,!
FACT T %E IS GIV+ MILK IS A SIGN T %E
HAS LATELY BORNE A *0'4 ,"H WE H !
9FALLI# K9D ( ,SIGN1 ! ONLY K9D T
3/ITUTES A -PLETE PRO(1 S9CE X IS ! ONLY
K9D T1 IF ! "PICUL> /ATE;T IS TRUE1 IS
IRREFUTA#4 ,! O!R K9D ( ,SIGN1 T : BE>S
6! PROPOSI;N X SUPPORTS ! REL,N (
UNIV]SAL 6"PICUL>1 MI<T 2 ILLU/RAT$
0SAY+1 ,8,! FACT T HE BR1!S FA/ IS A
SIGN T HE HAS A FEV]0'4 ,? >GU;T AL IS
REFUTA#1 EV5 IF ! /ATE;T AB ! FA/ BR1?+
2 TRUE1 S9CE A MAN MAY BR1! H>D )\T HAV+
A FEV]4
  ,X HAS1 !N1 BE5 /AT$ ABV :AT IS !
NATURE (A ,PROBABIL;Y1 (A ,SIGN1 &(A
-PLETE PRO(1 & :AT >E ! DI6];ES 2T !M4
,9 ! ,ANALYTICS A M EXPLICIT DESCRIP;N
HAS BE5 GIV5 ( ^! PO9TS2 X IS "! %[N :Y
"S ( ^! R1SON+S C 2 PUT 96SYLLOGISMS &
"S _C4
  ,! ,8EXAMPLE0' HAS ALR BE5 DESCRIB$ Z
"O K9D ( 9DUC;N2 &! SPECIAL NATURE (!
SUBJECT-MATT] T 4T+UI%ES X F ! O!R K9DS
HAS AL BE5 /AT$ ABV4 ,XS REL,N 6!
PROPOSI;N X SUPPORTS IS N T ( "P 6:OLE1
NOR :OLE 6"P1 NOR :OLE 6:OLE1 B ( "P
6"P1 OR L 6L4 ,:5 TWO /ATE;TS >E (! SAME
ORD]1 B "O IS M FAMILI> ?AN ! O!R1 ! =M]
IS AN ,8EXAMPLE0'4 ,! >GU;T MAY1 = 9/.E1
2 T ,DIONYSIUS1 9 ASK+ Z HE DOES =A
BODYGU>D1 IS S*EM+ 6MAKE HMF A DESPOT4
,= 9 ! PA/ ,PEISI/RATUS KEPT ASK+ =A
BODYGU>D 9 ORD] 6C>RY \ S* A S*EME1 &
DID MAKE HMF A DESPOT Z SOON Z HE GOT X2
& S DID ,!AG5ES AT ,MEG>A2 & 9 ! SAME
WAY ALL O!R 9/.ES "KN 6! SP1K] >E MADE
96EXAMPLES1 9 ORD] 6%[ :AT IS N YET "KN1
T ,DIONYSIUS HAS ! SAME PURPOSE 9 MAK+ !
SAME REQUE/3 ALL ^! 2+ 9/.ES (! "O G5]AL
PR9CIPLE1 T A MAN :O ASKS =A BODYGU>D IS
S*EM+ 6MAKE HMF A DESPOT4 ,WE H N[
DESCRIB$ ! S\RCES ( ^? M1NS ( P]SUA.N :
>E POPUL>LY SUPPOS$ 6BE DEMON/RATIVE4
  ,"! IS AN IMPORTANT 4T9C;N 2T TWO
SORTS ( 5?YMEMES T HAS BE5 :OLLY
OV]LOOK$ 0ALM "EYBODY-"O T AL SUBSI/S 2T
! SYLLOGISMS TR1T$ ( 9 DIALECTIC4 ,"O
SORT ( 5?YMEME RE,Y 2L;GS 6RHETORIC1 Z
"O SORT ( SYLLOGISM RE,Y 2L;GS
6DIALECTIC2 B ! O!R SORT RE,Y 2L;GS 6O!R
>TS & FACULTIES1 :E!R 6^? WE ALR EX]CISE
OR 6^? WE H N YET ACQUIR$4 ,MISS+ ?
4T9C;N1 P FAIL 6NOTICE T ! M CORRECTLY
!Y H&LE _! "PICUL> SUBJECT ! FUR!R !Y >E
GETT+ AWAY F PURE RHETORIC OR DIALECTIC4
,? /ATE;T W 2 CLE>] IF EXPRESS$ M FULLY4
,I M1N T ! PROP] SUBJECTS ( DIALECTICAL
& RHETORICAL SYLLOGISMS >E ! ?+S ) : WE
SAY ! REGUL> OR UNIV]SAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T
>E 3C]N$1 T IS 6SAY ^? L9ES ( >GU;T T
APPLY EQU,Y 6"QS ( "R 3DUCT1 NATURAL
SCI;E1 POLITICS1 & _M O!R ?+S T H NO?+
6D ) "O ANO!R4 ,TAKE1 = 9/.E1 ! L9E (
>GU;T 3C]N$ ) ,8! M OR LESS0'4 ,ON ? L9E
( >GU;T X IS EQU,Y EASY 6BASE A
SYLLOGISM OR 5?YMEME AB ANY ( :AT N"E!.S
>E ESS5TI,Y 4CONNECT$ SUBJECTS-"R 3DUCT1
NATURAL SCI;E1 OR ANY?+ ELSE :AT"E4 ,B
"! >E AL ^? SPECIAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T : >E
BAS$ ON S* PROPOSI;NS Z APPLY ONLY
6"PICUL> GR\PS OR CLASSES ( ?+S4 ,?US "!
>E PROPOSI;NS AB NATURAL SCI;E ON : X IS
IMPOSSI# 6BASE ANY 5?YMEME OR SYLLOGISM
AB E?ICS1 & O!R PROPOSI;NS AB E?ICS ON :
NO?+ C 2 BAS$ AB NATURAL SCI;E4 ,! SAME
PR9CIPLE APPLIES "?\T4 ,! G5]AL ,L9ES (
,>GU;T H NO SPECIAL SUBJECT-MATT]1 &
"!=E W N 9CR1SE \R "U/&+ ( ANY "PICUL>
CLASS ( ?+S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! BETT] !
SELEC;N "O MAKES ( PROPOSI;NS SUITA# =
SPECIAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T1 ! NE>] "O -ES1
UNCONSCI\SLY1 6SETT+ UP A SCI;E T IS
4T9CT F DIALECTIC & RHETORIC4 ,"O MAY
SU3E$ 9 /AT+ ! REQUIR$ PR9CIPLES1 B "O'S
SCI;E W 2 NO L;G] DIALECTIC OR RHETORIC1
B ! SCI;E 6: ! PR9CIPLES ?US 4COV]$
2L;G4 ,MO/ 5?YMEMES >E 9 FACT BAS$ ^U ^!
"PICUL> OR SPECIAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T2
-P>ATIVELY FEW ON ! -MON OR G5]AL K9D4
,Z 9 ! "!=E1 S 9 ? "W1 WE M/ 4T+UI%1 9
D1L+ ) 5?YMEMES1 ! SPECIAL &! G5]AL
,L9ES ( ,>GU;T ON : !Y >E 6BE F.D$4
,0SPECIAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T ,I M1N !
PROPOSI;NS PECULI> 6EA* S"EAL CLASS (
?+S1 0G5]AL ^? -MON 6ALL CLASSES ALIKE4
,WE MAY 2G9 )! SPECIAL ,L9ES ( ,>GU;T4
,B1 F/ ( ALL1 LET U CLASSIFY RHETORIC
96XS V>IETIES4 ,HAV+ 4T+UI%$ ^! WE MAY
D1L ) !M "O 0"O1 & TRY 64COV] ! ELE;TS (
: EA* IS -POS$1 &! PROPOSI;NS EA* M/
EMPLOY4

                   #C

  ,RHETORIC FALLS 96?REE DIVI.NS1
DET]M9$ 0! ?REE CLASSES ( LI/5]S
6SPEE*ES4 ,=(! ?REE ELE;TS 9 SPEE*-MAK+
--SP1K]1 SUBJECT1 & P]SON A4RESS$--X IS
! LA/ "O1 ! HE>]1 T DET]M9ES ! SPEE*'S
5D & OBJECT4 ,! HE>] M/ 2 EI A JUDGE1 )A
DECI.N 6MAKE AB ?+S PA/ OR FUTURE1 OR AN
OBS]V]4 ,A MEMB] (! ASSEMBLY DECIDES AB
FUTURE EV5TS1 A JURYMAN AB PA/ EV5TS3
:ILE ^? :O M]ELY DECIDE ON ! ORATOR'S
SKILL >E OBS]V]S4 ,F ? X FOLL[S T "! >E
?REE DIVI.NS ( ORATORY-7#A7 POLITICAL1
7#B7 =5SIC1 & 7#C7 ! C]EMONIAL ORATORY (
4PLAY4
  ,POLITICAL SP1K+ URGES U EI 6D OR N 6D
"S?+3 "O ( ^! TWO C\RSES IS ALW TAK5
0PRIVATE C\NSELLORS1 Z WELL Z 0M5 :O
A4RESS PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES4 ,=5SIC SP1K+
EI ATTACKS OR DEF5DS "SBODY3 "O OR O!R (
^! TWO ?+S M/ ALW 2 D"O 0! "PIES 9 A
CASE4 ,! C]EMONIAL ORATORY ( 4PLAY EI
PRAISES OR C5SURES "SBODY4 ,^! ?REE K9DS
( RHETORIC REF] 6?REE DI6]5T K9DS ( "T4
,! POLITICAL ORATOR IS 3C]N$ )! FUTURE3
X IS AB ?+S 6BE D"O "HAF T HE ADVISES1 =
OR AG/4 ,! "PY 9 A CASE AT LAW IS 3C]N$
)! PA/2 "O MAN A3USES ! O!R1 &! O!R
DEF5DS HMF1 ) REF];E 6?+S ALR D"O4 ,!
C]EMONIAL ORATOR IS1 PROP]LY SP1K+1
3C]N$ )! PRES5T1 S9CE ALL M5 PRAISE OR
BLAME 9 VIEW (! /ATE ( ?+S EXI/+ AT !
"T1 ?\< !Y (T5 F9D X USE;L AL 6RECALL !
PA/ & 6MAKE GUESSES AT ! FUTURE4
  ,RHETORIC HAS ?REE 4T9CT 5DS 9 VIEW1
"O = EA* ( XS ?REE K9DS4 ,! POLITICAL
ORATOR AIMS AT E/ABLI%+ ! EXP$I5CY OR !
H>M;L;S (A PROPOS$ C\RSE ( AC;N2 IF HE
URGES XS A3EPT.E1 HE DOES S ON ! GR.D T
X W D GD2 IF HE URGES XS REJEC;N1 HE
DOES S ON ! GR.D T X W D H>M2 & ALL O!R
PO9TS1 S* Z :E!R ! PROPOSAL IS J OR
UNJU/1 HON\RA# OR 4HON\RA#1 HE BR+S 9 Z
SUBSIDI>Y & RELATIVE 6? MA9 3SID],N4
,"PIES 9 A LAW-CASE AIM AT E/ABLI%+ !
JU/ICE OR 9JU/ICE ( "S AC;N1 & !Y TOO
BR+ 9 ALL O!R PO9TS Z SUBSIDI>Y &
RELATIVE 6? "O4 ,^? :O PRAISE OR ATTACK
A MAN AIM AT PROV+ HM WOR?Y ( HON\R OR !
REV]SE1 & !Y TOO TR1T ALL O!R 3SID],NS )
REF];E 6? "O4
  ,T ! ?REE K9DS ( RHETORIC D AIM
RESPECTIVELY AT ! ?REE 5DS WE H M5;N$ IS
%[N 0! FACT T SP1K]S W "S"TS N TRY
6E/ABLI% ANY?+ ELSE4 ,?US1 ! LITIGANT W
"S"TS N D5Y T A ?+ HAS HAPP5$ OR T HE
HAS D"O H>M4 ,B T HE IS GUILTY ( 9JU/ICE
HE W N"E ADMIT2 O!RWISE "! WD 2 NO NE$ (
A TRIAL4 ,S TOO1 POLITICAL ORATORS (T5
MAKE ANY 3CES.N %ORT ( ADMITT+ T !Y >E
RECOMM5D+ _! HE>]S 6TAKE AN 9EXP$I5T
C\RSE OR N 6TAKE AN EXP$I5T "O4 ,! "Q
:E!R X IS N UNJU/ =A C;Y 65SLAVE XS
9NOC5T NEI<B\RS (T5 DOES N TR\# !M AT
ALL4 ,9 L MANN] ^? :O PRAISE OR C5SURE A
MAN D N 3SID] :E!R 8 ACTS H BE5 EXP$I5T
OR N1 B (T5 MAKE X A GR.D ( ACTUAL
PRAISE T HE HAS NEGLECT$ 8 [N 9T]E/ 6D
:AT 0 HON\RA#4 ,?US1 !Y PRAISE ,A*ILLES
2C HE *AMPION$ 8 FALL5 FR ,PATROCLUS1
?\< HE KNEW T ? M1NT D1?1 & T O!RWISE HE
NE$ N DIE3 YET :ILE 6DIE ?US 0 ! NO#R ?+
= HM 6D1 ! EXP$I5T ?+ 0 6LIVE ON4
  ,X IS EVID5T F :AT HAS BE5 SD T X IS
^! ?REE SUBJECTS1 M ?AN ANY O!RS1 AB : !
ORATOR M/ 2 A# 6H PROPOSI;NS AT 8 -M&4
,N[ ! PROPOSI;NS ( ,RHETORIC >E ,-PLETE
,PRO(S1 ,PROBABILITIES1 & ,SIGNS4 ,E K9D
( SYLLOGISM IS -POS$ ( PROPOSI;NS1 &!
5?YMEME IS A "PICUL> K9D ( SYLLOGISM
-POS$ (! A=ESD PROPOSI;NS4
  ,S9CE ONLY POSSI# AC;NS1 & N IMPOSSI#
"OS1 C "E H BE5 D"O 9 ! PA/ OR ! PRES5T1
& S9CE ?+S : H N O3URR$1 OR W N O3UR1 AL
_C H BE5 D"O OR 2 GO+ 6BE D"O1 X IS NEC
=! POLITICAL1 ! =5SIC1 &! C]EMONIAL
SP1K] ALIKE 6BE A# 6H AT _! -M&
PROPOSI;NS AB ! POSSI# &! IMPOSSI#1 & AB
:E!R A ?+ HAS OR HAS N O3URR$1 W OR W N
O3UR4 ,FUR!R1 ALL M51 9 GIV+ PRAISE OR
BLAME1 9 URG+ U 6A3EPT OR REJECT
PROPOSALS = AC;N1 9 A3US+ O!RS OR DEF5D+
!MVS1 ATTEMPT N ONLY 6PROVE ! PO9TS
M5;N$ B AL 6%[ T ! GD OR ! H>M1 ! HON\R
OR 4GRACE1 ! JU/ICE OR 9JU/ICE1 IS GRT
OR SMALL1 EI ABSOLUTELY OR RELATIVELY2 &
"!=E X IS PLA9 T WE M/ AL H AT \R -M&
PROPOSI;NS AB GRT;S OR SMALL;S &! GRT]
OR ! LESS]-PROPOSI;NS BO? UNIV]SAL &
"PICUL>4 ,?US1 WE M/ 2 A# 6SAY : IS !
GRT] OR LESS] GD1 ! GRT] OR LESS] ACT (
JU/ICE OR 9JU/ICE2 & S ON4
  ,S*1 !N1 >E ! SUBJECTS REG>D+ : WE >E
9EVITABLY B.D 6MA/] ! PROPOSI;NS
RELEVANT 6!M4 ,WE M/ N[ 4CUSS EA*
"PICUL> CLASS ( ^! SUBJECTS 9 TURN1 "NLY
^? D1LT ) 9 POLITICAL1 9 C]EMONIAL1 &
LA/LY 9 LEGAL1 ORATORY4

                   #D

  ,F/1 !N1 WE M/ ASC]TA9 :AT >E ! K9DS (
?+S1 GD OR BAD1 AB : ! POLITICAL ORATOR
(F]S C\NSEL4 ,= HE DOES N D1L ) ALL ?+S1
B ONLY ) S* Z MAY OR MAY N TAKE PLACE4
,3C]N+ ?+S : EXI/ OR W EXI/ 9EVITABLY1
OR : _C POSSIBLY EXI/ OR TAKE PLACE1 NO
C\NSEL C 2 GIV54 ,NOR1 AG1 C C\NSEL 2
GIV5 AB ! :OLE CLASS ( ?+S : MAY OR MAY
N TAKE PLACE2 = ? CLASS 9CLUDES "S GD
?+S T O3UR NATUR,Y1 & "S T O3UR 0A3ID5T2
& AB ^! X IS USE.S 6(F] C\NSEL4 ,CLE>LY
C\NSEL C ONLY 2 GIV5 ON MATT]S AB : P
DELIB]ATE2 MATT]S1 "NLY1 T ULTIMATELY
DEP5D ON \RVS1 & : WE H X 9 \R P[] 6SET
GO+4 ,= WE TURN A ?+ OV] 9 \R M9D UNTIL
WE H R1*$ ! PO9T ( SEE+ :E!R WE C D X OR
N4
  ,N[ 6ENUM]ATE & CLASSIFY A3URATELY !
USUAL SUBJECTS ( PUBLIC BUSI;S1 & FUR!R
6FRAME1 Z F> Z POSSI#1 TRUE DEF9I;NS (
!M IS A TASK : WE M/ N ATTEMPT ON !
PRES5T O3A.N4 ,= X DOES N 2L;G 6! >T (
RHETORIC1 B 6A M 9/RUCTIVE >T &A M R1L
BRAN* ( K2 & Z X IS1 RHETORIC HAS BE5
GIV5 A F> WID] SUBJECT-MATT] ?AN /RICTLY
2L;GS 6X4 ,! TRU? IS1 Z 9DE$ WE H SD
ALR1 T RHETORIC IS A -B9,N (! SCI;E (
LOGIC &(! E?ICAL BRAN* ( POLITICS2 & X
IS "PLY L DIALECTIC1 "PLY L SOPHI/ICAL
R1SON+4 ,B ! M WE TRY 6MAKE EI DIALECTIC
RHETORIC N1 :AT !Y RE,Y >E1 PRACTICAL
FACULTIES1 B SCI;ES1 ! M WE % 9ADV]T5TLY
2 DE/ROY+ _! TRUE NATURE2 = WE % 2 RE-
FA%ION+ !M & % 2 PASS+ 96! REGION (
SCI;ES D1L+ ) DEF9ITE SUBJECTS R ?AN
SIMPLY ) ^WS & =MS ( R1SON+4 ,EV5 "H1
H["E1 WE W M5;N ^? PO9TS : X IS (
PRACTICAL IMPORT.E 64T+UI%1 _! FULL]
TR1T;T FALL+ NATUR,Y 6POLITICAL SCI;E4
  ,! MA9 MATT]S ON : ALL M5 DELIB]ATE &
ON : POLITICAL SP1K]S MAKE SPEE*ES >E "S
FIVE 9 NUMB]3 WAYS & M1NS1 W> & P1CE1
N,NAL DEF;E1 IMPORTS & EXPORTS1 &
LEGISL,N4
  ,Z 6,WAYS & ,M1NS1 !N1 ! 9T5D+ SP1K] W
NE$ 6"K ! NUMB] & EXT5T (! C.TRY'S
S\RCES ( REV5UE1 S T1 IF ANY IS 2+
OV]LOOK$1 X MAY 2 A4$1 &1 IF ANY IS
DEFECTIVE1 X MAY 2 9CR1S$4 ,FUR!R1 HE %D
"K ALL ! EXP5DITURE (! C.TRY1 9 ORD] T1
IF ANY "P ( X IS SUP]FLU\S1 X MAY 2
ABOLI%$1 OR1 IF ANY IS TOO L>GE1 X MAY 2
REDUC$4 ,= M5 2COME RI*] N ONLY 09CR1S+
_! EXI/+ W1L? B AL 0REDUC+ _!
EXP5DITURE4 ,A -PREH5SIVE VIEW ( ^! "QS
_C 2 GA9$ SOLELY F EXP]I;E 9 HOME
A6AIRS2 9 ORD] 6ADVISE ON S* MATT]S A
MAN M/ 2 KE5LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! ME?ODS "W$ \ 9
O!R L&S4
  ,Z 6,P1CE & ,W>1 HE M/ "K ! EXT5T (!
MILIT>Y /R5G? ( 8 C.TRY1 BO? ACTUAL &
POT5TIAL1 & AL ! MATURE ( T ACTUAL &
POT5TIAL /R5G?2 & FUR!R1 :AT W>S 8 C.TRY
HAS WAG$1 & H[ X HAS WAG$ !M4 ,HE M/ "K
^! FACTS N ONLY AB 8 [N C.TRY1 B AL AB
NEI<B\R+ C.TRIES2 & AL AB C.TRIES ) : W>
IS LIKELY1 9 ORD] T P1CE MAY 2 MA9TA9$ )
^? /R;G] ?AN 8 [N1 & T 8 [N MAY H P[]
6MAKE W> OR N AG/ ^? T >E W1K]4 ,HE %D
"K1 TOO1 :E!R ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ANO!R
C.TRY IS L OR UNLIKE T ( 8 [N2 = ? IS A
MATT] T MAY A6ECT _! RELATIVE /R5G?4 ,)!
SAME 5D 9 VIEW HE M/1 2SS1 H /UDI$ ! W>S
( O!R C.TRIES Z WELL Z ^? ( 8 [N1 &! WAY
!Y 5D$2 SIMIL> CAUSES >E LIKELY 6H
SIMIL> RESULTS4
  ,) REG>D 6,N,NAL ,DEF;E3 HE "\ 6"K ALL
AB ! ME?ODS ( DEF;E 9 ACTUAL USE1 S* Z !
/R5G? & "* (! DEF5SIVE =CE &! POSI;NS (!
=TS-? LA/ M1NS T HE M/ 2 WELL ACQUA9T$ )
! LIE (! C.TRY-IN ORD] T A G>RISON MAY 2
9CR1S$ IF X IS TOO SMALL OR REMOV$ IF X
IS N WANT$1 & T ! /RATEGIC PO9TS MAY 2
GU>D$ ) SPECIAL C>E4
  ,) REG>D 6! ,FOOD ,SUPPLY3 HE M/ "K
:AT \TLAY W MEET ! NE$S ( 8 C.TRY2 :AT
K9DS ( FOOD >E PRODUC$ AT HOME & :AT
IMPORT$2 & :AT >TICLES M/ 2 EXPORT$ OR
IMPORT$4 ,? LA/ HE M/ "K 9 ORD] T
AGREE;TS & -M]CIAL TR1TIES MAY 2 MADE )!
C.TRIES 3C]N$4 ,"! >E1 9DE$1 TWO SORTS (
/ATE 6: HE M/ SEE T 8 C.TRYM5 GIVE NO
CAUSE = (F;E1 /ATES /R;G] ?AN 8 [N1 &
/ATES ) : X IS ADVANTAGE\S 6TRADE4
  ,B :ILE HE M/1 = SECUR;Y'S SAKE1 2 A#
6TAKE ALL ? 96A3.T1 HE M/ 2F ALL ?+S
"U/& ! SUBJECT ( LEGISL,N2 = X IS ON A
C.TRY'S LAWS T XS :OLE WELF>E DEP5DS4
,HE M/1 "!=E1 "K H[ _M DI6]5T =MS (
3/ITU;N "! >E2 "U :AT 3DI;NS EA* ( ^! W
PROSP] & 0:AT 9T]NAL DEVELOP;TS OR
EXT]NAL ATTACKS EA* ( !M T5DS 6BE
DE/ROY$4 ,:5 ,I SP1K ( DE/RUC;N "?
9T]NAL DEVELOP;TS ,I REF] 6! FACT T ALL
3/ITU;NS1 EXCEPT ! BE/ "O ( ALL1 >E
DE/ROY$ BO? 0N 2+ PU%$ F> 5 & 02+ PU%$
TOO F>4 ,?US1 DEMOCRACY LOSES XS VIG\R1
& F9,Y PASSES 96OLIG>*Y1 N ONLY :5 X IS
N PU%$ F> 5\<1 B AL :5 X IS PU%$ A GRT
D1L TOO F>2 J Z ! AQUIL9E &! SNUB NOSE N
ONLY TURN 96NORMAL NOSES 0N 2+ AQUIL9E
OR SNUB 5\<1 B AL 02+ TOO VIOL5TLY
AQUIL9E OR SNUB >RIVE AT A 3DI;N 9 : !Y
NO L;G] LOOK L NOSES AT ALL4 ,X IS
USE;L1 9 FRAM+ LAWS1 N ONLY 6/UDY ! PA/
HI/ORY ( "O'S [N C.TRY1 9 ORD] 6"U/& :
3/ITU;N IS DESIRA# = X N[1 B AL 6H A K (
! 3/ITU;NS ( O!R N,NS1 & S 6LE>N = :AT
K9DS ( N,N ! V>I\S K9DS ( 3/ITU;N >E
SUIT$4 ,F ? WE C SEE T BOOKS ( TRAVEL >E
USE;L AIDS 6LEGISL,N1 S9CE F ^! WE MAY
LE>N ! LAWS & CU/OMS ( DI6]5T RACES4 ,!
POLITICAL SP1K] W AL F9D ! RESE>*ES (
HI/ORIANS USE;L4 ,B ALL ? IS ! BUSI;S (
POLITICAL SCI;E & N ( RHETORIC4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT K9DS (
9=M,N : ! POLITICAL SP1K] M/ POSSESS4
,LET U N[ G BACK & /ATE ! PREMISSES F :
HE W H 6>GUE 9 FAV\R ( ADOPT+ OR REJECT+
M1SURES REG>D+ ^! & O!R MATT]S4

                   #E

  ,X MAY 2 SD T E 9DIVIDUAL MAN & ALL M5
9 -MON AIM AT A C]TA9 5D : DET]M9ES :AT
!Y *OOSE & :AT !Y AVOID4 ,? 5D1 6SUM X
UP BRIEFLY1 IS HAPPI;S & XS 3/ITU5TS4
,LET U1 !N1 0WAY ( ILLU/R,N ONLY1
ASC]TA9 :AT IS 9 G5]AL ! NATURE (
HAPPI;S1 & :AT >E ! ELE;TS ( XS 3/ITU5T
"PS4 ,= ALL ADVICE 6D ?+S OR N 6D !M IS
3C]N$ ) HAPPI;S &)! ?+S T MAKE = OR AG/
X2 :AT"E CR1TES OR 9CR1SES HAPPI;S OR "S
"P ( HAPPI;S1 WE "\ 6D2 :AT"E DE/ROYS OR
HAMP]S HAPPI;S1 OR GIVES RISE 6XS
OPPOSITE1 WE "\ N 6D4
  ,WE MAY DEF9E HAPPI;S Z PROSP];Y -B9$
) VIRTUE2 OR Z 9DEP5D;E ( LIFE2 OR Z !
SECURE 5JOY;T (! MAXIMUM ( PL1SURE2 OR Z
A GD 3DI;N ( PROP]TY & BODY1 TGR )! P[]
( GU>D+ "O'S PROP]TY & BODY & MAK+ USE (
!M4 ,T HAPPI;S IS "O OR M ( ^! ?+S1
PRETTY WELL "EYBODY AGREES4
  ,F ? DEF9I;N ( HAPPI;S X FOLL[S T XS
3/ITU5T "PS >E3-GD BIR?1 PL5TY ( FRS1 GD
FRS1 W1L?1 GD *N1 PL5TY ( *N1 A HAPPY
OLD AGE1 AL S* BODILY EXCELL;ES Z H1L?1
B1UTY1 /R5G?1 L>GE /ATURE1 A?LETIC P[]S1
TGR ) FAME1 HON\R1 GD LUCK1 & VIRTUE4 ,A
MAN _C FAIL 6BE -PLETELY 9DEP5D5T IF HE
POSSESSES ^! 9T]NAL & ^! EXT]NAL GDS2 =
2SS ^! "! >E NO O!RS 6H4 7,GDS (! S\L &(
! BODY >E 9T]NAL4 ,GD BIR?1 FRS1 M"OY1 &
HON\R >E EXT]NAL47 ,FUR!R1 WE ?9K T HE
%D POSSESS RES\RCES & LUCK1 9 ORD] 6MAKE
8 LIFE RE,Y SECURE4 ,Z WE H ALR ASC]TA9$
:AT HAPPI;S 9 G5]AL IS1 S N[ LET U TRY
6ASC]TA9 :AT ( ^! "PS ( X IS4
  ,N[ GD BIR? 9 A RACE OR A /ATE M1NS T
XS MEMB]S >E 9DIG5\S OR ANCI5T3 T XS
E>LIE/ L1D]S 7 4T+UI%$ M51 & T F !M H
SPRUNG _M :O 7 4T+UI%$ = QUALITIES T WE
ADMIRE4
  ,! GD BIR? ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 : MAY -E EI
F ! MALE OR ! FEMALE SIDE1 IMPLIES T BO?
P>5TS >E FREE CITIZ5S1 & T1 Z 9 ! CASE (
! /ATE1 ! F.D]S (! L9E H BE5 NOTA# =
VIRTUE OR W1L? OR "S?+ ELSE : IS HI<LY
PRIZ$1 & T _M 4T+UI%$ P]SONS 2L;G 6!
FAMILY1 M5 & WOM51 "Y & OLD4
  ,! PHRASES ,8POSSES.N ( GD *N0' & ,8(
_M *N0' BE> A Q CLE> M1N+4 ,APPLI$ 6A
-MUN;Y1 !Y M1N T XS "Y M5 >E NUM]\S &(
GD A QUAL;Y3 GD 9 REG>D 6BODILY
EXCELL;ES1 S* Z /ATURE1 B1UTY1 /R5G?1
A?LETIC P[]S2 & AL 9 REG>D 6! EXCELL;ES
(! S\L1 : 9 A "Y MAN >E TEMP].E &
C\RAGE4 ,APPLI$ 6AN 9DIVIDUAL1 !Y M1N T
8 [N *N >E NUM]\S & H ! GD QUALITIES WE
H DESCRIB$4 ,BO? MALE & FEMALE >E "H
9CLUD$2 ! EXCELL;ES (! LATT] >E1 9 BODY1
B1UTY & /ATURE2 9 S\L1 SELF-COMM& & AN
9DU/RY T IS N SORDID4 ,-MUNITIES Z WELL
Z 9DIVIDUALS %D LACK N"O ( ^! P]FEC;NS1
9 _! WOM5 Z WELL Z 9 _! M54 ,":1 Z AM;G
! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 ! /ATE ( WOM5 IS BAD1
ALM HALF ( HUMAN LIFE IS SPOILT4
  ,! 3/ITU5TS ( W1L? >E3 PL5TY ( CO9$
M"OY & T]RITORY2 ! [N]%IP ( NUM]\S1
L>GE1 & B1UTI;L E/ATES2 AL ! [N]%IP (
NUM]\S & B1UTI;L IMPLE;TS1 LIVE /OCK1 &
SLAVES4 ,ALL ^! K9DS ( PROP]TY >E \R [N1
>E SECURE1 G5TLEMANLY1 & USE;L4 ,! USE;L
K9DS >E ^? T >E PRODUCTIVE1 ! G5TLEMANLY
K9DS >E ^? T PROVIDE 5JOY;T4 ,BY
,8PRODUCTIVE0' ,I M1N ^? F : WE GET \R
9COME2 BY ,85JOYA#0'1 ^? F : WE GET NO?+
WOR? M5;N+ EXCEPT ! USE ( !M4 ,!
CRIT]ION ( ,8SECUR;Y0' IS ! [N]%IP (
PROP]TY 9 S* PLACES & "U S* ,3DI;NS T !
USE ( X IS 9 \R P[]2 & X IS ,8\R [N0' IF
X IS 9 \R [N P[] 64POSE ( X OR KEEP X4
,BY ,84POS+ ( X0' ,I M1N GIV+ X AWAY OR
SELL+ X4 ,W1L? Z A :OLE 3SI/S 9 US+ ?+S
R ?AN 9 [N+ !M2 X IS RE,Y ! ACTIV;Y-T
IS1 ! USE-( PROP]TY T 3/ITUTES W1L?4
  ,FAME M1NS 2+ RESPECT$ 0"EYBODY1 OR
HAV+ "S QUAL;Y T IS DESIR$ 0ALL M51 OR
0MO/1 OR 0! GD1 OR 0! WISE4
  ,HON\R IS ! TOK5 (A MAN'S 2+ FAM\S =
DO+ GD4 X IS *IEFLY & MO/ PROP]LY PD 6^?
:O H ALR D"O GD2 B AL 6! MAN :O C D GD 9
FUTURE4 ,DO+ GD REF]S EI 6! PRES]V,N (
LIFE &! M1NS ( LIFE1 OR 6W1L?1 OR 6"S
O!R (! GD ?+S : X IS H>D 6GET EI ALW OR
AT T "PICUL> PLACE OR "T-= _M GA9 HON\R
= ?+S : SEEM SMALL1 B ! PLACE &! O3A.N
A3.T = X4 ,! 3/ITU5TS ( HON\R >E3
SACRIFICES2 -MEMOR,N1 9 V]SE OR PROSE2
PRIVILEGES2 GRANTS ( L&2 FRONT S1TS AT
CIVIC CELEBR,NS2 /ATE BURIAL2 /ATUES2
PUBLIC MA9T5.E2 AM;G =EIGN]S1 OBEIS.ES &
GIV+ PLACE2 & S* PRES5TS Z >E AM;G V>I\S
BODIES ( M5 REG>D$ Z M>KS ( HON\R4 ,=A
PRES5T IS N ONLY ! 2/[AL (A PIECE (
PROP]TY1 B AL A TOK5 ( HON\R2 : EXPLA9S
:Y HON\R-LOV+ Z WELL Z M"OY-LOV+ P]SONS
DESIRE X4 ,! PRES5T BR+S 6BO? :AT !Y
WANT2 X IS A PIECE ( PROP]TY1 : IS :AT !
LOV]S ( M"OY DESIRE2 & X BR+S HON\R1 :
IS :AT ! LOV]S ( HON\R DESIRE4
  ,! EXCELL;E (! BODY IS H1L?2 T IS1 A
3DI;N : ALL[S U1 :ILE KEEP+ FREE F 41SE1
6H ! USE ( \R BODIES2 = _M P >E
,8H1L?Y0' Z WE >E TOLD ,H]ODICUS WAS2 &
^! NO "O C 3GRATULATE ON _! ,8H1L?0'1 =
!Y H 6AB/A9 F "EY?+ OR NE>LY "EY?+ T M5
D4-,B1UTY V>IES )! "T ( LIFE4 ,9 A "Y
MAN B1UTY IS ! POSSES.N (A BODY FIT
65DURE ! EX];N ( RUNN+ &( 3TE/S ( /R5G?2
: M1NS T HE IS PL1SANT 6LOOK AT2 & "!=E
ALL-R.D A?LETES >E ! MO/ B1UTI;L1 2+
NATUR,Y ADAPT$ BO? = 3TE/S ( /R5G? &=
SPE$ AL4 ,=A MAN 9 8 PRIME1 B1UTY IS
FIT;S =! EX];N ( W>F>E1 TGR )A PL1SANT B
AT ! SAME "T =MIDA# APPE>.E4 ,= AN OLD
MAN1 X IS 6BE /R;G 5 = S* EX];N Z IS
NEC1 & 6BE FREE F ALL ^? DE=MITIES ( OLD
AGE : CAUSE PA9 6O!RS4 ,/R5G? IS ! P[] (
MOV+ "S "O ELSE AT W2 6D ?1 Y M/ EI
PULL1 PU%1 LIFT1 P91 OR GRIP HM2 ?US Y
M/ 2 /R;G 9 ALL ( ^? WAYS OR AT L1/ 9
"S4 ,EXCELL;E 9 SIZE IS 6SURPASS ORD9>Y
P 9 HEI<T1 ?ICK;S1 & BR1D? 0J Z M* Z W N
MAKE "O'S MOVE;TS SL[] 9 3SEQU;E4
,A?LETIC EXCELL;E (! BODY 3SI/S 9 SIZE1
/R5G?1 & SWIFT;S2 SWIFT;S IMPLY+ /R5G?4
,HE :O C FL+ =W>D 8 LEGS 9 A C]TA9 WAY1
& MOVE !M FA/ & F>1 IS GD AT RUNN+2 HE
:O C GRIP & HOLD D[N IS GD AT WRE/L+2 HE
:O C DRIVE AN ADV]S>Y F 8 GR.D )! "R BL[
IS A GD BOX]3 HE :O C D BO? ! LA/ IS A
GD PANCRATIA/1 :ILE HE :O C D ALL IS AN
,8ALL-R.D0' A?LETE4
  ,HAPPI;S 9 OLD AGE IS ! -+ ( OLD AGE
SL[LY & PA9.SLY2 =A MAN HAS N ? HAPPI;S
IF HE GR[S OLD EI QKLY1 OR T>DILY B
PA9;LLY4 ,X >ISES BO? F ! EXCELL;ES (!
BODY & F GD LUCK4 ,IF A MAN IS N FREE F
41SE1 OR IF HE IS /R;G1 HE W N 2 FREE F
SU6]+2 NOR C HE 3T9UE 6LIVE A L;G &
PA9.S LIFE UN.S HE HAS GD LUCK4 ,"! IS1
9DE$1 A CAPAC;Y = L;G LIFE T IS Q
9DEP5D5T ( H1L? OR /R5G?2 = _M P LIVE
L;G :O LACK ! EXCELL;ES (! BODY2 B = \R
PRES5T PURPOSE "! IS NO USE 9 GO+ 96!
DETAILS ( ?4
  ,! T]MS ,8POSSES.N ( _M FRS0' &
,8POSSES.N ( GD FRS0' NE$ NO EXPLAN,N2 =
WE DEF9E A ,8FR0' Z "O :O W ALW TRY1 =
YR SAKE1 6D :AT HE TAKES 6BE GD = Y4 ,!
MAN T[>DS :OM _M FEEL ?US HAS _M FRS2 IF
^! >E WOR?Y M51 HE HAS GD FRS4
  ,8,GD LUCK0' M1NS ! ACQUISI;N OR
POSSES.N ( ALL OR MO/1 OR ! MO/
IMPORTANT1 ( ^? GD ?+S : >E DUE 6LUCK4
,"S (! ?+S T >E DUE 6LUCK MAY AL 2 DUE
6>TIFICIAL 3TRIV.E2 B _M >E 9DEP5D5T (
>T1 Z = EXAMPLE ^? : >E DUE 6NATURE-?\<1
6BE SURE1 ?+S DUE 6LUCK MAY ACTU,Y 2
3TR>Y 6NATURE4 ,?US H1L? MAY 2 DUE
6>TIFICIAL 3TRIV.E1 B B1UTY & /ATURE >E
DUE 6NATURE4 ,ALL S* GD ?+S Z EXCITE 5VY
>E1 Z A CLASS1 ! \TCOME ( GD LUCK4 ,LUCK
IS AL ! CAUSE ( GD ?+S T HAPP5 3TR>Y
6R1SONA# EXPECT,N3 Z :51 = 9/.E1 ALL YR
BRO!RS >E UGLY1 B Y >E H&"S YRF2 OR :5 Y
F9D A TR1SURE T "EYBODY ELSE HAS
OV]LOOK$2 OR :5 A MISSILE HITS ! NEXT
MAN & MISSES Y2 OR :5 Y >E ! ONLY MAN N
6G 6A PLACE Y H G"O 6REGUL>LY1 :ILE !
O!RS G "! =! F/ "T & >E KILL$4 ,ALL S*
?+S >E RECKON$ PIECES ( GD LUCK4
  ,Z 6VIRTUE1 X IS MO/ CLOSELY 3NECT$ )!
SUBJECT ( ,EULOGY1 & "!=E WE W WAIT
6DEF9E X UNTIL WE -E 64CUSS T SUBJECT4

                   #F

  ,X IS N[ PLA9 :AT \R AIMS1 FUTURE OR
ACTUAL1 %D 2 9 URG+1 & :AT 9 DEPRECIAT+1
A PROPOSAL2 ! LATT] 2+ ! OPPOSITE (!
=M]4 ,N[ ! POLITICAL OR DELIB]ATIVE
ORATOR'S AIM IS UTIL;Y3 DELIB],N SEEKS
6DET]M9E N 5DS B ! M1NS 65DS1 I4E4 :AT X
IS MO/ USE;L 6D4 ,FUR!R1 UTIL;Y IS A GD
?+4 ,WE "\ "!=E 6ASSURE \RVS (! MA9
FACTS AB ,GD;S & ,UTIL;Y 9 G5]AL4
  ,WE MAY DEF9E A GD ?+ Z T : "\ 6BE
*OS5 = XS [N SAKE2 OR Z T =! SAKE ( : WE
*OOSE "S?+ ELSE2 OR Z T : IS S"\ AF 0ALL
?+S1 OR 0ALL ?+S T H S5S,N OR R1SON1 OR
: W 2 S"\ AF 0ANY ?+S T ACQUIRE R1SON2
OR Z T : M/ 2 PRESCRIB$ =A GIV5
9DIVIDUAL 0R1SON G5],Y1 OR IS PRESCRIB$
= HM 0HIS 9DIVIDUAL R1SON1 ? 2+ 8
9DIVIDUAL GD2 OR Z T ^: PRES;E BR+S
ANY?+ 96A SATISFACTORY & SELF-SU6IC+
3DI;N2 OR Z SELF-SU6ICI5CY2 OR Z :AT
PRODUCES1 MA9TA9S1 OR 5TAILS "*I/ICS ( ?
K9D1 :ILE PREV5T+ & DE/ROY+ _!
OPPOSITES4 ,"O ?+ MAY 5TAIL ANO!R 9 EI (
TWO WAYS-7#A7 SIMULTANE\SLY1 7#B7
SUBSEQU5TLY4 ,?US LE>N+ 5TAILS K
SUBSEQU5TLY1 H1L? 5TAILS LIFE
SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,?+S >E PRODUCTIVE ( O!R
?+S 9 ?REE S5SES3 F/ Z 2+ H1L?Y PRODUCES
H1L?2 SECONDLY1 Z FOOD PRODUCES H1L?2 &
?IRDLY1 Z EX]CISE DOES-I4E4 X DOES S
USU,Y4 ,ALL ? 2+ SETTL$1 WE N[ SEE T BO?
! ACQUISI;N ( GD ?+S &! REMOVAL ( BAD
?+S M/ 2 GD2 ! LATT] 5TAILS FREEDOM F !
EVIL ?+S SIMULTANE\SLY1 :ILE ! =M]
5TAILS POSSES.N (! GD ?+S SUBSEQU5TLY4
,! ACQUISI;N (A GRT] 9 PLACE (A LESS]
GD1 OR (A LESS] 9 PLACE (A GRT] EVIL1 IS
AL GD1 = 9 PROPOR;N Z ! GRT] EXCE$S !
LESS] "! IS ACQUISI;N ( GD OR REMOVAL (
EVIL4 ,! VIRTUES1 TOO1 M/ 2 "S?+ GD2 = X
IS 0POSSESS+ ^! T WE >E 9 A GD 3DI;N1 &
!Y T5D 6PRODUCE GD "WS & GD AC;NS4 ,!Y
M/ 2 S"E,Y "ND & DESCRIB$ ELSE":4
,PL1SURE1 AG1 M/ 2 A GD ?+1 S9CE X IS !
NATURE ( ALL ANIMALS 6AIM AT X4
,3SEQU5TLY BO? PL1SANT & B1UTI;L ?+S M/
2 GD ?+S1 S9CE ! =M] >E PRODUCTIVE (
PL1SURE1 :ILE (! B1UTI;L ?+S "S >E
PL1SANT & "S DESIRA# 9 &= !MVS4
  ,! FOLL[+ IS A M DETAIL$ LI/ ( ?+S T
M/ 2 GD4 ,HAPPI;S1 Z 2+ DESIRA# 9 XF &
SU6ICI5T 0XF1 & Z 2+ T = ^: SAKE WE
*OOSE _M O!R ?+S4 ,AL JU/ICE1 C\RAGE1
TEMP].E1 MAGNANIM;Y1 MAGNIFIC;E1 & ALL
S* QUALITIES1 Z 2+ EXCELL;ES (! S\L4
,FUR!R1 H1L?1 B1UTY1 &! L1 Z 2+ BODILY
EXCELL;ES & PRODUCTIVE ( _M O!R GD ?+S3
= 9/.E1 H1L? IS PRODUCTIVE BO? ( PL1SURE
&( LIFE1 & "!=E IS ?"\ ! GRTE/ ( GDS1
S9CE ^! TWO ?+S : X CAUSES1 PL1SURE &
LIFE1 >E TWO (! ?+S MO/ HI<LY PRIZ$
0ORD9>Y P4 ,W1L?1 AG3 = X IS ! EXCELL;E
( POSSES.N1 & AL PRODUCTIVE ( _M O!R GD
?+S4 ,FRS & FR%IP3 =A FR IS DESIRA# 9
HMF & AL PRODUCTIVE ( _M O!R GD ?+S4 ,S1
TOO1 HON\R & REPUT,N1 Z 2+ PL1SANT1 &
PRODUCTIVE ( _M O!R GD ?+S1 & USU,Y
A3OMPANI$ 0! PRES;E (! GD ?+S T CAUSE !M
6BE 2/[$4 ,! FACULTY ( SPEE* & AC;N2
S9CE ALL S* QUALITIES >E PRODUCTIVE (
:AT IS GD4 ,FUR!R-GD "PS1 /R;G MEMORY1
RECEPTIVE;S1 QK;S ( 9TUI;N1 &! L1 = ALL
S* FACULTIES >E PRODUCTIVE ( :AT IS GD4
,SIMIL>LY1 ALL ! SCI;ES & >TS4 ,& LIFE3
S9CE1 EV5 IF NO O!R GD 7 ! RESULT (
LIFE1 X IS DESIRA# 9 XF4 ,& JU/ICE1 Z !
CAUSE ( GD 6! -MUN;Y4
  ,! ABV >E PRETTY WELL ALL ! ?+S
ADMITT$LY GD4 ,9 D1L+ ) ?+S ^: GD;S IS
4PUT$1 WE MAY >GUE 9 ! FOLL[+ WAYS3-,T
IS GD ( : ! 3TR>Y IS BAD4 ,T IS GD !
3TR>Y ( : IS 6! ADVANTAGE ( \R 5EMIES2 =
EXAMPLE1 IF X IS 6! "PICUL> ADVANTAGE (
\R 5EMIES T WE %D 2 C[>DS1 CLE>LY C\RAGE
IS ( "PICUL> VALUE 6\R C.TRYM54 ,&
G5],Y1 ! 3TR>Y ( T : \R 5EMIES DESIRE1
OR ( T AT : !Y RJC1 IS EVID5TLY VALUA#4
,H;E ! PASSAGE 2G9N+3
  ,SURELY WD ,PRIAM EXULT4
  ,? PR9CIPLE USU,Y HOLDS GD1 B N ALW1
S9CE X MAY WELL 2 T \R 9T]E/ IS "S"TS !
SAME Z T ( \R 5EMIES4 ,H;E X IS SD T
,8EVILS DRAW M5 TGR0'2 T IS1 :5 ! SAME
?+ IS HURT;L 6!M BO?4
  ,FUR!R3 T : IS N 9 EXCESS IS GD1 & T :
IS GRT] ?AN X %D 2 IS BAD4 ,T AL IS GD
ON : M* LAB\R OR M"OY HAS BE5 SP5T2 !
M]E FACT ( ? MAKES X SEEM GD1 & S* A GD
IS ASSUM$ 6BE AN 5D-AN 5D R1*$ "? A L;G
*A9 ( M1NS2 & ANY 5D IS A GD4 ,H;E !
L9ES 2G9N+3

,&= ,PRIAM 7& ,TROY-T[N'S FOLK7 %D
!Y L1VE 2H !M A BOA/2

&
,OH1 X 7 %AME
,6H T>RI$ S L;G & RETURN EMPTY-H&$
Z ]/ WE CAME2

  & "! IS AL ! PROV]B AB ,8BR1K+ ! PIT*]
AT ! DOOR0'4
  ,T : MO/ P SEEK AF1 & : IS OBVI\SLY AN
OBJECT ( 3T5;N1 IS AL A GD2 =1 Z HAS BE5
%[N1 T IS GD : IS S"\ AF 0"EYBODY1 &
,8MO/ P0' IS TAK5 6BE EQUIVAL5T TO
,8"EYBODY0'4 ,T : IS PRAIS$ IS GD1 S9CE
NO "O PRAISES :AT IS N GD4 ,S1 AG1 T :
IS PRAIS$ 0\R 5EMIES ,7OR 0! WOR?.S7' =
:5 EV5 ^? :O H A GRIEV.E ?9K A ?+ GD1 X
IS AT ONCE FELT T E "O M/ AGREE ) !M2 \R
5EMIES C ADMIT ! FACT ONLY 2C X IS
EVID5T1 J Z ^? M/ 2 WOR?.S :OM _! FRS
C5SURE & _! 5EMIES D N4 7,= ? R1SON !
,COR9?IANS 3CVD !MVS 6BE 9SULT$
0,SIMONIDES :5 HE WROTE3
  ,AG/ ! ,COR9?IANS HA? ,ILIUM NO
-PLA9T47
  ,AG1 T IS GD : HAS BE5 4T+UI%$ 0!
FAV\R (A 4C]N+ OR VIRTU\S MAN OR WOMAN1
Z ,ODYSSEUS 0 4T+UI%$ 0,A!NA1 ,HEL5
0,!SEUS1 ,P>IS 0! GO4ESSES1 & ,A*ILLES
0,HOM]4 ,&1 G5],Y SP1K+1 ALL ?+S >E GD :
M5 DELIB]ATELY *OOSE 6D2 ? W 9CLUDE !
?+S ALR M5;N$1 & AL :AT"E MAY 2 BAD = _!
5EMIES OR GD = _! FRS1 & AT ! SAME "T
PRACTICA#4 ,?+S >E ,8PRACTICA#0' 9 TWO
S5SES3 7#A7 X IS POSSI# 6D !M1 7#B7 X IS
EASY 6D !M4 ,?+S >E D"O ,8EASILY0' :5 !Y
>E D"O EI )\T PA9 OR QKLY3 !
,8DI6ICULTY0' ( AN ACT LIES EI 9 XS
PA9;L;S OR 9 ! L;G "T X TAKES4 ,AG1 A ?+
IS GD IF X IS Z M5 WI%2 & !Y WI% 6H EI
NO EVIL AT AN OR AT L1/ A BAL.E ( GD OV]
EVIL4 ,? LA/ W HAPP5 ": ! P5ALTY IS EI
IMP]CEPTI# OR SLI<T4 ,GD1 TOO1 >E ?+S T
>E A MAN'S V [N1 POSSESS$ 0NO "O ELSE1
EXCEP;NAL2 = ? 9CR1SES ! CR$IT ( HAV+
!M4 ,S >E ?+S : 2FIT ! POSSESSORS1 S* Z
:AT"E IS APPROPRIATE 6_! BIR? OR
CAPAC;Y1 & :AT"E !Y FEEL !Y "\ 6H B
LACK-S* ?+S MAY 9DE$ 2 TRIFL+1 B N"O !
LESS M5 DELIB]ATELY MAKE !M ! GOAL ( _!
AC;N4 ,& ?+S EASILY E6ECT$2 = ^! >E
PRACTICA# 7IN ! S5SE ( 2+ EASY72 S* ?+S
>E ^? 9 : E "O1 OR MO/ P1 OR "O'S
EQUALS1 OR "O'S 9F]IORS H SU3E$$4 ,GD AL
>E ! ?+S 0: WE % GRATIFY \R FRS OR ANNOY
\R 5EMIES2 &! ?+S *OS5 0^? :OM WE
ADMIRE3 &! ?+S = : WE >E FITT$ 0NATURE
OR EXP]I;E1 S9CE WE ?9K WE % SU3E$ M
EASILY 9 ^!3 & ^? 9 : NO WOR?.S MAN C
SU3E$1 = S* ?+S BR+ GRT] PRAISE3 & ^? :
WE D 9 FACT DESIRE1 = :AT WE DESIRE IS
TAK5 6BE N ONLY PL1SANT B AL BETT]4
,FUR!R1 A MAN (A GIV5 4POSI;N MAKES
*IEFLY =! CORRESPOND+ ?+S3 LOV]S (
VICTORY MAKE = VICTORY1 LOV]S ( HON\R =
HON\R1 M"OY-LOV+ M5 = M"OY1 & S )! RE/4
,^!1 !N1 >E ! S\RCES F : WE M/ DERIVE \R
M1NS ( P]SUA.N AB ,GD & ,UTIL;Y4

                   #G

  ,S9CE1 H["E1 X (T5 HAPP5S T P AGREE T
TWO ?+S >E BO? USE;L B D N AGREE AB : IS
! M S1 ! NEXT /EP W 2 6TR1T ( RELATIVE
GD;S & RELATIVE UTIL;Y4
  ,A ?+ : SURPASSES ANO!R MAY 2 REG>D$ Z
2+ T O!R ?+ PLUS "S?+ M1 & T O!R ?+ : IS
SURPASS$ Z 2+ :AT IS 3TA9$ 9 ! F/ ?+4
,N[ 6CALL A ?+ ,8GRT]0' OR ,8M0' ALW
IMPLIES A -P>ISON ( X ) "O T IS
,8SMALL]0' OR ,8LESS0'1 :ILE ,8GRT0' &
,8SMALL0'1 ,8M*0' & ,8LL0'1 >E T]MS US$
9 -P>ISON ) NORMAL MAGNITUDE4 ,! ,8GRT0'
IS T : SURPASSES ! NORMAL1 ! ,8SMALL0'
IS T : IS SURPASS$ 0! NORMAL2 & S )
,8_M0' & ,8FEW0'4
  ,N[ WE >E APPLY+ ! T]M ,8GD0' 6:AT IS
DESIRA# = XS [N SAKE & N =! SAKE ( "S?+
ELSE2 6T AT : ALL ?+S AIM2 6:AT !Y WD
*OOSE IF !Y CD ACQUIRE "U/&+ & PRACTICAL
WISDOM2 & 6T : T5DS 6PRODUCE OR PRES]VE
S* GDS1 OR IS ALW A3OMPANI$ 0!M4
,MOREOV]1 T =! SAKE ( : ?+S >E D"O IS !
5D 7AN 5D 2+ T =! SAKE ( : ALL ELSE IS
D"O71 &= EA* 9DIVIDUAL T ?+ IS A GD :
FULFILS ^! 3DI;NS 9 REG>D 6HMF4 ,X
FOLL[S1 !N1 T A GRT] NUMB] ( GDS IS A
GRT] GD ?AN "O OR ?AN A SMALL] NUMB]1 IF
T "O OR T SMALL] NUMB] IS 9CLUD$ 9 !
C.T2 = !N ! L>G] NUMB] SURPASSES !
SMALL]1 &! SMALL] QUANT;Y IS SURPASS$ Z
2+ 3TA9$ 9 ! L>G]4
  ,AG1 IF ! L>GE/ MEMB] ( "O CLASS
SURPASSES ! L>GE/ MEMB] ( ANO!R1 !N ! "O
CLASS SURPASSES ! O!R2 & IF "O CLASS
SURPASSES ANO!R1 !N ! L>GE/ MEMB] (! "O
SURPASSES ! L>GE/ MEMB] (! O!R4 ,?US1 IF
! TALLE/ MAN IS TALL] ?AN ! TALLE/
WOMAN1 !N M5 9 G5]AL >E TALL] ?AN WOM54
,3V]SELY1 IF M5 9 G5]AL >E TALL] ?AN
WOM51 !N ! TALLE/ MAN IS TALL] ?AN !
TALLE/ WOMAN4 ,=! SUP]IOR;Y ( CLASS OV]
CLASS IS PROPOR;NATE 6! SUP]IOR;Y
POSSESS$ 0_! L>GE/ SPECIM5S4 ,AG1 ": "O
GD IS ALW A3OMPANI$ 0ANO!R1 B DOES N ALW
A3OMPANY X1 X IS GRT] ?AN ! O!R1 =! USE
(! SECOND ?+ IS IMPLI$ 9 ! USE (! F/4 ,A
?+ MAY 2 A3OMPANI$ 0ANO!R 9 ?REE WAYS1
EI SIMULTANE\SLY1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 OR
POT5TI,Y4 ,LIFE A3OMPANIES H1L?
SIMULTANE\SLY 7B N H1L? LIFE71 K
A3OMPANIES ! ACT ( LE>N+ SUBSEQU5TLY1
*1T+ A3OMPANIES SACRILEGE POT5TI,Y1 S9CE
A MAN :O HAS -MITT$ SACRILEGE IS ALW
CAPA# ( *1T+4 ,AG1 :5 TWO ?+S EA*
SURPASS A ?IRD1 T : DOES S 0! GRT] AM.T
IS ! GRT] (! TWO2 = X M/ SURPASS ! GRT]
Z WELL Z ! LESS (! O!R TWO4 ,A ?+
PRODUCTIVE (A GRT] GD ?AN ANO!R IS
PRODUCTIVE ( IS XF A GRT] GD ?AN T O!R4
,= ? 3CEP;N ( ,8PRODUCTIVE (A GRT]0' HAS
BE5 IMPLI$ 9 \R >GU;T4 ,LIKEWISE1 T : IS
PRODUC$ 0A GRT] GD IS XF A GRT] GD2 ?US1
IF :AT IS :OLE"S IS M DESIRA# &A GRT] GD
?AN :AT GIVES PL1SURE1 H1L? TOO M/ 2 A
GRT] GD ?AN PL1SURE4 ,AG1 A ?+ : IS
DESIRA# 9 XF IS A GRT] GD ?AN A ?+ : IS
N DESIRA# 9 XF1 Z = EXAMPLE BODILY /R5G?
?AN :AT IS :OLE"S1 S9CE ! LATT] IS N
PURSU$ = XS [N SAKE1 ":AS ! =M] IS2 & ?
0 \R DEF9I;N (! GD4 ,AG1 IF "O ( TWO ?+S
IS AN 5D1 &! O!R IS N1 ! =M] IS ! GRT]
GD1 Z 2+ *OS5 = XS [N SAKE & N =! SAKE (
"S?+ ELSE2 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 EX]CISE IS *OS5
=! SAKE ( PHYSICAL WELL-2+4 ,&( TWO ?+S
T : /&S LESS 9 NE$ (! O!R1 OR ( O!R ?+S1
IS ! GRT] GD1 S9CE X IS M SELF-SU6IC+4
7,T : /&S ,8LESS0' 9 NE$ ( O!RS IS T :
NE$S EI FEW] OR EASI] ?+S47 ,S :5 "O ?+
DOES N EXI/ OR _C -E 96EXI/;E )\T A
SECOND1 :ILE ! SECOND C EXI/ )\T ! F/1 !
SECOND IS ! BETT]4 ,T : DOES N NE$ "S?+
ELSE IS M SELF-SU6IC+ ?AN T : DOES1 &
PRES5TS XF Z A GRT] GD = T R1SON4 ,AG1 T
: IS A 2G9N+ ( O!R ?+S IS A GRT] GD ?AN
T : IS N1 & T : IS A CAUSE IS A GRT] GD
?AN T : IS N2 ! R1SON 2+ ! SAME 9 EA*
CASE1 "NLY T )\T A CAUSE &A 2G9N+ NO?+ C
EXI/ OR -E 96EXI/;E4 ,AG1 ": "! >E TWO
SETS ( 3SEQU;ES >IS+ F TWO DI6]5T 2G9N+S
OR CAUSES1 ! 3SEQU;ES (! M IMPORTANT
2G9N+ OR CAUSE >E !MVS ! M IMPORTANT2 &
3V]SELY1 T 2G9N+ OR CAUSE IS XF ! M
IMPORTANT : HAS ! M IMPORTANT 3SEQU;ES4
,N[ X IS PLA91 F ALL T HAS BE5 SD1 T "O
?+ MAY 2 %[N 6BE M IMPORTANT ?AN ANO!R F
TWO OPPOSITE PO9TS ( VIEW3 X MAY APPE> !
M IMPORTANT 7#A7 2C X IS A 2G9N+ &! O!R
?+ IS N1 & AL 7#B7 2C X IS N A 2G9N+ &!
O!R ?+ IS-ON ! GR.D T ! 5D IS M
IMPORTANT & IS N A 2G9N+4 ,S ,LEODAMAS1
:5 A3US+ ,CALLI/RATUS1 SD T ! MAN :O
PROMPT$ ! DE$ 0 M GUILTY ?AN ! DO]1 S9CE
X WD N H BE5 D"O IF HE _H N PLANN$ X4
,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 A3US+ ,*ABRIAS HE SD T
! DO] 0 WORSE ?AN ! PROMPT]1 S9CE "! WD
H BE5 NO DE$ )\T "S "O 6D X2 M51 SD HE1
PLOT A ?+ ONLY 9 ORD] 6C>RY X \4
  ,FUR!R1 :AT IS R>E IS A GRT] GD ?AN
:AT IS PL5TI;L4 ,?US1 GOLD IS A BETT] ?+
?AN IRON1 ?\< LESS USE;L3 X IS H>D]
6GET1 & "!=E BETT] WOR? GETT+4
,REV]SELY1 X MAY 2 >GU$ T ! PL5TI;L IS A
BETT] ?+ ?AN ! R>E1 2C WE C MAKE M USE (
X4 ,= :AT IS (T5 USE;L SURPASSES :AT IS
SELDOM USE;L1 :;E ! SAY+3
  ,! BE/ ( ?+S IS WAT]4
  ,M G5],Y3 ! H>D ?+ IS BETT] ?AN !
EASY1 2C X IS R>]3 & REV]SELY1 ! EASY ?+
IS BETT] ?AN ! H>D1 = X IS Z WE WI% X
6BE4 ,T IS ! GRT] GD ^: 3TR>Y IS ! GRT]
EVIL1 & ^: LOSS A6ECTS U M4 ,POSITIVE
GD;S & BAD;S >E M IMPORTANT ?AN ! M]E
ABS;E ( GD;S & BAD;S3 = POSITIVE GD;S &
BAD;S >E 5DS1 : ! M]E ABS;E ( !M _C BE4
,FUR!R1 9 PROPOR;N Z ! FUNC;NS ( ?+S >E
NO# OR BASE1 ! ?+S !MVS >E GD OR BAD3
3V]SELY1 9 PROPOR;N Z ! ?+S !MVS >E GD
OR BAD1 _! FUNC;NS AL >E GD OR BAD2 =!
NATURE ( RESULTS CORRESPONDS ) T ( _!
CAUSES & 2G9N+S1 & 3V]SELY ! NATURE (
CAUSES & 2G9N+S CORRESPONDS ) T ( _!
RESULTS4 ,MOREOV]1 ^? ?+S >E GRT] GDS1
SUP]IOR;Y 9 : IS M DESIRA# OR M HON\RA#4
,?US1 KE5;S ( SI<T IS M DESIRA# ?AN
KE5;S ( SMELL1 SI<T G5],Y 2+ M DESIRA#
?AN SMELL G5],Y2 & SIMIL>LY1 UNUSU,Y GRT
LOVE ( FRS 2+ M HON\RA# ?AN UNUSU,Y GRT
LOVE ( M"OY1 ORD9>Y LOVE ( FRS IS M
HON\RA# ?AN ORD9>Y LOVE ( M"OY4
,3V]SELY1 IF "O ( TWO NORMAL ?+S IS
BETT] OR NO#R ?AN ! O!R1 AN UNUSUAL
DEGREE ( T ?+ IS BETT] OR NO#R ?AN AN
UNUSUAL DEGREE (! O!R4 ,AG1 "O ?+ IS M
HON\RA# OR BETT] ?AN ANO!R IF X IS M
HON\RA# OR BETT] 6DESIRE X2 ! IMPORT.E (
! OBJECT (A GIV5 9/9CT CORRESPONDS 6!
IMPORT.E (! 9/9CT XF2 &=! SAME R1SON1 IF
"O ?+ IS M HON\RA# OR BETT] ?AN ANO!R1 X
IS M HON\RA# & BETT] 6DESIRE X4 ,AG1 IF
"O SCI;E IS M HON\RA# & VALUA# ?AN
ANO!R1 ! ACTIV;Y ) : X D1LS IS AL M
HON\RA# & VALUA#2 Z IS ! SCI;E1 S IS !
R1L;Y T IS XS OBJECT1 EA* SCI;E 2+
AU?ORITATIVE 9 XS [N SPH]E4 ,S1 AL1 ! M
VALUA# & HON\RA# ! OBJECT (A SCI;E1 ! M
VALUA# & HON\RA# ! SCI;E XF IS-IN
3SEQU;E4 ,AG1 T : WD 2 JUDG$1 OR : HAS
BE5 JUDG$1 A GD ?+1 OR A BETT] ?+ ?AN
"S?+ ELSE1 0ALL OR MO/ P ( "U/&+1 OR 0!
MAJOR;Y ( M51 OR 0! A#/1 M/ 2 S2 EI )\T
QUALIFIC,N1 OR 9 S F> Z !Y USE _! "U/&+
6=M _! JUDGE;T4 ,? IS 9DE$ A G5]AL
PR9CIPLE1 APPLICA# 6ALL O!R JUDGE;TS AL2
N ONLY ! GD;S ( ?+S1 B _! ESS;E1
MAGNITUDE1 & G5]AL NATURE >E 9 FACT J
:AT K & "U/&+ W DCL !M 6BE4 ,"H !
PR9CIPLE IS APPLI$ 6JUDGE;TS ( GD;S1
S9CE "O DEF9I;N ( ,8GD0' 0 ,8:AT 2+S T
ACQUIRE "U/&+ W *OOSE 9 ANY GIV5 CASE0'3
F : X CLE>LY FOLL[S T T ?+ IS HETT] :
"U/&+ DCLS 6BE S4 ,T1 AG1 IS A BETT] ?+
: ATTA*ES 6BETT] M51 EI ABSOLUTELY1 OR 9
VIRTUE ( _! 2+ BETT]2 Z C\RAGE IS BETT]
?AN /R5G?4 ,& T IS A GRT] GD : WD 2 *OS5
0A BETT] MAN1 EI ABSOLUTELY1 OR 9 VIRTUE
( 8 2+ BETT]3 = 9/.E1 6SU6] WR;G R ?AN
6D WR;G1 = T WD 2 ! *OICE (! JU/] MAN4
,AG1 ! PL1SANT] ( TWO ?+S IS ! BETT]1
S9CE ALL ?+S PURSUE PL1SURE1 & ?+S
9/9CTIVELY DESIRE PL1SURA# S5S,N = XS [N
SAKE2 & ^! >E TWO (! "*I/ICS 0: ! ,8GD0'
&! ,85D0' H BE5 DEF9$4 ,"O PL1SURE IS
GRT] ?AN ANO!R IF X IS M UNMIX$ ) PA91
OR M LA/+4 ,AG1 ! NO#R ?+ IS BETT] ?AN !
LESS NO#1 S9CE ! NO# IS EI :AT IS
PL1SANT OR :AT IS DESIRA# 9 XF4 ,& ^?
?+S AL >E GRT] GDS : M5 DESIRE M E>NE/LY
6BR+ AB = !MVS OR = _! FRS1 ":AS ^? ?+S
: !Y L1/ DESIRE 6BR+ AB >E GRT] EVILS4
,& ^? ?+S : >E M LA/+ >E BETT] ?AN ^? :
>E M FLEET+1 &! M SECURE ?AN ! LESS2 !
5JOY;T (! LA/+ HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( 2+
L;G]1 & T (! SECURE HAS ! ADVANTAGE (
SUIT+ \R WI%ES1 2+ "! = U :5"E WE L4
,FUR!R1 9 A3ORD.E )! RULE ( CO-ORD9ATE
T]MS & 9FLEXIONS (! SAME /EM1 :AT IS
TRUE ( "O S* RELAT$ ^W IS TRUE ( ALL4
,?US IF ! AC;N QUALIFI$ 0! T]M ,8BRAVE0'
IS M NO# & DESIRA# ?AN ! AC;N QUALIFI$
0! T]M ,8TEMP]ATE0'1 !N ,8BRAV]Y0' IS M
DESIRA# ?AN ,8TEMP].E0' & ,82+ BRAVE0'
?AN ,82+ TEMP]ATE0'4 ,T1 AG1 : IS *OS5
0ALL IS A GRT] GD ?AN T : IS N1 & T *OS5
0! MAJOR;Y ?AN T *OS5 0! M9OR;Y4 ,= T :
ALL DESIRE IS GD1 Z WE H SD20' & S1 ! M
A ?+ IS DESIR$1 ! BETT] X IS4 ,FUR!R1 T
IS ! BETT] ?+ : IS 3SID]$ S 0-PETITORS
OR 5EMIES1 OR1 AG1 0AU?ORIZ$ JUDGES OR
^? :OM !Y SELECT 6REPRES5T !M4 ,9 ! F/
TWO CASES ! DECI.N IS VIRTU,Y T ( E "O1
9 ! LA/ TWO T ( AU?ORITIES & EXP]TS4 ,&
"S"TS X MAY 2 >GU$ T :AT ALL %>E IS !
BETT] ?+1 S9CE X IS A 4HON\R N 6%>E 9 X2
AT O!R "TS1 T :AT N"O OR FEW %>E IS
BETT]1 S9CE X IS R>]4 ,! M PRAISEWOR?Y
?+S >E1 ! NO#R & "!=E ! BETT] !Y >E4 ,S
)! ?+S T E>N GRT] HON\RS ?AN O!RS-HON\R
IS1 Z X W]E1 A M1SURE ( VALUE2 &! ?+S ^:
ABS;E 9VOLVES -P>ATIVELY H1VY P5ALTIES2
&! ?+S T >E BETT] ?AN O!RS ADMITT$ OR
2LIEV$ 6BE GD4 ,MOREOV]1 ?+S LOOK BETT]
M]ELY 02+ DIVID$ 96_! "PS1 S9CE !Y !N
SEEM 6SURPASS A GRT] NUMB] ( ?+S ?AN 2F4
,H;E ,HOM] SAYS T ,MEL1G] 0 R\S$ 6BATTLE
0! ?"\ (

,ALL HORRORS T LI<T ON A FOLK ^: C;Y
IS TA'5 ( _! FOES1
,:5 !Y SLAU<T] ! M51 :5 ! BURG IS
WA/$ ) RAV5+ FLAME1
,:5 /RANG]S >E HAL+ "Y *N 6?RALDOM1
  7FAIR WOM5 6%AME47

  ,! SAME E6ECT IS PRODUC$ 0PIL+ UP
FACTS 9 A CLIMAX AF ! MANN] ( ,EPI*>MUS4
,! R1SON IS "PLY ! SAME Z 9 ! CASE (
DIVI.N 7= -B9,N TOO MAKES ! IMPRES.N (
GRT SUP]IOR;Y71 & "PLY T ! ORIG9AL ?+
APPE>S 6BE ! CAUSE & ORIG9 ( IMPORTANT
RESULTS4 ,& S9CE A ?+ IS BETT] :5 X IS
H>D] OR R>] ?AN O!R ?+S1 XS SUP]IOR;Y
MAY 2 DUE 6S1SONS1 AGES1 PLACES1 "TS1 OR
"O'S NATURAL P[]S4 ,:5 A MAN A3OMPLI%ES
"S?+ 2Y 8 NATURAL P[]1 OR 2Y 8 YE>S1 OR
2Y ! M1SURE ( P L HM1 OR 9 A SPECIAL
WAY1 OR AT A SPECIAL PLACE OR "T1 8 DE$
W H A HI< DEGREE ( NO#;S1 GD;S1 &
JU/ICE1 OR ( _! OPPOSITES4 ,H;E !
EPIGRAM ON ! VICTOR AT ! ,OLYMPIC GAMES3

,9 "T PA/1 HE>+ A ,YOKE ON MY %\LD]S1
( WOOD UN%AV51
,I C>RI$ MY LOADS ( FI% F1 ,>GOS 6,TEGEA
  T[N4

  ,S ,IPHICRATES US$ 6EXTOL HMF
0DESCRIB+ ! L[ E/ATE F : HE _H RIS54
,AG1 :AT IS NATURAL IS BETT] ?AN :AT IS
ACQUIR$1 S9CE X IS H>D] 6-E BY4 ,H;E !
^WS ( ,HOM]3
  ,I H LE>NT F N"O B MYSELL4
  ,&! BE/ "P (A GD ?+ IS "PICUL>LY GD2 Z
:5 ,P]ICLES 9 8 FUN]AL OR,N SD T !
C.TRY'S LOSS ( XS "Y M5 9 BATTLE 0 ,8Z
IF ! SPR+ 7 TAK5 \ (! YE>0'4 ,S ) ^? ?+S
: >E ( S]VICE :5 ! NE$ IS PRESS+2 =
EXAMPLE1 9 OLD AGE & "TS ( SICK;S4 ,&(
TWO ?+S T : L1DS M DIRECTLY 6! 5D 9 VIEW
IS ! BETT]4 ,S TOO IS T : IS BETT] = P
G5],Y Z WELL Z =A "PICUL> 9DIVIDUAL4
,AG1 :AT C 2 GOT IS BETT] ?AN :AT _C1 =
X IS GD 9 A GIV5 CASE &! O!R ?+ IS N4 ,&
:AT IS AT ! 5D ( LIFE IS BETT] ?AN :AT
IS N1 S9CE ^? ?+S >E 5DS 9 A GRT] DEGREE
: >E NE>] ! 5D4 ,:AT AIMS AT R1L;Y IS
BETT] ?AN :AT AIMS AT APPE>.E4 ,WE MAY
DEF9E :AT AIMS AT APPE>.E Z :AT A MAN W
N *OOSE IF NOBODY IS 6"K ( 8 HAV+ X4 ,?
WD SEEM 6%[ T 6RCV B5EFITS IS M DESIRA#
?AN 63F] !M1 S9CE A MAN W *OOSE ! =M]
EV5 IF NOBODY IS 6"K ( X1 B X IS N !
G5]AL VIEW T HE W *OOSE ! LATT] IF
NOBODY "KS ( X4 ,:AT A MAN WANTS 6BE IS
BETT] ?AN :AT A MAN WANTS 6SEEM1 = 9
AIM+ AT T HE IS AIM+ M AT R1L;Y4 ,H;E M5
SAY T JU/ICE IS ( SMALL VALUE1 S9CE X IS
M DESIRA# 6SEEM J ?AN 6BE J1 ":AS ) H1L?
X IS N S4 ,T IS BETT] ?AN O!R ?+S : IS M
USE;L ?AN !Y >E =A NUMB] ( DI6]5T
PURPOSES2 = EXAMPLE1 T : PROMOTES LIFE1
GD LIFE1 PL1SURE1 & NO# 3DUCT4 ,= ?
R1SON W1L? & H1L? >E -MONLY ?"\ 6BE (!
HI<E/ VALUE1 Z POSSESS+ ALL ^!
ADVANTAGES4 ,AG1 T IS BETT] ?AN O!R ?+S
: IS A3OMPANI$ BO? ) LESS PA9 &) ACTUAL
PL1SURE2 = "H "! IS M ?AN "O ADVANTAGE2
& S "H WE H ! GD ( FEEL+ PL1SURE & AL !
GD ( N FEEL+ PA94 ,&( TWO GD ?+S T IS !
BETT] ^: A4I;N 6A ?IRD ?+ MAKES A BETT]
:OLE ?AN ! A4I;N (! O!R 6! SAME ?+ W
MAKE4 ,AG1 ^? ?+S : WE >E SE5 6POSSESS
>E BETT] ?AN ^? : WE >E N SE5 6POSSESS1
S9CE ! =M] H ! AIR ( R1L;Y4 ,H;E W1L?
MAY 2 REG>D$ Z A GRT] GD IF XS EXI/;E IS
"KN 6O!RS4 ,T : IS DE>LY PRIZ$ IS BETT]
?AN :AT IS N-! SORT ( ?+ T "S P H ONLY
"O (1 ?\< O!RS H M L X4 ,ACLY1 BL9D+ A
"O-EY$ MAN 9FLICTS WORSE 9JURY ?AN HALF-
BL9D+ A MAN ) TWO EYES2 =! "O-EY$ MAN
HAS BE5 RO2$ ( :AT HE DE>LY PRIZ$4
  ,! GR.DS ON : WE M/ BASE \R >GU;TS1 :5
WE >E SP1K+ = OR AG/ A PROPOSAL1 H N[
BE5 SET =? M OR LESS -PLETELY4

                   #H

  ,! MO/ IMPORTANT & E6ECTIVE QUALIFIC,N
= SU3ESS 9 P]SUAD+ AUDI;ES & SP1K+ WELL
ON PUBLIC A6AIRS IS 6"U/& ALL ! =MS (
GOV]N;T & 64CRIM9ATE _! RESPECTIVE
CU/OMS1 9/ITU;NS1 & 9T]E/S4 ,= ALL M5 >E
P]SUAD$ 03SID],NS ( _! 9T]E/1 & _! 9T]E/
LIES 9 ! MA9T5.E (! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4
,FUR!R1 X RE/S )! SUPREME AU?OR;Y 6GIVE
AU?ORITATIVE DECI.NS1 & ? V>IES ) EA* =M
( GOV]N;T2 "! >E Z _M DI6]5T SUPREME
AU?ORITIES Z "! >E DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T4
,! =MS ( GOV]N;T >E F\R-DEMOCRACY1
OLIG>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 MON>*Y4 ,! SUPREME
"R 6JUDGE & DECIDE ALW RE/S1 "!=E1 ) EI
A "P OR ! :OLE ( "O OR O!R ( ^! GOV]N+
P[]S4
  ,A ,DEMOCRACY IS A =M ( GOV]N;T "U : !
CITIZ5S 4TRIBUTE ! (FICES ( /ATE AM;G
!MVS 0LOT1 ":AS "U OLIG>*Y "! IS A
PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 "U >I/OCRACY "O (
$UC,N4 ,0$UC,N ,I M1N T $UC,N : IS LAID
D[N 0! LAW2 = X IS ^? :O H BE5 LOYAL 6!
N,NAL 9/ITU;NS T HOLD (FICE "U AN
>I/OCRACY4 ,^! >E B.D 6BE LOOK$ ^U Z ,8!
BE/ M50'1 & X IS F ? FACT T ? =M (
GOV]N;T HAS DERIV$ XS "N 7,8! RULE (!
BE/0'74 ,MON>*Y1 Z ! ^W IMPLIES1 IS !
3/ITU;N A 9 : "O MAN HAS AU?OR;Y OV]
ALL4 ,"! >E TWO =MS ( MON>*Y3 K+%IP1 :
IS LIMIT$ 0PRESCRIB$ 3DI;NS1 &
,8TYRANNY0'1 : IS N LIMIT$ 0ANY?+4
  ,WE M/ AL NOTICE ! 5DS : ! V>I\S =MS (
GOV]N;T PURSUE1 S9CE P *OOSE 9 PRACTICE
S* AC;NS Z W L1D 6! R1LIZ,N ( _! 5DS4 ,!
5D ( DEMOCRACY IS FREEDOM2 ( OLIG>*Y1
W1L?2 ( >I/OCRACY1 ! MA9T5.E ( $UC,N &
N,NAL 9/ITU;NS2 ( TYRANNY1 ! PROTEC;N (!
TYRANT4 ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 T WE M/ 4T+UI%
^? "PICUL> CU/OMS1 9/ITU;NS1 & 9T]E/S :
T5D 6R1LIZE ! ID1L ( EA* 3/ITU;N1 S9CE
M5 *OOSE _! M1NS ) REF];E 6_! 5DS4 ,B
RHETORICAL P]SUA.N IS E6ECT$ N ONLY
0DEMON/RATIVE B 0E?ICAL >GU;T2 X HELPS A
SP1K] 63V9CE U1 IF WE 2LIEVE T HE HAS
C]TA9 QUALITIES HMF1 "NLY1 GD;S1 OR
GDWILL T[>DS U1 OR BO? TGR4 ,SIMIL>LY1
WE %D "K ! MORAL QUALITIES "*I/IC ( EA*
=M ( GOV]N;T1 =! SPECIAL MORAL "* ( EA*
IS B.D 6PROVIDE U ) \R MO/ E6ECTIVE M1NS
( P]SUA.N 9 D1L+ ) X4 ,WE % LE>N !
QUALITIES ( GOV]N;TS 9 ! SAME WAY Z WE
LE>N ! QUALITIES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 S9CE !Y
>E REV1L$ 9 _! DELIB]ATE ACTS ( *OICE2 &
^! >E DET]M9$ 0! 5D T 9SPIRES !M4
  ,WE H N[ 3SID]$ ! OBJECTS1 IMM OR
4TANT1 AT : WE >E 6AIM :5 URG+ ANY
PROPOSAL1 &! GR.DS ON : WE >E 6BASE \R
>GU;TS 9 FAV\R ( XS UTIL;Y4 ,WE H AL
BRIEFLY 3SID]$ ! M1NS & ME?ODS 0: WE %
GA9 A GD K (! MORAL QUALITIES & 9/ITU;NS
PECULI> 6! V>I\S =MS ( GOV]N;T-ONLY1
H["E1 6! EXT5T DEM&$ 0! PRES5T O3A.N2 A
DETAIL$ A3.T (! SUBJECT HAS BE5 GIV5 9 !
,POLITICS4

                   #I

  ,WE H N[ 63SID] ,VIRTUE & ,VICE1 !
,NO# &! ,BASE1 S9CE ^! >E ! OBJECTS (
PRAISE & BLAME4 ,9 DO+ S1 WE % AT ! SAME
"T 2 F9D+ \ H[ 6MAKE \R HE>]S TAKE !
REQUIR$ VIEW ( \R [N "*S-\R SECOND ME?OD
( P]SUA.N4 ,! WAYS 9 : 6MAKE !M TRU/ !
GD;S ( O!R P >E AL ! WAYS 9 : 6MAKE !M
TRU/ \R [N4 ,PRAISE1 AG1 MAY 2 S]I\S OR
FRIVOL\S2 NOR IS X ALW (A HUMAN OR DIV9E
2+ B (T5 ( 9ANIMATE ?+S1 OR (! HUM#/ (!
L[] ANIMALS4 ,"H TOO WE M/ "K ON :AT
GR.DS 6>GUE1 & M/1 "!=E1 N[ 4CUSS !
SUBJECT1 ?\< 0WAY ( ILLU/R,N ONLY4
  ,! ,NO# IS T : IS BO? DESIRA# = XS [N
SAKE & AL WOR?Y ( PRAISE2 OR T : IS BO?
GD & AL PL1SANT 2C GD4 ,IF ? IS A TRUE
DEF9I;N (! ,NO#1 X FOLL[S T VIRTUE M/ 2
NO#1 S9CE X IS BO? A GD ?+ & AL
PRAISEWOR?Y4 ,VIRTUE IS1 AC 6! USUAL
VIEW1 A FACULTY ( PROVID+ & PRES]V+ GD
?+S2 OR A FACULTY ( 3F]R+ _M GRT
B5EFITS1 & B5EFITS ( ALL K9DS ON ALL
O3A.NS4 ,! =MS ( ,VIRTUE >E JU/ICE1
C\RAGE1 TEMP].E1 MAGNIFIC;E1 MAGNANIM;Y1
LIB]AL;Y1 G5TLE;S1 PRUD;E1 WISDOM4 ,IF
VIRTUE IS A FACULTY ( 2NEFIC;E1 ! HI<E/
K9DS ( X M/ 2 ^? : >E MO/ USE;L 6O!RS1 &
= ? R1SON M5 HON\R MO/ ! J &! C\RAGE\S1
S9CE C\RAGE IS USE;L 6O!RS 9 W>1 JU/ICE
BO? 9 W> & 9 P1CE4 ,NEXT -ES LIB]AL;Y2
LIB]AL P LET _! M"OY G 9/1D ( FI<T+ = X1
":AS O!R P C>E M = M"OY ?AN = ANY?+
ELSE4 ,JU/ICE IS ! VIRTUE "? : "EYBODY
5JOYS 8 [N POSSES.NS 9 A3ORD.E )! LAW2
XS OPPOSITE IS 9JU/ICE1 "? : M5 5JOY !
POSSES.NS ( O!RS 9 DEFI.E (! LAW4
,C\RAGE IS ! VIRTUE T 4POSES M5 6D NO#
DE$S 9 SITU,NS ( DANG]1 9 A3ORD.E )! LAW
& 9 OB$I;E 6XS -M&S2 C[>DICE IS !
OPPOSITE4 ,TEMP].E IS ! VIRTUE T 4POSES
U 6OBEY ! LAW ": PHYSICAL PL1SURES >E
3C]N$2 9CONT9;E IS ! OPPOSITE4 ,LIB]AL;Y
4POSES U 6SP5D M"OY = O!RS' GD2
ILLIB]AL;Y IS ! OPPOSITE4 ,MAGNANIM;Y IS
! VIRTUE T 4POSES U 6D GD 6O!RS ON A
L>GE SCALE2 ,7XS OPPOSITE IS M1N;S (
_S7'4 ,MAGNIFIC;E IS A VIRTUE PRODUCTIVE
( GRT;S 9 MATT]S 9VOLV+ ! SP5D+ ( M"OY4
,! OPPOSITES ( ^! TWO >E SMALL;S ( _S &
M1N;S RESPECTIVELY4 ,PRUD;E IS T VIRTUE
(! "U/&+ : 5A#S M5 6-E 6WISE DECI.NS AB
! REL,N 6HAPPI;S (! GDS & EVILS T H BE5
PREVI\SLY M5;N$4
  ,! ABV IS A SU6ICI5T A3.T1 = \R PRES5T
PURPOSE1 ( VIRTUE & VICE 9 G5]AL1 &( _!
V>I\S =MS4 ,Z 6FUR!R ASPECTS (! SUBJECT1
X IS N DI6ICULT 64C]N ! FACTS2 X IS
EVID5T T ?+S PRODUCTIVE ( VIRTUE >E NO#1
Z T5D+ T[>DS VIRTUE2 & AL ! E6ECTS (
VIRTUE1 T IS1 ! SIGNS ( XS PRES;E &!
ACTS 6: X L1DS4 ,& S9CE ! SIGNS (
VIRTUE1 & S* ACTS Z X IS ! M>K (A
VIRTU\S MAN 6D OR H D"O 6HM1 >E NO#1 X
FOLL[S T ALL DE$S OR SIGNS ( C\RAGE1 &
"EY?+ D"O C\RAGE\SLY1 M/ 2 NO# ?+S2 & S
) :AT IS J & AC;NS D"O JU/LY4 7,N1 H["E1
AC;NS JU/LY D"O 6U2 "H JU/ICE IS UNLIKE
! O!R VIRTUES2 ,8JU/LY0' DOES N ALW M1N
,8NOBLY0'2 :5 A MAN IS PUNI%$1 X IS M
%AME;L T ? %D 2 JU/LY ?AN UNJU/LY D"O
6HM74 ,! SAME IS TRUE (! O!R VIRTUES4
,AG1 ^? AC;NS >E NO# = : ! REW>D IS
SIMPLY HON\R1 OR HON\R M ?AN M"OY4 ,S >E
^? 9 : A MAN AIMS AT "S?+ DESIRA# = "S
"O ELSE'S SAKE2 AC;NS GD ABSOLUTELY1 S*
Z ^? A MAN DOES = 8 C.TRY )\T ?9K+ (
HMF2 AC;NS GD 9 _! [N NATURE2 AC;NS T >E
N GD SIMPLY =! 9DIVIDUAL1 S9CE 9DIVIDUAL
9T]E/S >E SELFI%4 ,NO# AL >E ^? AC;NS ^:
ADVANTAGE MAY 2 5JOY$ AF D1?1 Z OPPOS$
6^? ^: ADVANTAGE IS 5JOY$ DUR+ "O'S
LIFE"T3 =! LATT] >E M LIKELY 6BE = "O'S
[N SAKE ONLY4 ,AL1 ALL AC;NS D"O =! SAKE
( O!RS1 S9CE LESS ?AN O!R AC;NS >E D"O =
"O'S [N SAKE2 & ALL SU3ESSES : B5EFIT
O!RS & N "OF2 & S]VICES D"O 6"O'S
B5EFACTORS1 = ? IS J2 & GD DE$S G5],Y1
S9CE !Y >E N DIRECT$ 6"O'S [N PR(IT4 ,&!
OPPOSITES ( ^? ?+S ( : M5 FEEL A%AM$1 =
M5 >E A%AM$ ( SAY+1 DO+1 OR 9T5D+ 6D
%AME;L ?+S4 ,S :5 ,ALCACUS SD

,"S?+ ,I FA9 WD SAY 6!E1
,ONLY %AME RE/RA9E? ME1
,SAPPHO WROTE
,IF = ?+S GD & NO# ?\ W]T YE>N+1
,IF 6SP1K BASE;S 7 ?Y T;GUE N BURN+1
,NO LOAD ( %AME WD ON ?9E EYELIDS WEI<2
,:AT ?\ ) HON\R WI%E/ ?\ WD/ SAY4

  ,^? ?+S1 AL1 >E NO# = : M5 /RIVE
ANXI\SLY1 )\T FEEL+ FE>2 = !Y FEEL ?US
AB ! GD ?+S : L1D 6FAIR FAME4 ,AG1 "O
QUAL;Y OR AC;N IS NO#R ?AN ANO!R IF X IS
T (A NATUR,Y F9] 2+3 ?US A MAN'S W 2
NO#R ?AN A WOMAN'S4 ,& ^? QUALITIES >E
NO# : GIVE M PL1SURE 6O!R P ?AN 6_!
POSSESSORS2 H;E ! NO#;S ( JU/ICE & J
AC;NS4 ,X IS NO# 6AV5GE "OF ON "O'S
5EMIES & N 6-E 6T]MS ) !M2 = REQUITAL IS
J1 &! J IS NO#2 & N 6SURR5D] IS A SIGN (
C\RAGE4 ,VICTORY1 TOO1 & HON\R 2L;G 6!
CLASS ( NO# ?+S1 S9CE !Y >E DESIRA# EV5
:5 !Y YIELD NO FRUITS1 & !Y PROVE \R
SUP]IOR;Y 9 GD QUALITIES4 ,?+S T DES]VE
6BE REMEMB]$ >E NO#1 &! M !Y DES]VE ?1 !
NO#R !Y >E4 ,S >E ! ?+S T 3T9UE EV5 AF
D1?2 ^? : >E ALW ATT5D$ 0HON\R2 ^? : >E
EXCEP;NAL2 & ^? : >E POSSESS$ 0"O P]SON
AL"O-^! LA/ >E M R1DILY REMEMB]$ ?AN
O!RS4 ,S AG >E POSSES.NS T BR+ NO PR(IT1
S9CE !Y >E M FITT+ ?AN O!RS =A G5TLEMAN4
,S >E ! 4T9CTIVE QUALITIES (A "PICUL> P1
&! SYMBOLS ( :AT X SPECI,Y ADMIRES1 L
L;G HAIR 9 ,S"PA1 ": ? IS A M>K (A FREE
MAN1 Z X IS N EASY 6P]=M ANY M5IAL TASK
:5 "O'S HAIR IS L;G4 ,AG1 X IS NO# N
6PRACTISE ANY SORDID CRAFT1 S9CE X IS !
M>K (A FREE MAN N 6LIVE AT ANO!R'S BECK
& CALL4 ,WE >E AL 6ASSUME :5 WE WI% EI
6PRAISE A MAN OR BLAME HM T QUALITIES
CLOSELY ALLI$ 6^? : HE ACTU,Y HAS >E
ID5TICAL ) !M2 = 9/.E1 T ! CAUTI\S MAN
IS COLD-BLOOD$ & TR1*]\S1 & T ! /UPID
MAN IS AN H"O/ FELL[ OR ! ?ICK-SK9N$ MAN
A GD-TEMP]$ "O4 ,WE C ALW ID1LIZE ANY
GIV5 MAN 0DRAW+ ON ! VIRTUES AK9 6HIS
ACTUAL QUALITIES2 ?US WE MAY SAY T !
PAS.NATE & EXCITA# MAN IS ,8\TSPOK50'2
OR T ! >ROGANT MAN IS ,8SUP]B0' OR
,8IMPRESSIVE0'4 ,^? :O RUN 6EXTREMES W 2
SD 6POSSESS ! CORRESPOND+ GD QUALITIES2
RA%;S W 2 CALL$ C\RAGE1 & EXTRAVAG.E
G5]OS;Y4 ,T W 2 :AT MO/ P ?9K2 & AT !
SAME "T ? ME?OD 5A#S AN ADVOCATE 6DRAW A
MISL1D+ 9F];E F ! MOTIVE1 >GU+ T IF A
MAN RUNS 96DANG] NE$.SLY1 M* M W HE D S
9 A NO# CAUSE2 & IF A MAN IS OP5-H&$
6ANY "O & E "O1 HE W 2 S 6HIS FRS AL1
S9CE X IS ! EXTREME =M ( GD;S 6BE GD
6"EYBODY4
  ,WE M/ AL TAKE 96A3.T ! NATURE ( \R
"PICUL> AUDI;E :5 MAK+ A SPEE* ( PRAISE2
=1 Z ,SOCRATES US$ 6SAY1 ,8X IS N
DI6ICULT 6PRAISE ! ,A!NIANS 6AN ,A!NIAN
AUDI;E40' ,IF ! AUDI;E E/EEMS A GIV5
QUAL;Y1 WE M/ SAY T \R H]O HAS T QUAL;Y1
NO MATT] :E!R WE >E A4RESS+ ,SCY?IANS OR
,S"PANS OR PHILOSOPH]S4 ,"EY?+1 9 FACT1
T IS E/EEM$ WE >E 6REPRES5T Z NO#4 ,AF
ALL1 P REG>D ! TWO ?+S Z M* ! SAME4
  ,ALL AC;NS >E NO# T >E APPROPRIATE 6!
MAN :O DOES !M3 IF1 = 9/.E1 !Y >E WOR?Y
( 8 ANCE/ORS OR ( 8 [N PA/ C>E]4 ,= X
MAKES = HAPPI;S1 & IS A NO# ?+1 T HE %D
ADD 6! HON\R HE ALR HAS4 ,EV5
9APPROPRIATE AC;NS >E NO# IF !Y >E BETT]
& NO#R ?AN ! APPROPRIATE "OS WD BE2 =
9/.E1 IF "O :O 0 J AN AV]AGE P]SON :5
ALL W5T WELL 2COMES A H]O 9 ADV]S;Y1 OR
IF HE 2COMES BETT] & EASI] 6GET ON )!
HI<] HE RISES4 ,-P>E ! SAY+ (
LPHICRATES1 ,8,?9K :AT ,I 0 & :AT ,I
AM0'2 &! EPIGRAM ON ! VICTOR AT !
,OLYMPIC GAMES1

,9 "T PA/1 BE>+ A YOKE ON MY %\LD]S1
( WOOD UN%AV51
&! 5COMIUM ( ,SIMONIDES1
,A WOMAN ^: "F1 ^: HUSB&1 ^:
BRE?R5 7 PR9CES ALL4

  ,S9CE WE PRAISE A MAN = :AT HE HAS
ACTU,Y D"O1 & F9E AC;NS >E 4T+UI%$ F
O!RS 02+ 9T5;N,Y GD1 WE M/ TRY 6PROVE T
\R H]O'S NO# ACTS >E 9T5;NAL4 ,? IS ALL
! EASI] IF WE C MAKE \ T HE HAS (T5 ACT$
S 2F1 & "!=E WE M/ ASS]T CO9CID;ES &
A3ID5TS 6H BE5 9T5D$4 ,PRODUCE A NUMB] (
GD AC;NS1 ALL (! SAME K9D1 & P W ?9K T
!Y M/ H BE5 9T5D$1 & T !Y PROVE ! GD
QUALITIES (! MAN :O DID !M4
  ,PRAISE IS ! EXPRES.N 9 ^WS (! EM9;E (
A MAN'S GD QUALITIES1 & "!=E WE M/ 4PLAY
8 AC;NS Z ! PRODUCT ( S* QUALITIES4
,5COMIUM REF]S 6:AT HE HAS ACTU,Y D"O2 !
M5;N ( A3ESSORIES1 S* Z GD BIR? & $UC,N1
M]ELY HELPS 6MAKE \R /ORY CR$I#-GD "FS
>E LIKELY 6H GD SONS1 & GD TRA9+ IS
LIKELY 6PRODUCE GD "*4 ,H;E X IS ONLY :5
A MAN HAS ALR D"O "S?+ T WE 2/[ 5COMIUMS
^U HM4 ,YET ! ACTUAL DE$S >E EVID;E (!
DO]'S "*3 EV5 IF A MAN HAS N ACTU,Y D"O
A GIV5 GD ?+1 WE % 2/[ PRAISE ON HM1 IF
WE >E SURE T HE IS ! SORT ( MAN :O WD D
X4 ,6CALL ANY "O BLE/ IS1 X MAY 2 A4$1 !
SAME ?+ Z 6CALL HM HAPPY2 B ^! >E N !
SAME ?+ Z 62/[ PRAISE & 5COMIUM ^U HM2 !
TWO LATT] >E A "P ( ,8CALL+ HAPPY0'1 J Z
GD;S IS A "P ( HAPPI;S4
  ,6PRAISE A MAN IS 9 "O RESPECT AK9
6URG+ A C\RSE ( AC;N4 ,! SU7ES;NS : WD 2
MADE 9 ! LATT] CASE 2COME 5COMIUMS :5
DI6]5TLY EXPRESS$4 ,:5 WE "K :AT AC;N OR
"* IS REQUIR$1 !N1 9 ORD] 6EXPRESS ^!
FACTS Z SU7ES;NS = AC;N1 WE H 6*ANGE &
REV]SE \R =M ( ^WS4 ,?US ! /ATE;T ',A
MAN %D 2 PR\D N ( :AT HE [ES 6=TUNE B (
:AT HE [ES 6HMF0'1 IF PUT L ?1 AM.TS 6A
SU7ES;N2 6MAKE X 96PRAISE WE M/ PUT X
?US1 ,8,S9CE HE IS PR\D N ( :AT HE [ES
6=TUNE B ( :AT HE [ES 6HMF40'
,3SEQU5TLY1 :5"E Y WANT 6PRAISE ANY "O1
?9K :AT Y WD URGE P 6D2 & :5 Y WANT
6URGE ! DO+ ( ANY?+1 ?9K :AT Y WD PRAISE
A MAN = HAV+ D"O4 ,S9CE SU7ES;N MAY OR
MAY N =BID AN AC;N1 ! PRAISE 96: WE 3V]T
X M/ H "O OR O!R ( TWO OPPOSITE =MS (
EXPRES.N ACLY4
  ,"! >E1 AL1 _M USE;L WAYS ( HEI<T5+ !
E6ECT ( PRAISE4 ,WE M/1 = 9/.E1 PO9T \ T
A MAN IS ! ONLY "O1 OR ! F/1 OR ALM !
ONLY "O :O HAS D"O "S?+1 OR T HE HAS D"O
X BETT] ?AN ANY "O ELSE2 ALL ^! 4T9C;NS
>E HON\RA#4 ,& WE M/1 FUR!R1 MAKE M* (!
"PICUL> S1SON & O3A.N ( AN AC;N1 >GU+ T
WE CD H>DLY H LOOK$ = X J !N4 ,IF A MAN
HAS (T5 A*IEV$ ! SAME SU3ESS1 WE M/ M5;N
?2 T IS A /R;G PO9T2 HE HMF1 & N LUCK1 W
!N 2 GIV5 ! CR$IT4 ,S1 TOO1 IF X IS ON 8
A3.T T OBS]V.ES H BE5 DEVIS$ & 9/ITUT$
65C\RAGE OR HON\R S* A*IEVE;TS Z 8 [N3
?US WE MAY PRAISE ,HIPPOLO*US 2C ! F/
5COMIUM "E MADE 0 = HM1 OR ,H>MODIUS &
,>I/OGEITON 2C _! /ATUES 7 ! F/ 6BE PUT
UP 9 ! M>KET-PLACE4 ,& WE MAY C5SURE BAD
M5 =! OPPOSITE R1SON4
  ,AG1 IF Y _C F9D 5 6SAY (A MAN HMF1 Y
MAY PIT HM AG/ O!RS1 : IS :AT ,ISOCRATES
US$ 6D [+ 6HIS WANT ( FAMILI>;Y ) =5SIC
PL1D+4 ,! -P>ISON %D 2 ) FAM\S M52 T W
/R5G!N YR CASE2 X IS A NO# ?+ 6SURPASS
M5 :O >E !MVS GRT4 ,X IS ONLY NATURAL T
ME?ODS ( ,8HEI<T5+ ! E6ECT0' %D 2 ATTA*$
"PICUL>LY 6SPEE*ES ( PRAISE2 !Y AIM AT
PROV+ SUP]IOR;Y OV] O!RS1 & ANY S*
SUP]IOR;Y IS A =M ( NO#;S4 ,H;E IF Y _C
-P>E YR H]O ) FAM\S M51 Y %D AT L1/ -P>E
HM ) O!R P G5],Y1 S9CE ANY SUP]IOR;Y IS
HELD 6REV1L EXCELL;E4 ,&1 9 G5]AL1 (!
L9ES ( >GU;T : >E -MON 6ALL SPEE*ES1 ?
,8HEI<T5+ ( E6ECT0' IS MO/ SUITA# =
DECLAM,NS1 ": WE TAKE \R H]O'S AC;NS Z
ADMITT$ FACTS1 & \R BUSI;S IS SIMPLY
69VE/ ^! ) DIGN;Y & NOBIL;Y4
,8,EXAMPLES0' >E MO/ SUITA# 6DELIB]ATIVE
SPEE*ES2 = WE JUDGE ( FUTURE EV5TS
0DIV9,N F PA/ EV5TS4 ,5?YMEMES >E MO/
SUITA# 6=5SIC SPEE*ES2 X IS \R D\BTS AB
PA/ EV5TS T MO/ ADMIT ( >GU;TS %[+ :Y A
?+ M/ H HAPP5$ OR PROV+ T X DID HAPP54
  ,! ABV >E ! G5]AL L9ES ON : ALL1 OR
NE>LY ALL1 SPEE*ES ( PRAISE OR BLAME >E
3/RUCT$4 ,WE H SE5 ! SORT ( ?+ WE M/ BE>
9 M9D 9 MAK+ S* SPEE*ES1 &! MAT]IALS \ (
: 5COMIUMS & C5SURES >E MADE4 ,NO
SPECIAL TR1T;T ( C5SURE & VITUP],N IS
NE$$4 ,"K+ ! ABV FACTS1 WE "K _!
3TR>IES2 & X IS \ ( ^! T SPEE*ES (
C5SURE >E MADE4

                  #AJ

  ,WE H NEXT 6TR1T ( ,A3US,N & ,DEF;E1 &
6ENUM]ATE & DESCRIBE ! 9GR$I5TS (!
SYLLOGISMS US$ "!94 ,"! >E ?REE ?+S WE
M/ ASC]TA9 F/1 ! NATURE & NUMB] (!
9C5TIVES 6WR;G-DO+2 SECOND1 ! /ATE ( M9D
( WR;GDO]S2 ?IRD1 ! K9D ( P]SONS :O >E
WR;G$1 & _! 3DI;N4 ,WE W D1L ) ^! "QS 9
ORD]4 ,B 2F T LET U DEF9E ! ACT (
,8WR;G-DO+0'4
  ,WE MAY DESCRIBE ,8WR;G-DO+0' Z 9JURY
VOLUNT>ILY 9FLICT$ 3TR>Y 6LAW4 ,8,LAW0'
IS EI SPECIAL OR G5]AL4 ,0SPECIAL LAW ,I
M1N T WRITT5 LAW : REGULATES ! LIFE (A
"PICUL> -MUN;Y2 0G5]AL LAW1 ALL ^?
UNWRITT5 PR9CIPLES : >E SUPPOS$ 6BE
AC"KL$G$ "EY":4 ,WE D ?+S ,8VOLUNT>ILY0'
:5 WE D !M 3SCI\SLY & )\T 3/RA9T4 7,N
ALL VOLUNT>Y ACTS >E DELIB]ATE1 B ALL
DELIB]ATE ACTS >E 3SCI\S-NO "O IS
IGNORANT ( :AT HE DELIB]ATELY 9T5DS47 ,!
CAUSES ( \R DELIB]ATELY 9T5D+ H>M;L &
WICK$ ACTS 3TR>Y 6LAW >E 7#A7 VICE1 7#B7
LACK ( SELF-3TROL4 ,=! WR;GS A MAN DOES
6O!RS W CORRESPOND 6! BAD QUAL;Y OR
QUALITIES T HE HMF POSSESSES4 ,?US X IS
! M1N MAN :O W WR;G O!RS AB M"OY1 !
PR(LIGATE 9 MATT]S ( PHYSICAL PL1SURE1 !
E6EM9ATE 9 MATT]S ( -=T1 &! C[>D ":
DANG] IS 3C]N$-HIS T]ROR MAKES HM AB&ON
^? :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 ! SAME DANG]4 ,!
AMBITI\S MAN DOES WR;G = SAKE ( HON\R1 !
QK-TEMP]$ F ANG]1 ! LOV] ( VICTORY =!
SAKE ( VICTORY1 ! EMBITT]$ MAN =! SAKE (
REV5GE1 ! /UPID MAN 2C HE HAS MISGUID$
NO;NS ( "R & WR;G1 ! %AME.S MAN 2C HE
DOES N M9D :AT P ?9K ( HM2 & S )! RE/-
ANY WR;G T ANY "O DOES 6O!RS CORRESPONDS
6HIS "PICUL> FAULTS ( "*4
  ,H["E1 ? SUBJECT HAS ALR BE5 CLE>$ UP
9 "P 9 \R 4CUS.N (! VIRTUES & W 2 FUR!R
EXPLA9$ LAT] :5 WE TR1T (! EMO;NS4 ,WE H
N[ 63SID] ! MOTIVES & /ATES ( M9D (
WR;GDO]S1 & 6:OM !Y D WR;G4
  ,LET U F/ DECIDE :AT SORT ( ?+S P >E
TRY+ 6GET OR AVOID :5 !Y SET AB DO+ WR;G
6O!RS4 ,= X IS PLA9 T ! PROSECUTOR M/
3SID]1 \ ( ALL ! AIMS T C "E 9DUCE U 6D
WR;G 6\R NEI<B\RS1 H[ _M1 & :1 A6ECT 8
ADV]S>Y2 :ILE ! DEF5DANT M/ 3SID] H[ _M1
& :1 D N A6ECT HM4 ,N[ E AC;N ( E P]SON
EI IS OR IS N DUE 6T P]SON HMF4 ,( ^? N
DUE 6HMF "S >E DUE 6*.E1 ! O!RS
6NECESS;Y2 ( ^! LATT]1 AG1 "S >E DUE
6-PUL.N1 ! O!RS 6NATURE4 ,3SEQU5TLY ALL
AC;NS T >E N DUE 6A MAN HMF >E DUE EI
6*.E OR 6NATURE OR 6-PUL.N4 ,ALL AC;NS T
>E DUE 6A MAN HMF & CAUS$ 0HMF >E DUE EI
6HABIT OR 6R,NAL OR IRR,NAL CRAV+4
,R,NAL CRAV+ IS A CRAV+ = GD1 I4E4 A
WI%-NOBODY WI%ES = ANY?+ UN.S HE ?9KS X
GD4 ,IRR,NAL CRAV+ IS TWOFOLD1 VIZ4 ANG]
& APPETITE4
  ,?US E AC;N M/ 2 DUE 6"O OR O!R ( SEV5
CAUSES3 *.E1 NATURE1 -PUL.N1 HABIT1
R1SON+1 ANG]1 OR APPETITE4 ,X IS
SUP]FLU\S FUR!R 64T+UI% AC;NS AC 6!
DO]S' AGES1 MORAL /ATES1 OR ! L2 X IS (
C\RSE TRUE T1 = 9/.E1 "Y M5 D H HOT
TEMP]S & /R;G APPETITES2 /1 X IS N "?
Y\? T !Y ACT ACLY1 B "? ANG] OR
APPETITE4 ,NOR1 AG1 IS AC;N DUE 6W1L? OR
POV]TY2 X IS ( C\RSE TRUE T POOR M51 2+
%ORT ( M"OY1 D H AN APPETITE = X1 & T
RI* M51 2+ A# 6-M& NE$.S PL1SURES1 D H
AN APPETITE = S* PL1SURES3 B "H1 AG1 _!
AC;NS W 2 DUE N 6W1L? OR POV]TY B
6APPETITE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ) J M51 & UNJU/
M51 & ALL O!RS :O >E SD 6ACT 9 A3ORD.E )
_! MORAL QUALITIES1 _! AC;NS W RE,Y 2
DUE 6"O (! CAUSES M5;N$-EI R1SON+ OR
EMO;N3 DUE1 9DE$1 "S"TS 6GD 4POSI;NS &
GD EMO;NS1 & "S"TS 6BAD2 B T GD
QUALITIES %D 2 FOLL[$ 0GD EMO;NS1 & BAD
0BAD1 IS M]ELY AN A3ESSORY FACT-X IS NO
D\BT TRUE T ! TEMP]ATE MAN1 = 9/.E1 2C
HE IS TEMP]ATE1 IS ALW & AT ONCE ATT5D$
0H1L?Y OP9IONS & APPETITES 9 REG>D
6PL1SANT ?+S1 &! 9TEMP]ATE MAN 0UNH1L?Y
"OS4 ,S WE M/ IGNORE S* 4T9C;NS4 ,/ WE
M/ 3SID] :AT K9DS ( AC;NS &( P USU,Y G
TGR2 = :ILE "! >E NO DEF9ITE K9DS ( AC;N
ASSOCIAT$ )! FACT T A MAN IS FAIR OR
D>K1 TALL OR %ORT1 X DOES MAKE A DI6];E
IF HE IS "Y OR OLD1 J OR UNJU/4 ,&1
G5],Y SP1K+1 ALL ^? A3ESSORY QUALITIES T
CAUSE 4T9C;NS ( HUMAN "* >E IMPORTANT3
E4G4 ! S5SE ( W1L? OR POV]TY1 ( 2+ LUCKY
OR UNLUCKY4 ,? % 2 D1LT ) LAT]-LET U N[
D1L F/ )! RE/ (! SUBJECT 2F U4
  ,! ?+S T HAPP5 0*.E >E ALL ^? ^: CAUSE
_C 2 DET]M9$1 T H NO PURPOSE1 & T HAPP5
NEI ALW NOR USU,Y NOR 9 ANY FIX$ WAY4 ,!
DEF9I;N ( *.E %[S J :AT !Y >E4 ,^? ?+S
HAPP5 0NATURE : H A FIX$ & 9T]NAL CAUSE2
!Y TAKE PLACE UNI=MLY1 EI ALW OR USU,Y4
,"! IS NO NE$ 64CUSS 9 EXACT DETAIL !
?+S T HAPP5 3TR>Y 6NATURE1 NOR 6ASK :E!R
!Y HAPP5 9 "S S5SE NATUR,Y OR F "S O!R
CAUSE2 X WD SEEM T *.E IS AT L1/ "PLY !
CAUSE ( S* EV5TS4 ,^? ?+S HAPP5 "?
-PUL.N : TAKE PLACE 3TR>Y 6! DESIRE OR
R1SON (! DO]1 YET "? 8 [N AG5CY4 ,ACTS
>E D"O F HABIT : M5 D 2C !Y H (T5 D"O !M
2F4 ,AC;NS >E DUE 6R1SON+ :51 9 VIEW (
ANY (! GDS ALR M5;N$1 !Y APPE> USE;L EI
Z 5DS OR Z M1NS 6AN 5D1 & >E P]=M$ = T
R1SON3 ,8= T R1SON10' S9CE EV5 LIC5TI\S
P]SONS P]=M A C]TA9 NUMB] ( USE;L AC;NS1
B 2C !Y >E PL1SANT & N 2C !Y >E USE;L4
,6PAS.N & ANG] >E DUE ALL ACTS ( REV5GE4
,REV5GE & PUNI%;T >E DI6]5T ?+S4
,PUNI%;T IS 9FLICT$ =! SAKE (! P]SON
PUNI%$2 REV5GE = T (! PUNI%]1 6SATISFY 8
FEEL+S4 7,:AT ANG] IS W 2 MADE CLE> :5
WE -E 64CUSS ! EMO;NS47 ,APPETITE IS !
CAUSE ( ALL AC;NS T APPE> PL1SANT4
,HABIT1 :E!R ACQUIR$ 0M]E FAMILI>;Y OR
0EF=T1 2L;GS 6! CLASS ( PL1SANT ?+S1 =
"! >E _M AC;NS N NATUR,Y PL1SANT : M5
P]=M ) PL1SURE1 ONCE !Y H 2COME US$ 6!M4
,6SUM UP !N1 ALL AC;NS DUE 6\RVS EI >E
OR SEEM 6BE EI GD OR PL1SANT4 ,MOREOV]1
Z ALL AC;NS DUE 6\RVS >E D"O VOLUNT>ILY
& AC;NS N DUE 6\RVS >E D"O 9VOLUNT>ILY1
X FOLL[S T ALL VOLUNT>Y AC;NS M/ EI 2 OR
SEEM 6BE EI GD OR PL1SANT2 = ,I RECKON
AM;G GDS ESCAPE F EVILS OR APP>5T EVILS
&! EX*ANGE (A GRT] EVIL =A LESS 7S9CE ^!
?+S >E 9 A S5SE POSITIVELY DESIRA#71 &
LIKEWISE ,I C.T AM;G PL1SURES ESCAPE F
PA9;L OR APP>5TLY PA9;L ?+S &! EX*ANGE (
A GRT] PA9 =A LESS4 ,WE M/ ASC]TA91 !N1
! NUMB] & NATURE (! ?+S T >E USE;L &
PL1SANT4 ,! USE;L HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY
EXAM9$ 9 3NEXION ) POLITICAL ORATORY2
LET U N[ PROCE$ 6EXAM9E ! PL1SANT4 ,\R
V>I\S DEF9I;NS M/ 2 REG>D$ Z ADEQUATE1
EV5 IF !Y >E N EXACT1 PROVID$ !Y >E
CLE>4

                  #AA

  ,WE MAY LAY X D[N T ,PL1SURE IS A
MOVE;T1 A MOVE;T 0: ! S\L Z A :OLE IS
3SCI\SLY BR"\ 96XS NORMAL /ATE ( 2+2 & T
,PA9 IS ! OPPOSITE4 ,IF ? IS :AT PL1SURE
IS1 X IS CLE> T ! PL1SANT IS :AT T5DS
6PRODUCE ? 3DI;N1 :ILE T : T5DS 6DE/ROY
X1 OR 6CAUSE ! S\L 6BE BR"\ 96! OPPOSITE
/ATE1 IS PA9;L4 ,X M/ "!=E 2 PL1SANT Z A
RULE 6MOVE T[>DS A NATURAL /ATE ( 2+1
"PICUL>LY :5 A NATURAL PROCESS HAS
A*IEV$ ! -PLETE RECOV]Y ( T NATURAL
/ATE4 ,HABITS AL >E PL1SANT2 = Z SOON Z
A ?+ HAS 2COME HABITUAL1 X IS VIRTU,Y
NATURAL2 HABIT IS A ?+ N UNLIKE NATURE2
:AT HAPP5S (T5 IS AK9 6:AT HAPP5S ALW1
NATURAL EV5TS HAPP5+ ALW1 HABITUAL EV5TS
(T54 ,AG1 T IS PL1SANT : IS N =C$ ON U2
= =CE IS UNNATURAL1 & T IS :Y :AT IS
-PULSORY1 PA9;L1 & X HAS BE5 "RLY SD
  ,ALL T IS D"O ON -PUL.N IS BITT];S
UNTO ! S\L4
  ,S ALL ACTS ( 3C5TR,N1 /R;G EF=T1 &
/RA9 >E NECESS>ILY PA9;L2 !Y ALL 9VOLVE
-PUL.N & =CE1 UN.S WE >E A3U/OM$ 6!M1 9
: CASE X IS CU/OM T MAKES !M PL1SANT4 ,!
OPPOSITES 6^! >E PL1SANT2 & H;E EASE1
FREEDOM F TOIL1 RELAX,N1 AMUSE;T1 RE/1 &
SLEEP 2L;G 6! CLASS ( PL1SANT ?+S2 = ^!
>E ALL FREE F ANY ELE;T ( -PUL.N4
,"EY?+1 TOO1 IS PL1SANT = : WE H !
DESIRE )9 U1 S9CE DESIRE IS ! CRAV+ =
PL1SURE4 ,(! DESIRES "S >E IRR,NAL1 "S
ASSOCIAT$ ) R1SON4 ,0IRR,NAL ,I M1N ^? :
D N >ISE F ANY OP9ION HELD 0! M9D4 ,( ?
K9D >E ^? "KN Z ,8NATURAL0'2 = 9/.E1 ^?
ORIG9AT+ 9 ! BODY1 S* Z ! DESIRE =
N\RI%;T1 "NLY HUNG] & ?IR/1 &A SEP>ATE
K9D ( DESIRE ANSW]+ 6EA* K9D ( N\RI%;T2
&! DESIRES 3NECT$ ) TA/E & SEX & S5S,NS
( T\* 9 G5]AL2 & ^? ( SMELL1 HE>+1 &
VI.N4 ,R,NAL DESIRES >E ^? : WE >E 9DUC$
6H2 "! >E _M ?+S WE DESIRE 6SEE OR GET
2C WE H BE5 TOLD ( !M & 9DUC$ 62LIEVE !M
GD4 ,FUR!R1 PL1SURE IS ! 3SCI\S;S "? !
S5SES (A C]TA9 K9D ( EMO;N2 B IMAG9,N IS
A FEE# SORT ( S5S,N1 & "! W ALW 2 9 !
M9D (A MAN :O REMEMB]S OR EXPECTS "S?+
AN IMAGE OR PICTURE ( :AT HE REMEMB]S OR
EXPECTS4 ,IF ? IS S1 X IS CLE> T MEMORY
& EXPECT,N AL1 2+ A3OMPANI$ 0S5S,N1 MAY
2 A3OMPANI$ 0PL1SURE4 ,X FOLL[S T ANY?+
PL1SANT IS EI PRES5T & P]CVD1 PA/ &
REMEMB]$1 OR FUTURE & EXPECT$1 S9CE WE
P]CV PRES5T PL1SURES1 REMEMB] PA/ "OS1 &
EXPECT FUTURE "OS4 ,N[ ! ?+S T >E
PL1SANT 6REMEMB] >E N ONLY ^? T1 :5
ACTU,Y P]CVD Z PRES5T1 7 PL1SANT1 B AL
"S ?+S T 7 N1 PROVID$ T _! RESULTS H
SUBSEQU5TLY PROV$ NO# & GD4 ,H;E ! ^WS
  ,SWEET 'TIS :5 RESCU$ 6REMEMB] PA91
  &
  ,EV5 8 GRIEFS >E A JOY L;G AF 6"O T
REMEMB]S ,ALL T HE WR"\ & 5DUR$4
  ,! R1SON ( ? IS T X IS PL1SANT EV5 6BE
M]ELY FREE F EVIL4 ,! ?+S X IS PL1SANT
6EXPECT >E ^? T :5 PRES5T >E FELT 6AF=D
U EI GRT DELI<T OR GRT B N PA9;L B5EFIT4
,& 9 G5]AL1 ALL ! ?+S T DELI<T U :5 !Y
>E PRES5T AL D S1 Z A RULE1 :5 WE M]ELY
REMEMB] OR EXPECT !M4 ,H;E EV5 2+ ANGRY
IS PL1SANT-,HOM] SD ( WRA? T
  ,SWEET] X IS 0F> ?AN ! H"OYCOMB DRIPP+
) SWEET;S-
  = NO "O GR[S ANGRY )A P]SON ON :OM "!
IS NO PROSPECT ( TAK+ V5GE.E1 & WE FEEL
-P>ATIVELY LL ANG]1 OR N"O AT ALL1 ) ^?
:O >E M* \R SUP]IORS 9 P[]4 ,"S PL1SANT
FEEL+ IS ASSOCIAT$ ) MO/ ( \R APPETITES
WE >E 5JOY+ EI ! MEMORY (A PA/ PL1SURE
OR ! EXPECT,N (A FUTURE "O1 J Z P]SONS
D[N ) FEV]1 DUR+ _! ATTACKS ( ?IR/1 5JOY
REMEMB]+ ! DR9KS !Y H _H & LOOK+ =W>D
6HAV+ M4 ,S AL A LOV] 5JOYS TALK+ OR
WRIT+ AB 8 LOV$ "O1 OR DO+ ANY LL ?+
3NECT$ ) HM2 ALL ^! ?+S RECALL HM
6MEMORY & MAKE HM ACTU,Y PRES5T 6! EYE (
IMAG9,N4 ,9DE$1 X IS ALW ! F/ SIGN (
LOVE1 T 2SS 5JOY+ "S "O'S PRES;E1 WE
REMEMB] HM :5 HE IS G"O1 & FEEL PA9 Z
WELL Z PL1SURE1 2C HE IS "! NO L;G]4
,SIMIL>LY "! IS AN ELE;T ( PL1SURE EV5 9
M\RN+ & LA;T,N =! DE"P$4 ,"! IS GRIEF1
9DE$1 AT 8 LOSS1 B PL1SURE 9 REMEMB]+ HM
& Z X 7 SEE+ HM 2F U 9 8 DE$S & 9 8
LIFE4 ,WE C WELL 2LIEVE ! POET :5 HE
SAYS
  ,HE SPAKE1 & 9 EA* MAN'S HE>T HE
AWAK5$
  ! LOVE ( LA;T4
  ,REV5GE1 TOO1 IS PL1SANT2 X IS PL1SANT
6GET ANY?+ T X IS PA9;L 6FAIL 6GET1 &
ANGRY P SU6] EXTREME PA9 :5 !Y FAIL 6GET
_! REV5GE2 B !Y 5JOY ! PROSPECT ( GETT+
X4 ,VICTORY AL IS PL1SANT1 & N M]ELY TO
,8BAD LOS]S0'1 B 6E "O2 ! W9N] SEES HMF
9 ! LI<T (A *AMPION1 & "EYBODY HAS A M
OR LESS KE5 APPETITE = 2+ T4 ,!
PL1SANT;S ( VICTORY IMPLIES ( C\RSE T
-BATIVE SPORTS & 9TELLECTUAL 3TE/S >E
PL1SANT 7S9CE 9 ^! X (T5 HAPP5S T "S "O
W9S7 & AL GAMES L KNUCKLE-B"OS1 BALL1
DICE1 & DRAU<TS4 ,& SIMIL>LY )! S]I\S
SPORTS2 "S ( ^! 2COME PL1SANT :5 "O IS
A3U/OM$ 6!M2 :ILE O!RS >E PL1SANT F !
F/1 L HUNT+ ) H.DS1 OR 9DE$ ANY K9D (
HUNT+4 ,= ": "! IS -PETI;N1 "! IS
VICTORY4 ,T IS :Y =5SIC PL1D+ & DEBAT+
3TE/S >E PL1SANT 6^? :O >E A3U/OM$ 6!M &
H ! CAPAC;Y = !M4 ,HON\R & GD REPUTE >E
AM;G ! MO/ PL1SANT ?+S ( ALL2 !Y MAKE A
MAN SEE HMF 9 ! "* (A F9E FELL[1
ESPECI,Y :5 HE IS CR$IT$ ) X 0P :OM HE
?9KS GD JUDGES4 ,8 NEI<B\RS >E BETT]
JUDGES ?AN P AT A 4T.E2 8 ASSOCIATES &
FELL[-C.TRYM5 BETT] ?AN /RANG]S2 8
3TEMPOR>IES BETT] ?AN PO/];Y2 S5SI#
P]SONS BETT] ?AN FOOLI% "OS2 A L>GE
NUMB] ( P BETT] ?AN A SMALL NUMB]3 ^? (!
=M] CLASS1 9 EA* CASE1 >E ! M LIKELY 6BE
GD JUDGES ( HM4 ,HON\R & CR$IT 2/[$ 0^?
:OM Y ?9K M* 9F]IOR 6YRF-E4G4 *N OR
ANIMALS-Y D N VALUE3 N = XS [N SAKE1
ANYH[3 IF Y D VALUE X1 X IS = "S O!R
R1SON4 ,FRS 2L;G 6! CLASS ( PL1SANT ?+S2
X IS PL1SANT 6LOVE-IF Y LOVE W9E1 Y
C]TA9LY F9D X DELI<T;L3 & X IS PL1SANT
6BE LOV$1 = ? TOO MAKES A MAN SEE HMF Z
! POSSESSOR ( GD;S1 A ?+ T E 2+ T HAS A
FEEL+ = X DESIRES 6POSSESS3 6BE LOV$
M1NS 6BE VALU$ = "O'S [N P]SONAL
QUALITIES4 ,6BE ADMIR$ IS AL PL1SANT1
SIMPLY 2C (! HON\R IMPLI$4 ,FLATT]Y &
FLATT]]S >E PL1SANT3 ! FLATT]] IS A MAN
:O1 Y 2LIEVE1 ADMIRES & LIKES ,6D ! SAME
?+ (T5 IS PL1SANT1 S9CE1 Z WE SAW1 ANY?+
HABITUAL IS PL1SANT4 ,& 6*ANGE IS AL
PL1SANT3 *ANGE M1NS AN APPROA* 6NATURE1
":AS 9V>IA# REPETI;N ( ANY?+ CAUSES !
EXCESSIVE PROL;G,N (A SETTL$ 3DI;N3
"!=E1 SAYS ! POET1
  ,*ANGE IS 9 ALL ?+S SWEET4
  ,T IS :Y :AT -ES 6U ONLY AT L;G
9T]VALS IS PL1SANT1 :E!R X 2 A P]SON OR
A ?+2 = X IS A *ANGE F :AT WE _H 2F1 &1
2SS1 :AT -ES ONLY AT L;G 9T]VALS HAS !
VALUE ( R>;Y4 ,LE>N+ ?+S & WOND]+ AT ?+S
>E AL PL1SANT Z A RULE2 WOND]+ IMPLIES !
DESIRE ( LE>N+1 S T ! OBJECT ( WOND] IS
AN OBJECT ( DESIRE2 :ILE 9 LE>N+ "O IS
BR"\ 96"O'S NATURAL 3DI;N4 ,3F]R+ & RCVG
B5EFITS 2L;G 6! CLASS ( PL1SANT ?+S2
6RCV A B5EFIT IS 6GET :AT "O DESIRES2
63F] A B5EFIT IMPLIES BO? POSSES SION &
SUP]IOR;Y1 BO? ( : >E ?+S WE TRY 6ATTA94
,X IS 2C 2NEFIC5T ACTS >E PL1SANT T P
F9D X PL1SANT 6PUT _! NEI<B\RS /RAI<T AG
& 6SUPPLY :AT !Y LACK4 ,AG1 S9CE LE>N+ &
WOND]+ >E PL1SANT1 X FOLL[S T S* ?+S Z
ACTS ( IMIT,N M/ 2 PL1SANT-= 9/.E1
PA9T+1 SCULPTURE1 POETRY & E PRODUCT (
SKIL;L IMIT,N2 ? LATT]1 EV5 IF ! OBJECT
IMITAT$ IS N XF PL1SANT2 = X IS N !
OBJECT XF : "H GIVES DELI<T2 ! SPECTATOR
DRAWS 9F];ES 7,8,T IS A S-&-S0'7 & ?US
LE>NS "S?+ FRE%4 ,DRAMATIC TURNS ( =TUNE
& HAIRBR1D? ESCAPES F P]ILS >E PL1SANT1
2C WE FEEL ALL S* ?+S >E WOND];L4
  ,& S9CE :AT IS NATURAL IS PL1SANT1 &
?+S AK9 6EA* O!R SEEM NATURAL 6EA* O!R1
"!=E ALL K9DR$ & SIMIL> ?+S >E USU,Y
PL1SANT 6EA* O!R2 = 9/.E1 "O MAN1 HORSE1
OR "Y P]SON IS PL1SANT 6ANO!R MAN1
HORSE1 OR "Y P]SON4 ,H;E ! PROV]BS
,8MATE DELI<TS MATE0'1 ,8L 6L0'1 ,8B1/
"KS B1/0'1 ,8JACKDAW 6JACKDAW0'1 &! RE/
( !M4 ,B S9CE "EY?+ L & AK9 6"OF IS
PL1SANT1 & S9CE E MAN IS HMF M L & AK9
6HMF ?AN ANY "O ELSE IS1 X FOLL[S T ALL
( U M/ 2 M OR LESS FOND ( \RVS4 ,= ALL ?
RESEMBL.E & K9%IP IS PRES5T "PICUL>LY 9
! REL,N ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 6HMF4 ,& 2C WE >E
ALL FOND ( \RVS1 X FOLL[S T :AT IS \R [N
IS PL1SANT 6ALL ( U1 Z = 9/.E \R [N DE$S
& ^WS4 ,T IS :Y WE >E USU,Y FOND ( \R
FLATT]]S1 ,7\R LOV]S17' & HON\R2 AL ( \R
*N1 = \R *N >E \R [N "W4 ,X IS AL
PL1SANT 6-PLETE :AT IS DEFECTIVE1 =!
:OLE ?+ "!^U 2COMES \R [N "W4 ,& S9CE
P[] OV] O!RS IS V PL1SANT1 X IS PL1SANT
6BE ?"\ WISE1 = PRACTICAL WISDOM SECURES
U P[] OV] O!RS4 7,SCI5TIFIC WISDOM IS AL
PL1SANT1 2C X IS ! K ( _M WOND];L ?+S47
,AG1 S9CE MO/ ( U >E AMBITI\S1 X M/ 2
PL1SANT 64P>AGE \R NEI<B\RS Z WELL Z 6H
P[] OV] !M4 ,X IS PL1SANT =A MAN 6SP5D 8
"T OV] :AT HE FEELS HE C D BE/2 J Z !
POET SAYS1

,6T HE B5DS HMF1
,6T EA* "D ALLOTS MO/ "T1 ":9
,HE IS 9DE$ ! BE/ "P ( HMF4

  ,SIMIL>LY1 S9CE AMUSE;T & E K9D (
RELAX,N & LAU<T] TOO 2L;G 6! CLASS (
PL1SANT ?+S1 X FOLL[S T LUDICR\S ?+S >E
PL1SANT1 :E!R M51 ^WS1 OR DE$S4 ,WE H
4CUSS$ ! LUDICR\S SEP>ATELY 9 ! TR1TISE
ON ! ,>T ( ,POETRY4
  ,S M* =! SUBJECT ( PL1SANT ?+S3
03SID]+ _! OPPOSITES WE C EASILY SEE :AT
?+S >E UNPL1SANT4


                  #AB

  ,! ABV >E ! MOTIVES T MAKE M5 D WR;G
6O!RS2 WE >E NEXT 63SID] ! /ATES ( M9D 9
: !Y D X1 &! P]SONS 6:OM !Y D X4
  ,!Y M/ !MVS SUPPOSE T ! ?+ C 2 D"O1 &
D"O 0!M3 EI T !Y C D X )\T 2+ F.D \1 OR
T IF !Y >E F.D \ !Y C ESCAPE 2+ PUNI%$1
OR T IF !Y >E PUNI%$ ! 4ADVANTAGE W 2
LESS ?AN ! GA9 = !MVS OR ^? !Y C>E =4 ,!
G5]AL SUBJECT ( APP>5T POSSIBIL;Y &
IMPOSSIBIL;Y W 2 H&L$ LAT] ON1 S9CE X IS
RELEVANT N ONLY 6=5SIC B 6ALL K9DS (
SP1K+4 ,B X MAY "H 2 SD T P ?9K T !Y C
!MVS MO/ EASILY D WR;G 6O!RS )\T 2+
PUNI%$ = X IF !Y POSSESS ELOQU;E1 OR
PRACTICAL ABIL;Y1 OR M* LEGAL EXP]I;E1
OR A L>GE BODY ( FRS1 OR A GRT D1L (
M"OY4 ,_! 3FID;E IS GRTE/ IF !Y P]SON,Y
POSSESS ! ADVANTAGES M5;N$3 B EV5 )\T !M
!Y >E SATISFI$ IF !Y H FRS OR SUPPORT]S
OR "PN]S :O D POSSESS !M3 !Y C ?US BO?
-MIT _! CRIMES & ESCAPE 2+ F.D \ &
PUNI%$ = -MITT+ !M4 ,!Y >E AL SAFE1 !Y
?9K1 IF !Y >E ON GD T]MS ) _! VICTIMS OR
)! JUDGES :O TRY !M4 ,_! VICTIMS W 9 T
CASE N 2 ON _! GU>D AG/ 2+ WR;G$1 & W
MAKE "S >RANGE;T ) !M 9/1D ( PROSECUT+2
:ILE _! JUDGES W FAV\R !M 2C !Y L !M1 EI
LETT+ !M (F ALT OR IMPOS+ LI<T S5T;ES4
,!Y >E N LIKELY 6BE F.D \ IF _! APPE>.E
3TRADICTS ! *>GES T MI<T 2 BR"\ AG/ !M3
= 9/.E1 A W1KL+ IS UNLIKELY 6BE *>G$ )
VIOL5T ASSAULT1 OR A POOR & UGLY MAN )
ADULT]Y4 ,PUBLIC & OP5 9JURIES >E !
EASIE/ 6D1 2C NOBODY CD AT ALL SUPPOSE
!M POSSI#1 & "!=E NO PRECAU;NS >E TAK54
,! SAME IS TRUE ( CRIMES S GRT & T]RI# T
NO MAN LIV+ CD 2 SUSPECT$ ( !M3 "H TOO
NO PRECAU;NS >E TAK54 ,= ALL M5 GU>D AG/
ORD9>Y (F;ES1 J Z !Y GU>D AG/ ORD9>Y
41SES2 B NO "O TAKES PRECAU;NS AG/ A
41SE T NOBODY HAS "E _H4 ,Y FEEL SAFE1
TOO1 IF Y H EI NO 5EMIES OR A GRT _M2 IF
Y H N"O1 Y EXPECT N 6BE WAT*$ & "!=E N
6BE DETECT$2 IF Y H A GRT _M1 Y W 2
WAT*$1 & "!=E P W ?9K Y C N"E RISK AN
ATTEMPT ON !M1 & Y C DEF5D YR 9NOC;E
0PO9T+ \ T Y CD N"E H TAK5 S* A RISK4 ,Y
MAY AL TRU/ 6HIDE YR CRIME 0! WAY Y D X
OR ! PLACE Y D X IN1 OR 0"S 3V5I5T M1NS
( 4POSAL4
  ,Y MAY FEEL T EV5 IF Y >E F.D \ Y C
/AVE (F A TRIAL1 OR H X PO/PON$1 OR
CORRUPT YR JUDGES3 OR T EV5 IF Y >E
S5T;ED Y C AVOID PAY+ DAMAGES1 OR C AT
L1/ PO/P"O DO+ S =A L;G "T3 OR T Y >E S
BADLY (F T Y W H NO?+ 6LOSE4 ,Y MAY FEEL
T ! GA9 6BE GOT 0WR;G-DO+ IS GRT OR
C]TA9 OR IMM1 & T ! P5ALTY IS SMALL OR
UNC]TA9 OR 4TANT4 ,X MAY 2 T ! ADVANTAGE
6BE GA9$ IS GRT] ?AN ANY POSSI#
RETRIBU;N3 Z 9 ! CASE ( DESPOTIC P[]1 AC
6! POPUL> VIEW4 ,Y MAY 3SID] YR CRIMES Z
BR++ Y SOLID PR(IT1 :ILE _! PUNI%;T IS
NO?+ M ?AN 2+ CALL$ BAD "NS4 ,OR !
OPPOSITE >GU;T MAY APP1L 6Y3 YR CRIMES
MAY BR+ Y "S CR$IT 7?US Y MAY1 9CID5T,Y1
2 AV5G+ YR "F OR "M1 L ,Z5O71 ":AS !
PUNI%;T MAY AM.T 6A F9E1 OR BANI%;T1 OR
"S?+ ( T SORT4 ,P MAY 2 L$ ON 6WR;G O!RS
0EI ( ^! MOTIVES OR FEEL+S2 B NO MAN
0BO?-!Y W A6ECT P ( Q OPPOSITE "*S4 ,Y
MAY 2 5C\RAG$ 0HAV+ (T5 ESCAP$ DETEC;N
OR PUNI%;T ALR2 OR 0HAV+ (T5 TRI$ &
FAIL$2 = 9 CRIME1 Z 9 W>1 "! >E M5 :O W
ALW REFUSE 6GIVE UP ! /RU7LE4 ,Y MAY GET
YR PL1SURE ON ! SPOT &! PA9 LAT]1 OR !
GA9 ON ! SPOT &! LOSS LAT]4 ,T IS :AT
APP1LS 6W1K-WILL$ P]SONS--& W1K;S ( W
MAY 2 %[N ) REG>D 6ALL ! OBJECTS (
DESIRE4 ,X MAY ON ! 3TR>Y APP1L 6Y Z X
DOES APP1L 6SELF-3TROLL$ & S5SI# P--T !
PA9 & LOSS >E IMM1 :ILE ! PL1SURE &
PR(IT -E LAT] & LA/ L;G]4 ,Y MAY FEEL A#
6MAKE X APPE> T YR CRIME 0 DUE 6*.E1 OR
6NECESS;Y1 OR 6NATURAL CAUSES1 OR
6HABIT3 9 FACT1 6PUT X G5],Y1 Z IF Y _H
FAIL$ 6D "R R ?AN ACTU,Y D"O WR;G4 ,Y
MAY 2 A# 6TRU/ O!R P 6JUDGE Y EQUITABLY4
,Y MAY 2 /IMULAT$ 02+ 9 WANT3 : MAY M1N
T Y WANT NECESS>IES1 Z POOR P D1 OR T Y
WANT LUXURIES1 Z RI* P D4 ,Y MAY 2
5C\RAG$ 0HAV+ A "PICUL>LY GD REPUT,N1 2C
T W SAVE Y F 2+ SUSPECT$3 OR 0HAV+ A
"PICUL>LY BAD "O1 2C NO?+ Y >E LIKELY 6D
W MAKE X WORSE4
  ,! ABV1 !N1 >E ! V>I\S /ATES ( M9D 9 :
A MAN SETS AB DO+ WR;G 6O!RS4 ,! K9D ( P
6:OM HE DOES WR;G1 &! WAYS 9 : HE DOES
X1 M/ 2 3SID]$ NEXT4 ,! P 6:OM HE DOES X
>E ^? :O H :AT HE WANTS HMF1 :E!R ? M1NS
NECESSITIES OR LUXURIES & MAT]IALS =
5JOY;T4 ,8 VICTIMS MAY 2 F> (F OR NE> AT
H&4 ,IF !Y >E NE>1 HE GETS 8 PR(IT QKLY2
IF !Y >E F> (F1 V5GE.E IS SL[1 Z ^? ?9K
:O PL"U ! ,C>?AG9IANS4 ,!Y MAY 2 ^? :O
>E TRU/;L 9/1D ( 2+ CAUTI\S & WAT*;L1
S9CE ALL S* P >E EASY 6ELUDE4 ,OR ^? :O
>E TOO EASY-GO+ 6H 5 5]GY 6PROSECUTE AN
(F5D]4 ,OR S5SITIVE P1 :O >E N APT 6%[
FI<T OV] "QS ( M"OY4 ,OR ^? :O H BE5
WR;G$ ALR 0_M P1 & YET H N PROSECUT$2 S*
M5 M/ SURELY 2 ! PROV]BIAL ,8,MYSIAN
PREY0'4 ,OR ^? :O H EI N"E OR (T5 BE5
WR;G$ 2F2 9 NEI CASE W !Y TAKE
PRECAU;NS2 IF !Y H N"E BE5 WR;G$ !Y ?9K
!Y N"E W1 & IF !Y H (T5 BE5 WR;G$ !Y
FEEL T SURELY X _C HAPP5 AG4 ,OR ^? ^:
"* HAS BE5 ATTACK$ 9 ! PA/1 OR IS EXPOS$
6ATTACK 9 ! FUTURE3 !Y W 2 TOO M* F"R5$
(! JUDGES 6MAKE UP _! M9DS 6PROSECUTE1
NOR C !Y W9 _! CASE IF !Y D3 ? IS TRUE (
^? :O >E HAT$ OR UNPOPUL>4 ,ANO!R LIKELY
CLASS ( VICTIM IS ^? :O _! 9JUR] C
PRET5D H1 !MVS OR "? _! ANCE/ORS OR FRS1
TR1T$ BADLY1 OR 9T5D$ 6TR1T BADLY1 ! MAN
HMF1 OR 8 ANCE/ORS1 OR ^? HE C>ES =2 Z !
PROV]B SAYS1 ,8WICK$;S NE$S B A
PRETEXT0'4 ,A MAN MAY WR;G 8 5EMIES1 2C
T IS PL1SANT3 HE MAY EQU,Y WR;G 8 FRS1
2C T IS EASY4 ,!N "! >E ^? :O H NO FRS1
& ^? :O LACK ELOQU;E & PRACTICAL
CAPAC;Y2 ^! W EI N ATTEMPT 6PROSECUTE1
OR !Y W -E 6T]MS1 OR FAIL+ T !Y W LOSE
_! CASE4 ,"! >E ^? :OM X DOES N PAY
6WA/E "T 9 WAIT+ = TRIAL OR DAMAGES1 S*
Z =EIGN]S & SMALL F>M]S2 !Y W SETTLE =A
TRIFLE1 & ALW 2 R1DY 6L1VE (F4 ,AL ^? :O
H !MVS WR;G$ O!RS1 EI (T51 OR 9 ! SAME
WAY Z !Y >E N[ 2+ WR;G$ !MVS-= X IS FELT
T NEXT 6NO WR;G IS D"O 6P :5 X IS ! SAME
WR;G Z !Y H (T5 !MVS D"O 6O!RS3 IF1 =
9/.E1 Y ASSAULT A MAN :O HAS BE5 A3U/OM$
62HAVE ) VIOL;E 6O!RS4 ,S TOO ) ^? :O H
D"O WR;G 6O!RS1 OR H M1NT TO1 OR M1N TO1
OR >E LIKELY 6D S2 "! IS "S?+ F9E &
PL1SANT 9 WR;G+ S* P]SONS1 X SEEMS Z ?\<
ALM NO WR;G 7 D"O4 ,AL ^? 0DO+ WR;G 6:OM
WE % 2 GRATIFY+ \R FRS1 OR ^? WE ADMIRE
OR LOVE1 OR \R MA/]S1 OR 9 G5]AL ! P
0REF];E 6:OM WE M\LD \R LIVES4 ,AL ^?
:OM WE MAY WR;G & YET 2 SURE ( EQUITA#
TR1T;T4 ,AL ^? AG/ :OM WE H _H ANY
GRIEV.E1 OR ANY PREVI\S DI6];ES ) !M1 Z
,CALLIPPUS _H :5 HE 2HAV$ Z HE DID
6,DION3 "H TOO X SEEMS Z IF ALM NO WR;G
7 2+ D"O4 ,AL ^? :O >E ON ! PO9T ( 2+
WR;G$ 0O!RS IF WE FAIL 6WR;G !M \RVS1
S9CE "H WE FEEL WE H NO "T LEFT = ?9K+ !
MATT] OV]4 ,S ,AENESIDEMUS IS SD 6H S5T
! ,8COTTABUS0' PRIZE 6,GELON1 :O _H J
REDUC$ A T[N 6SLAV]Y1 2C ,GELON _H GOT
"! F/ & =E/ALL$ 8 [N ATTEMPT4 ,AL ^?
0WR;G+ :OM WE % 2 A# 6D _M "RE\S ACTS2 =
WE FEEL T WE C !N EASILY CURE ! H>M D"O4
,?US ,JASON ! ,!SSALIAN SD T X IS A DUTY
6D "S UNJU/ ACTS 9 ORD] 6BE A# 6D _M J
"OS4
  ,AM;G ! K9DS ( WR;G D"O 6O!RS >E ^? T
>E D"O UNIV]S,Y1 OR AT L1/ -MONLY3 "O
EXPECTS 6BE =GIV5 = DO+ ^!4 ,AL ^? T C
EASILY 2 KEPT D>K1 Z ": ?+S T C RAPIDLY
2 3SUM$ L EATA#S >E 3C]N$1 OR ?+S T C
EASILY 2 *ANG$ 9 %APE1 COL\R1 OR -B9,N1
OR ?+S T C EASILY 2 /[$ AWAY ALM ANY":-
PORTA# OBJECTS T Y C /[ AWAY 9 SMALL
CORN]S1 OR ?+S S L O!RS ( : Y H PL5TY
ALR T NOBODY C TELL ! DI6];E4 ,"! >E AL
WR;GS (A K9D T %AME PREV5TS ! VICTIM
SP1K+ AB1 S* Z \TRAGES D"O 6! WOM5 9 8
H\SEHOLD OR 6HMF OR 6HIS SONS4 ,AL ^? =
: Y WD 2 ?"\ V LITIGI\S 6PROSECUTE ANY
"O-TRIFL+ WR;GS1 OR WR;GS = : P >E USU,Y
EXCUS$4
  ,! ABV IS A FAIRLY -PLETE A3.T (!
CIRCUM/.ES "U : M5 D WR;G 6O!RS1 (! SORT
( WR;GS !Y D1 (! SORT ( P]SONS 6:OM !Y D
!M1 &( _! R1SONS = DO+ !M4

                  #AC

  ,X W N[ 2 WELL 6MAKE A -PLETE
CLASSIFIC,N ( J & UNJU/ AC;NS4 ,WE MAY
2G9 0OBS]V+ T !Y H BE5 DEF9$ RELATIVELY
6TWO K9DS ( LAW1 & AL RELATIVELY 6TWO
CLASSES ( P]SONS4 ,0! TWO K9DS ( LAW ,I
M1N "PICUL> LAW & UNIV]SAL LAW4 ,"PICUL>
LAW IS T : EA* -MUN;Y LAYS D[N & APPLIES
6XS [N MEMB]S3 ? IS "PLY WRITT5 & "PLY
UNWRITT54 ,UNIV]SAL LAW IS ! LAW (
,NATURE4 ,= "! RE,Y IS1 Z E "O 6"S EXT5T
DIV9ES1 A NATURAL JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE T IS
B9D+ ON ALL M51 EV5 ON ^? :O H NO
ASSOCI,N OR COV5ANT ) EA* O!R4 ,X IS ? T
,SOPHOCLES' ,ANTIGONE CLE>LY M1NS :5 %E
SAYS T ! BURIAL ( ,POLYNEICES 0 A J ACT
9 SPITE (! PROHIBI;N3 %E M1NS T X 0 J
0NATURE4
  ,N ( TO-"D OR YE/]"D X IS1 ,B LIVES
ET]NAL3 N"O C DATE XS BIR?4
  ,& S ,EMP$OCLES1 :5 HE BIDS U KILL NO
LIV+ CR1TURE1 SAYS T DO+ ? IS N J = "S P
:ILE UNJU/ = O!RS1
  ,NAY1 B1 AN ALL-EMBRAC+ LAW1 "? !
R1LMS (! SKY ,UNBROK5 X /RET*E?1 & OV] !
E>?'S IMM5S;Y4
  ,& Z ,ALCIDAMAS SAYS 9 8 ,MESS5IAC
,OR,N '''4
  ,! AC;NS T WE "\ 6D OR N 6D H AL BE5
DIVID$ 96TWO CLASSES Z A6ECT+ EI ! :OLE
-MUN;Y OR "S "O ( XS MEMB]S4 ,F ? PO9T (
VIEW WE C P]=M J OR UNJU/ ACTS 9 EI (
TWO WAYS-T[>DS "O DEF9ITE P]SON1 OR
T[>DS ! -MUN;Y4 ,! MAN :O IS GUILTY (
ADULT]Y OR ASSAULT IS DO+ WR;G 6"S
DEF9ITE P]SON2 ! MAN :O AVOIDS S]VICE 9
! >MY IS DO+ WR;G 6! -MUN;Y4
  ,?US ! :OLE CLASS ( UNJU/ AC;NS MAY 2
DIVID$ 96TWO CLASSES1 ^? A6ECT+ !
-MUN;Y1 & ^? A6ECT+ "O OR M O!R P]SONS4
,WE W NEXT1 2F GO+ FUR!R1 REM9D \RVS (
:AT ,82+ WR;G$0' M1NS4 ,S9CE X HAS ALR
BE5 SETTL$ T ,8DO+ A WR;G0' M/ 2
9T5;NAL1 ,82+ WR;G$0' M/ 3SI/ 9 HAV+ AN
9JURY D"O 6Y 0"S "O :O 9T5DS 6D X4 ,9
ORD] 6BE WR;G$1 A MAN M/ 7#A7 SU6]
ACTUAL H>M1 7#B7 SU6] X AG/ 8 W4 ,!
V>I\S POSSI# =MS ( H>M >E CLE>LY EXPLA9$
0\R PREVI\S1 SEP>ATE 4CUS.N ( GDS &
EVILS4 ,WE H AL SE5 T A VOLUNT>Y AC;N IS
"O ": ! DO] "KS :AT HE IS DO+4 ,WE N[
SEE T E A3US,N M/ 2 ( AN AC;N A6ECT+ EI
! -MUN;Y OR "S 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! DO] (! AC;N
M/ EI "U/& & 9T5D ! AC;N1 OR N "U/& &
9T5D X4 ,9 ! =M] CASE1 HE M/ 2 ACT+ EI F
DELIB]ATE *OICE OR F PAS.N4 7,ANG] W 2
4CUSS$ :5 WE SP1K (! PAS.NS ! MOTIVES =
CRIME &! /ATE ( M9D (! CRIM9AL H ALR BE5
4CUSS$47 ,N[ X (T5 HAPP5S T A MAN W
ADMIT AN ACT1 B W N ADMIT ! PROSECUTOR'S
LABEL =! ACT NOR ! FACTS : T LABEL
IMPLIES4 ,HE W ADMIT T HE TOOK A ?+ B N
T HE ,8/OLE0' X2 T HE /RUCK "S "O F/1 B
N T HE -MITT$ ,8\TRAGE0'2 T HE _H
9T]C\RSE )A WOMAN1 B N T HE -MITT$
,8ADULT]Y0'2 T HE IS GUILTY ( !FT1 B N T
HE IS GUILTY ( ,8SACRILEGE0'1 ! OBJECT
/OL5 N 2+ 3SECRAT$2 T HE HAS 5CROA*$1 B
N T HE HAS ,85CROA*$ ON ,/ATE L&S0'2 T
HE HAS BE5 9 -MUNIC,N )! 5EMY1 B N T HE
HAS BE5 GUILTY ( ,8TR1SON0'4 ,"H "!=E WE
M/ 2 A# 64T+UI% :AT IS !FT1 \TRAGE1 OR
ADULT]Y1 F :AT IS N1 IF WE >E 6BE A#
6MAKE ! JU/ICE ( \R CASE CLE>1 NO MATT]
:E!R \R AIM IS 6E/ABLI% A MAN'S GUILT OR
6E/ABLI% 8 9NOC;E4 ,:]"E S* *>GES >E
BR"\ AG/ A MAN1 ! "Q IS :E!R HE IS OR IS
N GUILTY (A CRIM9AL (F;E4 ,X IS
DELIB]ATE PURPOSE T 3/ITUTES WICK$;S &
CRIM9AL GUILT1 & S* "NS Z ,8\TRAGE0' OR
,8!FT0' IMPLY DELIB]ATE PURPOSE Z WELL Z
! M]E AC;N4 ,A BL[ DOES N ALW AM.T TO
,8\TRAGE0'1 B ONLY IF X IS /RUCK ) "S S*
PURPOSE Z 69SULT ! MAN /RUCK OR GRATIFY
! /RIK] HMF4 ,NOR DOES TAK+ A ?+ )\T !
[N]'S K ALW AM.T TO ,8!FT0'1 B ONLY IF X
IS TAK5 )! 9T5;N ( KEEP+ X & 9JUR+ !
[N]4 ,& Z ) ^! *>GES1 S ) ALL ! O!RS4
  ,WE SAW T "! >E TWO K9DS ( "R & WR;G
3DUCT T[>DS O!RS1 "O PROVID$ = 0WRITT5
ORD9.ES1 ! O!R 0UNWRITT54 ,WE H N[
4CUSS$ ! K9D AB : ! LAWS H "S?+ 6SAY4 ,!
O!R K9D HAS XF TWO V>IETIES4 ,F/1 "! IS
! 3DUCT T SPR+S F EXCEP;NAL GD;S OR
BAD;S1 & IS VISIT$ ACLY ) C5SURE & LOSS
( HON\R1 OR ) PRAISE & 9CR1SE ( HON\R &
DECOR,NS3 = 9/.E1 GRATITUDE TO1 OR
REQUITAL (1 \R B5EFACTORS1 R1DI;S 6HELP
\R FRS1 &! L4 ,! SECOND K9D MAKES UP =!
DEFECTS (A -MUN;Y'S WRITT5 CODE ( LAW4
,? IS :AT WE CALL EQU;Y2 P REG>D X Z J2
X IS1 9 FACT1 ! SORT ( JU/ICE : GOES 2Y
! WRITT5 LAW4 ,XS EXI/;E "PLY IS & "PLY
IS N 9T5D$ 0LEGISLATORS2 N 9T5D$1 ": !Y
H NOTIC$ NO DEFECT 9 ! LAW2 9T5D$1 ":
F9D !MVS UNA# 6DEF9E ?+S EXACTLY1 & >E
OBLIG$ 6LEGISLATE Z IF T HELD GD ALW : 9
FACT ONLY HOLDS GD USU,Y2 OR ": X IS N
EASY 6BE -PLETE [+ 6! 5D.S POSSI# CASES
PRES5T$1 S* Z ! K9DS & SIZES ( W1PONS T
MAY 2 US$ 69FLICT W.DS-A LIFE"T WD 2 TOO
%ORT 6MAKE \ A -PLETE LI/ ( ^!4 ,IF1 !N1
A PRECISE /ATE;T IS IMPOSSI# & YET
LEGISL,N IS NEC1 ! LAW M/ 2 EXPRESS$ 9
WIDE T]MS2 & S1 IF A MAN HAS NO M ?AN A
F+]-R+ ON 8 H& :5 HE LIFTS X 6/RIKE OR
ACTU,Y /RIKES ANO!R MAN1 HE IS GUILTY (A
CRIM9AL ACT AC 6! UNWRITT5 ^WS (! LAW2 B
HE IS 9NOC5T RE,Y1 & X IS EQU;Y T DCLS
HM 6BE S4 ,F ? DEF9I;N ( EQU;Y X IS PLA9
:AT SORT ( AC;NS1 & :AT SORT ( P]SONS1
>E EQUITA# OR ! REV]SE4 ,EQU;Y M/ 2
APPLI$ 6=GIVA# AC;NS2 & X M/ MAKE U
4T+UI% 2T CRIM9AL ACTS ON ! "O H&1 &
]RORS ( JUDGE;T1 OR MIS=TUNES1 ON ! O!R4
7,A ,8MIS=TUNE0' IS AN ACT1 N DUE 6MORAL
BAD;S1 T HAS UNEXPECT$ RESULTS3 AN
,8]ROR ( JUDGE;T0' IS AN ACT1 AL N DUE
6MORAL BAD;S1 T HAS RESULTS T MI<T H BE5
EXPECT$3 A ,8CRIM9AL ACT0' HAS RESULTS T
MI<T H BE5 EXPECT$1 B IS DUE 6MORAL
BAD;S1 = T IS ! S\RCE ( ALL AC;NS 9SPIR$
0\R APPETITES47 ,EQU;Y BIDS U 2 M]CI;L
6! W1K;S ( HUMAN NATURE2 6?9K LESS AB !
LAWS ?AN AB ! MAN :O FRAM$ !M1 & LESS AB
:AT HE SD ?AN AB :AT HE M1NT2 N 63SID] !
AC;NS (! A3US$ S M* Z 8 9T5;NS1 NOR ? OR
T DETAIL S M* Z ! :OLE /ORY2 6ASK N :AT
A MAN IS N[ B :AT HE HAS ALW OR USU,Y
BE54 ,X BIDS U REMEMB] B5EFITS R ?AN
9JURIES1 & B5EFITS RCVD R ?AN B5EFITS
3F]R$2 6BE PATI5T :5 WE >E WR;G$2
6SETTLE A 4PUTE 0NEGOTI,N & N 0=CE2
6PREF] >BITR,N 6MO;N-= AN >BITRATOR GOES
0! EQU;Y (A CASE1 A JUDGE 0! /RICT LAW1
& >BITR,N 0 9V5T$ )! EXPRESS PURPOSE (
SECUR+ FULL P[] = EQU;Y4
  ,! ABV MAY 2 TAK5 Z A SU6ICI5T A3.T (!
NATURE ( EQU;Y4

                  #AD

  ,! WORSE ( TWO ACTS ( WR;G D"O 6O!RS
IS T : IS PROMPT$ 0! WORSE 4POSI;N4 ,H;E
! MO/ TRIFL+ ACTS MAY 2 ! WOR/ "OS2 Z :5
,CALLI/RATUS *>G$ ,MELANOPUS ) HAV+ *1T$
! TEMPLE-BUILD]S ( ?REE 3SECRAT$ HALF-
OBOLS4 ,! 3V]SE IS TRUE ( J ACTS4 ,? IS
2C ! GRT] IS "H POT5TI,Y 3TA9$ 9 ! LESS3
"! IS NO CRIME T A MAN :O HAS /OL5 ?REE
3SECRAT$ HALF-OBOLS WD %R9K F -MITT+4
,"S"TS1 H["E1 ! WORSE ACT IS RECKON$ N 9
? WAY B 0! GRT] H>M T X DOES4 ,OR X MAY
2 2C NO PUNI%;T = X IS SEV]E 5 6BE
ADEQUATE2 OR ! H>M D"O MAY 2 9CURA#-A
DI6ICULT & EV5 HOPE.S CRIME 6DEF5D2 OR !
SU6]] MAY N 2 A# 6GET 8 9JUR] LEG,Y
PUNI%$1 A FACT T MAKES ! H>M 9CURA#1
S9CE LEGAL PUNI%;T & *A/ISE;T >E ! PROP]
CURE4 ,OR AG1 ! MAN :O HAS SU6]$ WR;G
MAY H 9FLICT$ "S FE>;L PUNI%;T ON HMF2
!N ! DO] (! WR;G "\ 9 JU/ICE 6RCV A / M
FE>;L PUNI%;T4 ,?US ,SOPHOCLES1 :5 PL1D+
= RETRIBU;N 6,EUCTEMON1 :O _H CUT 8 [N
?ROAT 2C (! \TRAGE D"O 6HM1 SD HE WD N
FIX A P5ALTY LESS ?AN ! VICTIM _H FIX$ =
HMF4 ,AG1 A MAN'S CRIME IS WORSE IF HE
HAS BE5 ! F/ MAN1 OR ! ONLY MAN1 OR ALM
! ONLY MAN1 6-MIT X3 OR IF X IS 0NO M1NS
! F/ "T HE HAS G"O S]I\SLY WR;G 9 ! SAME
WAY3 OR IF 8 CRIME HAS L$ 6! ?9K+-\ &
9V5;N ( M1SURES 6PREV5T & PUNI% SIMIL>
CRIMES-?US 9 ,>GOS A P5ALTY IS 9FLICT$
ON A MAN ON ^: A3.T A LAW IS PASS$1 & AL
ON ^? ON ^: A3.T ! PRISON 0 BUILT3 OR IF
A CRIME IS SPECI,Y BRUTAL1 OR SPECI,Y
DELIB]ATE3 OR IF ! REPORT ( X AWAKES M
T]ROR ?AN P;Y4 ,"! >E AL S* RHETORIC,Y
E6ECTIVE WAYS ( PUTT+ X Z ! FOLL[+3 ,T !
A3US$ HAS 4REG>D$ & BROK5 N "O B _M
SOLEMN OBLIG,NS L OA?S1 PROMISES1
PL$GES1 OR "RS ( 9T]M>RIAGE 2T /ATES-"H
! CRIME IS WORSE 2C X 3SI/S ( _M CRIMES2
& T ! CRIME 0 -MITT$ 9 ! V PLACE ":
CRIM9ALS >E PUNI%$1 Z = EXAMPLE P]JUR]S
D-X IS >GU$ T A MAN :O W -MIT A CRIME 9
A LAW-C\RT WD -MIT X ANY":4 ,FUR!R1 !
WORSE DE$ IS T : 9VOLVES ! DO] 9 SPECIAL
%AME2 T ":BY A MAN WR;GS 8 B5EFACTORS-=
HE DOES M ?AN "O WR;G1 0N M]ELY DO+ !M
H>M B FAIL+ 6D !M GD2 T : BR1KS !
UNWRITT5 LAWS ( JU/ICE-! BETT] SORT (
MAN W 2 J )\T 2+ =C$ 6BE S1 &! WRITT5
LAWS DEP5D ON =CE :ILE ! UNWRITT5 "OS D
N4 ,X MAY H["E 2 >GU$ O!RWISE1 T ! CRIME
IS WORSE : BR1KS ! WRITT5 LAWS3 =! MAN
:O -MITS CRIMES = : T]RI# P5ALTIES >E
PROVID$ W N HESITATE OV] CRIMES = : NO
P5ALTY IS PROVID$ AT ALL4-,S M*1 !N1 =!
-P>ATIVE BAD;S ( CRIM9AL AC;NS4

                  #AE

  ,"! >E AL ! S-CALL$ ,8NON-TE*NICAL0'
M1NS ( P]SUA.N2 & WE M/ N[ TAKE A
CURSORY VIEW ( ^!1 S9CE !Y >E SPECI,Y
"*I/IC ( =5SIC ORATORY4 ,!Y >E FIVE 9
NUMB]3 LAWS1 WIT;SES1 3TRACTS1 TORTURES1
OA?S4
  ,F/1 !N1 LET U TAKE LAWS & SEE H[ !Y
>E 6BE US$ 9 P]SUA.N & 4SUA.N1 9 A3US,N
& DEF;E4 ,IF ! WRITT5 LAW TELLS AG/ \R
CASE1 CLE>LY WE M/ APP1L 6! UNIV]SAL
LAW1 & 9SI/ ON XS GRT] EQU;Y & JU/ICE4
,WE M/ >GUE T ! JUROR'S OA? ,8,I W GIVE
MY V]DICT AC 6H"O/ OP9ION0' M1NS T "O W
N SIMPLY FOLL[ ! LR (! WRITT5 LAW4 ,WE
M/ URGE T ! PR9CIPLES ( EQU;Y >E P]MAN5T
& *ANGE.S1 & T ! UNIV]SAL LAW DOES N
*ANGE EI1 = X IS ! LAW ( NATURE1 ":AS
WRITT5 LAWS (T5 D *ANGE4 ,? IS ! BE>+ !
L9ES 9 ,SOPHOCLES' ,ANTIGONE1 ":
,ANTIGONE PL1DS T 9 BURY+ H] BRO!R %E _H
BROK5 ,CREON'S LAW1 B N ! UNWRITT5 LAW3
  ,N ( TO-"D OR YE/]"D !Y >E1

,B LIVE ET]NAL3 7N"O C DATE _! BIR?47
,N ,I WD FE> ! WRA? ( ANY MAN
7,& BRAVE ,GOD'S V5GE.E7 = DEFY+ ^!4

  ,WE % >GUE T JU/ICE 9DE$ IS TRUE &
PR(ITA#1 B T %AM JU/ICE IS N1 & T
3SEQU5TLY ! WRITT5 LAW IS N1 2C X DOES N
FULFIL ! TRUE PURPOSE ( LAW4 ,OR T
JU/ICE IS L SILV]1 & M/ 2 ASSAY$ 0!
JUDGES1 IF ! G5U9E IS 6BE 4T+UI%$ F !
C.T]FEIT4 ,OR T ! BETT] A MAN IS1 ! M HE
W FOLL[ & ABIDE 0! UNWRITT5 LAW 9
PREF];E 6! WRITT54 ,OR P]H T ! LAW 9 "Q
3TRADICTS "S O!R HI<LY-E/EEM$ LAW1 OR
EV5 3TRADICTS XF4 ,?US X MAY 2 T "O LAW
W 5ACT T ALL 3TRACTS M/ 2 HELD B9D+1
:ILE ANO!R =BIDS U "E 6MAKE ILLEGAL
3TRACTS4 ,OR IF A LAW IS AMBIGU\S1 WE %
TURN X AB & 3SID] : 3/RUC;N BE/ FITS !
9T]E/S ( JU/ICE OR UTIL;Y1 & !N FOLL[ T
WAY ( LOOK+ AT X4 ,OR IF1 ?\< ! LAW /
EXI/S1 ! SITU,N 6MEET : X 0 PASS$ EXI/S
NO L;G]1 WE M/ D \R BE/ 6PROVE ? & 6-BAT
! LAW "!BY4 ,IF H["E ! WRITT5 LAW
SUPPORTS \R CASE1 WE M/ URGE T ! OA?
,86GIVE MY V]DICT AC 6MY H"O/ OP9ION0' N
M1NT 6MAKE ! JUDGES GIVE A V]DICT T IS
3TR>Y 6! LAW1 B 6SAVE !M F ! GUILT (
P]JURY IF !Y MIS"U/& :AT ! LAW RE,Y
M1NS4 ,OR T NO "O *OOSES :AT IS
ABSOLUTELY GD1 B E "O :AT IS GD = HMF4
,OR T N 6USE ! LAWS IS Z AHAS 6H NO LAWS
AT ALL4 ,OR T1 Z 9 ! O!R >TS1 X DOES N
PAY 6TRY 6BE CL"E] ?AN ! DOCTOR3 = LESS
H>M -ES F ! DOCTOR'S MISTAKES ?AN F !
GR[+ HABIT ( 4OBEY+ AU?OR;Y4 ,OR T TRY+
6BE CL"E] ?AN ! LAWS IS J :AT IS =BI45
0^? CODES ( LAW T >E A3.T$ BE/4-,S F> Z
! LAWS >E 3C]N$1 ! ABV 4CUS.N IS
PROBABLY SU6ICI5T4
  ,Z 6WIT;SES1 !Y >E ( TWO K9DS1 !
ANCI5T &! REC5T2 & ^! LATT]1 AG1 EI D OR
D N %>E 9 ! RISKS (! TRIAL4 ,BY
,8ANCI5T0' WIT;SES ,I M1N ! POETS & ALL
O!R NOTA# P]SONS ^: JUDGE;TS >E "KN
6ALL4 ,?US ! ,A!NIANS APP1L$ 6,HOM] Z A
WIT;S AB ,SALAMIS2 &! M5 ( ,T5$OS N L;G
AGO APP1L$ 6,P]I&] ( ,COR9? 9 _! 4PUTE )
! P ( ,SIGEUM2 & ,CLEOPHON SUPPORT$ 8
A3US,N ( ,CRITIAS 0QUOT+ ! ELEGIAC V]SE
( ,SOLON1 MA9TA9+ T 4CIPL9E _H L;G BE5
SLACK 9 ! FAMILY ( ,CRITIAS1 OR ,SOLON
WD N"E H WRITT51

  ,PRAY !E1 BID ! R$-HAIR$ ,CRITIAS D
:AT 8 "F -M&S HM4

,^! WIT;SES >E 3C]N$ ) PA/ EV5TS4 ,Z
6FUTURE EV5TS WE % AL APP1L 6SOO?SAY]S3
?US ,!MI/OCLES QUOT$ ! ORACLE AB ,8!
WOOD5 WALL0' Z A R1SON = 5GAG+ ! 5EMY'S
FLEET4 ,FUR!R1 PROV]BS >E1 Z HAS BE5 SD1
"O =M ( EVID;E4 ,?US IF Y >E URG+ "SBODY
N 6MAKE A FR ( AN OLD MAN1 Y W APP1L 6!
PROV]B1
  ,N"E %[ AN OLD MAN K9D;S4
,OR IF Y >E URG+ T HE :O HAS MADE AWAY )
"FS %D AL MAKE AWAY ) _! SONS1 QUOTE1

  ,FOOL1 :O SLAYE? ! "F & L1VE? 8 SONS
6AV5GE HM4

  ,8,REC5T0' WIT;SES >E WELL-"KN P :O H
EXPRESS$ _! OP9IONS AB "S 4PUT$ MATT]3
S* OP9IONS W 2 USE;L SUPPORT = SUBSEQU5T
4PUTANTS ON ! SAME O9TS3 ?US ,EUBULUS
US$ 9 ! LAW-C\RTS AG/ ! REPLY ,PLATO _H
MADE 6,>*IBIUS1 ,8,X HAS 2COME ! REGUL>
CU/OM 9 ? C.TRY 6ADMIT T "O IS A
SC.DREL0'4 ,"! >E AL ^? WIT;SES :O %>E !
RISK ( PUNI%;T IF _! EVID;E IS PRON\NC$
FALSE4 ,^! >E VALID WIT;SES 6! FACT T AN
AC;N 0 OR 0 N D"O1 T "S?+ IS OR IS N !
CASE2 !Y >E N VALID WIT;SES 6! QUAL;Y (
AN AC;N1 6XS 2+ J OR UNJU/1 USE;L OR
H>M;L4 ,ON S* "QS ( QUAL;Y ! OP9ION (
DETA*$ P]SONS IS HI<LY TRU/WOR?Y4 ,MO/
TRU/WOR?Y ( ALL >E ! ,8ANCI5T0' WIT;SES1
S9CE !Y _C 2 CORRUPT$4
  ,9 D1L+ )! EVID;E ( WIT;SES1 ! FOLL[+
>E USE;L >GU;TS4 ,IF Y H NO WIT;SES ON
YR SIDE1 Y W >GUE T ! JUDGES M/ DECIDE F
:AT IS PROBA#2 T ? IS M1NT BY ,8GIV+ A
V]DICT 9 A3ORD.E ) "O'S H"O/ OP9ION0'2 T
PROBABILITIES _C 2 BRIB$ 6MISL1D ! C\RT2
& T PROBABILITIES >E N"E 3VICT$ (
P]JURY4 ,IF Y H WIT;SES1 &! O!R MAN HAS
N1 Y W >GUE T PROBABILITIES _C 2 PUT ON
_! TRIAL1 & T WE CD D )\T ! EVID;E (
WIT;SES ALT IF WE NE$ D NO M ?AN BAL.E !
PL1S ADV.ED ON EI SIDE4
  ,! EVID;E ( WIT;SES MAY REF] EI 6\RVS
OR 6\R OPPON5T2 & EI 6"QS ( FACT OR 6"QS
( P]SONAL "*3 S1 CLE>LY1 WE NE$ N"E 2 AT
A LOSS = USE;L EVID;E4 ,= IF WE H NO
EVID;E ( FACT SUPPORT+ \R [N CASE OR
TELL+ AG/ T ( \R OPPON5T1 AT L1/ WE C
ALW F9D EVID;E 6PROVE \R [N WOR? OR \R
OPPON5T'S WOR?.S;S4 ,O!R >GU;TS AB A
WIT;S-T HE IS A FR OR AN 5EMY OR
NEUTRAL1 OR HAS A GD1 BAD1 OR 9DI6]5T
REPUT,N1 & ANY O!R S* 4T9C;NS-WE M/
3/RUCT ^U ! SAME G5]AL L9ES Z WE USE =!
REGUL> RHETORICAL PRO(S4
  ,3C]N+ 3TRACTS >GU;T C 2 S F> EMPLOY$
Z 69CR1SE OR DIM9I% _! IMPORT.E & _!
CR$IBIL;Y2 WE % TRY 69CR1SE BO? IF !Y
TELL 9 \R FAV\R1 & 6DIM9I% BO? IF !Y
TELL 9 FAV\R ( \R OPPON5T4 ,N[ = 3FIRM+
OR UPSETT+ ! CR$IBIL;Y ( 3TRACTS !
PROC$URE IS J ! SAME Z = D1L+ ) WIT;SES1
=! CR$IT 6BE ATTA*$ 63TRACTS DEP5DS ^U !
"* ( ^? :O H SIGN$ !M OR H ! CU/ODY (
!M4 ,! 3TRACT 2+ ONCE ADMITT$ G5U9E1 WE
M/ 9SI/ ON XS IMPORT.E1 IF X SUPPORTS \R
CASE4 ,WE MAY >GUE T A 3TRACT IS A LAW1
?\< (A SPECIAL & LIMIT$ K9D2 & T1 :ILE
3TRACTS D N ( C\RSE MAKE ! LAW B9D+1 !
LAW DOES MAKE ANY LAW;L 3TRACT B9D+1 & T
! LAW XF Z A :OLE IS ;A ( 3TRACT1 S T
ANY "O :O 4REG>DS OR REPUDIATES ANY
3TRACT IS REPUDIAT+ ! LAW XF4 ,FUR!R1
MO/ BUSI;S REL,NS-^?1 "NLY1 T >E
VOLUNT>Y->E REGULAT$ 03TRACTS1 & IF ^!
LOSE _! B9D+ =CE1 HUMAN 9T]C\RSE C1SES
6EXI/4 ,WE NE$ N G V DEEP 64COV] ! O!R
APPROPRIATE >GU;TS ( ? K9D4 ,IF1 H["E1 !
3TRACT TELLS AG/ U &= \R OPPON5TS1 9 !
F/ PLACE ^? >GU;TS >E SUITA# : WE C USE
6FI<T A LAW T TELLS AG/ U4 ,WE D N REG>D
\RVS Z B.D 6OBS]VE A BAD LAW : X 0 A
MISTAKE "E 6PASS3 & X IS RIDICUL\S
6SUPPOSE T WE >E B.D 6OBS]VE A BAD &
MISTAK5 3TRACT4 ,AG1 WE MAY >GUE T !
DUTY (! JUDGE Z UMPIRE IS 6DECIDE :AT IS
J1 & "!=E HE M/ ASK ": JU/ICE LIES1 & N
:AT ? OR T DOCU;T M1NS4 ,& T X IS
IMPOSSI# 6P]V]T JU/ICE 0FRAUD OR 0=CE1
S9CE X IS F.D$ ON NATURE1 B A "PY 6A
3TRACT MAY 2 ! VICTIM ( EI FRAUD OR =CE4
,MOREOV]1 WE M/ SEE IF ! 3TRACT 3TRAV5ES
EI UNIV]SAL LAW OR ANY WRITT5 LAW ( \R
[N OR ANO!R C.TRY2 & AL IF X 3TRADICTS
ANY O!R PREVI\S OR SUBSEQU5T 3TRACT2
>GU+ T ! SUBSEQU5T IS ! B9D+ 3TRACT1 OR
ELSE T ! PREVI\S "O 0 "R &! SUBSEQU5T "O
FRAUDUL5T-:I*"E WAY SUITS U4 ,FUR!R1 WE
M/ 3SID] ! "Q ( UTIL;Y1 NOT+ :E!R !
3TRACT IS AG/ ! 9T]E/ (! JUDGES OR N2 &
S ON-^! >GU;TS >E Z OBVI\S Z ! O!RS4
  ,EXAM9,N 0TORTURE IS "O =M ( EVID;E1
6: GRT WEI<T IS (T5 ATTA*$ 2C X IS 9 A
S5SE -PULSORY4 ,"H AG X IS N H>D 6PO9T \
! AVAILA# GR.DS = MAGNIFY+ XS VALUE1 IF
X HAPP5S 6TELL 9 \R FAV\R1 & >GU+ T X IS
! ONLY =M ( EVID;E T IS 9FALLI#2 OR1 ON
! O!R H&1 = REFUT+ X IF X TELLS AG/ U &=
\R OPPON5T1 :5 WE MAY SAY :AT IS TRUE (
TORTURE ( E K9D ALIKE1 T P "U XS -PUL.N
TELL LIES Q Z (T5 Z !Y TELL ! TRU?1
"S"TS P]SI/5TLY REFUS+ 6TELL ! TRU?1
"S"TS RECK.SLY MAK+ A FALSE *>GE 9 ORD]
6BE LET (F SOON]4 ,WE "\ 6BE A# 6QUOTE
CASES1 FAMILI> 6! JUDGES1 9 : ? SORT (
?+ HAS ACTU,Y HAPP5$4 ,7,WE M/ SAY T
EVID;E "U TORTURE IS N TRU/WOR?Y1 ! FACT
2+ T _M M5 :E!R ?ICK-WITT$1 T\<-SK9N$1
OR /\T ( HE>T 5DURE _! ORD1L NOBLY1 :ILE
C[>DS & TIMID M5 >E FULL ( BOLD;S TILL
!Y SEE ! ORD1L ( ^! O!RS3 S T NO TRU/ C
2 PLAC$ 9 EVID;E "U TORTURE47'
  ,9 REG>D 6OA?S1 A F\RFOLD DIVI.N C 2
MADE4 ,A MAN MAY EI BO? (F] & A3EPT AN
OA?1 OR NEI1 OR "O )\T ! O!R-T IS1 HE
MAY (F] AN OA? B N A3EPT "O1 OR A3EPT AN
OA? B N (F] "O4 ,"! IS AL ! SITU,N T
>ISES :5 AN OA? HAS ALR BE5 SWORN EI
0HMF OR 0HIS OPPON5T4
  ,IF Y REFUSE 6(F] AN OA?1 Y MAY >GUE T
M5 D N HESITATE 6P]JURE !MVS2 & T IF YR
OPPON5T DOES SWE>1 Y LOSE YR M"OY1 ":AS1
IF HE DOES N1 Y ?9K ! JUDGES W DECIDE
AG/ HM2 & T ! RISK ( AN UNFAV\RA# V]DICT
IS PREF]1 A#1 S9CE Y TRU/ ! JUDGES & D N
TRU/ HM4
  ,IF Y REFUSE 6A3EPT AN OA?1 Y MAY >GUE
T AN OA? IS ALW PD =2 T Y WD ( C\RSE H
TAK5 X IF Y _H BE5 A RASCAL1 S9CE IF Y
>E A RASCAL Y _H BETT] MAKE "S?+ 0X1 & Y
WD 9 T CASE H 6SWE> 9 ORD] 6SU3E$4 ,?US
YR REFUSAL1 Y >GUE1 M/ 2 DUE 6HI<
PR9CIPLE1 N 6FE> ( P]JURY3 & Y MAY APTLY
QUOTE ! SAY+ ( ,X5OPHANES1
  ',TIS N FAIR T HE :O FE>S N ,GOD
  %D *ALL5GE HM :O DO?4
  ,X IS Z IF A /R;G MAN 7 6*ALL5GE A
W1KL+ 6/RIKE1 OR 2 /RUCK BY1 HM4
  ,IF Y AGREE 6A3EPT AN OA?1 Y MAY >GUE
T Y TRU/ YRF B N YR OPPON5T2 & T 769V]T
! REM>K ( ,X5OPHANES7 ! FAIR ?+ IS =!
IMPI\S MAN 6(F] ! OA? &=! PI\S MAN
6A3EPT X2 & T X WD 2 MON/R\S IF Y YRF 7
UNWILL+ 6A3EPT AN OA? 9 A CASE ": Y DEM&
T ! JUDGES %D D S 2F GIV+ _! V]DICT4 ,IF
Y WI% 6(F] AN OA?1 Y MAY >GUE T PIETY
4POSES Y 6-MIT ! ISSUE 6! GODS2 & T YR
OPPON5T "\ N 6WANT O!R JUDGES ?AN HMF1
S9CE Y L1VE ! DECI.N ) HM2 & T X IS
\TRAGE\S = YR OPPON5TS 6REFUSE 6SWE> AB
? "Q1 :5 !Y 9SI/ T O!RS %D D S4
  ,N[ T WE SEE H[ WE >E 6>GUE 9 EA* CASE
SEP>ATELY1 WE SEE AL H[ WE >E 6>GUE :5
!Y O3UR 9 PAIRS1 "NLY1 :5 Y >E WILL+
6A3EPT ! OA? B N 6(F] X2 6(F] X B N
6A3EPT X2 BO? 6A3EPT & 6(F] X2 OR 6D
NEI4 ,^! >E ( C\RSE -B9,NS (! CASES ALR
M5;N$1 & S YR >GU;TS AL M/ 2 -B9,NS (!
>GU;TS ALR M5;N$4
  ,IF Y H ALR SWORN AN OA? T 3TRADICTS
YR PRES5T "O1 Y M/ >GUE T X IS N P]JURY1
S9CE P]JURY IS A CRIME1 &A CRIME M/ 2 A
VOLUNT>Y AC;N1 ":AS AC;NS DUE 6! =CE OR
FRAUD ( O!RS >E 9VOLUNT>Y4 ,Y M/ FUR!R
R1SON F ? T P]JURY DEP5DS ON ! 9T5;N & N
ON ! SPOK5 ^WS4 ,B IF X IS YR OPPON5T :O
HAS ALR SWORN AN OA? T 3TRADICTS 8
PRES5T "O1 Y M/ SAY T IF HE DOES N ABIDE
0HIS OA?S HE IS ! 5EMY ( SOCIETY1 & T ?
IS ! R1SON :Y M5 TAKE AN OA? 2F ADM9I/]+
! LAWS4 ,8,MY OPPON5TS 9SI/ T Y1 !
JUDGES1 M/ ABIDE 0! OA? Y H SWORN1 & YET
!Y >E N ABID+ 0_! [N OA?S40' ,& "! >E
O!R >GU;TS : MAY 2 US$ 6MAGNIFY !
IMPORT.E (! OA?4 ,7,S M*1 !N1 =! ,8NON-
TE*NICAL0' MODES ( P]SUA.N47'


