              ,BOOK ,,III
                   #A
  ,,WE H N[ SPOK5 AB ! /]IL;Y ( MULES1 &
AB ^? ANIMALS : >E VIVIP>\S BO? EXT]N,Y
& )9 !MVS4 ,! G5],N (! OVIP>\S SANGU9EA
IS 6A C]TA9 EXT5T SIMIL> 6T (! ANIMALS T
WALK1 & ALL MAY 2 EMBRAC$ 9 ! SAME G5]AL
/ATE;T2 B 9 O!R RESPECTS "! >E DI6];ES 9
!M BO? Z -P>$ ) EA* O!R &) ^? T WALK4
,ALL ALIKE >E G5]AT$ F SEXUAL UNION1 !
MALE EMITT+ SEM5 96! FEMALE4 ,B AM;G !
OVIP>A 7#A7 BIRDS PRODUCE A P]FECT H>D-
%ELL$ EGG1 UN.S X 2 9JUR$ 041SE1 &! E7S
( BIRDS >E ALL TWO-COL\R$4 7#B7 ,!
C>TILAG9\S FI%ES1 Z HAS BE5 (T5 SD ALR1
>E OVIP>\S 9T]N,Y B PRODUCE ! "Y ALIVE1
! EGG *ANG+ PREVI\SLY F "O "P (! UT]US
6ANO!R2 & _! EGG IS S(T-%ELL$ &( "O
COL\R4 ,"O ( ? CLASS AL"O DOES N PRODUCE
! "Y F ! EGG )9 XF1 ! S-CALL$ ,8FROG0'2
! R1SON ( : M/ 2 /AT$ LAT]4 7#C7 ,ALL
O!R OVIP>\S FI%ES PRODUCE AN EGG ( "O
COL\R1 B ? IS IMP]FECT1 = XS GR[? IS
-PLET$ \TSIDE ! "M'S BODY 0! SAME CAUSE
Z >E ^? E7S : >E P]FECT$ )94
  ,3C]N+ ! UT]US ( ^! CLASSES ( ANIMALS1
:AT DI6];ES "! >E AM;G !M &= :AT R1SONS1
HAS BE5 /AT$ PREVI\SLY4 ,= 9 "S (!
VIVIP>\S CR1TURES X IS HI< UP NE> !
HYPOZOMA1 9 O!RS L[ D[N 0! PUD5DA2 ! =M]
9 ! C>TILAG9\S FI%ES1 ! LATT] 9 ANIMALS
BO? 9T]N,Y & EXT]N,Y VIVIP>\S1 S* Z MAN
& HORSE &! RE/2 9 ! OVIP>A X IS "S"TS
L[1 Z 9 ! OVIP>\S FI%1 & "S"TS HI<1 Z 9
BIRDS4
  ,"S EMBRYOS >E =M$ 9 BIRDS
SPONTANE\SLY1 : >E CALL$ W9D-E7S &
,8ZEPHYRIA0' 0"S2 ^! O3UR 9 BIRDS : >E N
GIV5 6FLI<T NOR RAP9E B : PRODUCE _M "Y1
= ^! BIRDS H M* RESIDUAL MATT]1 ":AS 9 !
BIRDS ( PREY ALL S* SECRE;N IS DIV]T$ 6!
W+S & W+-F1!RS1 :ILE ! BODY IS SMALL &
DRY & HOT4 7,! SECRE;N CORRESPOND+ 9 H5-
BIRDS 6CATAM5IA1 &! SEM5 (! COCK1 >E
RESIDUES47 ,S9CE !N BO? ! W+S &! SEM5 >E
MADE F RESIDUAL MATT]1 NATURE _C AF=D
6SP5D M* ^U BO?4 ,&= ? SAME R1SON !
BIRDS ( PREY >E NEI GIV5 6TR1D+ M* NOR
6LAY+ _M E7S1 Z >E ! H1VY BIRDS & ^?
FLY+ BIRDS ^: BODIES >E BULKY1 Z !
PIGEON & S =?4 ,= S* RESIDUAL MATT] IS
SECRET$ L>GELY 9 ! H1VY BIRDS N GIV5
6FLY+1 S* Z F[LS1 "PRIDGES1 & S ON1 ":=E
_! MALES TR1D (T5 & _! FEMALES PRODUCE
M* MAT]IAL4 ,( S* BIRDS "S LAY _M E7S AT
A "T & "S LAY (T52 = 9/.E1 ! F[L1 !
"PRIDGE1 &! ,LIBYAN O/RI* LAY _M E7S1
:ILE ! PIGEON FAMILY D N LAY _M B LAY
(T54 ,= ^! >E 2T ! BIRDS ( PREY &! H1VY
"OS2 !Y >E FLY]S L ! =M]1 B H BULKY
BODIES L ! LATT]2 H;E1 2C !Y >E FLY]S &!
RESIDUE IS DIV]T$ T4 WAY1 !Y LAY FEW
E7S1 B !Y LAY (T5 2C ( _! HAV+ BULKY
BODIES & _! /OMA*S 2+ HOT & V ACTIVE 9
3COC;N1 & 2C MOREOV] !Y C EASILY PROCURE
_! FOOD1 ":AS ! BIRDS ( PREY D S )
DI6ICULTY4
  ,SMALL BIRDS AL TR1D (T5 & >E V
F]TILE1 Z >E "S"TS SMALL PLANTS1 = :AT
CAUSES BODILY GR[? 9 O!RS TURN 9 !M 6A
SEM9AL RESIDUUM4 ,H;E ! ,ADRIANIC F[LS
LAY MO/ E7S1 = 2C (! SMALL;S ( _! BODIES
! NUTRI;T IS US$ UP 9 PRODUC+ "Y4 ,& O!R
BIRDS >E M F]TILE ?AN GAME-F[L1 = _!
BODIES >E M FLUID & BULKI]1 ":AS ^? (
GAME-F[L >E L1N] & DRI]1 S9CE A PAS.NATE
_S IS F.D R 9 S* BODIES Z ! LATT]4
,MOREOV] ! ?9;S & W1K;S (! LEGS 3TRIBUTE
6MAK+ ! =M] CLASS ( BIRDS NATUR,Y 9CL9$
6TR1D & 6BE F]TILE1 Z WE F9D AL 9 !
HUMAN SPECIES2 =! N\RI%;T : O!RWISE GOES
6! LEGS IS TURN$ 9 S* 96A SEM9AL
SECRE;N1 :AT ,NATURE TAKES F ! "O PLACE
2+ A4$ AT ! O!R4 ,BIRDS ( PREY1 ON !
3TR>Y1 H A /R;G WALK & _! LEGS >E ?ICK
[+ 6_! HABITS1 S T = ALL ^! R1SONS !Y
NEI TR1D NOR LAY M*4 ,! KE/REL IS ! MO/
F]TILE2 = ? IS NE>LY ! ONLY BIRD ( PREY
: DR9KS1 & XS MOI/URE1 BO? 9NATE &
ACQUIR$1 AL;G ) XS H1T IS FAV\RA#
6G5]ATIVE PRODUCTS4 ,EV5 ? BIRD DOES N
LAY V _M E7S1 B F\R AT ! \TSIDE4
  ,! CUCKOO1 ?\< N A BIRD ( PREY1 LAYS
FEW E7S1 2C X IS (A COLD NATURE1 Z IS
%[N 0! C[>DICE (! BIRD1 ":AS A G5]ATIVE
ANIMAL %D 2 HOT & MOI/4 ,T X IS C[>DLY
IS PLA91 = X IS PURSU$ 0ALL ! BIRDS &
LAYS E7S 9 ! NE/S ( O!RS4
  ,! PIGEON FAMILY >E 9 ! HABIT ( LAY+
TWO =! MO/ "P1 = !Y NEI LAY "O 7NO BIRD
DOES EXCEPT ! CUCKOO1 & EV5 T "S"TS LAYS
TWO7 NOR YET _M1 B !Y FREQU5TLY PRODUCE
TWO1 OR ?REE AT ! MO/ G5],Y TWO1 = ?
NUMB] LIES 2T "O & _M4
  ,X IS PLA9 F ! FACTS T )! BIRDS T LAY
_M E7S ! NUTRI;T IS DIV]T$ 6! SEM54 ,=
MO/ TREES1 IF !Y BE> TOO M* FRUIT1 )]
AWAY AF ! CROP :5 NUTRI;T IS N RES]V$ =
!MVS1 & ? SEEMS 6BE :AT HAPP5S 6ANNUALS1
Z LEGUM9\S PLANTS1 CORN1 &! L4 ,= !Y
3SUME ALL _! NUTRI;T 6MAKE SE$1 _! K9D
2+ PROLIFIC4 ,& "S F[LS AF LAY+ TOO M*1
S Z EV5 6LAY TWO E7S 9 A "D1 H DI$ AF ?4
,= BO? ! BIRDS ! PLANTS 2COME EXHAU/$1 &
? 3DI;N IS AN EXCESS ( SECRE;N (
RESIDUAL MATT]4 ,A SIMIL> 3DI;N IS !
CAUSE (! LAT] /]IL;Y (! LIO;S1 = AT ! F/
BIR? %E PRODUCES FIVE OR SIX1 !N 9 !
NEXT YE> F\R1 & AG ?REE CUBS1 !N ! NEXT
NUMB] D[N 6"O1 !N N"O AT ALL1 %[+ T !
RESIDUE IS 2+ US$ UP &! G5]ATIVE SECRE;N
IS FAIL+ AL;G )! ADV.E ( YE>S4
  ,WE H N[ /AT$ 9 : BIRDS W9D-E7S >E
F.D1 & AL :AT SORT ( BIRDS LAY _M E7S OR
FEW1 &= :AT R1SONS4 ,& W9D-E7S1 Z SD 2F1
-E 962+ 2C :ILE X IS ! MAT]IAL = G5],N T
EXI/S 9 ! FEMALE ( ALL ANIMALS1 BIRDS H
NO 4*>GE ( CATAM5IA L VIVIP>\S SANGU9EA
7= !Y O3UR 9 ALL ^! LATT]1 M 9 "S1 LESS
9 O!RS1 & 9 "S ONLY 5 9 QUANT;Y J 6M>K !
CLASS74 ,! SAME APPLIES 6FI% Z 6BIRDS1 &
S 9 !M Z 9 BIRDS IS F.D AN EMBRYONIC
=M,N )\T IMPREGN,N1 B X IS LESS OBVI\S
2C _! NATURE IS COLD]4 ,! SECRE;N
CORRESPOND+ 6! CATAM5IA ( VIVIP>A IS =M$
9 BIRDS AT ! APPROPRIATE S1SON =! 4*>GE
( SUP]FLU\S MATT]1 &1 2C ! REGION NE> !
HYPOZOMA IS HOT1 X IS P]FECT$ S F> Z
SIZE IS 3C]N$1 B 9 BIRDS & FI%ES ALIKE X
IS IMP]FECT = G5],N )\T ! SEM9AL FLUID (
! MALE2 ! CAUSE ( ? HAS BE5 PREVI\SLY
GIV54 ,W9D-E7S >E N =M$ 9 ! FLY+ BIRDS1
=! SAME R1SON Z PREV5TS _! LAY+ _M E7S2
=! RESIDUAL MATT] 9 BIRDS ( PREY IS
SMALL1 & !Y NE$ ! MALE 6GIVE AN IMPULSE
=! 4*>GE ( X4 ,! W9D-E7S >E PRODUC$ 9
GRT] NUMB]S ?AN ! IMPREGNAT$ B SMALL] 9
SIZE = "O &! SAME R1SON2 !Y >E SMALL] 9
SIZE 2C !Y >E IMP]FECT1 & 2C !Y >E
SMALL] 9 SIZE !Y >E M 9 NUMB]4 ,!Y >E
LESS PL1SANT = FOOD 2C !Y >E LESS
3COCT$1 = 9 ALL FOODS ! 3COCT$ IS M
AGREEA#4 ,X HAS BE5 SU6ICI5TLY OBS]V$1
!N1 T NEI BIRDS' NOR FI%ES' E7S >E
P]FECT$ = G5],N )\T ! MALES4 ,Z =
EMBRYOS 2+ =M$ 9 FI% AL 7?\< 9 A LESS
DEGREE7 )\T ! MALES1 ! FACT HAS BE5
OBS]V$ ESPECI,Y 9 RIV] FI%1 = "S >E SE5
6H E7S F ! F/1 Z HAS BE5 WRITT5 9 !
,5QUIRIES 3C]N+ !M4 ,& G5],Y SP1K+ 9 !
CASE ( BIRDS EV5 ! IMPREGNAT$ E7S >E N
WONT =! MO/ "P 6ATTA9 _! FULL GR[? UN.S
! H5 2 TRO45 3T9U,Y4 ,! R1SON ( ? IS T J
Z ) WOM5 9T]C\RSE ) M5 DRAWS D[N !
SECRE;N (! CATAM5IA 7=! UT]US 2+ H1T$
ATTRACTS ! MOI/URE &! PASSAGES >E OP5$71
S ? HAPP5S AL ) BIRDS2 ! RESIDUAL MATT]
CORRESPOND+ 6! CATAM5IA ADV.ES A LL AT A
"T1 & IS N 4*>G$ EXT]N,Y1 2C XS AM.T IS
SMALL &! UT]US IS HI< UP 0! HYPOZOMA1 B
TRICKLES TGR 96! UT]US XF4 ,= Z ! EMBRYO
(! VIVIP>A GR[S 0M1NS (! UMBILICAL CORD1
S ! EGG GR[S "? ? MATT] FL[+ 6X "? !
UT]US4 ,= :5 ONCE ! H5S H BE5 TRO451 !Y
ALL 3T9UE 6H E7S ALM )\T 9T]MIS.N1 ?\< V
SMALL "OS4 ,H;E "S >E WONT 6SP1K ( W9D-
E7S Z N -+ 962+ 9DEP5D5TLY B Z M]E
RELICS F A PREVI\S IMPREGN,N4 ,B ? IS A
FALSE VIEW1 = SU6ICI5T OBS]V,NS H BE5
MADE ( _! >IS+ )\T IMPREGN,N 9 *ICK5S &
GOSL+S4 ,AL ! FEMALE "PRIDGES : >E TAK5
\ 6ACT Z DECOYS1 :E!R !Y H "E BE5
IMPREGNAT$ OR N1 IMMLY ON SMELL+ ! MALE
& HE>+ 8 CALL1 2COME FILL$ ) E7S 9 !
LATT] CASE & LAY !M 9 ! =M]4 ,! R1SON :Y
? HAPP5S IS ! SAME Z 9 M5 & QUADRUP$S1 =
IF _! BODIES *.E 6BE 9 RUT !Y EMIT SEM5
AT ! M]E SI<T (! FEMALE OR AT A SLI<T
T\*4 ,& S* BIRDS >E (A LASCIVI\S &
F]TILE NATURE1 S T ! IMPULSE !Y NE$ IS B
SMALL :5 !Y >E 9 ? EXCIT$ 3DI;N1 &!
SECRET+ ACTIV;Y TAKES PLACE QKLY 9 !M1
W9D-E7S =M+ 9 ! UNIMPREGNAT$ &! E7S 9 ^?
: H BE5 IMPREGNAT$ GR[+ & R1*+ P]FEC;N
SWIFTLY4
  ,AM;G CR1TURES T LAY E7S EXT]N,Y BIRDS
PRODUCE _! EGG P]FECT1 FI% IMP]FECT1 B !
E7S (! LATT] -PLETE _! GR[? \TSIDE Z HAS
BE5 SD 2F4 ,! R1SON IS T ! FI% K9D IS V
F]TILE2 N[ X IS IMPOSSI# = _M E7S 6R1*
-PLE;N )9 ! "M & "!=E !Y LAY !M \TSIDE4
,!Y >E QKLY 4*>G$1 =! UT]US ( EXT]N,Y
OVIP>\S FI%ES IS NE> ! G5]ATIVE PASSAGE4
,:ILE ! E7S ( BIRDS >E TWO-COL\R$1 ^? (
ALL FI% >E "O-COL\R$4 ,! CAUSE (! D\#
COL\R MAY 2 SE5 F 3SID]+ ! P[] ( EA* (!
TWO "PS1 ! :ITE &! YOLK4 ,=! MATT] (!
EGG IS SECRET$ F ! BLOOD ,7,NO BLOOD.S
ANIMAL LAYS E7S17' & T ! BLOOD IS !
MAT]IAL (! BODY HAS BE5 (T5 SD ALR4 ,!
"O "P1 !N1 (! EGG IS NE>] ! =M (! ANIMAL
-+ 962+1 T IS ! HOT "P2 ! M E>?Y "P
GIVES ! SUB/.E (! BODY & IS FUR!R
REMOV$4 ,H;E 9 ALL TWO-COL\R$ E7S !
ANIMAL RCVS ! F/ PR9CIPLE ( G5],N F !
:ITE 7=! VITAL PR9CIPLE IS 9 T : IS
HOT71 B ! NUTRI;T F ! YOLK4 ,N[ 9
ANIMALS (A HOTT] NATURE ! "P F : ! F/
PR9CIPLE >ISES IS SEP>AT$ (F F ! "P F :
-ES ! NUTRI;T1 ! "O 2+ :ITE &! O!R
YELL[1 &! :ITE & PURE IS ALW M ?AN !
YELL[ & E>?Y2 B 9 ! MOI/] & LESS HOT !
YOLK IS M 9 QUANT;Y & M FLUID4 ,? IS :AT
WE F9D 9 LAKE BIRDS1 = !Y >E (A MOI/]
NATURE & >E COLD] ?AN ! L& BIRDS1 S T !
S-CALL$ ,8LECI?US0' OR YOLK 9 ! E7S ( S*
BIRDS IS L>GE & LESS YELL[ 2C ! :ITE IS
LESS SEP>AT$ (F F X4 ,B :5 WE -E 6!
OVIP>A : >E BO? (A COLD NATURE & AL
MOI/] 7S* IS ! FI% K9D7 WE F9D ! :ITE N
SEP>AT$ AT ALL 2C (! SMALL SIZE (! E7S &
! QUANT;Y (! COLD & E>?Y MATT]2 "!=E ALL
FI% E7S >E ( "O COL\R1 & :ITE -P>$ )
YELL[1 YELL[ -P>$ ) :ITE4 ,EV5 ! W9D-E7S
( BIRDS H ? 4T9C;N ( COL\R1 = !Y 3TA9 T
\ ( : W -E EA* (! TWO "PS1 ALIKE T :;E
>ISES ! PR9CIPLE ( LIFE & T :;E -ES !
NUTRI;T2 ONLY BO? ^! >E IMP]FECT & NE$ !
9FLU;E (! MALE 9 A4I;N2 = W9D-E7S 2COME
F]TILE IF IMPREGNAT$ 0! MALE )9 A C]TA9
P]IOD4 ,! DI6];E 9 COL\R1 H["E1 IS N DUE
6ANY DI6];E ( SEX1 Z IF ! :ITE CAME F !
MALE1 ! YOLK F ! FEMALE2 BO? ON ! 3TR>Y
-E F ! FEMALE1 B ! "O IS COLD1 ! O!R
HOT4 ,9 ALL CASES !N ": ! HOT "P IS
3SID]A# X IS SEP>AT$ (F1 B ": X IS LL X
_C 2 S2 H;E ! E7S ( S* ANIMALS1 Z HAS
BE5 SD1 >E ( "O COL\R4 ,! SEM5 (! MALE
ONLY PUTS !M 96=M2 & "!=E AT F/ ! EGG 9
BIRDS APPE>S :ITE & SMALL1 B Z X ADV.ES
X IS ALL YELL[ Z M (! SANGU9E\S MAT]IAL
IS 3T9U,Y MIX$ ) X2 F9,Y Z ! HOT "P IS
SEP>AT$ ! :ITE TAKES UP A POSI;N ALL R.D
X & EQU,Y 4TRIBUT$ ON ALL SIDES1 Z :5 A
LIQUID BOILS2 =! :ITE IS NATUR,Y LIQUID
& 3TA9S 9 XF ! VITAL H1T2 "!=E X IS
SEP>AT$ (F ALL R.D1 B ! YELL[ & E>?Y "P
IS 9SIDE4 ,& IF WE 5CLOSE _M E7S TGR 9 A
BLA4] OR "S?+ (! K9D & BOIL !M OV] A
FIRE S Z N 6MAKE ! MOVE;T (! H1T QK] ?AN
! SEP>,N (! :ITE & YOLK 9 ! E7S1 !N !
SAME PROCESS TAKES PLACE 9 ! :OLE MASS (
! E7S Z 9 A S+LE EGG1 ALL ! YELL[ "P -+
96! MI4LE &! :ITE SURR.D+ X4
  ,WE H ?US /AT$ :Y "S E7S >E ( "O COL\R
& O!RS ( TWO4
                   #B
  ,! PR9CIPLE (! MALE IS SEP>AT$ (F 9
E7S AT ! PO9T ": ! EGG IS ATTA*$ 6!
UT]US1 &! R1SON :Y ! %APE ( TWO-COL\R$
E7S IS UNSYMMETRICAL1 & N P]FECTLY R.D B
%>P] AT "O 5D1 IS T ! "P (! :ITE 9 : IS
3TA9$ ? PR9CIPLE M/ DI6] F ! RE/4 ,"!=E
! EGG IS H>D] AT ? PO9T ?AN 2L1 = X IS
NEC 6%ELT] & PROTECT ? PR9CIPLE4 ,& ? IS
:Y ! %>P 5D (! EGG -ES \ (! H5 LAT] ?AN
! BLUNT 5D2 =! "P ATTA*$ 6! UT]US -ES \
LAT]1 &! EGG IS ATTA*$ AT ! PO9T ": IS !
SD PR9CIPLE1 &! PR9CIPLE IS 9 ! %>P 5D4
,! SAME IS ! CASE AL 9 ! SE$S ( PLANTS2
! PR9CIPLE (! SE$ IS ATTA*$ "S"TS 6!
TWIG1 "S"TS 6! HUSK1 "S"TS 6! P]IC>P4 ,?
IS PLA9 9 ! LEGUM9\S PLANTS1 = ": ! TWO
COTYL$ONS ( B1NS &( SIMIL> SE$S >E
UNIT$1 "! IS ! SE$ ATTA*$ 6! P>5T PLANT1
& "! IS ! PR9CIPLE (! SE$4
  ,A DI6ICULTY MAY 2 RAIS$ AB ! GR[? (!
EGG2 H[ IS X DERIV$ F ! UT]US8 ,= IF
ANIMALS DERIVE _! NUTRI;T "? ! UMBILICAL
CORD1 "? :AT D E7S DERIVE X8 ,!Y D N1 L
A SCOLEX1 ACQUIRE _! GR[? 0_! [N M1NS4
,IF "! IS ANY?+ 0: !Y >E ATTA*$ 6!
UT]US1 :AT 2COMES ( ? :5 ! EGG IS
P]FECT$8 ,X DOES N -E \ )! EGG Z ! CORD
DOES ) ANIMALS2 = :5 XS EGG IS P]FECT$ !
%ELL =MS ALL R.D X4 ,? PRO#M IS "RLY
RAIS$1 B X IS N OBS]V$ T ! %ELL IS AT F/
ONLY A S(T MEMBRANE1 & T X IS ONLY AF !
EGG IS P]FECT$ T X 2COMES H>D & BRITTLE2
? IS S NICELY ADJU/$ T X IS / S(T :5 X
-ES \ 7= O!RWISE X WD CAUSE PA9 9 LAY+71
B NO SOON] HAS X -E \ ?AN X IS FIX$ H>D
0COOL+1 ! MOI/URE QKLY EVAPORAT+ 2C "!
IS B LL ( X1 &! E>?Y "P REMA9+4 ,N[ AT
F/ A C]TA9 "P ( ? MEMBRANE AT ! %>P 5D (
E7S RESEM#S AN UMBILICAL CORD1 &
PROJECTS L A PIPE F !M :ILE !Y >E /
SMALL4 ,X IS PLA9LY VISI# 9 SMALL ABORT$
E7S1 = IF ! BIRD 2 DR5*$ ) WAT] OR
SU45LY *ILL$ 9 ANY O!R WAY & CA/ \ ! EGG
TOO SOON1 X APPE>S / SANGU9E\S &)A SMALL
TAIL L AN UMBILICAL CORD RUNN+ "? X4 ,Z
! EGG 2COMES L>G] ? IS M TWI/$ R.D &
2COMES SMALL]1 & :5 ! EGG IS P]FECT$ ?
5D IS ! %>P 5D4 ,"U ? IS ! 9N] MEMBRANE
: SEP>ATES ! :ITE &! YOLK F ?4 ,:5 ! EGG
IS P]FECT$1 ! :OLE ( X IS SET FREE1 &
NATUR,Y ! UMBILICAL CORD DOES N APPE>1 =
X IS N[ ! EXTREME 5D (! EGG XF4
  ,! EGG IS 4*>G$ 9 ! OPPOSITE WAY F !
"Y ( VIVIP>A2 ! LATT] >E BORN H1D-F/1 !
"P ": IS ! F/ PR9CIPLE L1D+1 B ! EGG IS
4*>G$ Z X 7 FEET F/2 ! R1SON ( ? 2+ :AT
HAS BE5 /AT$1 T ! EGG IS ATTA*$ 6! UT]US
AT ! PO9T ": IS ! F/ PR9CIPLE4
  ,! "Y BIRD IS PRODUC$ \ (! EGG 0! "M'S
9CUBAT+ & AID+ ! 3COC;N1 ! CR1TURE
DEVELOP+ \ ( "P (! EGG1 & RCVG GR[? &
-PLE;N F ! REMA9+ "P4 ,= ,NATURE N ONLY
PLACES ! MAT]IAL (! CR1TURE 9 ! EGG B AL
! N\RI%;T SU6ICI5T = XS GR[?2 = S9CE !
"M BIRD _C P]FECT H] "Y )9 H]F %E
PRODUCES ! N\RI%;T 9 ! EGG AL;G ) X4
,":AS ! N\RI%;T1 :AT IS CALL$ MILK1 IS
PRODUC$ =! "Y ( VIVIP>A 9 ANO!R "P1 9 !
BR1/S1 ,NATURE DOES ? = BIRDS 9 ! EGG4
,! OPPOSITE1 H["E1 IS ! CASE 6:AT P ?9K
& :AT IS ASS]T$ 0,ALCMAEON ( ,CROTONA4
,= X IS N ! :ITE T IS ! MILK1 B ! YOLK1
= X IS ? T IS ! N\RI%;T (! *ICK1 ":AS !Y
?9K X IS ! :ITE 2C (! SIMIL>;Y ( COL\R4
  ,! *ICK !N1 Z HAS BE5 SD1 -ES 962+ 0!
9CUB,N (! "M2 YET IF ! TEMP]ATURE (!
S1SON IS FAV\RA#1 OR IF ! PLACE 9 : !
E7S HAPP5 6LIE IS W>M1 ! E7S >E
SU6ICI5TLY 3COCT$ )\T 9CUB,N1 BO? ^? (
BIRDS & ^? ( OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S4 ,= ^!
ALL LAY _! E7S ^U ! GR.D1 ": !Y >E
3COCT$ 0! H1T 9 ! E>?4 ,S* OVIP>\S
QUADRUP$S Z D VISIT _! E7S & 9CUBATE D S
R =! SAKE ( PROTECT+ !M ?AN ( 9CUB,N4
  ,! E7S ( ^! QUADRUP$S >E =M$ 9 ! SAME
WAY Z ^? ( BIRDS1 = !Y >E H>D-%ELL$ &
TWO-COL\R$1 & !Y >E =M$ NE> ! HYPOZOMA Z
>E ^? ( BIRDS1 & 9 ALL O!R RESPECTS
RESEM# !M BO? 9T]N,Y & EXT]N,Y1 S T !
9QUIRY 96_! CAUSES IS ! SAME = ALL4 ,B
":AS ! E7S ( QUADRUP$S >E HAT*$ \ 0! M]E
H1T (! W1!R [+ 6_! /R5G?1 ^? ( BIRDS >E
M EXPOS$ 6DE/RUC;N & NE$ ! "M-BIRD4
,NATURE SEEMS 6WI% 6IMPLANT 9 ANIMALS A
SPECIAL S5SE ( C>E = _! "Y3 9 ! 9F]IOR
ANIMALS ? LA/S ONLY 6! MO;T ( GIV+ BIR?
6! 9COMPLETELY DEVELOP$ ANIMAL2 9 O!RS X
3T9UES TILL !Y >E P]FECT2 9 ALL T >E M
9TELLIG5T1 DUR+ ! BR++ UP (! "Y AL4 ,9
^? : H ! GRTE/ POR;N 9 9TELLIG;E WE F9D
FAMILI>;Y & LOVE %[N AL T[>DS ! "Y :5
P]FECT$1 Z ) M5 & "S QUADRUP$S2 ) BIRDS
WE F9D X TILL !Y H PRODUC$ & BR"\ UP _!
"Y1 & "!=E IF ! H5S D N 9CUBATE AF LAY+
!Y GET 96WORSE 3DI;N1 Z IF DEPRIV$ (
"S?+ NATURAL 6!M4
  ,! "Y IS P]FECT$ )9 ! EGG M QKLY 9
SUN%9Y W1!R1 ! S1SON AID+ 9 ! "W1 =
3COC;N IS A K9D ( H1T4 ,=! E>? AIDS 9 !
3COC;N 0XS H1T1 &! BROOD+ H5 DOES !
SAME1 = %E APPLIES ! H1T T IS )9 H]4 ,&
X IS 9 ! HOT S1SON1 Z WE %D EXPECT1 T !
E7S >E M APT 6BE SPOILT &! S-CALL$
,8URIA0' OR ROTT5 E7S >E PRODUC$2 = J Z
W9ES TURN S\R 9 ! H1TS F ! S$I;T RIS+ 7=
? IS ! CAUSE ( _! 2+ SPOILT71 S IS X )!
YOLK 9 E7S1 =! S$I;T & YOLK >E ! E>?Y "P
9 EA* CASE1 ":=E ! W9E 2COMES TURBID :5
! S$I;T MIXES ) X1 &! L APPLIES 6! E7S T
>E SPOIL+ 2C (! YOLK4 ,X IS NATURAL !N T
S* %D 2 ! CASE )! BIRDS T LAY _M E7S1 =
X IS N EASY 6GIVE ! FITT+ AM.T ( H1T
6ALL1 B 7:ILE "S H TOO LL7 O!RS H TOO M*
& ? MAKES !M TURBID1 Z X 7 0PUTREFAC;N4
,B ? HAPP5S N"O ! LESS )! BIRDS ( PREY
?\< !Y LAY FEW E7S1 = (T5 "O (! TWO
2COMES ROTT51 &! ?IRD PRACTIC,Y ALW1 =
2+ (A HOT NATURE !Y MAKE ! MOI/URE 9 !
E7S 6OV]BOIL S 6SAY4 ,=! NATURE (! :ITE
IS OPPOS$ 6T (! YOLK2 ! YOLK 3G1LS 9
FRO/S B LIQUEFIES ON H1T+1 & "!=E X
LIQUEFIES ON 3COC;N 9 ! E>? OR 0R1SON (
9CUB,N1 & 2COM+ LIQUID S]VES Z NUTRI;T =
! DEVELOP+ *ICK4 ,IF EXPOS$ 6H1T & ROA/$
X DOES N 2COME H>D1 2C ?\< E>?Y 9 NATURE
X IS ONLY S 9 ! SAME WAY Z WAX IS2 ACLY
ON H1T+ TOO M* ! E7S 2COME WAT]Y &
ROTT51 ,7IF !Y 2 N F A LIQUID RESIDUE7'4
,! :ITE ON ! 3TR>Y IS N 3G1L$ 0FRO/ B R
LIQUEFIES 7! R1SON ( : HAS BE5 /AT$ 2F71
B ON EXPOSURE 6H1T 2COMES SOLID4 ,"!=E
2+ 3COCT$ 9 ! DEVELOP;T (! *ICK X IS
?ICK5$4 ,= X IS F ? T ! "Y IS =M$ 7":AS
! YOLK TURNS 6NUTRI;T7 & X IS F ? T !
"PS DERIVE _! GR[? Z !Y >E =M$ "O AF
ANO!R4 ,? IS :Y ! :ITE &! YOLK >E
SEP>AT$ 0MEMBRANES1 Z 2+ DI6]5T 9
NATURE4 ,! PRECISE DETAILS (! REL,N (!
"PS 6"O ANO!R BO? AT ! 2G9N+ ( G5],N & Z
! ANIMALS >E =M+1 & AL ! DETAILS (!
MEMBRANES & UMBILICAL CORDS1 M/ 2 LE>NT
F :AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 9 ! ,5QUIRIES2 =!
PRES5T 9VE/IG,N X IS SU6ICI5T 6"U/& ? M*
CLE>LY1 T1 :5 ! HE>T HAS BE5 F/ =M$ &!
GRT BLOOD-VESSEL HAS BE5 M>K$ (F F X1
TWO UMBILICAL CORDS RUN F ! VESSEL1 ! "O
6! MEMBRANE : 5CLOSES ! YOLK1 ! O!R 6!
MEMBRANE RESEMBL+ A *ORION : SURR.DS !
:OLE EMBRYO2 ? LATT] RUNS R.D ON ! 9SIDE
(! MEMBRANE (! %ELL4 ,"? ! "O ( ^! !
EMBRYO RCVS ! NUTRI;T F ! YOLK1 &! YOLK
2COMES L>G]1 = X 2COMES M LIQUID 0H1T+4
,? IS 2C ! N\RI%;T1 2+ (A MAT]IAL "* 9
XS F/ =M1 M/ 2COME LIQUID 2F X C 2
ABSORB$1 J Z X IS ) PLANTS1 & AT F/ ?
EMBRYO1 :E!R 9 AN EGG OR 9 ! "M'S UT]US1
LIVES ! LIFE (A PLANT1 = X RCVS XS F/
GR[? & N\RI%;T 02+ ATTA*$ 6"S?+ ELSE4
  ,! SECOND UMBILICAL CORD RUNS 6!
SURR.D+ *ORION4 ,= WE M/ "U/& T1 9 !
CASE ( ANIMALS DEVELOP$ 9 E7S1 ! *ICK
HAS ! SAME REL,N 6! YOLK Z ! EMBRYO (!
VIVIP>A HAS 6! "M S L;G Z X IS )9 ! "M
7= S9CE ! N\RI%;T (! EMBRYO (! OVIP>A IS
N -PLET$ )9 ! "M1 ! EMBRYO TAKES "P ( X
AWAY F H]74 ,S AL ! REL,N (! *ICK 6!
\T]MO/ MEMBRANE1 ! SANGU9E\S "O1 IS L T
(! MAMMALIAN EMBRYO 6! UT]US4 ,AT ! SAME
"T ! EGG-%ELL SURR.DS BO? ! YOLK &!
MEMBRANE ANALOG\S 6! UT]US1 J Z IF X %D
2 PUT R.D BO? ! EMBRYO XF &! :OLE (! "M1
9 ! VIVIP>A4 ,? IS S 2C ! EMBRYO M/ 2 9
! UT]US & ATTA*$ 6! "M4 ,N[ 9 ! VIVIP>A
! UT]US IS )9 ! "M1 B 9 ! OVIP>A X IS !
O!R WAY AB1 Z IF "O %D SAY T ! "M 0 9 !
UT]US1 = T : -ES F ! "M1 ! NUTRI;T1 IS !
YOLK4 ,! R1SON IS T ! PROCESS ( N\RI%;T
IS N -PLET$ )9 ! "M4
  ,Z ! CR1TURE GR[S ! UMBILICUS RUNN+ !
*ORION COLLAPSES F/1 2C X IS "H T ! "Y
IS 6-E \2 :AT IS LEFT (! YOLK1 &!
UMBILICAL CORD RUNN+ 6! YOLK1 COLLAPSE
LAT]4 ,=! "Y M/ H N\RI%;T Z SOON Z X IS
HAT*$2 X IS N NURS$ 0! "M & _C IMMLY
PROCURE XS N\RI%;T = XF2 "!=E ! YOLK
5T]S )9 X AL;G ) XS UMBILICUS &! FLE%
GR[S R.D X4
  ,? !N IS ! MANN] 9 : ANIMALS PRODUC$ F
P]FECT E7S >E HAT*$ 9 ALL ^?1 :E!R BIRDS
OR QUADRUP$S1 : LAY ! EGG )A H>D %ELL4
,^! DETAILS >E PLA9] 9 ! L>G] CR1TURES2
9 ! SMALL] !Y >E OBSCURE 2C (! SMALL;S (
! MASSES 3C]N$4
                   #C
  ,! CLASS ( FI%ES IS AL OVIP>\S4 ,^?
AM;G !M : H ! UT]US L[ D[N LAY AN
IMP]FECT EGG =! R1SON PREVI\SLY GIV510'
B ! S-CALL$ ,8SELA*E0' OR C>TILAG9\S
FI%ES PRODUCE A P]FECT EGG )9 !MVS B >E
EXT]N,Y VIVIP>\S EXCEPT "O : !Y CALL !
,8FROG0'2 ? AL"O LAYS A P]FECT EGG
EXT]N,Y4 ,! R1SON IS ! NATURE ( XS BODY1
= XS H1D IS _M "TS Z L>GE Z ! RE/ (!
BODY & IS SP9Y & V R\<4 ,? IS AL :Y X
DOES N RCV XS "Y AG )9 XF NOR PRODUCE !M
ALIVE 62G9 )1 = Z ! SIZE & R\<;S (! H1D
PREV5TS _! 5T]+ S X WD PREV5T _! EXIT4
,& :ILE ! EGG (! C>TILAG9\S FI%ES IS
S(T-%ELL$ 7= !Y _C H>D5 & DRY XS
CIRCUMF];E1 2+ COLD] ?AN BIRDS71 ! EGG (
! FROG-FI% AL"O IS SOLID & FIRM 6PROTECT
X \TSIDE1 B ^? (! RE/ >E (A MOI/ & S(T
NATURE1 = !Y >E %ELT]$ )9 & 0! BODY (!
"M4
  ,! "Y >E PRODUC$ F ! EGG 9 ! SAME WAY
BO? ) ^? EXT]N,Y P]FECT$ 7! FROG-FI%ES7
& ^? 9T]N,Y1 &! PROCESS 9 ^! E7S IS "PLY
SIMIL> TO1 "PLY DI6]5T F T 9 BIRDS' E7S4
,9 ! F/ PLACE !Y H N ! SECOND UMBILICUS
: RUNS 6! *ORION "U ! SURR.D+ %ELL4 ,!
R1SON ( ? IS T !Y H N ! SURR.D+ %ELL1 =
X IS NO USE 6!M S9CE ! "M %ELT]S !M1 &!
%ELL IS A PROTEC;N 6! E7S AG/ EXT]NAL
9JURY 2T LAY+ & HAT*+ \4 ,SECONDLY1 !
PROCESS 9 ^! AL 2G9S ON ! SURFACE (! EGG
B N ": X IS ATTA*$ 6! UT]US1 Z 9 BIRDS1
=! *ICK IS DEVELOP$ F ! %>P 5D & T IS ":
! EGG 0 ATTA*$4 ,! R1SON IS T ! EGG (
BIRDS IS SEP>AT$ F ! UT]US 2F X IS
P]FECT$1 B 9 MO/ ?\< N ALL C>TILAG9\S
FI%ES ! EGG IS / ATTA*$ 6! UT]US :5
P]FECT4 ,:ILE ! "Y DEVELOPS ^U ! SURFACE
! EGG IS 3SUM$ 0X J Z 9 BIRDS &! O!R
ANIMALS DETA*$ F ! UT]US1 & AT LA/ !
UMBILICUS (! N[ P]FECT FI% IS LEFT
ATTA*$ 6! UT]US4 ,! L IS ! CASE ) ALL ^?
^: E7S >E DETA*$ F ! UT]US1 = 9 "S ( !M
! EGG IS S DETA*$ :5 X IS P]FECT4
  ,! "Q MAY 2 ASK$ :Y ! DEVELOP;T (
BIRDS & C>TILAG9\S FI%ES DI6]S 9 ?
RESPECT4 ,! R1SON IS T 9 BIRDS ! :ITE &
YOLK >E SEP>ATE1 B FI% E7S >E "O-COL\R$1
! CORRESPOND+ MATT] 2+ -PLETELY MIX$1 S
T "! IS NO?+ 6/OP ! F/ PR9CIPLE 2+ AT !
OPPOSITE 5D1 =! EGG IS (! SAME NATURE
BO? AT ! PO9T ( ATTA*;T & AT ! OPPOSITE
5D1 & X IS EASY 6DRAW ! N\RI%;T F !
UT]US 0PASSAGES RUNN+ F ? PR9CIPLE4 ,?
IS PLA9 9 ! E7S : >E N DETA*$1 = 9 "S (!
C>TILAG9\S FI% ! EGG IS N DETA*$ F !
UT]US1 B IS / 3NECT$ ) X Z X -ES D[NW>DS
)A VIEW 6! PRODUC;N (! "Y ALIVE2 9 ^! !
"Y FI% :5 P]FECT$ IS / 3NECT$ 0!
UMBILICUS 6! UT]US :5 ! EGG HAS BE5
3SUM$4 ,F ? X IS CLE> T PREVI\SLY AL1
:ILE ! EGG 0 / R.D ! "Y1 ! PASSAGES RAN
6! UT]US4 ,? HAPP5S Z WE H SD 9 !
,8SMOO? H.D0'4
  ,9 ^! RESPECTS &=! R1SONS GIV5 !
DEVELOP;T ( C>TILAG9\S FI%ES DI6]S F T (
BIRDS1 B O!RWISE X TAKES PLACE 9 ! SAME
WAY4 ,= !Y H ! "O UMBILICUS 9 L MANN] Z
T ( BIRDS 3NECT+ )! YOLK1- ONLY 9 ^!
FI%ES X 3NECTS )! :OLE EGG 7= X IS N
DIVID$ 96:ITE & YOLK B ALL "O-COL\R$71-
& GET _! N\RI%;T F ?1 & Z X IS 2+ 3SUM$
! FLE% 9 L MANN] 5CROA*ES ^U & GR[S R.D
X4
  ,S* IS ! PROCESS ( DEVELOP;T 9 ^? FI%
T PRODUCE A P]FECT EGG )9 !MVS B >E
EXT]N,Y VIVIP>\S4
                   #D
  ,MO/ (! O!R FI% >E EXT]N,Y OVIP>\S1
ALL LAY+ AN IMP]FECT EGG EXCEPT ! FROG-
FI%2 ! R1SON ( ? EXCEP;N HAS BE5
PREVI\SLY /AT$1 &! R1SON AL :Y ! O!RS
LAY IMP]FECT E7S4 ,9 ^! AL ! DEVELOP;T F
! EGG RUNS ON ! SAME L9ES Z T (!
C>TILAG9\S & 9T]N,Y OVIP>\S FI%ES1
EXCEPT T ! GR[? IS QK & F SMALL 2G9N+S &
! \TSIDE (! EGG IS H>D]4 ,! GR[? (! EGG
IS L T (A SCOLEX1 = ^? ANIMALS : PRODUCE
A SCOLEX GIVE BIR? 6A SMALL ?+ AT F/ & ?
GR[S 0XF & N "? ANY ATTA*;T 6! P>5T4 ,!
R1SON IS SIMIL> 6T (! GR[? ( Y1/1 = Y1/
AL GR[S GRT F A SMALL 2G9N+ Z ! M SOLID
"P LIQUEFIES &! LIQUID IS AERAT$4 ,? IS
E6ECT$ 9 ANIMALS 0! NATURE (! VITAL H1T1
9 Y1/S 0! H1T (! JUICE -M+L$ ) !M4 ,!
E7S !N GR[ ( NECESS;Y "? ? CAUSE 7= !Y H
9 !M SUP]FLU\S Y1/Y MATT]71 B AL =! SAKE
(A F9AL CAUSE1 = X IS IMPOSSI# = !M
6ATTA9 _! :OLE GR[? 9 ! UT]US 2C ^!
ANIMALS H S _M E7S4 ,"!=E >E !Y V SMALL
:5 SET FREE & GR[ QKLY1 SMALL 2C ! UT]US
IS N>R[ =! MULTITUDE (! E7S1 & GR[+ QKLY
T ! RACE MAY N P]I%1 Z X WD IF M* (! "T
REQUIR$ =! :OLE DEVELOP;T 7 SP5T 9 ?
GR[?2 EV5 Z X IS MO/ ( ^? LAID >E
DE/ROY$ 2F HAT*+4 ,H;E ! CLASS ( FI% IS
PROLIFIC1 = ,NATURE MAKES UP =! DE/RUC;N
0NUMB]S4 ,"S FI% ACTU,Y BUR/ 2C (! SIZE
(! E7S1 Z ! FI% CALL$ ,82L"O0'1 = XS E7S
>E L>GE 9/1D ( NUM]\S1 :AT ,NATURE HAS
TAK5 AWAY 9 NUMB] 2+ A4$ 9 SIZE4
  ,S M* =! GR[? ( S* E7S & XS R1SON4
                   #E
  ,A PRO( T ^! FI% AL >E OVIP>\S IS !
FACT T EV5 VIVIP>\S FI%1 S* Z !
C>TILAG9\S1 >E F/ 9T]N,Y OVIP>\S1 = H;E
X IS PLA9 T ! :OLE CLASS ( FI%ES IS
OVIP>\S4 ,":1 H["E1 BO? SEXES EXI/ &!
E7S >E PRODUC$ 9 3SEQU;E ( IMPREGN,N1 !
E7S D N >RIVE AT -PLE;N UN.S ! MALE
SPR9KLE 8 MILT ^U !M4 ,"S ]RONE\SLY
ASS]T T ALL FI% >E FEMALE EXCEPT 9 !
C>TILAG9\S FI%ES1 = !Y ?9K T ! FEMALES (
FI% DI6] F :AT >E SUPPOS$ 6BE MALES ONLY
9 ! SAME WAY Z 9 ^? PLANTS ": ! "O BE>S
FRUIT B ! O!R IS FRUIT.S1 Z OLIVE &
OLEA/]1 FIG & CAPRIFIG4 ,!Y ?9K ! L
APPLIES 6FI% EXCEPT ! C>TILAG9\S1 = !Y D
N 4PUTE ! SEXES 9 ^!4 ,& YET "! IS NO
DI6];E 9 ! MALES ( C>TILAG9\S FI%ES & ^?
2L;G+ 6! OVIP>\S CLASS 9 RESPECT (!
ORGANS =! MILT1 & X IS MANIFE/ T SEM5 C
2 SQUEEZ$ \ ( MALES ( BO? CLASSES AT !
"R S1SON4 ,! FEMALE AL HAS A UT]US4 ,B
IF ! :OLE CLASS 7 FEMALES & "S ( !M
UNPRODUCTIVE 7Z ) MULES 9 ! CLASS (
BU%Y-TAIL$ ANIMALS71 !N N ONLY %D ^? :
LAY E7S H A UT]US B AL ! O!RS1 ONLY !
UT]US (! LATT] %D 2 DI6]5T F T (! =M]4
,B1 Z X IS1 "S ( !M H ORGANS = MILT &
O!RS H A UT]US1 & ? 4T9C;N OBTA9S 9 ALL
EXCEPT TWO1 ! ]Y?R9US &! *ANNA1 "S ( !M
HAV+ ! MILT ORGANS1 O!RS A UT]US4 ,!
DI6ICULTY : DRIVES "S ?9K]S 6? 3CLU.N IS
EASILY SOLV$ IF WE LOOK AT ! FACTS4 ,!Y
SAY Q CORRECTLY T NO ANIMAL : COPULATES
PRODUCES _M "Y1 =( ALL ^? T G5]ATE F
!MVS P]FECT ANIMALS OR P]FECT E7S N"O IS
PROLIFIC ON ! SAME SCALE Z ! OVIP>\S
FI%ES1 =! NUMB] ( E7S 9 ^! IS ENORM\S4
,B !Y _H OV]LOOK$ ! FACT T FI%-E7S DI6]
F ^? ( BIRDS 9 "O CIRCUM/.E4 ,BIRDS &
ALL OVIP>\S QUADRUP$S1 & ANY (!
C>TILAG9\S FI% T >E OVIP>\S1 PRODUCE A
P]FECT EGG1 & X DOES N 9CR1SE \TSIDE (
!M1 ":AS ! E7S ( FI% >E IMP]FECT & D S
-PLETE _! GR[?4 ,MOREOV] ! SAME ?+
APPLIES 6CEPHALOPODS AL & CRU/ACEA1 YET
^! ANIMALS >E ACTU,Y SE5 COPULAT+1 = _!
UNION LA/S A L;G "T1 & X IS PLA9 9 ^!
CASES T ! "O IS MALE &! O!R HAS A UT]US4
,F9,Y1 X WD 2 /RANGE IF ? 4T9C;N DID N
EXI/ 9 ! :OLE CLASS1 J Z MALE & FEMALE 9
ALL ! VIVIP>A4 ,! CAUSE (! IGNOR.E ( ^?
:O MAKE ? /ATE;T IS T ! DI6];ES 9 !
COPUL,N & G5],N ( V>I\S ANIMALS >E ( ALL
K9DS & N OBVI\S1 & S1 SPECULAT+ ON A
SMALL 9DUC;N1 !Y ?9K ! SAME M/ HOLD GD 9
ALL CASES4
  ,S AL ^? :O ASS]T T 3CEP;N 9 FEMALE
FI%ES IS CAUS$ 0_! SWALL[+ ! SEM5 (!
MALE H N OBS]V$ C]TA9 PO9TS :5 !Y SAY ?4
,=! MALES H _! MILT &! FEMALES _! E7S AT
AB ! SAME "T ( YE>1 &! NE>] ! FEMALE IS
6LAY+ ! M ABUNDANT &! M LIQUID IS ! MILT
=M$ 9 ! MALE4 ,& J Z ! 9CR1SE (! MILT 9
! MALE &(! ROE 9 ! FEMALE TAKES PLACE AT
! SAME "T1 S IS X AL ) _! EMIS.N1 = NEI
D ! FEMALES LAY ALL _! E7S TGR1 B
GRADU,Y1 NOR D ! MALES EMIT ALL ! MILT
AT ONCE4 ,ALL ^! FACTS >E 9 A3ORD.E )
R1SON4 ,= J Z ! CLASS ( BIRDS 9 "S CASES
HAS E7S )\T IMPREGN,N1 B FEW & SELDOM1
IMPREGN,N 2+ G5],Y REQUIR$1 S WE F9D !
SAME ?+1 ?\< 6A LESS DEGREE1 9 FI%4 ,B 9
BO? CLASSES ^! SPONTANE\S E7S >E 9F]TILE
UN.S ! MALE1 9 ^? K9DS ": ! MALE EXI/S1
%$ 8 FLUID ^U !M4 ,N[ 9 BIRDS ? M/ TAKE
PLACE :ILE ! E7S >E / )9 ! "M1 2C !Y >E
P]FECT :5 4*>G$1 B 9 FI%1 2C ! E7S >E
IMP]FECT & -PLETE _! GR[? \TSIDE ! "M 9
ALL CASES1 ^? \TSIDE >E PRES]V$ 0!
SPR9KL+ (! MILT OV] !M1 EV5 IF !Y -E
962+ 0IMPREGN,N1 & "H X IS T ! MILT (!
MALES IS US$ UP4 ,"!=E X -ES D[N ! DUCTS
& DIM9I%ES 9 QUANT;Y AT ! SAME "T Z ?
HAPP5S 6! E7S (! FEMALES1 =! MALES ALW
ATT5D !M1 %$D+ _! MILT ^U ! E7S Z !Y >E
LAID4 ,?US !N !Y >E MALE & FEMALE1 & ALL
( !M COPULATE 7UN.S 9 ANY K9D ! 4T9C;N (
SEX DOES N EXI/71 & )\T ! SEM5 (! MALE
NO S* ANIMAL -ES 962+4
  ,:AT HELPS 9 ! DECEP;N IS AL ! FACT T
! UNION ( S* FI%ES IS BRIEF1 S T X IS N
OBS]V$ EV5 0_M (! FI%]M51 = N"O ( !M "E
WAT*ES ANY?+ (! SORT =! SAKE ( K4
,N"E!.S _! COPUL,N HAS BE5 SE51 = FI%
,7:5 ! TAIL "P DOES N PREV5T X7'
COPULATE L ! DOLPH9S 0?R[+ !MVS AL;GSIDE
( "O ANO!R4 ,B ! DOLPH9S TAKE L;G] 6GET
FREE AG1 ":AS S* FI%ES D S QKLY4 ,H;E1 N
SEE+ ?1 B SEE+ ! SWALL[+ (! MILT &! E7S1
EV5 ! FI%]M5 REP1T ! SAME SIMPLE TALE1 S
M* NOIS$ ABROAD1 Z ,H]ODOTUS !
/ORYTELL]1 Z IF FI% 7 3CVD 0! "M'S
SWALL[+ ! MILT1- N 3SID]+ T ? IS
IMPOSSI#4 ,=! PASSAGE : 5T]S 0WAY (! M\?
RUNS 6! 9TE/9ES1 N 6! UT]US1 & :AT GOES
96! 9TE/9ES M/ 2 TURN$ 96NUTRI;T1 = X IS
3COCT$2 ! UT]US1 H["E1 IS PLA9LY FULL (
E7S1 & F :;E DID !Y 5T] X8
                   #F
  ,A SIMIL> /ORY IS TOLD AL (! G5],N (
BIRDS4 ,= "! >E "S :O SAY T ! RAV5 &!
IBIS UNITE AT ! M\?1 & AM;G QUADRUP$S T
! W1SEL BR+S =? XS "Y 0! M\?2 S SAY
,ANAXAGORAS & "S (! O!R PHYSICI/S1 SP1K+
TOO SUP]FICI,Y & )\T 3SID],N4 ,3C]N+ !
BIRDS1 !Y >E DCVD 0A FALSE R1SON+1 2C !
COPUL,N ( RAV5S IS SELDOM SE51 B !Y >E
(T5 SE5 UNIT+ ) "O ANO!R ) _! B1KS1 Z D
ALL ! BIRDS (! RAV5 FAMILY2 ? IS PLA9 )
DOME/ICAT$ JACKDAWS4 ,BIRDS (! PIGEON
K9D D ! SAME1 B1 2C !Y AL PLA9LY
COPULATE1 "!=E !Y H N _H ! SAME LEG5D
TOLD ( !M4 ,B ! RAV5 FAMILY IS N AMOR\S1
= !Y >E BIRDS T PRODUCE FEW "Y1 ?\< ?
BIRD AL HAS BE5 SE5 COPULAT+ 2F N[4 ,X
IS A /RANGE ?+1 H["E1 T ^! !ORI/S D N
ASK !MVS H[ ! SEM5 5T]S ! UT]US "? !
9TE/9E1 : ALW 3COCTS :AT"E -ES 96X1 Z !
NUTRI;T2 & ^! BIRDS H A UT]US L O!RS1 &
E7S >E F.D !M NE> ! HYPOZOMA4 ,&! W1SEL
HAS A UT]US 9 L MANN] 6! O!R QUADRUP$S2
0:AT PASSAGE IS ! EMBRYO 6GET F X 6!
M\?8 ,B ? OP9ION HAS >IS5 2C ! "Y (!
W1SEL >E V SMALL L ^? (! O!R FISSIP$S1 (
: WE % SP1K LAT]1 & 2C !Y (T5 C>RY ! "Y
AB 9 _! M\?S4
  ,M* DCVD AL >E ^? :O MAKE A FOOLI%
/ATE;T AB ! TRO*US &! HY5A4 ,_M SAY T !
HY5A1 & ,H]ODORUS ! ,H]ACLEOT SAYS T !
TRO*US1 HAS TWO PUD5DA1 ^? (! MALE &(!
FEMALE1 & T ! TRO*US IMPREGNATES XF B !
HY5A M.TS & IS M.T$ 9 ALT]NATE YE>S4 ,?
IS UNTRUE1 =! HY5A HAS BE5 SE5 6H ONLY
"O PUD5DUM1 "! 2+ NO LACK ( OPPORTUN;Y =
OBS]V,N 9 "S 4TRICTS1 B HY5AS H "U !
TAIL A L9E L ! PUD5DUM (! FEMALE4 ,BO?
MALE & FEMALE H S* A M>K1 B ! MALES >E
TAK5 M FREQU5TLY2 ? CASUAL OBS]V,N HAS
GIV5 RISE 6? OP9ION4 ,B 5 HAS BE5 SD (
?4

                   #G
  ,T\*+ ! G5],N ( FI%1 ! "Q MAY 2 RAIS$1
:Y X IS T 9 ! C>TILAG9\S FI% NEI !
FEMALES >E SE5 4*>G+ _! E7S NOR ! MALES
_! MILT1 ":AS 9 ! NON-VIVIP>\S FI%ES ?
IS SE5 9 BO? SEXES4 ,! R1SON IS T ! :OLE
C>TILAG9\S CLASS D N PRODUCE M* SEM51 &
FUR!R ! FEMALES H _! UT]US NE> HYPOZOMA4
,=! MALES & FEMALES (! "O CLASS ( FI%
DI6] F ! MALES & FEMALES (! O!R CLASS 9
L MANN]1 =! C>TILAG9\S >E LESS
PRODUCTIVE ( SEM54 ,B 9 ! OVIP>\S FI%1 Z
! FEMALES LAY _! E7S ON A3.T ( _! NUMB]1
S D ! MALES %$ _! MILT ON A3.T ( XS
ABUND.E4 ,= !Y H M MILT ?AN J :AT IS
REQUIR$ = COPUL,N1 Z ,NATURE PREF]S
6EXP5D ! MILT 9 HELP+ 6P]FECT ! E7S1 :5
! FEMALE HAS DEPOSIT$ !M1 R ?AN 9 =M+ !M
AT F/4 ,= Z HAS BE5 SD BO? FUR!R BACK &
9 \R REC5T 4CUS.NS1 ! E7S ( BIRDS >E
P]FECT$ 9T]N,Y B ^? ( FI% EXT]N,Y4 ,!
LATT]1 9DE$1 RESEM# 9 A WAY ^? ANIMALS :
PRODUCE A SCOLEX1 =! PRODUCT 4*>G$ 0!M
IS / M IMP]FECT ?AN A FI%'S EGG4 ,X IS !
MALE T BR+S AB ! P]FEC;N (! EGG BO? (
BIRDS &( FI%ES1 ONLY 9 ! =M] 9T]N,Y1 Z
!Y >E P]FECT$ 9T]N,Y1 & 9 ! LATT]
EXT]N,Y1 2C ! EGG IS IMP]FECT :5
DEPOSIT$2 B ! RESULT IS ! SAME 9 BO?
CASES4
  ,9 BIRDS ! W9D-E7S 2COME F]TILE1 & ^?
PREVI\SLY IMPREGNAT$ 0"O K9D ( COCK
*ANGE _! NATURE 6T (! LAT] COCK4 ,& IF !
E7S 2 2HH& 9 GR[?1 !N1 IF ! SAME COCK
TR1DS ! H5 AG AF L1V+ (F TR1D+ =A "T1 HE
CAUSES !M 69CR1SE QKLY1 N1 H["E1 AT ANY
P]IOD :AT"E ( _! DEVELOP;T1 B IF ! TR1D+
TAKE PLACE 2F ! EGG *ANGES S F> T ! :ITE
2G9S 6SEP>ATE F ! YOLK4 ,B 9 ! E7S (
FI%ES NO S* LIMIT ( "T HAS BE5 LAID D[N1
B ! MALES %$ _! MILT QKLY ^U !M 6PRES]VE
!M4 ,! R1SON IS T ^! E7S >E N TWO-
COL\R$1 & H;E "! IS NO S* LIMIT ( "T
FIX$ ) !M Z ) ^? ( BIRDS4 ,? FACT IS :AT
WE %D EXPECT1 = 0! "T T ! :ITE & YOLK >E
SEP>AT$ (F F "O ANO!R1 ! BIRDS EGG ALR
3TA9S ! PR9CIPLE T -ES F ! MALE P>5T '''
=! MALE 3TRIBUTES 6?4
  ,W9D-E7S1 !N1 "PICIPATE 9 G5],N S F> Z
IS POSSI# = !M4 ,T !Y %D 2 P]FECT$ 96AN
ANIMAL IS IMPOSSI#1 = AN ANIMAL REQUIRES
S5SE-P]CEP;N2 B ! NUTRITIVE FACULTY (!
S\L IS POSSESS$ 0FEMALES Z WELL Z MALES1
& 9DE$ 0ALL LIV+ ?+S1 Z HAS BE5 (T5 SD1
":=E ! EGG XF IS P]FECT ONLY Z ! EMBRYO
(A PLANT1 B IMP]FECT Z T ( AN ANIMAL4
,IF1 !N1 "! _H BE5 NO MALE SEX 9 ! CLASS
( BIRDS1 ! EGG WD H BE5 PRODUC$ Z X IS 9
"S FI%ES1 IF 9DE$ "! IS ANY K9D ( FI% (
S* A NATURE Z 6G5]ATE )\T A MALE2 B X
HAS BE5 SD ( !M 2F T ? HAS N YET BE5
SATISFACTORILY OBS]V$4 ,B Z X IS BO?
SEXES EXI/ 9 ALL BIRDS1 S T1 3SID]$ Z A
PLANT1 ! EGG IS P]FECT1 B 9 S F> Z X IS
N A PLANT X IS N P]FECT1 NOR DOES ANY?+
ELSE RESULT F X2 = NEI HAS X -E 962+
SIMPLY L A R1L PLANT NOR F COPUL,N L AN
ANIMAL4 ,E7S1 H["E1 PRODUC$ F COPUL,N B
ALR SEP>AT$ 96:ITE & YOLK TAKE AF ! F/
COCK2 = !Y ALR 3TA9 BO? PR9CIPLES1 : IS
:Y !Y D N *ANGE AG AF ! SECOND
IMPREGN,N4

                   #H
  ,! "Y >E PRODUC$ 9 ! SAME WAY AL 0!
CEPHALOPODA1 E4G4 SEPIAS &! L1 & 0!
CRU/ACEA1 E4G4 C>ABI & _! K9DR$1 = ^! AL
LAY E7S 9 3SEQU;E ( COPUL,N1 &! MALE HAS
(T5 BE5 SE5 UNIT+ )! FEMALE4 ,"!=E ^? :O
SAY T ALL FI% >E FEMALE & LAY E7S )\T
COPUL,N >E PLA9LY SP1K+ UNSCI5TIFIC,Y F
? PO9T ( VIEW AL4 ,= X IS A WOND];L ?+
6SUPPOSE T ! =M] ANIMALS LAY E7S 9
3SEQU;E ( COPUL,N & T FI% D N2 IF AG !Y
7 UNAW>E ( ?1 X IS A SIGN ( IGNOR.E4 ,!
UNION ( ALL ^! CR1TURES LA/S A 3SID]A#
"T1 Z 9 9SECTS1 & NATUR,Y S1 = !Y >E
BLOOD.S & "!=E (A COLD NATURE4
  ,9 ! SEPIAS & CALAM>IES OR SQUIDS !
E7S APPE> 6BE TWO1 2C ! UT]US IS DIVID$
& APPE>S D\#1 B T (! P\LPS APPE>S 6BE
S+LE4 ,! R1SON IS T ! %APE (! UT]US 9 !
P\LP IS R.D 9 =M & SPH]ICAL1 ! CL1VAGE
2+ OBSCURE :5 X IS FILL$ ) E7S4 ,! UT]US
(! C>ABI IS AL BIFID4 ,ALL ^! ANIMALS AL
LAY AN IMP]FECT EGG =! SAME R1SON Z
FI%ES4 ,9 ! C>ABI & _! L ! FEMALES
PRODUCE _! E7S S Z 6KEEP !M ATTA*$
6!MVS1 : IS :Y ! SIDE-FLAPS (! FEMALES
>E L>G] ?AN ^? (! MALES1 6PROTECT ! E7S2
! CEPHALOPODA LAY !M AWAY F !MVS4 ,!
MALES (! CEPHALOPODA SPR9KLE _! MILT OV]
! FEMALES1 Z ! MALE FI% D OV] ! E7S1 & X
2COMES A /ICKY & GLUT9\S MASS1 B 9 !
C>ABI & _! L NO?+ (! SORT HAS BE5 SE5 OR
C 2 NATUR,Y EXPECT$1 =! EGG IS "U !
FEMALE & IS H>D-%ELL$4 ,BO? ^! E7S & ^?
(! CEPHALOPODA GR[ AF DEPOSI;N L ^? (
FI%ES4
  ,! SEPIA :ILE DEVELOP+ IS ATTA*$ 6!
EGG 0XS FRONT "P1 = "H AL"O IS X POSSI#1
2C ? ANIMAL AL"O HAS XS FRONT & BACK
PO9T+ 9 ! SAME DIREC;N4 ,=! POSI;N &
ATTITUDE (! "Y :ILE DEVELOP+ Y M/ LOOK
AT ! ,5QUIRIES4
                   #I
  ,WE H N[ SPOK5 (! G5],N ( O!R ANIMALS1
^? T WALK1 FLY1 & SWIM2 X REMA9S 6SP1K (
9SECTS & TE/ACEA AC 6! PLAN LAID D[N4
,LET U 2G9 )! 9SECTS4 ,X 0 OBS]V$
PREVI\SLY T "S ( ^! >E G5]AT$ 0COPUL,N1
O!RS SPONTANE\SLY1 & 2SS ? T !Y PRODUCE
A SCOLEX1 & :Y ? IS S4 ,= PRETTY M* ALL
CR1TURES SEEM 9 A C]TA9 WAY 6PRODUCE A
SCOLEX F/1 S9CE ! MO/ IMP]FECT EMBRYO IS
( S* A NATURE2 & 9 ALL ANIMALS1 EV5 !
VIVIP>\S & ^? T LAY A P]FECT EGG1 ! F/
EMBRYO GR[S 9 SIZE :ILE / UNDI6]5TIAT$
96"PS2 N[ S* IS ! NATURE (! SCOLEX4 ,AF
? /AGE "S (! OVIP>A PRODUCE ! EGG 9 A
P]FECT 3DI;N1 O!RS 9 AN IMP]FECT1 B X IS
P]FECT$ \TSIDE Z HAS BE5 (T5 /AT$ ( FI%4
,) ANIMALS 9T]N,Y VIVIP>\S ! EMBRYO
2COMES EGG-L 9 A C]TA9 S5SE AF XS
ORIG9AL =M,N1 =! LIQUID IS 3TA9$ 9 A F9E
MEMBRANE1 J Z IF WE %D TAKE AWAY ! %ELL
(! EGG1 ":=E !Y CALL ! ABOR;N ( AN
EMBRYO AT T /AGE AN ,8E6LUX0'4
  ,^? 9SECTS : G5]ATE AT ALL G5]ATE A
SCOLEX1 & ^? : -E 962+ SPONTANE\SLY & N
F COPUL,N D S AT F/ F A =M,N ? NATURE4
,I SAY T ! =M] G5]ATE A SCOLEX1 = WE M/
PUT D[N CAT]PILL>S AL &! PRODUCT (
SPID]S Z A SORT ( SCOLEX4 ,& YET "S EV5
( ^! & _M (! O!RS MAY 2 ?"\ 6RESEM# E7S
2C ( _! R.D %APE1 B WE M/ N JUDGE 0%APES
NOR YET 0S(T;S & H>D;S 7= :AT IS PRODUC$
0"S IS H>D71 B 0! FACT T ! :OLE ( !M IS
*ANG$ 96! BODY (! CR1TURE &! ANIMAL IS N
DEVELOP$ F A "P ( !M4 ,ALL ^! PRODUCTS T
>E (! NATURE (A SCOLEX1 AF PROGRESS+ &
ACQUIR+ _! FULL SIZE1 2COME A SORT (
EGG1 =! HUSK AB !M H>D5S & !Y >E MO;N.S
DUR+ ? P]IOD4 ,? IS PLA9 9 ! SCOLEX (
BEES & WASPS & 9 CAT]PILL>S4 ,! R1SON (
? IS T _! NATURE1 2C ( XS IMP]FEC;N1
OVIPOSITS Z X 7 2F ! "R "T1 Z IF !
SCOLEX1 :ILE / GR[+ 9 SIZE1 7 A S(T EGG4
,SIMIL> 6? IS AL :AT HAPP5S ) ALL O!R
9SECTS : -E 962+ )\T COPUL,N 9 WOOL &
O!R S* MAT]IALS & 9 WAT]4 ,= ALL ( !M AF
! SCOLEX /AGE 2COME IMMOVA# & _! 9TEGU;T
DRIES R.D !M1 & AF ? ! LATT] BUR/S & "!
-ES =? Z F AN EGG AN ANIMAL P]FECT$ 9 XS
SECOND METAMORPHOSIS1 MO/ ( ^? : >E N
AQUATIC 2+ W+$4
  ,ANO!R PO9T IS Q NATURAL1 : MAY WOND]$
AT 0_M4 ,CAT]PILL>S AT F/ TAKE N\RI%;T1
B AF ? /AGE D S NO L;G]1 B :AT IS CALL$
0"S ! *RYSALIS IS MO;N.S4 ,! SAME
APPLIES 6! SCOLEX ( WASPS & BEES1 B AF ?
-ES 962+ ! S-CALL$ NYMPH ''' & H NO?+ (!
K9D4 ,= AN EGG IS AL ( S* A NATURE T :5
X HAS R1*$ P]FEC;N X GR[S NO M 9 SIZE1 B
AT F/ X GR[S & RCVS N\RI%;T UNTIL X IS
DI6]5TIAT$ & 2COMES A P]FECT EGG4 ,"S"TS
! SCOLEX 3TA9S 9 XF ! MAT]IAL F : X IS
N\RI%$ & OBTA9S S* AN A4I;N 6XS SIZE1
E4G4 9 BEES & WASPS2 "S"TS X GETS XS
N\RI%;T F \TSIDE XF1 Z CAT]PILL>S & "S
O!RS4
  ,X HAS ?US BE5 /AT$ :Y S* ANIMALS G "?
A D\# DEVELOP;T &= :AT R1SON !Y 2COME
IMMOVA# AG AF MOV+4 ,& "S ( !M -E 962+
0COPUL,N1 L BIRDS & VIVIP>A & MO/ FI%ES1
O!RS SPONTANE\SLY1 L "S PLANTS4
                  #AJ
  ,"! IS M* DI6ICULTY AB ! G5],N ( BEES4
,IF X IS RE,Y TRUE T 9 ! CASE ( "S FI%ES
"! IS S* A ME?OD ( G5],N T !Y PRODUCE
E7S )\T COPUL,N1 ? MAY WELL HAPP5 AL )
BEES1 6JUDGE F APPE>.ES4 ,= !Y M/ 7#A7
EI BR+ ! "Y BROOD F ELSE":1 Z "S SAY1 &
IF S ! "Y M/ EI 2 SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$ OR
PRODUC$ 0"S O!R ANIMAL1 OR 7#B7 !Y M/
G5]ATE !M !MVS1 OR 7#C7 !Y M/ BR+ "S &
G5]ATE O!RS1 = ? AL IS MA9TA9$ 0"S1 :O
SAY T !Y BR+ ! "Y (! DR"OS ONLY4 ,AG1 IF
!Y G5]ATE !M X M/ 2 EI ) OR )\T COPUL,N2
IF ! =M]1 !N EI 7#A7 EA* K9D M/ G5]ATE
XS [N K9D1 OR 7#B7 "S "O K9D M/ G5]ATE !
O!RS1 OR 7#C7 "O K9D M/ UNITE ) ANO!R =!
PURPOSE 7,I M1N = 9/.E 7#A7 T BEES MAY 2
G5]AT$ F ! UNION ( BEES1 DR"OS F T (
DR"OS1 & K+S F T ( K+S1 OR 7#B7 T ALL !
O!RS MAY 2 G5]AT$ F "O1 Z F :AT >E CALL$
K+S & L1D]S1 OR 7#C7 F ! UNION ( DR"OS &
BEES1 = "S SAY T ! =M] >E MALE1 ! LATT]
FEMALE1 :ILE O!RS SAY T ! BEES >E MALE &
! DR"OS FEMALE74 ,B ALL ^! VIEWS >E
IMPOSSI# IF WE R1SON F/ ^U ! FACTS
PECULI> 6BEES & SECONDLY ^U ^? : APPLY M
G5],Y 6O!R ANIMALS AL4
  ,= IF !Y D N G5]ATE ! "Y B BR+ !M F
ELSE":1 !N BEES "\ 6-E 962+ AL1 IF !
BEES DID N C>RY !M (F1 9 ! PLACES F : !
OLD BEES C>RY ! G]MS4 ,= :Y1 IF NEW BEES
-E 96EXI/;E :5 ! G]MS >E TRANSPORT$1 %D
!Y N D S IF ! G]MS >E LEFT "!8 ,!Y "\ 6D
S J Z M*1 :E!R ! G]MS >E SPONTANE\SLY
G5]AT$ 9 ! FL[]S OR :E!R "S ANIMAL
G5]ATES !M4 ,& IF ! G]MS 7 ( "S O!R
ANIMAL1 !N T ANIMAL "\ 6BE PRODUC$ F !M
9/1D ( BEES4 ,AG1 T !Y %D COLLECT H"OY
IS R1SONA#1 = X IS _! FOOD1 B X IS
/RANGE T !Y %D COLLECT ! "Y IF !Y >E NEI
_! [N (FSPR+ NOR FOOD4 ,) :AT OBJECT %D
!Y D S8 = ALL ANIMALS T TR\# !MVS AB !
"Y LAB\R = :AT APPE>S 6BE _! [N (FSPR+4
  ,B1 AG1 X IS AL UNR1SONA# 6SUPPOSE T !
BEES >E FEMALE &! DR"OS MALE1 = ,NATURE
DOES N GIVE W1PONS = FI<T+ 6ANY FEMALE1
& :ILE ! DR"OS >E /+.S ALL ! BEES H A
/+4 ,NOR IS ! OPPOSITE VIEW R1SONA#1 T !
BEES >E MALE &! DR"OS FEMALE1 = NO MALES
>E 9 ! HABIT ( "W+ = _! (FSPR+1 B Z X IS
! BEES D ?4 ,& G5],Y1 S9CE ! BROOD (!
DR"OS IS F.D -+ 962+ AM;G !M EV5 IF "!
IS NO MATURE DR"O PRES5T1 B T (! BEES IS
N S F.D )\T ! PRES;E (! K+S 7: IS :Y "S
SAY T ! "Y (! DR"OS AL"O IS BR"\ 9 F
\TSIDE71 X IS PLA9 T !Y >E N PRODUC$ F
COPUL,N1 EI 7#A7 ( BEE ) BEE OR DR"O )
DR"O OR 7#B7 ( BEES ) DR"OS4 7,T !Y %D
IMPORT ! BROOD (! DR"OS AL"O IS IMPOSSI#
=! R1SONS ALR GIV51 & 2SS X IS UNR1SONA#
T A SIMIL> /ATE ( ?+S %D N PREVAIL ) ALL
! ?REE K9DS IF X PREVAILS ) "O47 ,!N1
AG1 X IS AL IMPOSSI# T ! BEES !MVS %D 2
"S ( !M MALE & "S FEMALE1 = 9 ALL K9DS (
ANIMALS ! TWO SEXES DI6]4 ,2SS !Y WD 9 T
CASE G5]ATE _! [N K9D1 B Z X IS _! BROOD
IS N F.D 6-E 962+ IF ! L1D]S >E N AM;G
!M1 Z M5 SAY4 ,& AN >GU;T AG/ BO?
!ORIES1 T ! "Y >E G5]AT$ 0UNION (! BEES
) "O ANO!R OR )! DR"OS1 SEP>ATELY OR )
"O ANO!R1 IS ?3 N"O ( !M HAS "E YET BE5
SE5 COPULAT+1 ":AS ? WD H (T5 HAPP5$ IF
! SEXES _H EXI/$ 9 !M4 ,X REMA9S !N1 IF
!Y >E G5]AT$ 0COPUL,N AT ALL1 T ! K+S %
UNITE 6G5]ATE !M4 ,B ! DR"OS >E F.D 6-E
962+ EV5 IF NO L1D]S >E PRES5T1 & X IS N
POSSI# T ! BEES %D EI IMPORT _! BROOD OR
!MVS G5]ATE !M 0COPUL,N4 ,X REMA9S !N1 Z
APPE>S 6BE ! CASE 9 C]TA9 FI%ES1 T !
BEES %D G5]ATE ! DR"OS )\T COPUL,N1 2+
9DE$ FEMALE 9 RESPECT ( G5]ATIVE P[]1 B
3TA9+ 9 !MVS BO? SEXES Z PLANTS D4 ,H;E
AL !Y H ! 9/RU;T ( (F;E1 = WE "\ N 6CALL
T FEMALE 9 : ! MALE SEX IS N SEP>AT$4 ,B
IF ? IS F.D 6BE ! CASE ) DR"OS1 IF !Y -E
962+ )\T COPUL,N1 !N Z X IS NEC T ! SAME
A3.T %D 2 GIV5 (! BEES &! K+S & T !Y AL
%D 2 G5]AT$ )\T COPUL,N4 ,N[ IF ! BROOD
(! BEES _H BE5 F.D 6-E 962+ AM;G !M )\T
! PRES;E (! K+S1 X WD NECESS>ILY FOLL[ T
! BEES AL >E PRODUC$ F BEES !MVS )\T
COPUL,N1 B Z X IS1 S9CE ^? O3UPI$ )!
T5D.E ( ^! CR1TURES D5Y ?1 X REMA9S T !
K+S M/ G5]ATE BO? _! [N K9D &! BEES4
  ,Z BEES >E A PECULI> & EXTRAORD9>Y K9D
( ANIMAL S AL _! G5],N APPE>S 6BE
PECULI>4 ,T BEES %D G5]ATE )\T COPUL,N
IS A ?+ : MAY 2 P>ALLEL$ 9 O!R ANIMALS1
B T :AT !Y G5]ATE %D N 2 (! SAME K9D IS
PECULI> 6!M1 =! ]Y?R9US G5]ATES AN
]Y?R9US &! *ANNA A *ANNA4 ,! R1SON IS T
BEES !MVS >E N G5]AT$ L FLIES & SIMIL>
CR1TURES1 B F A K9D DI6]5T 9DE$ B AK9
6!M1 = !Y >E PRODUC$ F ! L1D]S4 ,H;E 9 A
SORT ( WAY _! G5],N IS ANALOG\S4 ,=!
L1D]S RESEM# ! DR"OS 9 SIZE &! BEES 9
POSSESS+ A /+2 S ! BEES >E L !M 9 ?
RESPECT1 &! DR"OS >E L !M 9 SIZE4 ,= "!
M/ NE$S 2 "S OV]LAPP+ UN.S ! SAME K9D IS
ALW 6BE PRODUC$ F EA*2 B ? IS IMPOSSI#1
= AT T RATE ! :OLE CLASS WD 3SI/ (
L1D]S4 ,! BEES1 !N1 >E ASSIMILAT$ 6!M _!
P[] ( G5],N1 ! DR"OS 9 SIZE2 IF ! LATT]
_H _H A /+ AL !Y WD H BE5 L1D]S1 B Z X
IS ? M* (! DI6ICULTY HAS BE5 SOLV$1 =!
L1D]S >E L BO? K9DS AT ONCE1 L ! BEES 9
POSSESS+ A /+1 L ! DR"OS 9 SIZE4
  ,B ! L1D]S AL M/ 2 G5]AT$ F "S?+4
,S9CE X IS NEI F ! BEES NOR F ! DR"OS1 X
M/ 2 F _! [N K9D4 ,! GRUBS (! K+S >E
PRODUC$ LA/ & >E N _M 9 NUMB]4
  ,?US :AT HAPP5S IS ?3 ! L1D]S G5]ATE
_! [N K9D B AL ANO!R K9D1 T (! BEES2 !
BEES AG G5]ATE ANO!R K9D1 ! DR"OS1 B D N
AL G5]ATE _! [N K9D1 B ? HAS BE5 D5I$
!M4 ,& S9CE :AT IS AC 6,NATURE IS ALW 9
DUE ORD]1 "!=E X IS NEC T X %D 2 D5I$ 6!
DR"OS EV5 6G5]ATE ANO!R K9D ?AN !MVS4 ,?
IS J :AT WE F9D HAPP5+1 = ?\< ! DR"OS >E
!MVS G5]AT$1 !Y G5]ATE NO?+ ELSE1 B !
PROCESS R1*ES XS LIMIT 9 ! ?IRD /AGE4 ,&
S B1UTI;LLY IS ? >RANG$ 0,NATURE T !
?REE K9DS ALW 3T9UE 9 EXI/;E & N"O ( !M
FAILS1 ?\< !Y D N ALL G5]ATE4
  ,ANO!R FACT IS AL NATURAL1 T 9 F9E
S1SONS M* H"OY IS COLLECT$ & _M DR"OS >E
PRODUC$ B 9 RA9Y R1SONS A L>GE BROOD (
ORD9>Y BEES4 ,=! WET CAUSES M RESIDUAL
MATT] 6BE =M$ 9 ! BODIES (! L1D]S1 ! F9E
W1!R 9 T (! BEES1 = 2+ SMALL] 9 SIZE !Y
NE$ ! F9E W1!R M ?AN ! K+S D4 ,X IS "R
AL T ! K+S1 2+ Z X 7 MADE )A VIEW
6PRODUC+ "Y1 %D REMA9 )91 FRE$ F ! LAB\R
( PROCUR+ NECESS>IES1 & AL T !Y %D 2 (A
3SID]A# SIZE1 _! BODIES 2+1 Z X W]E1
3/ITUT$ )A VIEW 6BE>+ "Y1 & T ! DR"OS %D
2 IDLE Z HAV+ NO W1PON 6FI<T =! FOOD &
2C (! SL[;S ( _! BODIES4 ,B ! BEES >E
9T]M$IATE 9 SIZE 2T ! TWO O!R K9DS1 = ?
IS USE;L = _! "W1 & !Y >E "W]S Z HAV+
6SUPPORT N ONLY _! "Y B AL _! "FS4 ,& X
AGREES ) \R VIEWS T ! BEES ATT5D ^U _!
K+S 2C !Y >E _! (FSPR+ 7= IF NO?+ (!
SORT _H BE5 ! CASE ! FACTS AB _! L1D]%IP
WD 2 UNR1SONA#71 & T1 :ILE !Y SU6] ! K+S
6D NO "W Z 2+ _! P>5TS1 !Y PUNI% ! DR"OS
Z _! *N1 = X IS NO#R 6PUNI% "O'S *N & ^?
:O H NO "W 6P]=M4 ,! FACT T ! L1D]S1 2+
FEW1 G5]ATE ! BEES 9 L>GE NUMB]S SEEMS
6BE SIMIL> 6:AT OBTA9S 9 ! G5],N (
LIONS1 : AT F/ PRODUCE FIVE1 AFWS A
SMALL] NUMB] EA* "T AT LA/ "O & "!AF
N"O4 ,S ! L1D]S AT F/ PRODUCE A NUMB] (
"W]S1 AFWS A FEW ( _! [N K9D2 ?US !
BROOD (! LATT] IS SMALL] 9 NUMB] ?AN T (
! =M]1 B ": ,NATURE HAS TAK5 AWAY F !M 9
NUMB] %E HAS MADE X UP AG 9 SIZE4
  ,S* APPE>S 6BE ! TRU? AB ! G5],N (
BEES1 JUDG+ F !ORY & F :AT >E 2LIEV$ 6BE
! FACTS AB !M2 ! FACTS1 H["E1 H N YET
BE5 SU6ICI5TLY GRASP$2 IF "E !Y >E1 !N
CR$IT M/ 2 GIV5 R 6OBS]V,N ?AN 6!ORIES1
& 6!ORIES ONLY IF :AT !Y A6IRM AGREES )!
OBS]V$ FACTS4
  ,A FUR!R 9DIC,N T BEES >E PRODUC$ )\T
COPUL,N IS ! FACT T ! BROOD APPE>S SMALL
9 ! CELLS (! -B1 ":AS1 :5"E 9SECTS >E
G5]AT$ 0COPUL,N1 ! P>5TS REMA9 UNIT$ =A
L;G "T B PRODUCE QKLY "S?+ (! NATURE (A
SCOLEX &(A 3SID]A# SIZE4
  ,3C]N+ ! G5],N ( ANIMALS AK9 6!M1 Z
HORNETS & WASPS1 ! FACTS 9 ALL CASES >E
SIMIL> 6A C]TA9 EXT5T1 B >E DEVOID (!
EXTRAORD9>Y F1TURES : "*IZE BEES2 ? WE
%D EXPECT1 = !Y H NO?+ DIV9E AB !M Z !
BEES H4 ,=! S-CALL$ ,8"MS0' G5]ATE ! "Y
& M\LD ! F/ "P (! -BS1 B !Y G5]ATE
0COPUL,N ) "O ANO!R1 = _! UNION HAS (T5
BE5 OBS]V$4 ,Z = ALL ! DI6];ES ( EA* (
^! K9D F "O ANO!R & F BEES1 !Y M/ 2
9VE/IGAT$ )! AID (! ILLU/R,NS 6!
,5QUIRIES4
                  #AA
  ,HAV+ SPOK5 (! G5],N ( ALL 9SECTS1 WE
M/ N[ SP1K (! TE/ACEA4 ,"H AL ! FACTS (
G5],N >E "PLY L & "PLY UNLIKE ^? 9 ! O!R
CLASSES4 ,& ? IS :AT MI<T 2 EXPECT$4 ,=
-P>$ ) ANIMALS !Y RESEM# PLANTS1 -P>$ )
PLANTS !Y RESEM# ANIMALS1 S T 9 A S5SE
!Y APPE> 6-E 962+ F SEM51 B 9 ANO!R S5SE
N S1 & 9 "O WAY !Y >E SPONTANE\SLY
G5]AT$ B 9 ANO!R F _! [N K9D1 OR "S ( !M
9 ! LATT] WAY1 O!RS 9 ! =M]4 ,2C _!
NATURE ANSW]S 6T ( PLANTS1 "!=E FEW OR
NO K9DS ( TE/ACEA -E 962+ ON L&1 E4G4 !
SNAILS & ANY O!RS1 FEW Z !Y >E1 T RESEM#
!M2 B 9 ! SEA & SIMIL> WAT]S "! >E _M (
ALL K9DS ( =MS4 ,B ! CLASS ( PLANTS HAS
B FEW & "O MAY SAY PRACTIC,Y NO
REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! SEA & S* PLACES1 ALL
S* GR[+ ON ! L&4 ,= PLANTS & TE/ACEA >E
ANALOG\S2 & 9 PROPOR;N Z LIQUID HAS M
QK5+ P[] ?AN SOLID1 WAT] ?AN E>?1 S M*
DOES ! NATURE ( TE/ACEA DI6] F T (
PLANTS1 S9CE ! OBJECT ( TE/ACEA IS 6BE 9
S* A REL,N 6WAT] Z PLANTS >E 6E>?1 Z IF
PLANTS W]E1 S 6SAY1 L&-OY/]S1 OY/]S
WAT]-PLANTS4
  ,= S* A R1SON AL ! TE/ACEA 9 ! WAT]
V>Y M 9 =M ?AN ^? ON ! L&4 ,=! NATURE (
LIQUID IS M PLA/IC ?AN T ( E>? & YET N
M* LESS MAT]IAL1 & ? IS ESPECI,Y TRUE (!
9HABITANTS (! SEA1 = FRE% WAT]1 ?\<
SWEET & NUTRITI\S1 IS COLD & LESS
MAT]IAL4 ,":=E ANIMALS HAV+ NO BLOOD & N
(A HOT NATURE >E N PRODUC$ 9 LAKES NOR 9
! FRE%] AM;G BRACKI% WAT]S1 B ONLY
EXCEP;N,Y1 B X IS 9 E/U>IES & AT ! M\?S
( RIV]S T !Y -E 962+1 Z TE/ACEA &
CEPHALOPODA & CRU/ACEA1 ALL ^! 2+
BLOOD.S &(A COLD NATURE4 ,= !Y SEEK AT !
SAME "T ! W>M? (! SUN & FOOD2 N[ ! SEA
IS N ONLY WAT] B M* M MAT]IAL ?AN FRE%
WAT] & HOT 9 XS NATURE2 X HAS A %>E 9
ALL ! "PS (! UNIV]SE1 WAT] & AIR & E>?1
S T X AL HAS A %>E 9 ALL LIV+ ?+S : >E
PRODUC$ 9 3NEXION ) EA* ( ^! ELE;TS4
,PLANTS MAY 2 ASSIGN$ 6L&1 ! AQUATIC
ANIMALS 6WAT]1 ! L& ANIMALS 6AIR1 B
V>I,NS ( QUANT;Y & 4T.E MAKE A GRT &
WOND];L DI6];E4 ,! F\R? CLASS M/ N 2 S"\
9 ^! REGIONS1 ?\< "! C]TA9LY "\ 6BE "S
ANIMAL CORRESPOND+ 6! ELE;T ( FIRE1 = ?
IS C.T$ 9 Z ! F\R? (! ELE;T>Y BODIES4 ,B
! =M : FIRE ASSUMES N"E APPE>S 6BE
PECULI> 6X1 B X ALW EXI/S 9 "S O!R (!
ELE;TS1 = T : IS IGNIT$ APPE>S 6BE EI
AIR OR SMOKE OR E>?4 ,S* A K9D ( ANIMAL
M/ 2 S"\ 9 ! MOON1 = ? APPE>S 6"PICIPATE
9 ! ELE;T REMOV$ 9 ! ?IRD DEGREE F E>?4
,! 4CUS.N ( ^! ?+S H["E 2L;GS 6ANO!R
SUBJECT4
  ,6RETURN 6TE/ACEA1 "S ( !M >E =M$
SPONTANE\SLY1 "S EMIT A SORT ( G5]ATIVE
SUB/.E F !MVS1 B ^! AL (T5 -E 962+ F A
SPONTANE\S =M,N4 ,6"U/& ? WE M/ GRASP !
DI6]5T ME?ODS ( G5],N 9 PLANTS2 "S ( ^!
>E PRODUC$ F SE$1 "S F SLIPS1 PLANT$ \1
"S 0BU4+ (F AL;GSIDE1 Z ! CLASS (
ONIONS4 ,9 ! LA/ WAY PRODUC$ MUSSELS1 =
SMALL] "OS >E ALW GR[+ (F AL;GSIDE !
ORIG9AL1 B ! :ELKS1 ! PURPLE-FI%1 & ^? :
>E SD TO ,8SPAWN0' EMIT MASSES (A LIQUID
SLIME Z IF ORIG9AT$ 0"S?+ (A SEM9AL
NATURE4 ,WE M/ N1 H["E1 3SID] T ANY?+ (!
SORT IS R1L SEM51 B T ^! CR1TURES
"PICIPATE 9 ! RESEMBL.E 6PLANTS 9 !
MANN] /AT$ ABV4 ,H;E :5 ONCE "O S*
CR1TURE HAS BE5 PRODUC$1 !N IS PRODUC$ A
NUMB] ( !M4 ,= ALL ^! CR1TURES >E LIA#
6BE EV5 SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$1 & S 6BE =M$
/ M PL5TI;LLY 9 PROPOR;N IF "S >E ALR
EXI/+4 ,= X IS NATURAL T EA* %D H "S
SUP]FLU\S RESIDUE ATTA*$ 6X F ! ORIG9AL1
& F ? BUDS (F EA* (! CR1TURES GR[+
AL;GSIDE ( X4 ,AG1 S9CE ! NUTRI;T & XS
RESIDUE POSSESS A L P[]1 X IS LIKELY T !
PRODUCT ( ^? TE/ACEA : ,8SPAWN0' %D
RESEM# ! ORIG9AL =M,N1 & S X IS NATURAL
T A NEW ANIMAL (! SAME K9D %D -E 962+ F
? AL4
  ,ALL ^? : D N BUD (F OR ,8SPAWN0' >E
SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$4 ,N[ ALL ?+S =M$ 9 ?
WAY1 :E!R 9 E>? OR WAT]1 MANIFE/LY -E
962+ 9 3NEXION ) PUTREFAC;N & AN
ADMIXTURE ( RA9-WAT]4 ,= Z ! SWEET IS
SEP>AT$ (F 96! MATT] : IS =M+1 ! RESIDUE
(! MIXTURE TAKES S* A =M4 ,NO?+ -ES 962+
0PUTREFY+1 B 03COCT+2 PUTREFAC;N &! ?+
PUTREFI$ IS ONLY A RESIDUE ( T : IS
3COCT$4 ,= NO?+ -ES 962+ \ (! :OLE (
ANY?+1 ANY M ?AN 9 ! PRODUCTS ( >T2 IF X
DID >T WD H NO?+ 6D1 B Z X IS 9 ! "O
CASE >T REMOVES ! USE.S MAT]IAL1 9 ! O!R
,NATURE DOES S4 ,ANIMALS & PLANTS -E
962+ 9 E>? & 9 LIQUID 2C "! IS WAT] 9
E>?1 & AIR 9 WAT]1 & 9 ALL AIR IS VITAL
H1T S T 9 A S5SE ALL ?+S >E FULL ( S\L4
,"!=E LIV+ ?+S =M QKLY :5"E ? AIR &
VITAL H1T >E 5CLOS$ 9 ANY?+4 ,:5 !Y >E S
5CLOS$1 ! CORPOR1L LIQUIDS 2+ H1T$1 "!
>ISES Z X 7 A FRO?Y BUB#4 ,:E!R :AT IS
=M+ IS 6BE M OR LESS HON\RA# 9 K9D
DEP5DS ON ! EMBRAC+ (! PSY*ICAL
PR9CIPLE2 ? AG DEP5DS ON ! M$IUM 9 : !
G5],N TAKES PLACE &! MAT]IAL : IS
9CLUD$4 ,N[ 9 ! SEA ! E>?Y MATT] IS
PRES5T 9 L>GE QUANTITIES1 & 3SEQU5TLY !
TE/ACE\S ANIMALS >E =M$ F A 3CRE;N ( ?
K9D1 ! E>?Y MATT] H>D5+ R.D !M &
SOLIDIFY+ 9 ! SAME MANN] Z B"OS & HORNS
7= ^! _C 2 MELT$ 0FIRE71 &! MATT] 7OR
BODY7 : 3TA9S ! LIFE 2+ 9CLUD$ )9 X4
  ,! CLASS ( SNAILS IS ! ONLY CLASS ( S*
CR1TURES T HAS BE5 SE5 UNIT+1 B X HAS
N"E YET BE5 SU6ICI5TLY OBS]V$ :E!R _!
G5],N IS ! RESULT (! UNION OR N4
  ,X MAY 2 ASK$1 IF WE WI% 6FOLL[ ! "R
L9E ( 9VE/IG,N1 :AT X IS 9 S* ANIMALS !
=M,N ( : CORRESPONDS 6! MAT]IAL
PR9CIPLE4 ,= 9 ! FEMALES ? IS A RESIDUAL
SECRE;N (! ANIMAL1 POT5TI,Y S* Z T F : X
CAME1 0IM"P+ MO;N 6: ! PR9CIPLE DERIV$ F
! MALE P]FECTS ! ANIMAL4 ,B "H :AT M/ 2
SD 6CORRESPOND 6?1 & :;E -ES OR :AT IS !
MOV+ PR9CIPLE : CORRESPONDS 6! MALE8 ,WE
M/ "U/& T EV5 9 ANIMALS : G5]ATE X IS F
! 9COM+ N\RI%;T T ! H1T 9 ! ANIMAL MAKES
! RESIDUE1 ! 2G9N+ (! 3CEP;N1 0SECRE;N &
3COC;N4 ,! L IS ! CASE AL 9 PLANTS1
EXCEPT T 9 ^! 7& AL 9 "S ANIMALS7 "! IS
NO FUR!R NE$ (! MALE PR9CIPLE1 2C !Y H X
M+L$ )! FEMALE PR9CIPLE )9 !MVS1 ":AS !
RESIDUAL SECRE;N 9 MO/ ANIMALS DOES NE$
X4 ,! N\RI%;T AG ( "S IS E>? & WAT]1 (
O!RS ! M -PLICAT$ -B9,NS ( ^!1 S T :AT !
H1T 9 ANIMALS PRODUCES F _! NUTRI;T1 ?
DOES ! H1T (! W>M S1SON 9 ! 5VIRON;T PUT
TGR & -B9E 03COC;N \ (! SEA-WAT] ON !
E>?4 ,&! POR;N (! PSY*ICAL PR9CIPLE : IS
EI 9CLUD$ AL;G ) X OR SEP>AT$ (F 9 ! AIR
MAKES AN EMBRYO & PUTS MO;N 96X4 ,N[ 9
PLANTS : >E SPONTANE\SLY G5]AT$ ! ME?OD
( =M,N IS UNI=M2 !Y >ISE F A "P ( "S?+1
& :ILE "S ( X IS ! />T+-PO9T (! PLANT1
"S IS ! F/ N\RI%;T (! "Y %OOTS '''4 ,O!R
ANIMALS >E PRODUC$ 9 ! =M (A SCOLEX1 N
ONLY ^? BLOOD.S ANIMALS : >E N G5]AT$ F
P>5TS B EV5 "S SANGU9EA1 Z A K9D (
MULLET & "S O!R RIV] FI%ES & AL ! EEL
K9D4 ,= ALL ( ^!1 ?\< !Y H B LL BLOOD
0NATURE1 >E N"E!.S SANGU9EA1 & H A HE>T
) BLOOD 9 X Z ! ORIG9 (! "PS2 &! S-CALL$
,85TRAILS ( E>?0'1 9 : -ES 962+ ! BODY (
! EEL1 H ! NATURE (A SCOLEX4
  ,H;E "O MI<T SUPPOSE1 9 3NEXION )!
ORIG9 ( M5 & QUADRUP$S1 T1 IF "E !Y 7
RE,Y ,8E>?-BORN0' Z "S SAY1 !Y CAME 962+
9 "O ( TWO WAYS2 T EI X 0 0! =M,N (A
SCOLEX AT F/ OR ELSE X 0 \ ( E7S4 ,= EI
!Y M/ H _H 9 !MVS ! NUTRI;T = GR[? 7& S*
A 3CEP;N IS A SCOLEX7 OR !Y M/ H GOT X F
ELSE":1 & T EI F ! "M OR F "P (! 3CEP;N4
,IF !N ! =M] IS IMPOSSI# 7,I M1N T
N\RI%;T %D FL[ 6!M F ! E>? Z X DOES 9
ANIMALS F ! "M71 !N !Y M/ H GOT X F "S
"P (! 3CEP;N1 & S* G5],N WE SAY IS F AN
EGG4
  ,X IS PLA9 !N T1 IF "! RE,Y 0 ANY S*
2G9N+ (! G5],N ( ALL ANIMALS1 X IS
R1SONA# 6SUPPOSE 6H BE5 "O ( ^! TWO1
SCOLEX OR EGG4 ,B X IS LESS R1SONA#
6SUPPOSE T X 0 F E7S1 = WE D N SEE S*
G5],N O3URR+ ) ANY ANIMAL1 B WE D SEE !
O!R BO? 9 ! SANGU9EA ABV M5;N$ & 9 !
BLOOD.S ANIMALS4 ,S* >E "S (! 9SECTS &
S* >E ! TE/ACEA : WE >E 4CUSS+2 = !Y D N
DEVELOP \ (A "P ( "S?+ 7Z D ANIMALS F
E7S71 & !Y GR[ L A SCOLEX4 ,=! SCOLEX
GR[S T[>DS ! UPP] "P &! F/ PR9CIPLE1
S9CE 9 ! L[] "P IS ! N\RI%;T =! UPP]4 ,&
? RESEM#S ! DEVELOP;T ( ANIMALS F E7S1
EXCEPT T ^! LATT] 3SUME ! :OLE EGG1 ":AS
9 ! SCOLEX1 :5 ! UPP] "P HAS GR[N 0TAK+
UP 96XF "P (! SUB/.E 9 ! L[] "P1 ! L[]
"P IS !N DI6]5TIAT$ \ (! RE/4 ,! R1SON
IS T 9 LAT] LIFE AL ! N\RI%;T IS ABSORB$
0ALL ANIMALS 9 ! "P 2L ! HYPOZOMA4
  ,T ! SCOLEX GR[S 9 ? WAY IS PLA9 9 !
CASE ( BEES &! L1 = AT F/ ! L[] "P IS
L>GE 9 !M &! UPP] IS SMALL]4 ,! DETAILS
( GR[? 9 ! TE/ACEA >E SIMIL>4 ,? IS PLA9
9 ! :ORLS (! TURB9ATA1 = ALW Z ! ANIMAL
GR[S ! :ORLS 2COME L>G] T[>DS ! FRONT &
:AT IS CALL$ ! H1D (! CR1TURE4
  ,WE H N[ PRETTY WELL DESCRIB$ ! MANN]
(! DEVELOP;T ( ^! &! O!R SPONTANE\SLY
G5]AT$ ANIMALS4 ,T ALL ! TE/ACEA >E =M$
SPONTANE\SLY IS CLE> F S* FACTS Z ^!4
,!Y -E 962+ ON ! SIDE ( BOATS :5 ! FRO?Y
MUD PUTREFIES4 ,9 _M PLACES ": PREVI\SLY
NO?+ (! K9D EXI/$1 ! S-CALL$ LIMNO/REA1
A K9D ( OY/]1 H -E 962+ :5 ! SPOT TURN$
MU4Y "? WANT ( WAT]2 ?US :5 A NAVAL
>MA;T CA/ AN*OR AT ,RHODES A NUMB] (
CLAY VESSELS 7 ?R[N \ 96! SEA1 & AF "S
"T1 :5 MUD _H COLLECT$ R.D !M1 OY/]S US$
6BE F.D 9 !M4 ,"H IS ANO!R PRO( T S*
ANIMALS D N EMIT ANY G5]ATIVE SUB/.E F
!MVS2 :5 C]TA9 ,*IANS C>RI$ "S LIVE
OY/]S OV] F ,PYRRHA 9 ,LESBOS & PLAC$ !M
9 N>R[ /RAITS (! SEA ": TIDES CLA%1 !Y
2CAME NO M NUM]\S Z "T PASS$1 B 9CR1S$
GRTLY 9 SIZE4 ,! S-CALL$ E7S 3TRIBUTE
6G5],N B >E ONLY A 3DI;N1 L FAT 9 !
SANGU9EA1 & "!=E ! OY/]S >E SAV\RY AT ^!
P]IODS4 ,A PRO( T ? SUB/.E IS N RE,Y E7S
IS ! FACT T S* ,8E7S0' >E ALW F.D 9 "S
TE/ACEA1 Z 9 P9NAE1 :ELKS1 & PURPLE-FI%2
ONLY !Y >E "S"TS L>G] & "S"TS SMALL]2 9
O!RS Z PECT5S1 MUSSELS1 &! S-CALL$
LIMNO/REA1 !Y >E N ALW PRES5T B ONLY 9 !
SPR+2 Z ! S1SON ADV.ES !Y DW9DLE & AT
LA/ 4APPE> ALT2 ! R1SON 2+ T ! SPR+ IS
FAV\RA# 6_! 2+ 9 GD 3DI;N4 ,9 O!RS AG1 Z
! ASCIDIANS1 NO?+ (! SORT IS VISI#4 7,!
DETAILS 3C]N+ ^! LA/1 &! PLACES 9 : !Y
-E 962+1 M/ 2 LE>NT F ! ,5QUIRY47


