              ,BOOK ,,VII
                   #A
  ,"! >E S"EAL S5SES 9 : A ?+ MAY 2 SD
TO ,8BE0'1 Z WE PO9T$ \ PREVI\SLY 9 \R
BOOK ON ! V>I\S S5SES ( ^WS20' = 9 "O
S5SE ! ,82+0' M1NT IS ,8:AT A ?+ IS0' OR
A ,8?0'1 & 9 ANO!R S5SE X M1NS A QUAL;Y
OR QUANT;Y OR "O (! O!R ?+S T >E
PR$ICAT$ Z ^! >E4 ,:ILE ,82+0' HAS ALL
^! S5SES1 OBVI\SLY T : ,8IS0' PRIM>ILY
IS ! ,8:AT0'1 : 9DICATES ! SUB/.E (! ?+4
,= :5 WE SAY ( :AT QUAL;Y A ?+ IS1 WE
SAY T X IS GD OR BAD1 N T X IS ?REE
CUBITS L;G OR T X IS A MAN2 B :5 WE SAY
:AT X IS1 WE D N SAY ,8:ITE0' OR ,8HOT0'
OR ,8?REE CUBITS L;G0'1 B 'A MAN0' OR 'A
,8GOD0'4 ,& ALL O!R ?+S >E SD 6BE 2C !Y
>E1 "S ( !M1 QUANTITIES ( T : IS 9 ?
PRIM>Y S5SE1 O!RS QUALITIES ( X1 O!RS
A6EC;NS ( X1 & O!RS "S O!R DET]M9,N ( X4
,& S "O MI<T EV5 RAISE ! "Q :E!R ! ^WS
,86WALK0'1 ,86BE H1L?Y0'1 ,86SIT0' IMPLY
T EA* ( ^! ?+S IS EXI/5T1 & SIMIL>LY 9
ANY O!R CASE ( ? SORT2 = N"O ( !M IS EI
SELF-SUBSI/5T OR CAPA# ( 2+ SEP>AT$ F
SUB/.E1 B R1 IF ANY?+1 X IS T : WALKS OR
SITS OR IS H1L?Y T IS AN EXI/5T ?+4 ,N[
^! >E SE5 6BE M R1L 2C "! IS "S?+
DEF9ITE : "ULIES !M 7I4E4 ! SUB/.E OR
9DIVIDUAL71 : IS IMPLI$ 9 S* A PR$ICATE2
= WE N"E USE ! ^W ,8GD0' OR ,8SITT+0'
)\T IMPLY+ ?4 ,CLE>LY !N X IS 9 VIRTUE (
? CATEGORY T EA* (! O!RS AL IS4 ,"!=E T
: IS PRIM>ILY1 I4E4 N 9 A QUALIFI$ S5SE
B )\T QUALIFIC,N1 M/ 2 SUB/.E4
  ,N[ "! >E S"EAL S5SES 9 : A ?+ IS SD
6BE F/2 YET SUB/.E IS F/ 9 E S5SE-7#A7 9
DEF9I;N1 7#B7 9 ORD] ( K1 7#C7 9 "T4 ,=
7#C7 (! O!R CATEGORIES N"O C EXI/
9DEP5D5TLY1 B ONLY SUB/.E4 ,& 7#A7 9
DEF9I;N AL ? IS F/2 = 9 ! DEF9I;N ( EA*
T]M ! DEF9I;N ( XS SUB/.E M/ 2 PRES5T4
,& 7#B7 WE ?9K WE "K EA* ?+ MO/ FULLY1
:5 WE "K :AT X IS1 E4G4 :AT MAN IS OR
:AT FIRE IS1 R ?AN :5 WE "K XS QUAL;Y1
XS QUANT;Y1 OR XS PLACE2 S9CE WE "K EA*
( ^! PR$ICATES AL1 ONLY :5 WE "K :AT !
QUANT;Y OR ! QUAL;Y IS4
  ,& 9DE$ ! "Q : 0 RAIS$ ( OLD & IS
RAIS$ N[ & ALW1 & IS ALW ! SUBJECT (
D\BT1 VIZ4 :AT 2+ IS1 IS J ! "Q1 :AT IS
SUB/.E8 ,= X IS ? T "S ASS]T 6BE "O1
O!RS M ?AN "O1 & T "S ASS]T 6BE LIMIT$ 9
NUMB]1 O!RS UNLIMIT$4 ,& S WE AL M/
3SID] *IEFLY & PRIM>ILY & ALM
EXCLUSIVELY :AT T IS : IS 9 ? S5SE4

                   #B
  ,SUB/.E IS ?"\ 62L;G MO/ OBVI\SLY
6BODIES2 & S WE SAY T N ONLY ANIMALS &
PLANTS & _! "PS >E SUB/.ES1 B AL NATURAL
BODIES S* Z FIRE & WAT] & E>? & "EY?+ (!
SORT1 & ALL ?+S T >E EI "PS ( ^! OR
-POS$ ( ^! 7EI ( "PS OR (! :OLE BODIES71
E4G4 ! PHYSICAL UNIV]SE & XS "PS1 />S &
MOON & SUN4 ,B :E!R ^! AL"O >E SUB/.ES1
OR "! >E AL O!RS1 OR ONLY "S ( ^!1 OR
O!RS Z WELL1 OR N"O ( ^! B ONLY "S O!R
?+S1 >E SUB/.ES1 M/ 2 3SID]$4 ,"S ?9K !
LIMITS ( BODY1 I4E4 SURFACE1 L9E1 PO9T1
& UNIT1 >E SUB/.ES1 & M S ?AN BODY OR !
SOLID4
  ,FUR!R1 "S D N ?9K "! IS ANY?+
SUB/ANTIAL 2SS S5SI# ?+S1 B O!RS ?9K "!
>E ET]NAL SUB/.ES : >E M 9 NUMB] & M
R1L2 E4G4 ,PLATO POSIT$ TWO K9DS (
SUB/.E-! ,=MS & OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS-Z
WELL Z A ?IRD K9D1 VIZ4 ! SUB/.E ( S5SI#
BODIES4 ,& ,SPEUSIPPUS MADE / M K9DS (
SUB/.E1 2G9N+ )! ,"O1 & ASSUM+ PR9CIPLES
= EA* K9D ( SUB/.E1 "O = NUMB]S1 ANO!R =
SPATIAL MAGNITUDES1 & !N ANO!R =! S\L2 &
0GO+ ON 9 ? WAY HE MULTIPLIES ! K9DS (
SUB/.E4 ,& "S SAY ,=MS & NUMB]S H ! SAME
NATURE1 &! O!R ?+S -E AF !M-L9ES &
PLANES-UNTIL WE -E 6! SUB/.E (! MAT]IAL
UNIV]SE & 6S5SI# BODIES4
  ,REG>D+ ^! MATT]S1 !N1 WE M/ 9QUIRE :
(! -MON /ATE;TS >E "R & : >E N "R1 & :AT
SUB/.ES "! >E1 & :E!R "! >E OR >E N ANY
2SS S5SI# SUB/.ES1 & H[ S5SI# SUB/.ES
EXI/1 & :E!R "! IS A SUB/.E CAPA# (
SEP>ATE EXI/;E 7& IF S :Y & H[7 OR NO S*
SUB/.E1 A"P F S5SI# SUB/.ES2 & WE M/ F/
SKET* ! NATURE ( SUB/.E4
                   #C
  ,! ^W ,8SUB/.E0' IS APPLI$1 IF N 9 M
S5SES1 / AT L1/ 6F\R MA9 OBJECTS2 = BO?
! ESS;E &! UNIV]SAL &! G5US1 >E ?"\ 6BE
! SUB/.E ( EA* ?+1 & F\R?LY ! SUB/RATUM4
,N[ ! SUB/RATUM IS T ( : "EY?+ ELSE IS
PR$ICAT$1 :ILE X IS XF N PR$ICAT$ (
ANY?+ ELSE4 ,& S WE M/ F/ DET]M9E !
NATURE ( ?2 = T : "ULIES A ?+ PRIM>ILY
IS ?"\ 6BE 9 ! TRUE/ S5SE XS SUB/.E4 ,&
9 "O S5SE MATT] IS SD 6BE (! NATURE (
SUB/RATUM1 9 ANO!R1 %APE1 & 9 A ?IRD1 !
-P.D ( ^!4 7,0! MATT] ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 !
BRONZE1 0! %APE ! PATT]N ( XS =M1 & 0!
-P.D ( ^! ! /ATUE1 ! 3CRETE :OLE47 ,"!=E
IF ! =M IS PRIOR 6! MATT] & M R1L1 X W 2
PRIOR AL 6! -P.D ( BO?1 =! SAME R1SON4
  ,WE H N[ \TL9$ ! NATURE ( SUB/.E1 %[+
T X IS T : IS N PR$ICAT$ (A /RATUM1 B (
: ALL ELSE IS PR$ICAT$4 ,B WE M/ N M]ELY
/ATE ! MATT] ?US2 = ? IS N 5\<4 ,!
/ATE;T XF IS OBSCURE1 & FUR!R1 ON ?
VIEW1 MATT] 2COMES SUB/.E4 ,= IF ? IS N
SUB/.E1 X BA6LES U 6SAY :AT ELSE IS4 ,:5
ALL ELSE IS /RIPP$ (F EVID5TLY NO?+ B
MATT] REMA9S4 ,= :ILE ! RE/ >E A6EC;NS1
PRODUCTS1 & POT5CIES ( BODIES1 L5G?1
BR1D?1 & DEP? >E QUANTITIES & N SUB/.ES
7=A QUANT;Y IS N A SUB/.E71 B ! SUB/.E
IS R T 6: ^! 2L;G PRIM>ILY4 ,B :5 L5G? &
BR1D? & DEP? >E TAK5 AWAY WE SEE NO?+
LEFT UN.S "! IS "S?+ T IS B.D$ 0^!2 S T
6^? :O 3SID] ! "Q ?US MATT] AL"O M/ SEEM
6BE SUB/.E4 ,0MATT] ,I M1N T : 9 XF IS
NEI A "PICUL> ?+ NOR (A C]TA9 QUANT;Y
NOR ASSIGN$ 6ANY O!R (! CATEGORIES 0: 2+
IS DET]M9$4 ,= "! IS "S?+ ( : EA* ( ^!
IS PR$ICAT$1 ^: 2+ IS DI6]5T F T ( EA* (
! PR$ICATES 7=! PR$ICATES O!R ?AN SUB/.E
>E PR$ICAT$ ( SUB/.E1 :ILE SUB/.E IS
PR$ICAT$ ( MATT]74 ,"!=E ! ULTIMATE
SUB/RATUM IS ( XF NEI A "PICUL> ?+ NOR (
A "PICUL> QUANT;Y NOR O!RWISE POSITIVELY
"*IZ$2 NOR YET IS X ! NEG,NS ( ^!1 =
NEG,NS AL W 2L;G 6X ONLY 0A3ID5T4
  ,IF WE ADOPT ? PO9T ( VIEW1 !N1 X
FOLL[S T MATT] IS SUB/.E4 ,B ? IS
IMPOSSI#2 = BO? SEP>ABIL;Y & ,8?IS;S0'
>E ?"\ 62L;G *IEFLY 6SUB/.E4 ,& S =M &!
-P.D ( =M & MATT] WD 2 ?"\ 6BE SUB/.E1 R
?AN MATT]4 ,! SUB/.E -P.D$ ( BO?1 I4E4 (
MATT] & %APE1 MAY 2 4MISS$2 = X IS
PO/]IOR & XS NATURE IS OBVI\S4 ,& MATT]
AL IS 9 A S5SE MANIFE/4 ,B WE M/ 9QUIRE
96! ?IRD K9D ( SUB/.E2 = ? IS ! MO/
P]PLEX+4
  ,"S (! S5SI# SUB/.ES >E G5],Y ADMITT$
6BE SUB/.ES1 S T WE M/ LOOK F/ AM;G ^!4
,= X IS AN ADVANTAGE 6ADV.E 6T : IS M
"KA#4 ,= LE>N+ PROCE$S = ALL 9 ? WAY-"?
T : IS LESS "KA# 0NATURE 6T : IS M "KA#2
& J Z 9 3DUCT \R TASK IS 6/>T F :AT IS
GD = EA* & MAKE :AT IS )\T QUALIFIC,N GD
GD = EA*1 S X IS \R TASK 6/>T F :AT IS M
"KA# 6"OF & MAKE :AT IS "KA# 0NATURE
"KA# 6"OF4 ,N[ :AT IS "KA# & PRIM>Y =
"PICUL> SETS ( P IS (T5 "KA# 6A V SMALL
EXT5T1 & HAS LL OR NO?+ ( R1L;Y4 ,B YET
"O M/ />T F T : IS B>ELY "KA# B "KA#
6"OF1 & TRY 6"K :AT IS "KA# )\T
QUALIFIC,N1 PASS+1 Z HAS BE5 SD1 0WAY (
^? V ?+S : "O DOES "K4
                   #D
  ,S9CE AT ! />T WE 4T+UI%$ ! V>I\S M>KS
0: WE DET]M9E SUB/.E1 & "O ( ^! 0 ?"\
6BE ! ESS;E1 WE M/ 9VE/IGATE ?4 ,& F/
LET U MAKE "S L+UI/IC REM>KS AB X4 ,!
ESS;E ( EA* ?+ IS :AT X IS SD 6BE PROPT]
SE4 ,= 2+ Y IS N 2+ MUSICAL1 S9CE Y >E N
0YR V NATURE MUSICAL4 ,:AT1 !N1 Y >E 0YR
V NATURE IS YR ESS;E4
  ,NOR YET IS ! :OLE ( ? ! ESS;E (A ?+2
N T : IS PROPT] SE Z :ITE IS 6A SURFACE1
2C 2+ A SURFACE IS N ID5TICAL ) 2+ :ITE4
,B AG ! -B9,N ( BO?-,82+ A :ITE
SURFACE'-IS N ! ESS;E ( SURFACE1 2C
,8SURFACE0' XF IS A4$4 ,! =MULA1 "!=E1 9
: ! T]M XF IS N PRES5T B XS M1N+ IS
EXPRESS$1 ? IS ! =MULA (! ESS;E ( EA*
?+4 ,"!=E IF 6BE A :ITE SURFACE IS 6BE A
SMOO? SURFACE1 6BE :ITE & 6BE SMOO? >E
"O &! SAME4
  ,B S9CE "! >E AL -P.DS ANSW]+ 6! O!R
CATEGORIES 7= "! IS A SUB/RATUM = EA*
CATEGORY1 E4G4 = QUAL;Y1 QUANT;Y1 "T1
PLACE1 & MO;N71 WE M/ 9QUIRE :E!R "! IS
A =MULA (! ESS;E ( EA* ( !M1 I4E4 :E!R
6^! -P.DS AL "! 2L;GS AN ESS;E1 E4G4
,8:ITE MAN0'4 ,LET ! -P.D 2 DENOT$ BY
,8CLOAK0'4 ,:AT IS ! ESS;E ( CLOAK8 ,B1
X MAY 2 SD1 ? AL IS N A PROPT] SE
EXPRES.N4 ,WE REPLY T "! >E J TWO WAYS 9
: A PR$ICATE MAY FAIL 6BE TRUE (A
SUBJECT PROPT] SE1 & "O ( ^! RESULTS F !
A4I;N1 &! O!R F ! OMIS.N1 (A DET]M9ANT4
,"O K9D ( PR$ICATE IS N PROPT] SE 2C !
T]M T IS 2+ DEF9$ IS -B9$ ) ANO!R
DET]M9ANT1 E4G4 IF 9 DEF9+ ! ESS;E (
:ITE "O 7 6/ATE ! =MULA ( :ITE MAN2 !
O!R 2C 9 ! SUBJECT ANO!R DET]M9ANT IS
-B9$ ) T : IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! =MULA1 E4G4
IF ,8CLOAK0' M1NT ,8:ITE MAN0'1 & "O 7
6DEF9E CLOAK Z :ITE2 :ITE MAN IS :ITE
9DE$1 B XS ESS;E IS N 6BE :ITE4
  ,B IS 2+-A-CLOAK AN ESS;E AT ALL8
,PROBABLY N4 ,=! ESS;E IS PRECISELY :AT
"S?+ IS2 B :5 AN ATTRIBUTE IS ASS]T$ (A
SUBJECT O!R ?AN XF1 ! -PLEX IS N
PRECISELY :AT "S ,8?0' IS1 E4G4 :ITE MAN
IS N PRECISELY :AT "S ,8?0' IS1 S9CE
?IS;S 2L;GS ONLY 6SUB/.ES4 ,"!=E "! IS
AN ESS;E ONLY ( ^? ?+S ^: =MULA IS A
DEF9I;N4 ,B WE H A DEF9I;N N ": WE H A
^W &A =MULA ID5TICAL 9 M1N+ 7= 9 T CASE
ALL =MULAE OR SETS ( ^WS WD 2 DEF9I;NS2
= "! W 2 "S "N = ANY SET ( ^WS :AT"E1 S
T EV5 ! ,ILIAD W 2 A DEF9I;N71 B ": "!
IS A =MULA ( "S?+ PRIM>Y2 & PRIM>Y ?+S
>E ^? : D N IMPLY ! PR$IC,N ( "O ELE;T 9
!M ( ANO!R ELE;T4 ,NO?+1 !N1 : IS N A
SPECIES (A G5US W H AN ESS;E-ONLY
SPECIES W H X1 = ^! >E ?"\ 6IMPLY N
M]ELY T ! SUBJECT "PICIPATES 9 !
ATTRIBUTE & HAS X Z AN A6EC;N1 OR HAS X
0A3ID5T2 B = "E ?+ ELSE Z WELL1 IF X HAS
A "N1 "! 2 A =MULA ( XS M1N+-VIZ4 T ?
ATTRIBUTE 2L;GS 6? SUBJECT2 OR 9/1D (A
SIMPLE =MULA WE % 2 A# 6GIVE A M A3URATE
"O2 B "! W 2 NO DEF9I;N NOR ESS;E4
  ,OR HAS ,8DEF9I;N0'1 L ,8:AT A ?+
IS0'1 S"EAL M1N+S8 ,8,:AT A ?+ IS0' 9 "O
S5SE M1NS SUB/.E &! ,8?0'1 9 ANO!R "O OR
O!R (! PR$ICATES1 QUANT;Y1 QUAL;Y1 &! L4
,= Z ,8IS0' 2L;GS 6ALL ?+S1 N H["E 9 !
SAME S5SE1 B 6"O SORT ( ?+ PRIM>ILY &
6O!RS 9 A SECOND>Y WAY1 S TOO ,8:AT A ?+
IS0' 2L;GS 9 ! SIMPLE S5SE 6SUB/.E1 B 9
A LIMIT$ S5SE 6! O!R CATEGORIES4 ,= EV5
(A QUAL;Y WE MI<T ASK :AT X IS1 S T
QUAL;Y AL IS A ,8:AT A ?+ IS0'1-N 9 !
SIMPLE S5SE1 H["E1 B J Z1 9 ! CASE ( T :
IS N1 "S SAY1 EMPHASIZ+ ! L+UI/IC =M1 T
T IS : IS N IS-N IS SIMPLY1 B IS NON-
EXI/5T2 S TOO ) QUAL;Y4
  ,WE M/ NO D\BT 9QUIRE H[ WE %D EXPRESS
\RVS ON EA* PO9T1 B C]TA9LY N M ?AN H[ !
FACTS ACTU,Y /&4 ,& S N[ AL1 S9CE X IS
EVID5T :AT LANGUAGE WE USE1 ESS;E W
2L;G1 J Z ,8:AT A ?+ IS0' DOES1 PRIM>ILY
& 9 ! SIMPLE S5SE 6SUB/.E1 & 9 A
SECOND>Y WAY 6! O!R CATEGORIES AL1-N
ESS;E 9 ! SIMPLE S5SE1 B ! ESS;E (A
QUAL;Y OR (A QUANT;Y4 ,= X M/ 2 EI 0AN
EQUIVOC,N T WE SAY ^! >E1 OR 0A4+ 6&
TAK+ F ! M1N+ ( ,8>E0' 7IN ! WAY 9 : T :
IS N "KN MAY 2 SD 6BE "KN71-! TRU? 2+ T
WE USE ! ^W NEI AMBIGU\SLY NOR 9 ! SAME
S5SE1 B J Z WE APPLY ! ^W ,8M$ICAL0'
0VIRTUE (A REF];E 6"O &! SAME ?+1 N M1N+
"O &! SAME ?+1 NOR YET SP1K+ AMBIGU\SLY2
=A PATI5T & AN OP],N & AN 9/RU;T >E
CALL$ M$ICAL NEI 0AN AMBIGU;Y NOR )A
S+LE M1N+1 B ) REF];E 6A -MON 5D4 ,B X
DOES N MATT] AT ALL 9 : (! TWO WAYS "O
LIKES 6DESCRIBE ! FACTS2 ? IS EVID5T1 T
DEF9I;N & ESS;E 9 ! PRIM>Y & SIMPLE S5SE
2L;G 6SUB/.ES4 ,/ !Y 2L;G 6O!R ?+S Z
WELL1 ONLY N 9 ! PRIM>Y S5SE4 ,= IF WE
SUPPOSE ? X DOES N FOLL[ T "! IS A
DEF9I;N ( E ^W : M1NS ! SAME Z ANY
=MULA2 X M/ M1N ! SAME Z A "PICUL> K9D (
=MULA2 & ? 3DI;N IS SATISFI$ IF X IS A
=MULA ( "S?+ : IS "O1 N 03T9U;Y L !
,ILIAD OR ! ?+S T >E "O 02+ B.D TGR1 B 9
"O (! MA9 S5SES ( ,8"O0'1 : ANSW] 6!
S5SES ( ,8IS0'2 N[ ,8T : IS0' 9 "O S5SE
DENOTES A ,8?0'1 9 ANO!R A QUANT;Y1 9
ANO!R A QUAL;Y4 ,& S "! C 2 A =MULA OR
DEF9I;N EV5 ( :ITE MAN1 B N 9 ! S5SE 9 :
"! IS A DEF9I;N EI ( :ITE OR (A SUB/.E4
                   #E
  ,X IS A DI6ICULT "Q1 IF "O D5IES T A
=MULA ) AN A4$ DET]M9ANT IS A DEF9I;N1
:E!R ANY (! T]MS T >E N SIMPLE B C\PL$ W
2 DEF9A#4 ,= WE M/ EXPLA9 !M 0A4+ A
DET]M9ANT4 ,E4G4 "! IS ! NOSE1 & 3CAV;Y1
& SNUB;S1 : IS -P.D$ \ (! TWO 0! PRES;E
(! "O 9 ! O!R1 & X IS N 0A3ID5T T ! NOSE
HAS ! ATTRIBUTE EI ( 3CAV;Y OR ( SNUB;S1
B 9 VIRTUE ( XS NATURE2 NOR D !Y ATTA*
6X Z :ITE;S DOES 6,CALLIAS1 OR 6MAN 72C
,CALLIAS1 :O HAPP5S 6BE A MAN1 IS :ITE71
B Z ,8MALE0' ATTA*ES 6ANIMAL & ,8EQUAL0'
6QUANT;Y1 & Z ALL S-CALL$ ,8ATTRIBUTES
PROPT] SE0' ATTA* 6_! SUBJECTS4 ,& S*
ATTRIBUTES >E ^? 9 : IS 9VOLV$ EI !
=MULA OR ! "N (! SUBJECT (! "PICUL>
ATTRIBUTE1 & : _C 2 EXPLA9$ )\T ?2 E4G4
:ITE C 2 EXPLA9$ A"P F MAN1 B N FEMALE
A"P F ANIMAL4 ,"!=E "! IS EI NO ESS;E &
DEF9I;N ( ANY ( ^! ?+S1 OR IF "! IS1 X
IS 9 ANO!R S5SE1 Z WE H SD4
  ,B "! IS AL A SECOND DI6ICULTY AB !M4
,= IF SNUB NOSE & 3CAVE NOSE >E ! SAME
?+1 SNUB & 3CAVE W 2 ! ?+2 B IF SNUB &
3CAVE >E N ! SAME 72C X IS IMPOSSI#
6SP1K ( SNUB;S A"P F ! ?+ ( : X IS AN
ATTRIBUTE PROPT] SE1 = SNUB;S IS 3CAV;Y-
IN-A-NOSE71 EI X IS IMPOSSI# 6SAY ,8SNUB
NOSE0' OR ! SAME ?+ W H BE5 SD TWICE1
3CAVE-NOSE NOSE2 = SNUB NOSE W 2 3CAVE-
NOSE NOSE4 ,& S X IS ABSURD T S* ?+S %D
H AN ESS;E2 IF !Y H1 "! W 2 AN 9F9ITE
REGRESS2 = 9 SNUB-NOSE NOSE YET ANO!R
,8NOSE0' W 2 9VOLV$4
  ,CLE>LY1 !N1 ONLY SUB/.E IS DEF9A#4 ,=
IF ! O!R CATEGORIES AL >E DEF9A#1 X M/ 2
0A4I;N (A DET]M9ANT1 E4G4 ! QUALITATIVE
IS DEF9$ ?US1 & S IS ! ODD1 = X _C 2
DEF9$ A"P F NUMB]2 NOR C FEMALE 2 DEF9$
A"P F ANIMAL4 7,:5 ,I SAY ,80A4I;N0' ,I
M1N ! EXPRES.NS 9 : X TURNS \ T WE >E
SAY+ ! SAME ?+ TWICE1 Z 9 ^! 9/.ES47 ,&
IF ? IS TRUE1 C\PL$ T]MS AL1 L ,8ODD
NUMB]0'1 W N 2 DEF9A# 7B ? ESCAPES \R
NOTICE 2C \R =MULAE >E N A3URATE474 ,B
IF ^! AL >E DEF9A#1 EI X IS 9 "S O!R WAY
OR1 Z WE DEF9I;N & ESS;E M/ 2 SD 6H M
?AN "O S5SE4 ,"!=E 9 "O S5SE NO?+ W H A
DEF9I;N & NO?+ W H AN ESS;E1 EXCEPT
SUB/.ES1 B 9 ANO!R S5SE O!R ?+S W H !M4
,CLE>LY1 !N1 DEF9I;N IS ! =MULA (!
ESS;E1 & ESS;E 2L;GS 6SUB/.ES EI AL"O OR
*IEFLY & PRIM>ILY & 9 ! UNQUALIFI$ S5SE4
                   #F
  ,WE M/ 9QUIRE :E!R EA* ?+ & XS ESS;E
>E ! SAME OR DI6]5T4 ,? IS ( "S USE =!
9QUIRY 3C]N+ SUB/.E2 = EA* ?+ IS ?"\ 6BE
N DI6]5T F XS SUB/.E1 &! ESS;E IS SD 6BE
! SUB/.E ( EA* ?+4
  ,N[ 9 ! CASE ( A3ID5TAL UNITIES ! TWO
WD 2 G5],Y ?"\ 6BE DI6]5T1 E4G4 :ITE MAN
WD 2 ?"\ 6BE DI6]5T F ! ESS;E ( :ITE
MAN4 ,= IF !Y >E ! SAME1 ! ESS;E ( MAN &
T ( :ITE MAN >E AL ! SAME2 =A MAN &A
:ITE MAN >E ! SAME ?+1 Z P SAY1 S T !
ESS;E ( :ITE MAN & T ( MAN WD 2 AL !
SAME4 ,B P]H X DOES N FOLL[ T ! ESS;E (
A3ID5TAL UNITIES %D 2 ! SAME Z T (!
SIMPLE T]MS4 ,=! EXTREME T]MS >E N 9 !
SAME WAY ID5TICAL )! MI4LE T]M4 ,B P]H ?
MI<T 2 ?"\ 6FOLL[1 T ! EXTREME T]MS1 !
A3ID5TS1 %D TURN \ 6BE ! SAME1 E4G4 !
ESS;E ( :ITE & T ( MUSICAL2 B ? IS N
ACTU,Y ?"\ 6BE ! CASE4
  ,B 9 ! CASE ( S-CALL$ SELF-SUBSI/5T
?+S1 IS A ?+ NECESS>ILY ! SAME Z XS
ESS;E8 ,E4G4 IF "! >E "S SUB/.ES : H NO
O!R SUB/.ES NOR 5TITIES PRIOR 6!M-
SUB/.ES S* Z "S ASS]T ! ,ID1S 6BE8-,IF !
ESS;E ( GD IS 6BE DI6]5T F GD-XF1 &!
ESS;E ( ANIMAL F ANIMAL-XF1 &! ESS;E (
2+ F 2+-XF1 "! W1 F/LY1 2 O!R SUB/.ES &
5TITIES & ,ID1S 2SS ^? : >E ASS]T$1 &1
SECONDLY1 ^! O!RS W 2 PRIOR SUB/.ES1 IF
ESS;E IS SUB/.E4 ,& IF ! PO/]IOR SUB/.ES
&! PRIOR >E S"E$ F EA* O!R1 7A7 "! W 2
NO K (! =M]1 & 7B7 ! LATT] W H NO 2+4
7,BY ,8S"E$0' ,I M1N1 IF ! GD-XF HAS N !
ESS;E ( GD1 &! LATT] HAS N ! PROP]TY (
2+ GD47 ,= 7A7 "! IS K ( EA* ?+ ONLY :5
WE "K XS ESS;E4 ,& 7B7 ! CASE IS ! SAME
= O!R ?+S Z =! GD2 S T IF ! ESS;E ( GD
IS N GD1 NEI IS ! ESS;E ( R1L;Y R1L1 NOR
! ESS;E ( UN;Y "O4 ,& ALL ESS;ES ALIKE
EXI/ OR N"O ( !M DOES2 S T IF ! ESS;E (
R1L;Y IS N R1L1 NEI IS ANY (! O!RS4 ,AG1
T 6: ! ESS;E ( GD DOES N 2L;G IS N GD4-
,! GD1 !N1 M/ 2 "O )! ESS;E ( GD1 &!
B1UTI;L )! ESS;E ( B1UTY1 & S ) ALL ?+S
: D N DEP5D ON "S?+ ELSE B >E SELF-
SUBSI/5T & PRIM>Y4 ,= X IS 5 IF !Y >E ?1
EV5 IF !Y >E N ,=MS2 OR R1 P]H1 EV5 IF
!Y >E ,=MS4 7,AT ! SAME "T X IS CLE> T
IF "! >E ,ID1S S* Z "S P SAY "! >E1 X W
N 2 SUB/RATUM T IS SUB/.E2 = ^! M/ 2
SUB/.ES1 B N PR$ICA# (A SUB/RATUM2 = IF
!Y 7 !Y WD EXI/ ONLY 02+ "PICIPAT$ IN47
  ,EA* ?+ XF1 !N1 & XS ESS;E >E "O &!
SAME 9 NO M]ELY A3ID5TAL WAY1 Z IS
EVID5T BO? F ! PREC$+ >GU;TS & 2C 6"K
EA* ?+1 AT L1/1 IS J 6"K XS ESS;E1 S T
EV5 0! EXHIBI;N ( 9/.ES X 2COMES CLE> T
BO? M/ 2 "O4
  7,B ( AN A3ID5TAL T]M1 E4G4'?E
MUSICAL0' OR ,8! :ITE0'1 S9CE X HAS TWO
M1N+S1 X IS N TRUE 6SAY T X XF IS
ID5TICAL ) XS ESS;E2 = BO? T 6: !
A3ID5TAL QUAL;Y 2L;GS1 &! A3ID5TAL
QUAL;Y1 >E :ITE1 S T 9 A S5SE ! A3ID5T &
XS ESS;E >E ! SAME1 & 9 A S5SE !Y >E N2
=! ESS;E ( :ITE IS N ! SAME Z ! MAN OR !
:ITE MAN1 B X IS ! SAME Z ! ATTRIBUTE
:ITE47
  ,! ABSURD;Y (! SEP>,N WD APPE> AL IF
"O 7 6ASSIGN A "N 6EA* (! ESS;ES2 = "!
WD 2 YET ANO!R ESS;E 2SS ! ORIG9AL "O1
E4G4 6! ESS;E ( HORSE "! W 2L;G A SECOND
ESS;E4 ,YET :Y %D N "S ?+S 2 _! ESS;ES F
! />T1 S9CE ESS;E IS SUB/.E8 ,B 9DE$ N
ONLY >E A ?+ & XS ESS;E "O1 B ! =MULA (
!M IS AL ! SAME1 Z IS CLE> EV5 F :AT HAS
BE5 SD2 = X IS N 0A3ID5T T ! ESS;E ( "O1
&! "O1 >E "O4 ,FUR!R1 IF !Y >E 6BE
DI6]5T1 ! PROCESS W G ON 69F9;Y2 = WE %
H 7#A7 ! ESS;E ( "O1 & 7#B7 ! "O1 S T
6T]MS (! =M] K9D ! SAME >GU;T W 2
APPLICA#4
  ,CLE>LY1 !N1 EA* PRIM>Y & SELF-
SUBSI/5T ?+ IS "O &! SAME Z XS ESS;E4 ,!
SOPHI/ICAL OBJEC;NS 6? POSI;N1 &! "Q
:E!R ,SOCRATES & 6BE ,SOCRATES >E ! SAME
?+1 >E OBVI\SLY ANSW]$ 0! SAME SOLU;N2 =
"! IS NO DI6];E EI 9 ! /&PO9T F : ! "Q
WD 2 ASK$1 OR 9 T F : "O CD ANSW] X
SU3ESS;LLY4 ,WE H EXPLA9$1 !N1 9 :AT
S5SE EA* ?+ IS ! SAME Z XS ESS;E & 9 :AT
S5SE X IS N4
                   #G
  ,( ?+S T -E 6BE1 "S -E 6BE 0NATURE1 "S
0>T1 "S SPONTANE\SLY4 ,N[ "EY?+ T -ES
6BE -ES 6BE 0! AG5CY ( "S?+ & F "S?+ &
-ES 6BE "S?+4 ,&! "S?+ : ,I SAY X -ES
6BE MAY 2 F.D 9 ANY CATEGORY2 X MAY -E
6BE EI A ,8?0' OR ( "S SIZE OR ( "S
QUAL;Y OR "S":4
  ,N[ NATURAL -+S 6BE >E ! -+S 6BE ( ^?
?+S : -E 6BE 0NATURE2 & T \ ( : !Y -E
6BE IS :AT WE CALL MATT]2 & T 0: !Y -E
6BE IS "S?+ : EXI/S NATUR,Y2 &! "S?+ :
!Y -E 6BE IS A MAN OR A PLANT OR "O (!
?+S ( ? K9D1 : WE SAY >E SUB/.ES IF
ANY?+ IS-ALL ?+S PRODUC$ EI 0NATURE OR
0>T H MATT]2 = EA* ( !M IS CAPA# BO? (
2+ &( N 2+1 & ? CAPAC;Y IS ! MATT] 9
EA*-&1 9 G5]AL1 BO? T F : !Y >E PRODUC$
IS NATURE1 &! TYPE AC 6: !Y >E PRODUC$
IS NATURE 7= T : IS PRODUC$1 E4G4 A
PLANT OR AN ANIMAL1 HAS A NATURE71 & S
IS T 0: !Y >E PRODUC$--! S-CALL$
,8=MAL0' NATURE1 : IS SPECIFIC,Y ! SAME
7?\< ? IS 9 ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL72 = MAN
2GETS MAN4
  ,?US1 !N1 >E NATURAL PRODUCTS PRODUC$2
ALL O!R PRODUC;NS >E CALL$ ,8MAK+S0'4 ,&
ALL MAK+S PROCE$ EI F >T OR F A FACULTY
OR F ?"\4 ,"S ( !M HAPP5 AL SPONTANE\SLY
OR 0LUCK J Z NATURAL PRODUCTS "S"TS D2 =
"! AL ! SAME ?+S "S"TS >E PRODUC$ )\T
SE$ Z WELL Z F SE$4 ,3C]N+ ^! CASES1 !N1
WE M/ 9QUIRE LAT]1 B F >T PROCE$ ! ?+S (
: ! =M IS 9 ! S\L (! >TI/4 7,0=M ,I M1N
! ESS;E ( EA* ?+ & XS PRIM>Y SUB/.E47 ,=
EV5 3TR>IES H 9 A S5SE ! SAME =M2 =!
SUB/.E (A PRIV,N IS ! OPPOSITE SUB/.E1
E4G4 H1L? IS ! SUB/.E ( 41SE 7= 41SE IS
! ABS;E ( H1L?72 & H1L? IS ! =MULA 9 !
S\L OR ! K ( X4 ,! H1L?Y SUBJECT IS
PRODUC$ Z ! RESULT (! FOLL[+ TRA9 (
?"\3-S9CE ? IS H1L?1 IF ! SUBJECT IS 6BE
H1L?Y ? M/ F/ 2 PRES5T1 E4G4 A UNI=M
/ATE ( BODY1 & IF ? IS 6BE PRES5T1 "! M/
2 H1T2 &! PHYSICIAN GOES ON ?9K+ ?US
UNTIL HE REDUCES ! MATT] 6A F9AL "S?+ :
HE HMF C PRODUCE4 ,!N ! PROCESS F ? PO9T
ONW>D1 I4E4 ! PROCESS T[>DS H1L?1 IS
CALL$ A ,8MAK+0'4 ,"!=E X FOLL[S T 9 A
S5SE H1L? -ES F H1L? & H\SE F H\SE1 T )
MATT] F T )\T MATT]2 =! M$ICAL >T &!
BUILD+ >T >E ! =M ( H1L? &(! H\SE1 & :5
,I SP1K ( SUB/.E )\T MATT] ,I M1N !
ESS;E4
  ,(! PRODUC;NS OR PROCESSES "O "P IS
CALL$ ?9K+ &! O!R MAK+1-T : PROCE$S F !
/>T+-PO9T &! =M IS ?9K+1 & T : PROCE$S F
! F9AL /EP (! ?9K+ IS MAK+4 ,& EA* (!
O!R1 9T]M$IATE1 ?+S IS PRODUC$ 9 ! SAME
WAY4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 IF ! SUBJECT IS 6BE
H1L?Y 8 BODILY /ATE M/ 2 MADE UNI=M4
,:AT !N DOES 2+ MADE UNI=M IMPLY8 ,? OR
T4 ,& ? DEP5DS ON 8 2+ MADE W>M4 ,:AT
DOES ? IMPLY8 ,"S?+ ELSE4 ,& ? "S?+ IS
PRES5T POT5TI,Y2 & :AT IS PRES5T
POT5TI,Y IS ALR 9 ! PHYSICIAN'S P[]4
  ,! ACTIVE PR9CIPLE !N &! />T+ PO9T =!
PROCESS ( 2COM+ H1L?Y IS1 IF X HAPP5S
0>T1 ! =M 9 ! S\L1 & IF SPONTANE\SLY1 X
IS T1 :AT"E X IS1 : />TS ! MAK+1 =! MAN
:O MAKES 0>T1 Z 9 H1L+ ! />T+-PO9T IS
P]H ! PRODUC;N ( W>M? 7& ? ! PHYSICIAN
PRODUCES 0RU2+74 ,W>M? 9 ! BODY1 !N1 IS
EI A "P ( H1L? OR IS FOLL[$ 7EI DIRECTLY
OR "? S"EAL 9T]M$IATE /EPS7 0"S?+ SIMIL>
: IS A "P ( H1L?2 & ?1 VIZ4 T : PRODUCES
! "P ( H1L?1 IS ! LIMIT+-PO9T--& S TOO )
A H\SE 7! /"OS >E ! LIMIT+-PO9T "H7 & 9
ALL O!R CASES4 ,"!=E1 Z ! SAY+ GOES1 X
IS IMPOSSI# T ANY?+ %D 2 PRODUC$ IF "! 7
NO?+ EXI/+ 2F4 ,OBVI\SLY !N "S "P (!
RESULT W PRE-EXI/ ( NECESS;Y2 =! MATT]
IS A "P2 = ? IS PRES5T 9 ! PROCESS & X
IS ? T 2COMES "S?+4 ,B IS ! MATT] AN
ELE;T EV5 9 ! =MULA8 ,WE C]TA9LY
DESCRIBE 9 BO? WAYS :AT BRAZ5 CIRCLES
>E2 WE DESCRIBE BO? ! MATT] 0SAY+ X IS
BRASS1 &! =M 0SAY+ T X IS S* & S* A
FIGURE2 & FIGURE IS ! PROXIMATE G5US 9 :
X IS PLAC$4 ,! BRAZ5 CIRCLE1 !N1 HAS XS
MATT] 9 XS =MULA4
  ,Z = T \ ( : Z MATT] !Y >E PRODUC$1 "S
?+S >E SD1 :5 !Y H BE5 PRODUC$1 6BE N T
B ,8?AT50'2 E4G4 ! /ATUE IS N GOLD B
GOLD54 ,&A H1L?Y MAN IS N SD 6BE T F :
HE HAS -E4 ,! R1SON IS T ?\< A ?+ -ES
BO? F XS PRIV,N & F XS SUB/RATUM1 : WE
CALL XS MATT] 7E4G4 :AT 2COMES H1L?Y IS
BO? A MAN & AN 9VALID71 X IS SD 6-E R F
XS PRIV,N 7E4G4 X IS F AN 9VALID R ?AN F
A MAN T A H1L?Y SUBJECT IS PRODUC$74 ,&
S ! H1L?Y SUBJECT IS N SD 6HE AN 9VALID1
B 6BE A MAN1 &! MAN IS SD 6BE H1L?Y4 ,B
Z =! ?+S ^: PRIV,N IS OBSCURE & "N.S1
E4G4 9 BRASS ! PRIV,N (A "PICUL> %APE OR
9 BRICKS & TIMB] ! PRIV,N ( >RANGE;T Z A
H\SE1 ! ?+ IS ?"\ 6BE PRODUC$ F ^!
MAT]IALS1 Z 9 ! =M] CASE ! H1L?Y MAN IS
PRODUC$ F AN 9VALID4 ,& S1 Z "! AL A ?+
IS N SD 6BE T F : X -ES1 "H ! /ATUE IS N
SD 6BE WOOD B IS SD 0A V]BAL *ANGE 6BE
WOOD51 N BRASS B BRAZ51 N GOLD B GOLD51
&! H\SE IS SD 6BE N BRICKS B BRICK5 7?\<
WE %D N SAY )\T QUALIFIC,N1 IF WE LOOK$
AT ! MATT] C>E;LLY1 EV5 T A /ATUE IS
PRODUC$ F WOOD OR A H\SE F BRICKS1 2C -+
6BE IMPLIES *ANGE 9 T F : A ?+ -ES 6BE1
& N P]MAN;E74 ,X IS = ? R1SON1 !N1 T WE
USE ? WAY ( SP1K+4
                   #H
  ,S9CE ANY?+ : IS PRODUC$ IS PRODUC$
0"S?+ 7& ? ,I CALL ! />T+-PO9T (!
PRODUC;N71 & F "S?+ 7& LET ? 2 TAK5 6BE
N ! PRIV,N B ! MATT]2 =! M1N+ WE ATTA*
6? HAS ALR BE5 EXPLA9$71 & S9CE "S?+ IS
PRODUC$ 7& ? IS EI A SPH]E OR A CIRCLE
OR :AT"E ELSE X MAY *.E 6BE71 J Z WE D N
MAKE ! SUB/RATUM 7! BRASS71 S WE D N
MAKE ! SPH]E1 EXCEPT 9CID5T,Y1 2C !
BRAZ5 SPH]E IS A SPH]E & WE MAKE ! =ME4
,= 6MAKE A ,8?0' IS 6MAKE A ,8?0' \ (!
SUB/RATUM 9 ! FULL S5SE (! ^W4 7,I M1N T
6MAKE ! BRASS R.D IS N 6MAKE ! R.D OR !
SPH]E1 B "S?+ ELSE1 I4E4 6PRODUCE ? =M 9
"S?+ DI6]5T F XF4 ,= IF WE MAKE ! =M1 WE
M/ MAKE X \ ( "S?+ ELSE2 = ? 0 ASSUM$4
,E4G4 WE MAKE A BRAZ5 SPH]E2 & T 9 !
S5SE T \ ( ?1 : IS BRASS1 WE MAKE ? O!R1
: IS A SPH]E47 ,IF1 !N1 WE AL MAKE !
SUB/RATUM XF1 CLE>LY WE % MAKE X 9 !
SAME WAY1 &! PROCESSES ( MAK+ W REGRESS
69F9;Y4 ,OBVI\SLY !N ! =M AL1 OR :AT"E
WE "\ 6CALL ! %APE PRES5T 9 ! S5SI# ?+1
IS N PRODUC$1 NOR IS "! ANY PRODUC;N (
X1 NOR IS ! ESS;E PRODUC$2 = ? IS T : IS
MADE 6BE 9 "S?+ ELSE EI 0>T OR 0NATURE
OR 0"S FACULTY4 ,B T "! IS A BRAZ5
SPH]E1 ? WE MAKE4 ,= WE MAKE X \ ( BRASS
&! SPH]E2 WE BR+ ! =M 96? "PICUL> MATT]1
&! RESULT IS A BRAZ5 SPH]E4 ,B IF !
ESS;E ( SPH]E 9 G5]AL IS 6BE PRODUC$1
"S?+ M/ 2 PRODUC$ \ ( "S?+4 ,=! PRODUCT
W ALW H 6BE DIVISI#1 & "O "P M/ 2 ? &
ANO!R T2 ,I M1N ! "O M/ 2 MATT] &! O!R
=M4 ,IF1 !N1 A SPH]E IS ,8! FIGURE ^:
CIRCUMF];E IS AT ALL PO9TS EQUIDISTANT F
! C5TRE0'1 "P ( ? W 2 ! M$IUM 9 : ! ?+
MADE W BE1 & "P W 2 9 T M$IUM1 &! :OLE W
2 ! ?+ PRODUC$1 : CORRESPONDS 6! BRAZ5
SPH]E4 ,X IS OBVI\S1 !N1 F :AT HAS BE5
SD1 T T : IS SPOK5 ( Z =M OR SUB/.E IS N
PRODUC$1 B ! 3CRETE ?+ : GETS XS "N F ?
IS PRODUC$1 & T 9 "EY?+ : IS G5]AT$
MATT] IS PRES5T1 & "O "P (! ?+ IS MATT]
&! O!R =M4
  ,IS "!1 !N1 A SPH]E A"P F ! 9DIVIDUAL
SPH]ES OR A H\SE A"P F ! BRICKS8 ,R WE
MAY SAY T NO ,8?0' WD "E H BE5 -+ 6BE1
IF ? _H BE5 S1 B T ! ,8=M0' M1NS !
,8S*0'1 & IS N A ,8?'-A DEF9ITE ?+2 B !
>TI/ MAKES1 OR ! "F 2GETS1 A ,8S*0' \ (A
,8?0'2 & :5 X HAS BE5 2GOTT51 X IS A ,8?
S*0'4 ,&! :OLE ,8?0'1 ,CALLIAS OR
,SOCRATES1 IS ANALOG\S TO ,8? BRAZ5
SPH]E0'1 B MAN & ANIMAL TO ,8BRAZ5
SPH]E0' 9 G5]AL4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !N1 ! CAUSE
: 3SI/S (! ,=MS 7TAK5 9 ! S5SE 9 : "S
MA9TA9 ! EXI/;E (! ,=MS1 I4E4 IF !Y >E
"S?+ A"P F ! 9DIVIDUALS7 IS USE.S1 AT
L1/ ) REG>D 6-+S-TO-BE & 6SUB/.ES2 &!
,=MS NE$ N1 = ? R1SON AT L1/1 2 SELF-
SUBSI/5T SUB/.ES4 ,9 "S CASES 9DE$ X IS
EV5 OBVI\S T ! 2GETT] IS (! SAME K9D Z !
2GOTT5 7N1 H["E1 ! SAME NOR "O 9 NUMB]1
B 9 =M71 I4E4 9 ! CASE ( NATURAL
PRODUCTS 7= MAN 2GETS MAN71 UN.S "S?+
HAPP5S 3TR>Y 6NATURE1 E4G4 ! PRODUC;N (A
MULE 0A HORSE4 7,& EV5 ^! CASES >E
SIMIL>2 = T : WD 2 F.D 6BE -MON 6HORSE &
ASS1 ! G5US NEXT ABV !M1 HAS N RCVD A
"N1 B X WD D\BT.S 2 BO? 9 FACT "S?+ L A
MULE47 ,OBVI\SLY1 "!=E1 X IS Q UNNEC
6SET UP A ,=M Z A PATT]N 7= WE %D H
LOOK$ = ,=MS 9 ^! CASES IF 9 ANY2 = ^!
>E SUB/.ES IF ANY?+ IS S72 ! 2GETT] IS
ADEQUATE 6! MAK+ (! PRODUCT & 6! CAUS+ (
! =M 9 ! MATT]4 ,& :5 WE H ! :OLE1 S* &
S* A =M 9 ? FLE% & 9 ^! B"OS1 ? IS
,CALLIAS OR ,SOCRATES2 & !Y >E DI6]5T 9
VIRTUE ( _! MATT] 7= T IS DI6]5T71 B !
SAME 9 =M2 = _! =M IS 9DIVISI#4
                   #I
  ,! "Q MI<T 2 RAIS$1 :Y "S ?+S >E
PRODUC$ SPONTANE\SLY Z WELL Z 0>T1 E4G4
H1L?1 :ILE O!RS >E N1 E4G4 A H\SE4 ,!
R1SON IS T 9 "S CASES ! MATT] : GOV]NS !
PRODUC;N 9 ! MAK+ & PRODUC+ ( ANY "W (
>T1 & 9 : A "P (! PRODUCT IS PRES5T1-"S
MATT] IS S* Z 6BE SET 9 MO;N 0XF & "S IS
N ( ? NATURE1 &(! =M] K9D "S C MOVE XF 9
! "PICUL> WAY REQUIR$1 :ILE O!R MATT] IS
9CAPA# ( ?2 = _M ?+S C 2 SET 9 MO;N
0!MVS B N 9 "S "PICUL> WAY1 E4G4 T (
DANC+4 ,! ?+S1 !N1 ^: MATT] IS ( ? SORT1
E4G4 /"OS1 _C 2 MOV$ 9 ! "PICUL> WAY
REQUIR$1 EXCEPT 0"S?+ ELSE1 B 9 ANO!R
WAY !Y C MOVE !MVS-& S X IS ) FIRE4
,"!=E "S ?+S W N EXI/ A"P F "S "O :O HAS
! >T ( MAK+ !M1 :ILE O!RS W2 = MO;N W 2
/>T$ 0^! ?+S : H N ! >T B C !MVS 2 MOV$
0O!R ?+S : H N ! >T OR )A MO;N />T+ F A
"P (! PRODUCT4
  ,& X IS CLE> AL F :AT HAS BE5 SD T 9 A
S5SE E PRODUCT ( >T IS PRODUC$ F A ?+ :
%>ES XS "N 7Z NATURAL PRODUCTS >E
PRODUC$71 OR F A "P ( XF : %>ES XS "N
7E4G4 ! H\SE IS PRODUC$ F A H\SE1 QUA
PRODUC$ 0R1SON2 =! >T ( BUILD+ IS ! =M (
! H\SE71 OR F "S?+ : 3TA9S A >T ( X1-IF
WE EXCLUDE ?+S PRODUC$ 0A3ID5T2 =! CAUSE
(! ?+'S PRODUC+ ! PRODUCT DIRECTLY P] SE
IS A "P (! PRODUCT4 ,! H1T 9 ! MOVE;T
CAUS$ H1T 9 ! BODY1 & ? IS EI H1L?1 OR A
"P ( H1L?1 OR IS FOLL[$ 0A "P ( H1L? OR
0H1L? XF4 ,& S X IS SD 6CAUSE H1L?1 2C X
CAUSES T 6: H1L? ATTA*ES Z A 3SEQU;E4
  ,"!=E1 Z 9 SYLLOGISMS1 SUB/.E IS !
/>T+-PO9T ( "EY?+4 ,X IS F ,8:AT A ?+
IS0' T SYLLOGISMS />T2 & F X AL WE N[
F9D PROCESSES ( PRODUC;N 6/>T4
  ,?+S : >E =M$ 0NATURE >E 9 ! SAME CASE
Z ^! PRODUCTS ( >T4 ,=! SE$ IS
PRODUCTIVE 9 ! SAME WAY Z ! ?+S T "W
0>T2 = X HAS ! =M POT5TI,Y1 & T F : !
SE$ -ES HAS 9 A S5SE ! SAME "N Z !
(FSPR+ ONLY 9 A S5SE1 = WE M/ N EXPECT
P>5T & (FSPR+ ALW 6H EXACTLY ! SAME "N1
Z 9 ! PRODUC;N ( ,8HUMAN 2+0' F
,8HUMAN0' =A ,8WOMAN0' AL C 2 PRODUC$ 0A
,8MAN'-UN.S ! (FSPR+ 2 AN IMP]FECT =M2 :
IS ! R1SON :Y ! P>5T (A MULE IS N A
MULE4 ,! NATURAL ?+S : 7L ! >TIFICIAL
OBJECTS PREVI\SLY 3SID]$7 C 2 PRODUC$
SPONTANE\SLY >E ^? ^: MATT] C 2 MOV$ EV5
0XF 9 ! WAY 9 : ! SE$ USU,Y MOVES X2 ^?
?+S : H N S* MATT] _C 2 PRODUC$ EXCEPT F
! P>5T ANIMALS !MVS4
  ,B N ONLY REG>D+ SUB/.E DOES \R >GU;T
PROVE T XS =M DOES N -E 6BE1 B ! >GU;T
APPLIES 6ALL ! PRIM>Y CLASSES ALIKE1
I4E4 QUANT;Y1 QUAL;Y1 &! O!R CATEGORIES4
,= Z ! BRAZ5 SPH]E -ES 6BE1 B N ! SPH]E
NOR ! BRASS1 & S TOO 9 ! CASE ( BRASS
XF1 IF X -ES 6BE1 X IS XS 3CRETE UN;Y T
-ES 6BE 7=! MATT] &! =M M/ ALW EXI/ 2F71
S IS X BO? 9 ! CASE ( SUB/.E & 9 T (
QUAL;Y & QUANT;Y &! O!R CATEGORIES
LIKEWISE2 =! QUAL;Y DOES N -E 6BE1 B !
WOOD ( T QUAL;Y1 &! QUANT;Y DOES N -E
6BE1 B ! WOOD OR ! ANIMAL ( T SIZE4 ,B
WE MAY LE>N F ^! 9/.ES A PECULI>;Y (
SUB/.E1 T "! M/ EXI/ 2FH& 9 -PLETE R1L;Y
ANO!R SUB/.E : PRODUCES X1 E4G4 AN
ANIMAL IF AN ANIMAL IS PRODUC$2 B X IS N
NEC T A QUAL;Y OR QUANT;Y %D PRE-EXI/
O!RWISE ?AN POT5TI,Y4
                  #AJ
  ,S9CE A DEF9I;N IS A =MULA1 & E =MULA
HAS "PS1 & Z ! =MULA IS 6! ?+1 S IS ! "P
(! =MULA 6! "P (! ?+1 ! "Q IS ALR 2+
ASK$ :E!R ! =MULA (! "PS M/ 2 PRES5T 9 !
=MULA (! :OLE OR N4 ,= 9 "S CASES !
=MULAE (! "PS >E SE5 6BE PRES5T1 & 9 "S
N4 ,! =MULA (! CIRCLE DOES N 9CLUDE T (!
SEG;TS1 B T (! SYLLA# 9CLUDES T (! LRS2
YET ! CIRCLE IS DIVID$ 96SEG;TS Z !
SYLLA# IS 96LRS4-,& FUR!R IF ! "PS >E
PRIOR 6! :OLE1 &! ACUTE ANGLE IS A "P (!
"R ANGLE &! F+] A "P (! ANIMAL1 ! ACUTE
ANGLE W 2 PRIOR 6! "R ANGLE & F+] 6!
MAN4 ,B ! LATT] >E ?"\ 6BE PRIOR2 = 9
=MULA ! "PS >E EXPLA9$ 0REF];E 6!M1 & 9
RESPECT AL (! P[] ( EXI/+ A"P F EA* O!R
! :OLES >E PRIOR 6! "PS4
  ,P]H WE %D R SAY T ,8"P0' IS US$ 9
S"EAL S5SES4 ,"O ( ^! IS ,8T : M1SURES
ANO!R ?+ 9 RESPECT ( QUANT;Y0'4 ,B LET ?
S5SE 2 SET ASIDE2 LET U 9QUIRE AB ! "PS
( : SUB/.E 3SI/S4 ,IF !N MATT] IS "O ?+1
=M ANO!R1 ! -P.D ( ^! A ?IRD1 & BO? !
MATT] &! =M &! -P.D >E SUB/.E EV5 !
MATT] IS 9 A S5SE CALL$ "P (A ?+1 :ILE 9
A S5SE X IS N1 B ONLY ! ELE;TS ( : !
=MULA (! =M 3SI/S4 ,E4G4 ( 3CAV;Y FLE%
7= ? IS ! MATT] 9 : X IS PRODUC$7 IS N A
"P1 B ( SNUB;S X IS A "P2 &! BRONZE IS A
"P (! 3CRETE /ATUE1 B N (! /ATUE :5 ? IS
SPOK5 ( 9 ! S5SE (! =M4 7,=! =M1 OR ! ?+
Z HAV+ =M1 %D 2 SD 6BE ! ?+1 B ! MAT]IAL
ELE;T 0XF M/ N"E 2 SD 6BE S47 ,& S !
=MULA (! CIRCLE DOES N 9CLUDE T (!
SEG;TS1 B ! =MULA (! SYLLA# 9CLUDES T (!
LRS2 =! LRS >E "PS (! =MULA (! =M1 & N
MATT]1 B ! SEG;TS >E "PS 9 ! S5SE (
MATT] ON : ! =M SUP]V5ES2 YET !Y >E NE>]
! =M ?AN ! BRONZE IS :5 R.D;S IS PRODUC$
9 BRONZE4 ,B 9 A S5SE N EV5 E K9D ( LR W
2 PRES5T 9 ! =MULA (! SYLLA#1 E4G4
"PICUL> WAX5 LRS OR ! LRS Z MOVE;TS 9 !
AIR2 = 9 ^! AL WE H ALR "S?+ T IS "P (!
SYLLA# ONLY 9 ! S5SE T X IS XS P]CEPTI#
MATT]4 ,= EV5 IF ! L9E :5 DIVID$ PASSES
AWAY 96XS HALVES1 OR ! MAN 96B"OS &
MUSCLES & FLE%1 X DOES N FOLL[ T !Y >E
-POS$ ( ^! Z "PS ( _! ESS;E1 B R Z
MATT]2 & ^! >E "PS (! 3CRETE ?+1 B N AL
(! =M1 I4E4 ( T 6: ! =MULA REF]S2 ":=E
AL !Y >E N PRES5T 9 ! =MULAE4 ,9 "O K9D
( =MULA1 !N1 ! =MULA ( S* "PS W 2
PRES5T1 B 9 ANO!R X M/ N 2 PRES5T1 ": !
=MULA DOES N REF] 6! 3CRETE OBJECT4 ,= X
IS = ? R1SON T "S ?+S H Z _! 3/ITU5T
PR9CIPLES "PS 96: !Y PASS AWAY1 :ILE "S
H N4 ,^? ?+S : >E ! =M &! MATT] TAK5
TGR1 E4G4 ! SNUB1 OR ! BRONZE CIRCLE1
PASS AWAY 96^! MAT]IALS1 &! MATT] IS A
"P ( !M2 B ^? ?+S : D N 9VOLVE MATT] B
>E )\T MATT]1 & ^: =MULAE >E =MULAE (!
=M ONLY1 D N PASS AWAY1-EI N AT ALL OR
AT ANY RATE N 9 ? WAY4 ,"!=E ^! MAT]IALS
>E PR9CIPLES & "PS (! 3CRETE ?+S1 :ILE (
! =M !Y >E NEI "PS NOR PR9CIPLES4 ,&
"!=E ! CLAY /ATUE IS RESOLV$ 96CLAY &!
BALL 96BRONZE & ,CALLIAS 96FLE% & B"OS1
& AG ! CIRCLE 96XS SEG;TS2 = "! IS A
S5SE ( ,8CIRCLE0' 9 : 9VOLVES MATT]4 ,=
,8CIRCLE0' IS US$ AMBIGU\SLY1 M1N+ BO? !
CIRCLE1 UNQUALIFI$1 &! 9DIVIDUAL CIRCLE1
2C "! IS NO "N PECULI> 6! 9DIVIDUALS4
  ,! TRU? HAS 9DE$ N[ BE5 /AT$1 B / LET
U /ATE X YET M CLE>LY1 TAK+ UP ! "Q AG4
,! "PS (! =MULA1 96: ! =MULA IS DIVID$1
>E PRIOR 6X1 EI ALL OR "S ( !M4 ,! =MULA
(! "R ANGLE1 H["E1 DOES N 9CLUDE ! =MULA
(! ACUTE1 B ! =MULA (! ACUTE 9CLUDES T (
! "R ANGLE2 = HE :O DEF9ES ! ACUTE USES
! "R ANGLE2 =! ACUTE IS ,8LESS ?AN A "R
ANGLE0'4 ,! CIRCLE &! SEMICIRCLE AL >E 9
A L REL,N2 =! SEMICIRCLE IS DEF9$ 0!
CIRCLE2 & S IS ! F+] 0! :OLE BODY1 =A
F+] IS ,8S* & S* A "P (A MAN0'4 ,"!=E !
"PS : >E (! NATURE ( MATT]1 & 96: Z XS
MATT] A ?+ IS DIVID$1 >E PO/]IOR2 B ^? :
>E (! NATURE ( "PS (! =MULA1 &(! SUB/.E
AC 6XS =MULA1 >E PRIOR1 EI ALL OR "S (
!M4 ,& S9CE ! S\L ( ANIMALS 7= ? IS !
SUB/.E (A LIV+ 2+7 IS _! SUB/.E AC 6!
=MULA1 I4E4 ! =M &! ESS;E (A BODY (A
C]TA9 K9D 7AT L1/ WE % DEF9E EA* "P1 IF
WE DEF9E X WELL1 N )\T REF];E 6XS
FUNC;N1 & ? _C 2L;G 6X )\T P]CEP;N71 S T
! "PS ( S\L >E PRIOR1 EI ALL OR "S ( !M1
6! 3CRETE ,8ANIMAL0'1 & S TOO ) EA*
9DIVIDUAL ANIMAL2 &! BODY & "PS >E
PO/]IOR 6?1 ! ESS5TIAL SUB/.E1 & X IS N
! SUB/.E B ! 3CRETE ?+ T IS DIVID$ 96^!
"PS Z XS MATT]3-? 2+ S1 6! 3CRETE ?+ ^!
>E 9 A S5SE PRIOR1 B 9 A S5SE !Y >E N4
,= !Y _C EV5 EXI/ IF S"E$ F ! :OLE2 = X
IS N A F+] 9 ANY & E /ATE T IS ! F+] (A
LIV+ ?+1 B A D1D F+] IS A F+] ONLY 9 "N4
,"S "PS >E NEI PRIOR NOR PO/]IOR 6!
:OLE1 I4E4 ^? : >E DOM9ANT & 9 : !
=MULA1 I4E4 ! ESS5TIAL SUB/.E1 IS IMMLY
PRES5T1 E4G4 P]H ! HE>T OR ! BRA92 = X
DOES N MATT] 9 ! L1/ : (! TWO HAS ?
QUAL;Y4 ,B MAN & HORSE & T]MS : >E ?US
APPLI$ 69DIVIDUALS1 B UNIV]S,Y1 >E N
SUB/.E B "S?+ -POS$ ( ? "PICUL> =MULA &
? "PICUL> MATT] TR1T$ Z UNIV]SAL2 & Z
REG>DS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ,SOCRATES ALR
9CLUDES 9 HM ULTIMATE 9DIVIDUAL MATT]2 &
SIMIL>LY 9 ALL O!R CASES4 ',A "P0' MAY 2
A "P EI (! =M 7I4E4 (! ESS;E71 OR (!
-P.D (! =M &! MATT]1 OR (! MATT] XF4 ,B
ONLY ! "PS (! =M >E "PS (! =MULA1 &!
=MULA IS (! UNIV]SAL2 = ,82+ A CIRCLE0'
IS ! SAME Z ! CIRCLE1 & ,82+ A S\L0' !
SAME Z ! S\L4 ,B :5 WE -E 6! 3CRETE ?+1
E4G4 ? CIRCLE1 I4E4 "O (! 9DIVIDUAL
CIRCLES1 :E!R P]CEPTI# OR 9TELLIGI# 7,I
M1N 09TELLIGI# CIRCLES ! MA!MATICAL1 &
0P]CEPTI# CIRCLES ^? ( BRONZE &( WOOD71-
( ^! "! IS NO DEF9I;N1 B !Y >E "KN 0!
AID ( 9TUITIVE ?9K+ OR ( P]CEP;N2 & :5
!Y PASS \ ( ? -PLETE R1LIZ,N X IS N CLE>
:E!R !Y EXI/ OR N2 B !Y >E ALW /AT$ &
RECOGNIZ$ 0M1NS (! UNIV]SAL =MULA4 ,B
MATT] IS UN"KA# 9 XF4 ,& "S MATT] IS
P]CEPTI# & "S 9TELLIGI#1 P]CEPTI# MATT]
2+ = 9/.E BRONZE & WOOD & ALL MATT] T IS
*ANGEA#1 & 9TELLIGI# MATT] 2+ T : IS
PRES5T 9 P]CEPTI# ?+S N QUA P]CEPTI#1
I4E4 ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS4
  ,WE H /AT$1 !N1 H[ MATT]S /& ) REG>D
6:OLE & "P1 & _! PRIOR;Y & PO/]IOR;Y4 ,B
:5 ANY "O ASKS :E!R ! "R ANGLE &! CIRCLE
&! ANIMAL >E PRIOR1 OR ! ?+S 96: !Y >E
DIVID$ &( : !Y 3SI/1 I4E4 ! "PS1 WE M/
MEET ! 9QUIRY 0SAY+ T ! "Q _C 2 ANSW]$
SIMPLY4 ,= IF EV5 B>E S\L IS ! ANIMAL OR
! LIV+ ?+1 OR ! S\L ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS !
9DIVIDUAL XF1 & ,82+ A CIRCLE0' IS !
CIRCLE1 & ,82+ A "R ANGLE0' &! ESS;E (!
"R ANGLE IS ! "R ANGLE1 !N ! :OLE 9 "O
S5SE M/ 2 CALL$ PO/]IOR 6! >T 9 "O S5SE1
I4E4 6! "PS 9CLUD$ 9 ! =MULA & 6! "PS (!
9DIVIDUAL "R ANGLE 7= BO? ! MAT]IAL "R
ANGLE : IS MADE ( BRONZE1 & T : IS =M$
09DIVIDUAL L9ES1 >E PO/]IOR 6_! "PS72
:ILE ! IMMAT]IAL "R ANGLE IS PO/]IOR 6!
"PS 9CLUD$ 9 ! =MULA1 B PRIOR 6^? 9CLUD$
9 ! "PICUL> 9/.E1 &! "Q M/ N 2 ANSW]$
SIMPLY4 ,IF1 H["E1 ! S\L IS "S?+ DI6]5T
& IS N ID5TICAL )! ANIMAL1 EV5 S "S "PS
M/1 Z WE H MA9TA9$1 2 CALL$ PRIOR & O!RS
M/ N4
                  #AA
  ,ANO!R "Q IS NATUR,Y RAIS$1 VIZ4 :AT
SORT ( "PS 2L;G 6! =M & :AT SORT N 6!
=M1 B 6! 3CRETE ?+4 ,YET IF ? IS N PLA9
X IS N POSSI# 6DEF9E ANY ?+2 = DEF9I;N
IS (! UNIV]SAL &(! =M4 ,IF !N X IS N
EVID5T :AT SORT ( "PS >E (! NATURE (
MATT] & :AT SORT >E N1 NEI W ! =MULA (!
?+ 2 EVID5T4 ,9 ! CASE ( ?+S : >E F.D
6O3UR 9 SPECIFIC,Y DI6]5T MAT]IALS1 Z A
CIRCLE MAY EXI/ 9 BRONZE OR /"O OR WOOD1
X SEEMS PLA9 T ^!1 ! BRONZE OR ! /"O1 >E
NO "P (! ESS;E (! CIRCLE1 S9CE X IS F.D
A"P F !M4 ,( ?+S : >E N SE5 6EXI/ A"P1
"! IS NO R1SON :Y ! SAME MAY N 2 TRUE1 J
Z IF ALL CIRCLES T _H "E BE5 SE5 7 (
BRONZE2 = N"O ! LESS ! BRONZE WD 2 NO "P
(! =M2 B X IS H>D 6ELIM9ATE X 9 ?"\4
,E4G4 ! =M ( MAN IS ALW F.D 9 FLE% &
B"OS & "PS ( ? K9D2 >E ^! !N AL "PS (!
=M &! =MULA8 ,NO1 !Y >E MATT]2 B 2C MAN
IS N F.D AL 9 O!R MATT]S WE >E UNA#
6P]=M ! AB/RAC;N4
  ,S9CE ? IS ?"\ 6BE POSSI#1 B X IS N
CLE> :5 X IS ! CASE1 "S P ALR RAISE ! "Q
EV5 9 ! CASE (! CIRCLE &! TRIANGLE1 ?9K+
T X IS N "R 6DEF9E ^! 0REF];E 6L9ES & 6!
3T9U\S1 B T ALL ^! >E 6! CIRCLE OR !
TRIANGLE Z FLE% & B"OS >E 6MAN1 & BRONZE
OR /"O 6! /ATUE2 & !Y REDUCE ALL ?+S
6NUMB]S1 & !Y SAY ! =MULA ( ,8L9E0' IS T
( ,8TWO0'4 ,&( ^? :O ASS]T ! ,ID1S "S
MAKE ,8TWO0' ! L9E-XF1 & O!RS MAKE X !
,=M (! L9E2 = 9 "S CASES !Y SAY ! ,=M &
T ( : X IS ! ,=M >E ! SAME1 E4G4 ,8TWO0'
&! ,=M ( TWO2 B 9 ! CASE ( ,8L9E0' !Y
SAY ? IS NO L;G] S4
  ,X FOLL[S !N T "! IS "O ,=M = _M ?+S
^: =M IS EVID5TLY DI6]5T 7A 3CLU.N :
3FRONT$ ! ,PY?AGOR1NS AL72 & X IS POSSI#
6MAKE "O ?+ ! ,=M-XF ( ALL1 & 6HOLD T !
O!RS >E N ,=MS2 B ?US ALL ?+S W 2 "O4
  ,WE H PO9T$ \1 !N1 T ! "Q ( DEF9I;NS
3TA9S "S DI6ICULTY1 & :Y ? IS S4 ,& S
6REDUCE ALL ?+S ?US 6,=MS & 6ELIM9ATE !
MATT] IS USE.S LAB\R2 = "S ?+S SURELY >E
A "PICUL> =M 9 A "PICUL> MATT]1 OR
"PICUL> ?+S 9 A "PICUL> /ATE4 ,&!
-P>ISON : ,SOCRATES ! "Y] US$ 6MAKE 9 !
CASE ( ,8ANIMAL0' IS N S.D2 = X L1DS
AWAY F ! TRU?1 & MAKES "O SUPPOSE T MAN
C POSSIBLY EXI/ )\T 8 "PS1 Z ! CIRCLE C
)\T ! BRONZE4 ,B ! CASE IS N SIMIL>2 =
AN ANIMAL IS "S?+ P]CEPTI#1 & X IS N
POSSI# 6DEF9E X )\T REF];E 6MOVE;T-NOR1
"!=E1 )\T REF];E 6! "PS' 2+ 9 A C]TA9
/ATE4 ,= X IS N A H& 9 ANY & E /ATE T IS
A "P ( MAN1 B ONLY :5 X C FULFIL XS "W1
& "!=E ONLY :5 X IS ALIVE2 IF X IS N
ALIVE X IS N A "P4
  ,REG>D+ ! OBJECTS ( MA!MATICS1 :Y >E !
=MULAE (! "PS N "PS (! =MULAE (! :OLES2
E4G4 :Y >E N ! SEMICIRCLES 9CLUD$ 9 !
=MULA (! CIRCLE8 ,X _C 2 SD1 ,82C ^! "PS
>E P]CEPTI# ?+S0'2 = !Y >E N4 ,B P]H ?
MAKES NO DI6];E2 = EV5 "S ?+S : >E N
P]CEPTI# M/ H MATT]2 9DE$ "! IS "S MATT]
9 "EY?+ : IS N AN ESS;E &A B>E =M B A
,8?0'4 ,! SEMICIRCLES1 !N1 W N 2 "PS (!
UNIV]SAL CIRCLE1 B W 2 "PS (! 9DIVIDUAL
CIRCLES1 Z HAS BE5 SD 2F2 = :ILE "O K9D
( MATT] IS P]CEPTI#1 "! IS ANO!R : IS
9TELLIGI#4
  ,X IS CLE> AL T ! S\L IS ! PRIM>Y
SUB/.E &! BODY IS MATT]1 & MAN OR ANIMAL
IS ! -P.D ( BO? TAK5 UNIV]S,Y2 &
,8,SOCRATES0' OR ,8,CORISCUS0'1 IF EV5 !
S\L ( ,SOCRATES MAY 2 CALL$ ,SOCRATES1
HAS TWO M1N+S 7= "S M1N 0S* A T]M ! S\L1
& O!RS M1N ! 3CRETE ?+71 B IF
,8,SOCRATES0' OR ,8,CORISCUS0' M1NS
SIMPLY ? "PICUL> S\L & ? "PICUL> BODY1 !
9DIVIDUAL IS ANALOG\S 6! UNIV]SAL 9 XS
-POSI;N4
  ,:E!R "! IS1 A"P F ! MATT] ( S*
SUB/.ES1 ANO!R K9D ( MATT]1 & "O %D LOOK
= "S SUB/.E O!R ?AN ^!1 E4G4 NUMB]S OR
"S?+ (! SORT1 M/ 2 3SID]$ LAT]4 ,= X IS
=! SAKE ( ? T WE >E TRY+ 6DET]M9E !
NATURE ( P]CEPTI# SUB/.ES Z WELL1 S9CE 9
A S5SE ! 9QUIRY AB P]CEPTI# SUB/.ES IS !
"W ( PHYSICS1 I4E4 ( SECOND PHILOSOPHY2
=! PHYSICI/ M/ -E 6"K N ONLY AB ! MATT]1
B AL AB ! SUB/.E EXPRESS$ 9 ! =MULA1 &
EV5 M ?AN AB ! O!R4 ,& 9 ! CASE (
DEF9I;NS1 H[ ! ELE;TS 9 ! =MULA >E "PS (
! DEF9I;N1 & :Y ! DEF9I;N IS "O =MULA 7=
CLE>LY ! ?+ IS "O1 B 9 VIRTUE ( :AT IS !
?+ "O1 AL? X HAS "PS871-? M/ 2 3SID]$
LAT]4
  ,:AT ! ESS;E IS & 9 :AT S5SE X IS
9DEP5D5T1 HAS BE5 /AT$ UNIV]S,Y 9 A WAY
: IS TRUE ( E CASE1 & AL :Y ! =MULA (!
ESS;E ( "S ?+S 3TA9S ! "PS (! ?+ DEF9$1
:ILE T ( O!RS DOES N4 ,& WE H /AT$ T 9 !
=MULA (! SUB/.E ! MAT]IAL "PS W N 2
PRES5T 7= !Y >E N EV5 "PS (! SUB/.E 9 T
S5SE1 B (! 3CRETE SUB/.E2 B ( ? "! IS 9
A S5SE A =MULA1 & 9 A S5SE "! IS N2 = "!
IS NO =MULA ( X ) XS MATT]1 = ? IS
9DEF9ITE1 B "! IS A =MULA ( X ) REF];E
6XS PRIM>Y SUB/.E-E4G4 9 ! CASE ( MAN !
=MULA (! S\L-1 =! SUB/.E IS ! 9DWELL+
=M1 F : &! MATT] ! S-CALL$ 3CRETE SUB/.E
IS DERIV$2 E4G4 3CAV;Y IS A =M ( ? SORT1
= F ? &! NOSE >ISE ,8SNUB NOSE0' &
,8SNUB;S0'72 B 9 ! 3CRETE SUB/.E1 E4G4 A
SNUB NOSE OR ,CALLIAS1 ! MATT] AL W 2
PRES5T4 ,& WE H /AT$ T ! ESS;E &! ?+ XF
>E 9 "S CASES ! SAME2 IE4 9 ! CASE (
PRIM>Y SUB/.ES1 E4G4 CURVATURE &! ESS;E
( CURVATURE IF ? IS PRIM>Y4 7,0A
,8PRIM>Y0' SUB/.E ,I M1N "O : DOES N
IMPLY ! PRES;E ( "S?+ 9 "S?+ ELSE1 I4E4
9 "S?+ T "ULIES X : ACTS Z MATT]47 ,B
?+S : >E (! NATURE ( MATT]1 OR ( :OLES T
9CLUDE MATT]1 >E N ! SAME Z _! ESS;ES1
NOR >E A3ID5TAL UNITIES L T (
,8,SOCRATES0' & ,8MUSICAL0'2 = ^! >E !
SAME ONLY 0A3ID5T4
                  #AB
  ,N[ LET U TR1T F/ ( DEF9I;N1 9 S F> Z
WE H N TR1T$ ( X 9 ! ,ANALYTICS2 =!
PRO#M /AT$ 9 !M IS USE;L = \R 9QUIRIES
3C]N+ SUB/.E4 ,I M1N ? PRO#M3-":9 C 3SI/
! UN;Y ( T1 ! =MULA ( : WE CALL A
DEF9I;N1 Z = 9/.E1 9 ! CASE ( MAN1
,8TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL0'2 = LET ? 2 ! =MULA
( MAN4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS ? "O1 & N _M1 VIZ4
,8ANIMAL0' & ,8TWO-FOOT$0'8 ,= 9 ! CASE
( ,8MAN0' & ,8PALE0' "! IS A PLURAL;Y :5
"O T]M DOES N 2L;G 6! O!R1 B A UN;Y :5 X
DOES 2L;G &! SUBJECT1 MAN1 HAS A C]TA9
ATTRIBUTE2 = !N A UN;Y IS PRODUC$ & WE H
,8! PALE MAN0'4 ,9 ! PRES5T CASE1 ON !
O!R H&1 "O DOES N %>E 9 ! O!R2 ! G5US IS
N ?"\ 6%>E 9 XS DI6]5TIAE 7= !N ! SAME
?+ WD %>E 9 3TR>IES2 =! DI6]5TIAE 0: !
G5US IS DIVID$ >E 3TR>Y74 ,& EV5 IF !
G5US DOES %>E 9 !M1 ! SAME >GU;T
APPLIES1 S9CE ! DI6]5TIAE PRES5T 9 MAN
>E _M1 E4G4 5D[$ ) FEET1 TWO-FOOT$1
F1!R.S4 ,:Y >E ^! "O & N _M8 ,N 2C !Y >E
PRES5T 9 "O ?+2 = ON ? PR9CIPLE A UN;Y C
2 MADE \ ( ALL ! ATTRIBUTES (A ?+4 ,B
SURELY ALL ! ATTRIBUTES 9 ! DEF9I;N M/ 2
"O2 =! DEF9I;N IS A S+LE =MULA &A =MULA
( SUB/.E1 S T X M/ 2 A =MULA ( "S "O ?+2
= SUB/.E M1NS A ,8"O0' &A ,8?0'1 Z WE
MA9TA94
  ,WE M/ F/ 9QUIRE AB DEF9I;NS R1*$ 0!
ME?OD ( DIVI.NS4 ,"! IS NO?+ 9 ! DEF9I;N
EXCEPT ! F/-"ND &! DI6]5TIAE4 ,! O!R
G5]A >E ! F/ G5US & AL;G ) ? ! DI6]5TIAE
T >E TAK5 ) X1 E4G4 ! F/ MAY 2
,8ANIMAL0'1 ! NEXT ,8ANIMAL : IS TWO-
FOOT$0'1 & AG ,8ANIMAL : IS TWO-FOOT$ &
F1!R.S0'1 & SIMIL>LY IF ! DEF9I;N
9CLUDES M T]MS4 ,& 9 G5]AL X MAKES NO
DI6];E :E!R X 9CLUDES _M OR FEW T]MS1-
NOR1 "!=E1 :E!R X 9CLUDES FEW OR SIMPLY
TWO2 &(! TWO ! "O IS DI6]5TIA &! O!R
G5US2 E4G4 9 ,8TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL0'
,8ANIMAL0' IS G5US1 &! O!R IS DI6]5TIA4
  ,IF !N ! G5US ABSOLUTELY DOES N EXI/
A"P F ! SPECIES-(-A-G5US1 OR IF X EXI/S
B EXI/S Z MATT] 7=! VOICE IS G5US &
MATT]1 B XS DI6]5TIAE MAKE ! SPECIES1
I4E4 ! LRS1 \ ( X71 CLE>LY ! DEF9I;N IS
! =MULA : -PRISES ! DI6]5TIAE4
  ,B X IS AL NEC T ! DIVI.N 2 0!
DI6]5TIA (! DIF]5TIA2 E4G4 ,85D[$ )
FEET0' IS A DI6]5TIA ( ,8ANIMAL0'2 AG !
DI6]5TIA ( ,8ANIMAL 5D[$ ) FEET0' M/ 2 (
X QUA 5D[$ ) FEET4 ,"!=E WE M/ N SAY1 IF
WE >E 6SP1K "RLY1 T ( T : IS 5D[$ ) FEET
"O "P HAS F1!RS & "O IS F1!R.S 7IF WE D
? WE D X "? 9CAPAC;Y72 WE M/ DIVIDE X
ONLY 96CLOV5-FOOT$ & N CLOV52 = ^! >E
DI6]5TIAE 9 ! FOOT2 CLOV5-FOOT$;S IS A
=M ( FOOT$;S4 ,&! PROCESS WANTS ALW 6G
ON S TILL X R1*ES ! SPECIES T 3TA9 NO
DI6];ES4 ,& !N "! W 2 Z _M K9DS ( FOOT Z
"! >E DI6]5TIAE1 &! K9DS ( ANIMALS 5D[$
) FEET W 2 EQUAL 9 NUMB] 6! DI6]5TIAE4
,IF !N ? IS S1 CLE>LY ! LA/ DI6]5TIA W 2
! SUB/.E (! ?+ & XS DEF9I;N1 S9CE X IS N
"R 6/ATE ! SAME ?+S M ?AN ONCE 9 \R
DEF9I;NS2 = X IS SUP]FLU\S4 ,& ? DOES
HAPP52 = :5 WE SAY ,8ANIMAL 5D[$ ) FEET
& TWO-FOOT$0' WE H SD NO?+ O!R ?AN
,8ANIMAL HAV+ FEET1 HAV+ TWO FEET0'2 &
IF WE DIVIDE ? 0! PROP] DIVI.N1 WE % 2
SAY+ ! SAME ?+ M ?AN ONCE-Z _M "TS Z "!
>E DI6]5TIAE4
  ,IF !N A DI6]5TIA (A DI6]5TIA 2 TAK5
AT EA* /EP1 "O DI6]5TIA-! LA/-W 2 ! =M &
! SUB/.E2 B IF WE DIVIDE AC 6A3ID5TAL
QUALITIES1 E4G4 IF WE 7 6DIVIDE T : IS
5D[$ ) FEET 96! :ITE &! BLACK1 "! W 2 Z
_M DI6]5TIAE Z "! >E CUTS4 ,"!=E X IS
PLA9 T ! DEF9I;N IS ! =MULA : 3TA9S !
DI6]5TIAE1 OR1 AC 6! "R ME?OD1 ! LA/ (
^!4 ,? WD 2 EVID5T1 IF WE 7 6*ANGE !
ORD] ( S* DEF9I;NS1 E4G4 ( T ( MAN1 SAY+
,8ANIMAL : IS TWO-FOOT$ & 5D[$ ) FEET0'2
= ,85D[$ ) FEET0' IS SUP]FLU\S :5 ,8TWO-
FOOT$0' HAS BE5 SD4 ,B "! IS NO ORD] 9 !
SUB/.E2 = H[ >E WE 6?9K ! "O ELE;T
PO/]IOR &! O!R PRIOR8 ,REG>D+ !
DEF9I;NS1 !N1 : >E R1*$ 0! ME?OD (
DIVI.NS1 LET ? SU6ICE Z \R F/ ATTEMPT AT
/AT+ _! NATURE4
                  #AC
  ,LET U RETURN 6! SUBJECT ( \R 9QUIRY1
: IS SUB/.E4 ,Z ! SUB/RATUM &! ESS;E &!
-P.D ( ^! >E CALL$ SUB/.E1 S AL IS !
UNIV]SAL4 ,AB TWO ( ^! WE H SPOK52 BO?
AB ! ESS;E & AB ! SUB/RATUM1 ( : WE H SD
T X "ULIES 9 TWO S5SES1 EI 2+ A ,8?'-:
IS ! WAY 9 : AN ANIMAL "ULIES XS
ATTRIBUTES-OR Z ! MATT] "ULIES ! -PLETE
R1L;Y4 ,! UNIV]SAL AL IS ?"\ 0"S 6BE 9 !
FULLE/ S5SE A CAUSE1 &A PR9CIPLE2 "!=E
LET U ATTACK ! 4CUS.N ( ? PO9T AL4 ,= X
SEEMS IMPOSSI# T ANY UNIV]SAL T]M %D 2 !
"N (A SUB/.E4 ,= F/LY ! SUB/.E ( EA* ?+
IS T : IS PECULI> 6X1 : DOES N 2L;G
6ANY?+ ELSE2 B ! UNIV]SAL IS -MON1 S9CE
T IS CALL$ UNIV]SAL : IS S* Z 62L;G 6M
?AN "O ?+4 ,( : 9DIVIDUAL !N W ? 2 !
SUB/.E8 ,EI ( ALL OR ( N"O2 B X _C 2 !
SUB/.E ( ALL4 ,& IF X IS 6BE ! SUB/.E (
"O1 ? "O W 2 ! O!RS AL2 = ?+S ^: SUB/.E
IS "O & ^: ESS;E IS "O >E !MVS AL "O4
  ,FUR!R1 SUB/.E M1NS T : IS N PR$ICA# (
A SUBJECT1 B ! UNIV]SAL IS PR$ICA# ( "S
SUBJECT ALW4
  ,B P]H ! UNIV]SAL1 :ILE X _C 2 SUB/.E
9 ! WAY 9 : ! ESS;E IS S1 C 2 PRES5T 9
?2 E4G4 ,8ANIMAL0' C 2 PRES5T 9 ,8MAN0'
& ,8HORSE0'4 ,!N CLE>LY X IS A =MULA (!
ESS;E4 ,& X MAKES NO DI6];E EV5 IF X IS
N A =MULA ( "EY?+ T IS 9 ! SUB/.E2 = N"O
! LESS ! UNIV]SAL W 2 ! SUB/.E ( "S?+1 Z
,8MAN0' IS ! SUB/.E (! 9DIVIDUAL MAN 9
:OM X IS PRES5T1 S T ! SAME RESULT W
FOLL[ ONCE M2 =! UNIV]SAL1 E4G4
,8ANIMAL0'1 W 2 ! SUB/.E ( T 9 : X IS
PRES5T Z "S?+ PECULI> 6X4 ,& FUR!R X IS
IMPOSSI# & ABSURD T ! ,8?0'1 I4E4 !
SUB/.E1 IF X 3SI/S ( "PS1 %D N 3SI/ (
SUB/.ES NOR ( :AT IS A ,8?0'1 B (
QUAL;Y2 = T : IS N SUB/.E1 I4E4 !
QUAL;Y1 W !N 2 PRIOR 6SUB/.E & 6! ,8?0'4
,: IS IMPOSSI#2 = NEI 9 =MULA NOR 9 "T
NOR 9 -+ 6BE C ! MODIFIC,NS 2 PRIOR 6!
SUB/.E2 = !N !Y W AL 2 SEP>A# F X4
,FUR!R1 ,SOCRATES W 3TA9 A SUB/.E PRES5T
9 A SUB/.E1 S T ? W 2 ! SUB/.E ( TWO
?+S4 ,& 9 G5]AL X FOLL[S1 IF MAN & S*
?+S >E SUB/.E1 T N"O (! ELE;TS 9 _!
=MULAE IS ! SUB/.E ( ANY?+1 NOR DOES X
EXI/ A"P F ! SPECIES OR 9 ANY?+ ELSE2 ,I
M1N1 = 9/.E1 T NO ,8ANIMAL0' EXI/S A"P F
! "PICUL> K9DS ( ANIMAL1 NOR DOES ANY
O!R (! ELE;TS PRES5T 9 =MULAE EXI/ A"P4
  ,IF1 !N1 WE VIEW ! MATT] F ^! /&PO9TS1
X IS PLA9 T NO UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE IS A
SUB/.E1 & ? IS PLA9 AL F ! FACT T NO
-MON PR$ICATE 9DICATES A ,8?0'1 B R A
,8S*0'4 ,IF N1 _M DI6ICULTIES FOLL[ &
ESPECI,Y ! ,8?IRD MAN0'4
  ,! 3CLU.N IS EVID5T AL F ! FOLL[+
3SID],N4 ,A SUB/.E _C 3SI/ ( SUB/.ES
PRES5T 9 X 9 -PLETE R1L;Y2 = ?+S T >E
?US 9 -PLETE R1L;Y TWO >E N"E 9 -PLETE
R1L;Y "O1 ?\< IF !Y >E POT5TI,Y TWO1 !Y
C 2 "O 7E4G4 ! D\# L9E 3SI/S ( TWO
HALVES-POT5TI,Y2 =! -PLETE R1LIZ,N (!
HALVES DIVIDES !M F "O ANO!R72 "!=E IF !
SUB/.E IS "O1 X W N 3SI/ ( SUB/.ES
PRES5T 9 X & PRES5T 9 ? WAY1 :
,DEMOCRITUS DESCRIBES "RLY2 HE SAYS "O
?+ _C 2 MADE \ ( TWO NOR TWO \ ( "O2 =
HE ID5TIFIES SUB/.ES ) 8 9DIVISI#
MAGNITUDES4 ,X IS CLE> "!=E T ! SAME W
HOLD GD ( NUMB]1 IF NUMB] IS A SYN!SIS (
UNITS1 Z IS SD 0"S2 = TWO IS EI N "O1 OR
"! IS NO UNIT PRES5T 9 X 9 -PLETE R1L;Y4
,B \R RESULT 9VOLVES A DI6ICULTY4 ,IF NO
SUB/.E C 3SI/ ( UNIV]SALS 2C A UNIV]SAL
9DICATES A ,8S*0'1 N A ,8?0'1 & IF NO
SUB/.E C 2 -POS$ ( SUB/.ES EXI/+ 9
-PLETE R1L;Y1 E SUB/.E WD 2 9COMPOSITE1
S T "! WD N EV5 2 A =MULA ( ANY SUB/.E4
,B X IS ?"\ 0ALL & 0 /AT$ L;G AGO T X IS
EI ONLY1 OR PRIM>ILY1 SUB/.E T C DEF9$2
YET N[ X SEEMS T N EV5 SUB/.E C4 ,"! _C1
!N1 2 A DEF9I;N ( ANY?+2 OR 9 A S5SE "!
C BE1 & 9 A S5SE "! _C4 ,& :AT WE >E
SAY+ W 2 PLA9] F :AT FOLL[S4

                  #AD
  ,X IS CLE> AL F ^! V FACTS :AT 3SEQU;E
3FRONTS ^? :O SAY ! ,ID1S >E SUB/.ES
CAPA# ( SEP>ATE EXI/;E1 & AT ! SAME "T
MAKE ! ,=M 3SI/ (! G5US &! DI6]5TIAE4 ,=
IF ! ,=MS EXI/ & ,8ANIMAL0' IS PRES5T 9
,8MAN0' & ,8HORSE0'1 X IS EI "O &! SAME
9 NUMB]1 OR DI6]5T4 7,IN =MULA X IS
CLE>LY "O2 = HE :O /ATES ! =MULA W G "?
! =MULA 9 EI CASE47 ,IF !N "! IS A
,8MAN-IN-HMF0' :O IS A ,8?0' & EXI/S
A"P1 ! "PS AL ( : HE 3SI/S1 E4G4
,8ANIMAL0' & ,8TWO-FOOT$0'1 M/ 9DICATE
,8?ISES0'1 & 2 CAPA# ( SEP>ATE EXI/;E1 &
SUB/.ES2 "!=E ,8ANIMAL0'1 Z WELL Z
,8MAN0'1 M/ 2 ( ? SORT4
  ,N[ 7#A7 IF ! ,8ANIMAL0' 9 ,8! HORSE0'
& 9 ,8MAN0' IS "O &! SAME1 Z Y >E ) YRF1
7A7 H[ W ! "O 9 ?+S T EXI/ A"P 2 "O1 &
H[ W ? ,8ANIMAL0' ESCAPE 2+ DIVID$ EV5 F
XF8
  ,FUR!R1 7B7 IF X IS 6%>E 9 ,8TWO-
FOOT$0' & ,8_M-FOOT$0'1 AN IMPOSSI#
3CLU.N FOLL[S2 = 3TR>Y ATTRIBUTES W 2L;G
AT ! SAME "T 6X AL? X IS "O &A ,8?0'4
,IF X IS N 6%>E 9 !M1 :AT IS ! REL,N
IMPLI$ :5 "O SAYS ! ANIMAL IS TWO-FOOT$
OR POSSESS$ ( FEET8 ,B P]H ! TWO ?+S >E
,8PUT TGR0' & >E ,8IN 3TACT0'1 OR >E
,8MIX$0'4 ,YET ALL ^! EXPRES.NS >E
ABSURD4
  ,B 7#B7 SUPPOSE ! ,=M 6BE DI6]5T 9 EA*
SPECIES4 ,!N "! W 2 PRACTIC,Y AN 9F9ITE
NUMB] ( ?+S ^: SUB/.E IS ANIMAL0'2 = X
IS N 0A3ID5T T ,8MAN0' HAS ,8ANIMAL0' =
"O ( XS ELE;TS4 ,FUR!R1 _M ?+S W 2
,8ANIMAL-XF0'4 ,= 7I7 ! ,8ANIMAL0' 9 EA*
SPECIES W 2 ! SUB/.E (! SPECIES2 = X IS
AF NO?+ ELSE T ! SPECIES IS CALL$2 IF X
W]E1 T O!R WD 2 AN ELE;T 9 ,8MAN0'1 I4E4
WD 2 ! G5US ( MAN4 ,& FUR!R1 7;II7 ALL !
ELE;TS ( : ,8MAN0' IS -POS$ W 2 ,ID1S4
,N"O ( !M1 !N1 W 2 ! ,IDEA ( "O ?+ &!
SUB/.E ( ANO!R2 ? IS IMPOSSI#4 ,!
,8ANIMAL0'1 !N1 PRES5T 9 EA* SPECIES (
ANIMALS W 2 ANIMAL-XF4 ,FUR!R1 F :AT IS
? ,8ANIMAL0' 9 EA* SPECIES DERIV$1 & H[
W X 2 DERIV$ F ANIMAL-XF8 ,OR H[ C ?
,8ANIMAL0'1 ^: ESS;E IS SIMPLY ANIMAL;Y1
EXI/ A"P F ANIMAL-XF8
  ,FUR!R1 7#C79 ! CASE ( S5SI# ?+S BO?
^! 3SEQU;ES & O!RS / M ABSURD FOLL[4
,IF1 !N1 ^! 3SEQU;ES >E IMPOSSI#1 CLE>LY
"! >E N ,=MS ( S5SI# ?+S 9 ! S5SE 9 : "S
MA9TA9 _! EXI/;E4
                  #AE
  ,S9CE SUB/.E IS ( TWO K9DS1 ! 3CRETE
?+ &! =MULA 7,I M1N T "O K9D ( SUB/.E IS
! =MULA TAK5 )! MATT]1 :ILE ANO!R K9D IS
! =MULA 9 XS G5]AL;Y71 SUB/.ES 9 ! =M]
S5SE >E CAPA# ( DE/RUC;N 7= !Y >E CAPA#
AL ( G5],N71 B "! IS NO DE/RUC;N (!
=MULA 9 ! S5SE T X IS "E 9 C\RSE ( 2+
DE/ROY$ 7= "! IS NO G5],N ( X EI2 ! 2+ (
H\SE IS N G5]AT$1 B ONLY ! 2+ ( ? H\SE71
B )\T G5],N & DE/RUC;N =MULAE >E & >E N2
= X HAS BE5 %[N T NO "O 2GETS NOR MAKES
^!4 ,= ? R1SON1 AL1 "! IS NEI DEF9I;N (
NOR DEMON/R,N AB S5SI# 9DIVIDUAL
SUB/.ES1 2C !Y H MATT] ^: NATURE IS S* T
!Y >E CAPA# BO? ( 2+ &( N 2+2 = : R1SON
ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL 9/.ES ( !M >E DE/RUCTI#4
,IF !N DEMON/R,N IS ( NEC TRU?S &
DEF9I;N IS A SCI5TIFIC PROCESS1 & IF1 J
Z K _C 2 "S"TS K & "S"TS IGNOR.E1 B !
/ATE : V>IES ?US IS OP9ION1 S TOO
DEMON/R,N & DEF9I;N _C V>Y ?US1 B X IS
OP9ION T D1LS ) T : C 2 O!RWISE ?AN Z X
IS1 CLE>LY "! C NEI 2 DEF9I;N ( NOR
DEMON/R,N AB S5SI# 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= P]I%+
?+S >E OBSCURE 6^? :O H ! RELEVANT K1 :5
!Y H PASS$ F \R P]CEP;N2 & ?\< ! =MULAE
REMA9 9 ! S\L UN*ANG$1 "! W NO L;G] 2 EI
DEF9I;N OR DEMON/R,N4 ,& S :5 "O (!
DEF9I;N-M;G]S DEF9ES ANY 9DIVIDUAL1 HE
M/ RECOGNIZE T 8 DEF9I;N MAY ALW 2
OV]?R[N2 = X IS N POSSI# 6DEF9E S* ?+S4
  ,NOR IS X POSSI# 6DEF9E ANY ,IDEA4 ,=!
,IDEA IS1 Z XS SUPPORT]S SAY1 AN
9DIVIDUAL1 & C EXI/ A"P2 &! =MULA M/
3SI/ ( ^WS2 & HE :O DEF9ES M/ N 9V5T A
^W 7= X WD 2 UN"KN71 B ! E/ABLI%$ ^WS >E
-MON 6ALL ! MEMB]S (A CLASS2 ^! !N M/
APPLY 6"S?+ 2SS ! ?+ DEF9$2 E4G4 IF "O 7
DEF9+ Y1 HE WD SAY ,8AN ANIMAL : IS
L1N0' OR ,8PALE0'1 OR "S?+ ELSE : W
APPLY AL 6"S "O O!R ?AN Y4 ,IF ANY "O 7
6SAY T P]H ALL ! ATTRIBUTES TAK5 A"P MAY
2L;G 6_M SUBJECTS1 B TGR !Y 2L;G ONLY 6?
"O1 WE M/ REPLY F/ T !Y 2L;G AL 6BO? !
ELE;TS2 E4G4 ,8TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL0' 2L;GS
6ANIMAL & 6! TWO-FOOT$4 7,& 9 ! CASE (
ET]NAL 5TITIES ? IS EV5 NEC1 S9CE !
ELE;TS >E PRIOR 6& "PS (! -P.D2 NAY M1
!Y C AL EXI/ A"P1 IF ,8MAN0' C EXI/ A"P4
,= EI NEI OR BO? C4 ,IF1 !N1 NEI C1 !
G5US W N EXI/ A"P F ! V>I\S SPECIES2 B
IF X DOES1 ! DI6]5TIA W AL47 ,SECONDLY1
WE M/ REPLY T ,8ANIMAL0' & ,8TWO-FOOT$0'
>E PRIOR 9 2+ TO ,8TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL0'2 &
?+S : >E PRIOR 6O!RS >E N DE/ROY$ :5 !
O!RS >E4
  ,AG1 IF ! ,ID1S 3SI/ ( ,ID1S 7Z !Y M/1
S9CE ELE;TS >E SIMPL] ?AN ! -P.D71 X W 2
FUR!R NEC T ! ELE;TS AL ( : ! ,IDEA
3SI/S1 E4G4 ,8ANIMAL0' & ,8TWO-FOOT$0'1
%D 2 PR$ICAT$ ( _M SUBJECTS4 ,IF N1 H[ W
!Y -E 6BE "KN8 ,= "! W !N 2 AN ,IDEA :
_C 2 PR$ICAT$ ( M SUBJECTS ?AN "O4 ,B ?
IS N ?"\ POSSI#-E ,IDEA IS ?"\ 6BE CAPA#
( 2+ %>$4
  ,Z HAS BE5 SD1 !N1 ! IMPOSSIBIL;Y (
DEF9+ 9DIVIDUALS ESCAPES NOTICE 9 ! CASE
( ET]NAL ?+S1 ESPECI,Y ^? : >E UNIQUE1 L
! SUN OR ! MOON4 ,= P ]R N ONLY 0A4+
ATTRIBUTES ^: REMOVAL ! SUN WD SURVIVE1
E4G4 ,8GO+ R.D ! E>?0' OR ,8NI<T-HI450'
7= F _! VIEW X FOLL[S T IF X /&S / OR IS
VISI#1 X W NO L;G] 2 ! SUN2 B X IS
/RANGE IF ? IS S2 = ,8! SUN0' M1NS A
C]TA9 SUB/.E72 B AL 0! M5;N ( ATTRIBUTES
: C 2L;G 6ANO!R SUBJECT2 E4G4 IF ANO!R
?+ )! /AT$ ATTRIBUTES -ES 96EXI/;E1
CLE>LY X W 2 A SUN2 ! =MULA "!=E IS
G5]AL4 ,B ! SUN 0 SUPPOS$ 6BE AN
9DIVIDUAL1 L ,CLEON OR ,SOCRATES4 ,AF
ALL1 :Y DOES N "O (! SUPPORT]S (! ,ID1S
PRODUCE A DEF9I;N ( AN ,IDEA8 ,X WD
2COME CLE>1 IF !Y TRI$1 T :AT HAS N[ BE5
SD IS TRUE4
                  #AF
  ,EVID5TLY EV5 (! ?+S T >E ?"\ 6BE
SUB/.ES1 MO/ >E ONLY POT5CIES1-BO? ! "PS
( ANIMALS 7= N"O ( !M EXI/S SEP>ATELY2 &
:5 !Y >E SEP>AT$1 !N TOO !Y EXI/1 ALL (
!M1 M]ELY Z MATT]7 & E>? & FIRE & AIR2 =
N"O ( !M IS A UN;Y1 B Z X 7 A M]E H1P1
TILL !Y >E "W$ UP & "S UN;Y IS MADE \ (
!M4 ,"O MI<T MO/ R1DILY SUPPOSE ! "PS (
LIV+ ?+S &! "PS (! S\L NE>LY RELAT$ 6!M
6TURN \ 6BE BO?1 I4E4 EXI/5T 9 -PLETE
R1L;Y Z WELL Z 9 POT5CY1 2C !Y H S\RCES
( MOVE;T 9 "S?+ 9 _! JO9TS2 = : R1SON "S
ANIMALS LIVE :5 DIVID$4 ,YET ALL ! "PS
M/ EXI/ ONLY POT5TI,Y1 :5 !Y >E "O &
3T9U\S 0NATURE1-N 0=CE OR 0GR[+ 96"O1 =
S* A PH5OM5ON IS AN ABNORMAL;Y4
  ,S9CE ! T]M ,8UN;Y0' IS US$ L ! T]M
,82+0'1 &! SUB/.E ( T : IS "O IS "O1 &
?+S ^: SUB/.E IS NUM]IC,Y "O >E NUM]IC,Y
"O1 EVID5TLY NEI UN;Y NOR 2+ C 2 !
SUB/.E ( ?+S1 J Z 2+ AN ELE;T OR A
PR9CIPLE _C 2 ! SUB/.E1 B WE ASK :AT1
!N1 ! PR9CIPLE IS1 T WE MAY REDUCE ! ?+
6"S?+ M "KA#4 ,N[ ( ^! 3CEPTS ,82+0' &
,8UN;Y0' >E M SUB/ANTIAL ?AN
,8PR9CIPLE0' OR ,8ELE;T0' OR ,8CAUSE0'1
B N EV5 ! =M] >E SUB/.E1 S9CE 9 G5]AL
NO?+ T IS -MON IS SUB/.E2 = SUB/.E DOES
N 2L;G 6ANY?+ B 6XF & 6T : HAS X1 ( : X
IS ! SUB/.E4 ,FUR!R1 T : IS "O _C 2 9 _M
PLACES AT ! SAME "T1 B T : IS -MON IS
PRES5T 9 _M PLACES AT ! SAME "T2 S T
CLE>LY NO UNIV]SAL EXI/S A"P F XS
9DIVIDUALS4
  ,B ^? :O SAY ! ,=MS EXI/1 9 "O RESPECT
>E "R1 9 GIV+ ! ,=MS SEP>ATE EXI/;E1 IF
!Y >E SUB/.ES2 B 9 ANO!R RESPECT !Y >E N
"R1 2C !Y SAY ! "O OV] _M IS A ,=M4 ,!
R1SON = _! DO+ ? IS T !Y _C DCL :AT >E !
SUB/.ES ( ? SORT1 ! IMP]I%A# SUB/.ES :
EXI/ A"P F ! 9DIVIDUAL & S5SI# SUB/.ES4
,!Y MAKE !M1 !N1 ! SAME 9 K9D Z ! P]I%A#
?+S 7= ? K9D ( SUB/.E WE "K7--,8MAN-
HMF0' & ,8HORSE-XF0'1 A4+ 6! S5SI# ?+S !
^W ,8XF0'4 ,YET EV5 IF WE _H N SE5 !
/>S1 N"O ! LESS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 WD !Y H BE5
ET]NAL SUB/.ES A"P F ^? : WE KNEW2 S T
N[ AL IF WE D N "K :AT NON-S5SI# SUB/.ES
"! >E1 YET X IS D\BT.S NEC T "! %D HE
"S4-,CLE>LY1 !N1 NO UNIV]SAL T]M IS ! "N
(A SUB/.E1 & NO SUB/.E IS -POS$ (
SUB/.ES4

                  #AG
  ,LET U /ATE :AT1 I4E4 :AT K9D ( ?+1
SUB/.E %D 2 SD 6BE1 TAK+ ONCE M ANO!R
/>T+-PO9T2 = P]H F ? WE % GET A CLE>
VIEW AL ( T SUB/.E : EXI/S A"P F S5SI#
SUB/.ES4 ,S9CE1 !N1 SUB/.E IS A PR9CIPLE
&A CAUSE1 LET U PURSUE X F ? />T+-PO9T4
,! ,8:Y0' IS ALW S"\ 9 ? =M--,8:Y DOES
"O ?+ ATTA* 6"S O!R80' ,= 69QUIRE :Y !
MUSICAL MAN IS A MUSICAL MAN1 IS EI
69QUIRE--Z WE H SD :Y ! MAN IS MUSICAL1
OR X IS "S?+ ELSE4 ,N[ ,8:Y A ?+ IS XF0'
IS A M1N+.S 9QUIRY 7= 76GIVE M1N+ 6! "Q
,8:Y0'7 ! FACT OR ! EXI/;E (! ?+ M/ ALR
2 EVID5T-E4G4 T ! MOON IS ECLIPS$-B !
FACT T A ?+ IS XF IS ! S+LE R1SON &!
S+LE CAUSE 6BE GIV5 9 ANSW] 6ALL S* "QS
Z :Y ! MAN IS MAN1 OR ! MUSICIAN
MUSICAL0'1 UN.S "O 7 6ANSW] ,82C EA* ?+
IS 9SEP>A# F XF1 & XS 2+ "O J M1NT ?0'2
?1 H["E1 IS -MON 6ALL ?+S & IS A %ORT &
EASY WAY )! "Q74 ,B WE C 9QUIRE :Y MAN
IS AN ANIMAL ( S* & S* A NATURE4 ,?1 !N1
IS PLA91 T WE >E N 9QUIR+ :Y HE :O IS A
MAN IS A MAN4 ,WE >E 9QUIR+1 !N1 :Y "S?+
IS PR$ICA# ( "S?+ 7T X IS PR$ICA# M/ 2
CLE>2 = IF N1 ! 9QUIRY IS AN 9QUIRY
96NO?+74 ,E4G4 :Y DOES X ?"U8 ,? IS !
SAME Z ,8:Y IS S.D PRODUC$ 9 ! CL\DS80'
,?US ! 9QUIRY IS AB ! PR$IC,N ( "O ?+ (
ANO!R4 ,& :Y >E ^! ?+S1 I4E4 BRICKS &
/"OS1 A H\SE8 ,PLA9LY WE >E SEEK+ !
CAUSE4 ,& ? IS ! ESS;E 76SP1K
AB/RACTLY71 : 9 "S CASES IS ! 5D1 E4G4
P]H 9 ! CASE (A H\SE OR A B$1 & 9 "S
CASES IS ! F/ MOV]2 = ? AL IS A CAUSE4
,B :ILE ! E6ICI5T CAUSE IS S"\ 9 ! CASE
( G5ESIS & DE/RUC;N1 ! F9AL CAUSE IS S"\
9 ! CASE ( 2+ AL4
  ,! OBJECT (! 9QUIRY IS MO/ EASILY
OV]LOOK$ ": "O T]M IS N EXPRESSLY
PR$ICAT$ ( ANO!R 7E4G4 :5 WE 9QUIRE
,8:AT MAN IS0'71 2C WE D N 4T+UI% & D N
SAY DEF9ITELY T C]TA9 ELE;TS MAKE UP A
C]TA9 :OLE4 ,B WE M/ >TICULATE \R M1N+
2F WE 2G9 69QUIRE2 IF N1 ! 9QUIRY IS ON
! BORD]-L9E 2T 2+ A SE>* = "S?+ &A SE>*
= NO?+4 ,S9CE WE M/ H ! EXI/;E (! ?+ Z
"S?+ GIV51 CLE>LY ! "Q IS :Y ! MATT] IS
"S DEF9ITE ?+2 E4G4 :Y >E ^! MAT]IALS A
H\SE8 ,2C T : 0 ! ESS;E (A H\SE IS
PRES5T4 ,& :Y IS ? 9DIVIDUAL ?+1 OR ?
BODY HAV+ ? =M1 A MAN8 ,"!=E :AT WE SEEK
IS ! CAUSE1 I4E4 ! =M1 0R1SON ( : !
MATT] IS "S DEF9ITE ?+2 & ? IS ! SUB/.E
(! ?+4 ,EVID5TLY1 !N1 9 ! CASE ( SIMPLE
T]MS NO 9QUIRY NOR T1*+ IS POSSI#2 \R
ATTITUDE T[>DS S* ?+S IS O!R ?AN T (
9QUIRY4
  ,S9CE T : IS -P.D$ \ ( "S?+ S T ! :OLE
IS "O1 N L A H1P B L A SYLLA#-N[ !
SYLLA# IS N XS ELE;TS1 BA IS N ! SAME Z
;B &A1 NOR IS FLE% FIRE & E>? 7= :5 ^!
>E SEP>AT$ ! :OLES1 I4E4 ! FLE% &!
SYLLA#1 NO L;G] EXI/1 B ! ELE;TS (!
SYLLA# EXI/1 & S D FIRE & E>?72 !
SYLLA#1 !N1 IS "S?+-N ONLY XS ELE;TS 7!
V[EL &! 3SONANT7 B AL "S?+ ELSE1 &! FLE%
IS N ONLY FIRE & E>? OR ! HOT &! COLD1 B
AL "S?+ ELSE3-IF1 !N1 T "S?+ M/ XF 2 EI
AN ELE;T OR -POS$ ( ELE;TS1 7#A7 IF X IS
AN ELE;T ! SAME >GU;T W AG APPLY2 = FLE%
W 3SI/ ( ? & FIRE & E>? & "S?+ / FUR!R1
S T ! PROCESS W G ON 69F9;Y4 ,B 7#B7 IF
X IS A -P.D1 CLE>LY X W 2 A -P.D N ( "O
B ( M ?AN "O 7OR ELSE T "O W 2 ! ?+ XF71
S T AG 9 ? CASE WE C USE ! SAME >GU;T Z
9 ! CASE ( FLE% OR (! SYLLA#4 ,B X WD
SEEM T ? ,8O!R0' IS "S?+1 & N AN ELE;T1
& T X IS ! CAUSE : MAKES ? ?+ FLE% & T A
SYLLA#4 ,& SIMIL>LY 9 ALL O!R CASES4 ,&
? IS ! SUB/.E ( EA* ?+ 7= ? IS ! PRIM>Y
CAUSE ( XS 2+72 & S9CE1 :ILE "S ?+S >E N
SUB/.ES1 Z _M Z >E SUB/.ES >E =M$ 9
A3ORD.E )A NATURE ( _! [N & 0A PROCESS (
NATURE1 _! SUB/.E WD SEEM 6BE ? K9D (
,8NATURE0'1 : IS N AN ELE;T B A
PR9CIPLE4 ,AN ELE;T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS T
96: A ?+ IS DIVID$ & : IS PRES5T 9 X Z
MATT]2 E4G4 ;A & ;B >E ! ELE;TS (!
SYLLA#4

