   ,,*APT] ;,X3 ,,ON ,,! ,,IMP]FEC;N
     ,,( ,,! ,,GEOLOGICAL ,,RECORD
  ,9 ! SIX? *APT] ,I ENUM]AT$ ! *IEF
OBJEC;NS : MI<T 2 JU/LY URG$ AG/ ! VIEWS
MA9TA9$ 9 ? VOLUME4 ,MO/ ( !M H N[ BE5
4CUSS$4 ,"O1 "NLY ! 4T9CT;S ( SPECIFIC
=MS1 & _! N 2+ BL5D$ TGR 09NUM]A#
TRANSI;NAL L9KS1 IS A V OBVI\S
DI6ICULTY4 ,I ASSIGN$ R1SONS :Y S* L9KS
D N -MONLY O3UR AT ! PRES5T "D "U !
CIRCUM/.ES APP>5TLY MO/ FAV\RA# = _!
PRES;E1 "NLY1 ON AN EXT5SIVE & 3T9U\S
>EA ) GRADUAT$ PHYSICAL 3DI;NS4 ,I
5D1V\R$ 6%[1 T ! LIFE ( EA* SPECIES
DEP5DS 9 A M IMPORTANT MANN] ON ! PRES;E
( O!R ALR DEF9$ ORGANIC =MS1 ?AN ON
CLIMATE1 &1 "!=E1 T ! RE,Y GOV]N+ 3DI;NS
( LIFE D N GRADUATE AWAY Q 9S5SIBLY L
H1T OR MOI/URE4 ,I 5D1V\R$1 AL1 6%[ T
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES1 F EXI/+ 9 LESS]
NUMB]S ?AN ! =MS : !Y 3NECT1 W G5],Y 2
B1T5 \ & EXT]M9AT$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( FUR!R
MODIFIC,N & IMPROVE;T4 ,! MA9 CAUSE1
H["E1 ( 9NUM]A# 9T]M$IATE L9KS N N[
O3URR+ "EY": "?\T NATURE1 DEP5DS ON ! V
PROCESS ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 "? : NEW
V>IETIES 3T9U,Y TAKE ! PLACES (&
SUPPLANT _! P>5T-=MS4 ,B J 9 PROPOR;N Z
? PROCESS ( EXT]M9,N HAS ACT$ ON AN
ENORM\S SCALE1 S M/ ! NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE
V>IETIES1 : H =M]LY EXI/$1 2 TRULY
ENORM\S4 ,:Y !N IS N E GEOLOGICAL =M,N &
E /RATUM FULL ( S* 9T]M$IATE L9KS8
,GEOLOGY ASSUR$LY DOES N REV1L ANY S*
F9ELY-GRADUAT$ ORGANIC *A92 & ?1 P]H1 IS
! MO/ OBVI\S & S]I\S OBJEC;N : C 2 URG$
AG/ ! !ORY4 ,! EXPLAN,N LIES1 Z ,I
2LIEVE1 9 ! EXTREME IMP]FEC;N (!
GEOLOGICAL RECORD4
  ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 X %D ALW 2 BORNE 9 M9D
:AT SORT ( 9T]M$IATE =MS M/1 ON ! !ORY1
H =M]LY EXI/$4 ,I H F.D X DI6ICULT1 :5
LOOK+ AT ANY TWO SPECIES1 6AVOID PICTUR+
6MYF =MS DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T !M4 ,B ?
IS A :OLLY FALSE VIEW2 WE %D ALW LOOK =
=MS 9T]M$IATE 2T EA* SPECIES &A -MON B
UN"KN PROG5ITOR2 &! PROG5ITOR W G5],Y H
DI6]$ 9 "S RESPECTS F ALL XS MODIFI$
DESC5DANTS4 ,6GIVE A SIMPLE ILLU/R,N3 !
FANTAIL & P\T] PIGEONS >E BO? DESC5D$ F
! ROCK-PIGEON2 IF WE POSSESS$ ALL !
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES : H "E EXI/$1 WE %D H
AN EXTREMELY CLOSE S]IES 2T BO? &! ROCK-
PIGEON2 B WE %D H NO V>IETIES DIRECTLY
9T]M$IATE 2T ! FANTAIL & P\T]2 N"O1 =
9/.E1 -B9+ A TAIL "S:AT EXP&$ )A CROP
"S:AT 5L>G$1 ! "*I/IC F1TURES ( ^! TWO
BRE$S4 ,^! TWO BRE$S1 MOREOV]1 H 2COME S
M* MODIFI$1 T1 IF WE _H NO HI/ORICAL OR
9DIRECT EVID;E REG>D+ _! ORIG91 X WD N H
BE5 POSSI# 6H DET]M9$1 F A M]E -P>ISON (
_! /RUCTURE ) T (! ROCK-PIGEON1 ,C4
LIVIA1 :E!R !Y _H DESC5D$ F ? SPECIES OR
F "S ALLI$ =M1 S* Z ,C4 AENAS4
  ,S1 ) NATURAL SPECIES1 IF WE LOOK 6=MS
V 4T9CT1 = 9/.E 6! HORSE & TAPIR1 WE H
NO R1SON 6SUPPOSE T L9KS DIRECTLY
9T]M$IATE 2T !M "E EXI/$1 B 2T EA* & AN
UN"KN -MON P>5T4 ,! -MON P>5T W H _H 9
XS :OLE ORGANIS,N M* G5]AL RESEMBL.E 6!
TAPIR & 6! HORSE2 B 9 "S PO9TS (
/RUCTURE MAY H DI6]$ 3SID]ABLY F BO?1
EV5 P]H M ?AN !Y DI6] F EA* O!R4 ,H;E1 9
ALL S* CASES1 WE %D 2 UNA# 6RECOGNISE !
P>5T-=M ( ANY TWO OR M SPECIES1 EV5 IF
WE CLOSELY -P>$ ! /RUCTURE (! P>5T ) T (
XS MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS1 UN.S AT ! SAME "T
WE _H A NE>LY P]FECT *A9 (! 9T]M$IATE
L9KS4
  ,X IS J POSSI# 0!ORY1 T "O ( TWO LIV+
=MS MI<T H DESC5D$ F ! O!R2 = 9/.E1 A
HORSE F A TAPIR2 & 9 ? CASE DIRECT
9T]M$IATE L9KS W H EXI/$ 2T !M4 ,B S* A
CASE WD IMPLY T "O =M _H REMA9$ =A V L;G
P]IOD UNALT]$1 :IL/ XS DESC5DANTS _H
"UG"O A VA/ AM.T ( *ANGE2 &! PR9CIPLE (
-PETI;N 2T ORGANISM & ORGANISM1 2T * &
P>5T1 W R5D] ? A V R>E EV5T2 = 9 ALL
CASES ! NEW & IMPROV$ =MS ( LIFE T5D
6SUPPLANT ! OLD & UNIMPROV$ =MS4
  ,0! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N ALL LIV+
SPECIES H BE5 3NECT$ )! P>5T-SPECIES (
EA* G5US1 0DI6];ES N GRT] ?AN WE SEE 2T
! NATURAL & DOME/IC V>IETIES (! SAME
SPECIES AT ! PRES5T "D2 & ^! P>5T-
SPECIES1 N[ G5],Y EXT9CT1 H 9 _! TURN
BE5 SIMIL>LY 3NECT$ ) M ANCI5T =MS2 & S
ON BACKW>DS1 ALW 3V]G+ 6! -MON ANCE/OR (
EA* GRT CLASS4 ,S T ! NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE
& TRANSI;NAL L9KS1 2T ALL LIV+ & EXT9CT
SPECIES1 M/ H BE5 9CONCEIVABLY GRT4 ,B
ASSUR$LY1 IF ? !ORY 2 TRUE1 S* H LIV$ ^U
! E>?4
  ,ON ! ,LAPSE ( ,"T1 Z 9F]R$ F ! RATE (
,DEPOSI;N & EXT5T ( ,DENUD,N
  ,9DEP5D5TLY ( \R N F9D+ FOSSIL REMA9S
( S* 9F9ITELY NUM]\S 3NECT+ L9KS1 X MAY
2 OBJECT$ T "T _C H SU6IC$ = S GRT AN
AM.T ( ORGANIC *ANGE1 ALL *ANGES HAV+
BE5 E6ECT$ SL[LY4 ,X IS H>DLY POSSI# =
ME 6RECALL 6! R1D] :O IS N A PRACTICAL
GEOLOGI/1 ! FACTS L1D+ ! M9D FEEBLY
6-PREH5D ! LAPSE ( "T4 ,HE :O C R1D ,SIR
,*>LES ,LYELL'S GR& "W ON ! ,PR9CIPLES (
,GEOLOGY1 : ! FUTURE HI/ORIAN W
RECOGNISE Z HAV+ PRODUC$ A REVOLU;N 9
NATURAL SCI;E1 & YET DOES N ADMIT H[ VA/
H BE5 ! PA/ P]IODS ( "T1 MAY AT ONCE
CLOSE ? VOLUME4 ,N T X SU6ICES 6/UDY !
,PR9CIPLES ( ,GEOLOGY1 OR 6R1D SPECIAL
TR1TISES 0DI6]5T OBS]V]S ON SEP>ATE
=M,NS1 & 6M>K H[ EA* AU?OR ATTEMPTS1
6GIVE AN 9ADEQUATE IDEA (! DUR,N ( EA*
=M,N1 OR EV5 ( EA* /RATUM4 ,WE C BE/ GA9
"S IDEA ( PA/ "T 0"K+ ! AG5CIES AT "W1 &
LE>N+ H[ DEEPLY ! SURFACE (! L& HAS BE5
DENUD$1 & H[ M* S$I;T HAS BE5 DEPOSIT$4
,Z ,LYELL HAS WELL REM>K$1 ! EXT5T &
?ICK;S ( \R S$I;T>Y =M,NS >E ! RESULT &!
M1SURE (! DENUD,N : ! E>?'S CRU/ HAS
ELSE": "UG"O4 ,"!=E A MAN %D EXAM9E =
HMF ! GRT PILES ( SUP]IMPOS$ /RATA1 &
WAT* ! RIVULETS BR++ D[N MUD1 &! WAVES
WE>+ AWAY ! SEA-CLI6S1 9 ORD] 6-PREH5D
"S?+ AB ! DUR,N ( PA/ "T1 ! MONU;TS ( :
WE SEE ALL >.D U4
  ,X IS GD 6W&] AL;G ! COA/1 :5 =M$ (
MOD]ATELY H>D ROCKS1 & M>K ! PROCESS (
DEGRAD,N4 ,! TIDES 9 MO/ CASES R1* !
CLI6S ONLY =A %ORT "T TWICE A "D1 &!
WAVES EAT 96!M ONLY :5 !Y >E *>G$ ) S&
OR PEB#S2 = "! IS GD EVID;E T PURE WAT]
E6ECTS NO?+ 9 WE>+ AWAY ROCK4 ,AT LA/ !
BASE (! CLIFF IS "UM9$1 HUGE FRAG;TS
FALL D[N1 & ^!1 REMA9+ FIX$1 H 6BE WORN
AWAY ATOM 0ATOM1 UNTIL AF 2+ REDUC$ 9
SIZE !Y C 2 ROLL$ AB 0! WAVES1 & !N !Y
>E M QKLY GR.D 96PEB#S1 S&1 OR MUD4 ,B
H[ (T5 D WE SEE AL;G ! BASES ( RETR1T+
CLI6S R.D$ B\LD]S1 ALL ?ICKLY CLO!D
0M>9E PRODUC;NS1 %[+ H[ LL !Y >E ABRAD$
& H[ SELDOM !Y >E ROLL$ AB6 ,MOREOV]1 IF
WE FOLL[ =A FEW MILES ANY L9E ( ROCKY
CLIFF1 : IS "UGO+ DEGRAD,N1 WE F9D T X
IS ONLY "H & "!1 AL;G A %ORT L5G? OR R.D
A PROMONTORY1 T ! CLI6S >E AT ! PRES5T
"T SU6]+4 ,! APPE>.E (! SURFACE &!
VEGET,N %[ T ELSE": YE>S H ELAPS$ S9CE !
WAT]S WA%$ _! BASE4
  ,WE H1 H["E1 REC5TLY LE>NT F !
OBS]V,NS ( ,RAMSAY1 9 ! VAN ( _M
EXCELL5T OBS]V]S- ( ,JUKES1 ,GEIKIE1
,CROLL1 & O!RS1 T SUBAERIAL DEGRAD,N IS
A M* M IMPORTANT AG5CY ?AN COA/-AC;N1 OR
! P[] (! WAVES4 ,! :OLE SURFACE (! L& IS
EXPOS$ 6! *EMICAL AC;N (! AIR &(! RA9-
WAT] ) XS 4SOLV$ C>BOLIC ACID1 & 9 COLD]
C.TRIES 6FRO/2 ! 49TEGRAT$ MATT] IS
C>RI$ D[N EV5 G5TLE SLOPES DUR+ H1VY
RA91 & 6A GRT] EXT5T ?AN MI<T 2 SUPPOS$1
ESPECI,Y 9 >ID 4TRICTS1 0! W9D2 X IS !N
TRANSPORT$ 0! /R1MS & RIV]S1 : :5 RAPID
DEEP5 _! *ANNELS1 & TRITURATE ! FRAG;TS4
,ON A RA9Y "D1 EV5 9 A G5TLY UNDULAT+
C.TRY1 WE SEE ! E6ECTS ( SUBAERIAL
DEGRAD,N 9 ! MU4Y RILLS : FL[ D[N E
SLOPE4 ,MESSRS4 ,RAMSAY & ,:ITAK] H %[N1
&! OBS]V,N IS A MO/ /RIK+ "O1 T ! GRT
L9ES ( ESC>P;T 9 ! ,W1LD5 4TRICT & ^?
RANG+ ACR ,5GL&1 : =M]LY 7 LOOK$ AT Z
ANCI5T SEA-COA/S1 _C H BE5 ?US =M$1 =
EA* L9E IS -POS$ ( "O &! SAME =M,N1 :IL/
\R SEA-CLI6S >E "EY": =M$ 0! 9T]SEC;N (
V>I\S =M,NS4 ,? 2+ ! CASE1 WE >E -PELL$
6ADMIT T ! ESC>P;TS [E _! ORIG9 9 *IEF
"P 6! ROCKS ( : !Y >E -POS$ HAV+ RESI/$
SUBAERIAL DENUD,N BETT] ?AN ! SURR.D+
SURFACE2 ? SURFACE 3SEQU5TLY HAS BE5
GRADU,Y L[]$1 )! L9ES ( H>D] ROCK LEFT
PROJECT+4 ,NO?+ IMPRESSES ! M9D )! VA/
DUR,N ( "T1 AC 6\R ID1S ( "T1 M =CIBLY
?AN ! 3VIC;N ?US GA9$ T SUBAERIAL
AG5CIES : APP>5TLY H S LL P[]1 & : SEEM
6"W S SL[LY1 H PRODUC$ GRT RESULTS4
  ,:5 ?US IMPRESS$ )! SL[ RATE AT : ! L&
IS WORN AWAY "? SUBAERIAL & LITTORAL
AC;N1 X IS GD1 9 ORD] 6APPRECIATE ! PA/
DUR,N ( "T1 63SID]1 ON ! "O H&1 ! MASSES
( ROCK : H BE5 REMOV$ OV] _M EXT5SIVE
>1S1 & ON ! O!R H& ! ?ICK;S ( \R S$I;T>Y
=M,NS4 ,I REMEMB] HAV+ BE5 M* /RUCK :5
VIEW+ VOLCANIC ISL&S1 : H BE5 WORN 0!
WAVES & P>$ ALL R.D 96P]P5DICUL> CLI6S (
"O OR TWO ?\S& FEET 9 HEI<T2 =! G5TLE
SLOPE (! LAVA-/R1MS1 DUE 6_! =M]LY
LIQUID /ATE1 %[$ AT A GL.E H[ F> ! H>D1
ROCKY B$S _H ONCE EXT5D$ 96! OP5 OC1N4
,! SAME /ORY IS TOLD / M PLA9LY
0FAULTS1- ^? GRT CRACKS AL;G : ! /RATA H
BE5 UPH1V$ ON "O SIDE1 OR ?R[N D[N ON !
O!R1 6! HEI<T OR DEP? ( ?\S&S ( FEET2 =
S9CE ! CRU/ CRACK$1 & X MAKES NO GRT
DI6];E :E!R ! UPH1VAL 0 SU451 OR1 Z MO/
GEOLOGI/S N[ 2LIEVE1 0 SL[ & E6ECT$ 0_M
/>TS1 ! SURFACE (! L& HAS BE5 S -PLETELY
PLAN$ D[N T NO TRACE ( ^! VA/ 4LOC,NS IS
EXT]N,Y VISI#4 ,! ,CRAV5 FAULT1 = 9/.E1
EXT5DS = UPW>DS ( #CJ MILES1 & AL;G ?
L9E ! V]TICAL 4PLACE;T (! /RATA V>IES F
#FJJ 6#CJJJ FEET4 ,PROFESSOR ,RAMSAY HAS
PUBLI%$ AN A3.T (A D[N?R[ 9 ,ANGLESEA (
#BCJJ FEET2 & HE 9=MS ME T HE FULLY
2LIEVES T "! IS "O 9 ,M]IONE?%IRE (
#AB1JJJ FEET2 YET 9 ^! CASES "! IS NO?+
ON ! SURFACE (! L& 6%[ S* PRODIGI\S
MOVE;TS2 ! PILE ( ROCKS ON EI SIDE (!
CRACK HAV+ BE5 SMOO?LY SWEPT AWAY4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ALL "PS (! _W ! PILES
( S$I;T>Y /RATA >E ( WOND];L ?ICK;S4 ,9
! ,CORDILL]A ,I E/IMAT$ "O MASS (
3GLOM]ATE AT T5 ?\S& FEET2 & AL?
3GLOM]ATES H PROBABLY BE5 A3UMULAT$ AT A
QK] RATE ?AN F9] S$I;TS1 YET F 2+ =M$ (
WORN & R.D$ PEB#S1 EA* ( : BE>S ! /AMP (
"T1 !Y >E GD 6%[ H[ SL[LY ! MASS M/ H
BE5 H1P$ TGR4 ,PROFESSOR ,RAMSAY HAS
GIV5 ME ! MAXIMUM ?ICK;S1 F ACTUAL
M1SURE;T 9 MO/ CASES1 (! SU3ESSIVE =M,NS
9 DI6]5T "PS ( ,GRT ,BRITA92 & ? IS !
RESULT3-
  ,PALAEOZOIC /RATA 7N 9CLUD+ IGNE\S
B$S7 #EG1AED FEET
  ,SECOND>Y /RATA #AC1AIJ FEET
  ,T]TI>Y /RATA #B1BDI FEET
  -MAK+ ALT #GB1EHD FEET2 T IS1 V NE>LY
?IRTE5 & ?REE-QU>T]S ,BRITI% MILES4 ,"S
(! =M,NS1 : >E REPRES5T$ 9 ,5GL& 0?9
B$S1 >E ?\S&S ( FEET 9 ?ICK;S ON !
,3T95T4 ,MOREOV]1 2T EA* SU3ESSIVE =M,N1
WE H1 9 ! OP9ION ( MO/ GEOLOGI/S1 BLANK
P]IODS ( ENORM\S L5G?4 ,S T ! L(TY PILE
( S$I;T>Y ROCKS 9 ,BRITA9 GIVES B AN
9ADEQUATE IDEA (! "T : HAS ELAPS$ DUR+
_! A3UMUL,N4 ,! 3SID],N ( ^! V>I\S FACTS
IMPRESSES ! M9D ALM 9 ! SAME MANN] Z
DOES ! VA9 5D1V\R 6GRAPPLE )! IDEA (
ET]N;Y4
  ,N"E!.S ? IMPRES.N IS "PLY FALSE4 ,MR4
,CROLL1 9 AN 9T]E/+ PAP]1 REM>KS T WE D
N ]R 8IN =M+ TOO GRT A 3CEP;N (! L5G? (
GEOLOGICAL P]IODS10 B 9 E/IMAT+ !M
0YE>S4 ,:5 GEOLOGI/S LOOK AT L>GE &
-PLICAT$ PH5OM5A1 & !N AT ! FIGURES
REPRES5T+ S"EAL MILLION YE>S1 ! TWO
PRODUCE A TOT,Y DI6]5T E6ECT ON ! M9D1 &
! FIGURES >E AT ONCE PRON\NC$ TOO SMALL4
,9 REG>D 6SUBAERIAL DENUD,N1 ,MR4 ,CROLL
%[S1 0CALCULAT+ ! "KN AM.T ( S$I;T
ANNU,Y BR"\ D[N 0C]TA9 RIV]S1 RELATIVELY
6_! >1S ( DRA9AGE1 T #AJJJ FEET ( SOLID
ROCK1 Z X 2CAME GRADU,Y 49TEGRAT$1 WD
?US 2 REMOV$ F ! M1N LEVEL (! :OLE >EA 9
! C\RSE ( SIX MILLION YE>S4 ,? SEEMS AN
A/ONI%+ RESULT1 & "S 3SID],NS L1D 6!
SUSPICION T X MAY 2 TOO L>GE1 B EV5 IF
HALV$ OR QU>T]$ X IS / V SURPRIS+4 ,FEW
( U1 H["E1 "K :AT A MILLION RE,Y M1NS3
,MR4 ,CROLL GIVES ! FOLL[+ ILLU/R,N3
TAKE A N>R[ /RIP ( PAP]1 #HC FEET #D
9*ES 9 L5G?1 & /RET* X AL;G ! WALL (A
L>GE HALL2 !N M>K (F AT "O 5D ! T5? ( AN
9*4 ,? T5? ( AN 9* W REPRES5T "O HUNDR$
YE>S1 &! 5TIRE /RIP A MILLION YE>S4 ,B
LET X 2 BORNE 9 M9D1 9 REL,N 6! SUBJECT
( ? "W1 :AT A HUNDR$ YE>S IMPLIES1
REPRES5T$ Z X IS 0A M1SURE UTT]LY
9SIGNIFICANT 9 A HALL (! ABV DIM5.NS4
,S"EAL EM95T BRE$]S1 DUR+ A S+LE LIFE"T1
H S L>GELY MODIFI$ "S (! HI<] ANIMALS :
PROPAGATE _! K9D M* M SL[LY ?AN MO/ (!
L[] ANIMALS1 T !Y H =M$ :AT WELL DES]VES
6BE CALL$ A NEW SUB-BRE$4 ,FEW M5 H
ATT5D$ ) DUE C>E 6ANY "O /RA9 = M ?AN
HALF A C5TURY1 S T A HUNDR$ YE>S
REPRES5TS ! "W ( TWO BRE$]S 9 SU3ES.N4
,X IS N 6BE SUPPOS$ T SPECIES 9 A /ATE (
NATURE "E *ANGE S QKLY Z DOME/IC ANIMALS
"U ! GUID.E ( ME?ODICAL SELEC;N4 ,!
-P>ISON WD 2 9 E WAY FAIR] )! E6ECTS :
FOLL[ F UNCONSCI\S SELEC;N1 T IS !
PRES]V,N (! MO/ USE;L OR B1UTI;L
ANIMALS1 ) NO 9T5;N ( MODIFY+ ! BRE$2 B
0? PROCESS ( UNCONSCI\S SELEC;N1 V>I\S
BRE$S H BE5 S5SIBLY *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE (
TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES4
  ,SPECIES1 H["E1 PROBABLY *ANGE M* M
SL[LY1 & )9 ! SAME C.TRY ONLY A FEW
*ANGE AT ! SAME "T4 ,? SL[;S FOLL[S F
ALL ! 9HABITANTS (! SAME C.TRY 2+ ALR S
WELL ADAPT$ 6EA* O!R1 T NEW PLACES 9 !
POL;Y ( NATURE D N O3UR UNTIL AF L;G
9T]VALS1 DUE 6! O3URR;E ( PHYSICAL
*ANGES ( "S K9D1 OR "? ! IMMIGR,N ( NEW
=MS4 ,MOREOV] V>I,NS OR 9DIVIDUAL
DI6];ES (! "R NATURE1 0: "S (!
9HABITANTS MI<T 2 BETT] FITT$ 6_! NEW
PLACES "U ! ALT]$ CIRCUM/.ES1 WD N ALW
O3UR AT ONCE4 ,UN=TUNATELY WE H NO M1NS
( DET]M9+1 AC 6! /&>DS ( YE>S1 H[ L;G A
P]IOD X TAKES 6MODIFY A SPECIES2 B 6!
SUBJECT ( "T WE M/ RETURN4
  ,ON ! ,POOR;S ( ,PALAEONTOLOGICAL
,COLLEC;NS
  ,N[ LET U TURN 6\R RI*E/ GEOLOGICAL
MUSEUMS1 & :AT A PALTRY 4PLAY WE 2HOLD6
,T \R COLLEC;NS >E IMP]FECT IS ADMITT$
0E "O4 ,! REM>K ( T ADMIRA#
PALAEONTOLOGI/1 ,$W>D ,=BES1 %D N"E 2
=GOTT51 "NLY1 T V _M FOSSIL SPECIES >E
"KN & "ND F S+LE & (T5 BROK5 SPECIM5S1
OR F A FEW SPECIM5S COLLECT$ ON "S "O
SPOT4 ,ONLY A SMALL POR;N (! SURFACE (!
E>? HAS BE5 GEOLOGIC,Y EXPLOR$1 & NO "P
) SU6ICI5T C>E1 Z ! IMPORTANT 4COV]IES
MADE E YE> 9 ,EUROPE PROVE4 ,NO ORGANISM
:OLLY S(T C 2 PRES]V$4 ,%ELLS & B"OS
DECAY & 4APPE> :5 LEFT ON ! BOTTOM (!
SEA1 ": S$I;T IS N A3UMULAT+4 ,WE
PROBABLY TAKE A Q ]RONE\S VIEW1 :5 WE
ASSUME T S$I;T IS 2+ DEPOSIT$ OV] NE>LY
! :OLE B$ (! SEA1 AT A RATE SU6ICI5TLY
QK 6EMB$ & PRES]VE FOSSIL REMA9S4 ,"?\T
AN ENORM\SLY L>GE PROPOR;N (! OC1N1 !
B"R BLUE T9T (! WAT] 2SP1KS XS PUR;Y4 ,!
_M CASES ON RECORD (A =M,N 3=MABLY
COV]$1 AF AN IMM5SE 9T]VAL ( "T1 0ANO!R
& LAT] =M,N1 )\T ! "ULY+ B$ HAV+ SU6]$ 9
! 9T]VAL ANY WE> & TE>1 SEEM EXPLICA#
ONLY ON ! VIEW (! BOTTOM (! SEA N R>ELY
LY+ = AGES 9 AN UNALT]$ 3DI;N4 ,! REMA9S
: D 2COME EMB$D$1 IF 9 S& OR GRAVEL1 W1
:5 ! B$S >E UPRAIS$1 G5],Y 2 4SOLV$ 0!
P]COL,N ( RA9-WAT] *>G$ ) C>BOLIC ACID4
,"S (! _M K9DS ( ANIMALS : LIVE ON ! B1*
2T HI< & L[ WAT] M>K SEEM 6BE R>ELY
PRES]V$4 ,= 9/.E1 ! S"EAL SPECIES (!
,*?AMAL9AE 7A SUB-FAMILY ( SESSILE
CIRRIP$ES7 COAT ! ROCKS ALL OV] ! _W 9
9F9ITE NUMB]S3 !Y >E ALL /RICTLY
LITTORAL1 )! EXCEP;N (A S+LE ,M$IT]RAN1N
SPECIES1 : 9HABITS DEEP WAT]1 & ? HAS
BE5 F.D FOSSIL 9 ,SICILY1 ":AS N "O O!R
SPECIES HAS HI!RTO BE5 F.D 9 ANY T]TI>Y
=M,N3 YET X IS "KN T ! G5US ,*?AMALUS
EXI/$ DUR+ ! ,*ALK P]IOD4 ,LA/LY1 _M GRT
DEPOSITS REQUIR+ A VA/ L5G? ( "T = _!
A3UMUL,N1 >E 5TIRELY DE/ITUTE ( ORGANIC
REMA9S1 )\T \R 2+ A# 6ASSIGN ANY R1SON3
"O (! MO/ /RIK+ 9/.ES IS T (! ,FLYS*
=M,N1 : 3SI/S ( %ALE & S&/"O1 S"EAL
?\S&1 O3A.N,Y EV5 SIX ?\S& FEET 9
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SAME SPECIES O3URS AT ! BOTTOM1 MI4LE1 &
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( =M4
  ,X IS ALL-IMPORTANT 6REMEMB] T
NATURALI/S H NO GOLD5 RULE 0: 64T+UI%
SPECIES & V>IETIES2 !Y GRANT "S LL
V>IABIL;Y 6EA* SPECIES1 B :5 !Y MEET )A
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P]FECT SPECIM5S = EXAM9,N1 TWO =MS C
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