              ,BOOK ,,VII
                   #A
  ,:E!R TWO ?+S >E ,8! SAME0' OR
,8DI6]5T0'1 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL (! M1N+S
ASCRIB$ TO ,8SAME;S' 7& WE SD0' T ,8!
SAME0' APPLIES 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL S5SE 6:AT
IS NUM]IC,Y "O71 MAY 2 EXAM9$ 9 ! LI<T (
_! 9FLEXIONS & COORD9ATES & OPPOSITES4
,= IF JU/ICE 2 ! SAME Z C\RAGE1 !N TOO !
J MAN IS ! SAME Z ! BRAVE MAN1 &
,8JU/LY0' IS ! SAME Z ,8BRAVELY0'4
,LIKEWISE1 TOO1 9 ! CASE ( _! OPPOSITES3
= IF TWO ?+S 2 ! SAME1 _! OPPOSITES AL W
2 ! SAME1 9 ANY (! RECOGNIZ$ =MS (
OPPOSI;N4 ,= X IS ! SAME ?+ 6TAKE !
OPPOSITE (! "O OR T (! O!R1 SEE+ T !Y >E
! SAME4 ,AG X MAY 2 EXAM9$ 9 ! LI<T ( ^?
?+S : T5D 6PRODUCE OR 6DE/ROY ! ?+S 9 "Q
( _! =M,N & DE/RUC;N1 & 9 G5]AL ( ANY ?+
T IS RELAT$ 9 L MANN] 6EA*4 ,= ": ?+S >E
ABSOLUTELY ! SAME1 _! =M,NS & DE/RUC;NS
AL >E ! SAME1 & S >E ! ?+S T T5D
6PRODUCE OR 6DE/ROY !M4 ,LOOK & SEE AL1
9 A CASE ": "O ( TWO ?+S IS SD 6BE "S?+
OR O!R 9 A SUP]LATIVE DEGREE1 IF ! O!R (
^! ALLEG$ ID5TICAL ?+S C AL 2 DESCRIB$
0A SUP]LATIVE 9 ! SAME RESPECT4 ,?US
,X5OCRATES >GUES T ! HAPPY LIFE &! GD
LIFE >E ! SAME1 SEE+ T ( ALL =MS ( LIFE
! GD LIFE IS ! MO/ DESIRA# & S AL IS !
HAPPY LIFE3 = ,8! MO/ DESIRA#0' &!
GRTE/0' APPLY B 6"O ?+40' ,LIKEWISE AL 9
O!R CASES (! K9D4 ,EA*1 H["E1 (! TWO ?+S
T]M$ ,8GRTE/0' OR MO/ DESIRA#0' M/ 2
NUM]IC,Y "O3 O!RWISE NO PRO( W H BE5
GIV5 T !Y >E ! SAME2 = X DOES N FOLL[ 2C
,PELOPONNESIANS & ,S"PANS >E ! BRAVE/ (!
,GREEKS1 T ,PELOPONNESIANS >E ! SAME Z
,S"PANS1 SEE+ T ,8,PELOPONNESIAN0' IS N
ANY "O P]SON NOR YET ,8,S"PAN0'2 X ONLY
FOLL[S T ! "O M/ 2 9CLUD$ "U ! O!R Z
,8,S"PANS0' >E "U ,8,PELOPONNESIANS0'3 =
O!RWISE1 IF ! "O CLASS 2 N 9CLUD$ "U !
O!R1 EA* W 2 BETT] ?AN ! O!R4 ,= !N !
,PELOPONNESIANS >E B.D 6BE BETT] ?AN !
,S"PANS1 SEE+ T ! "O CLASS IS N 9CLUD$
"U ! O!R2 = !Y >E BETT] ?AN ANYBODY
ELSE4 ,LIKEWISE AL ! ,S"PANS M/ P]=CE 2
BETT] ?AN ! ,PELOPONNESIANS2 = !Y TOO >E
BETT] ?AN ANYBODY ELSE2 EA* !N IS BETT]
?AN ! O!R6 ,CLE>LY "!=E :AT IS /YL$
,8BE/0' & ,8GRTE/0' M/ 2 A S+LE ?+1 IF X
IS 6BE PROV$ 6BE ,8! SAME0' Z ANO!R4 ,?
AL IS :Y ,X5OCRATES FAILS 6PROVE 8 CASE3
=! HAPPY LIFE IS N NUM]IC,Y S+LE1 NOR
YET ! GD LIFE1 S T X DOES N FOLL[ T1 2C
!Y >E BO? ! MO/ DESIRA#1 !Y >E "!=E !
SAME1 B ONLY T ! "O FALLS "U ! O!R4
  ,AG1 LOOK & SEE IF1 SUPPOS+ ! "O 6BE !
SAME Z "S?+1 ! O!R AL IS ! SAME Z X3 =
IF !Y 2 N BO? ! SAME Z ! SAME ?+1 CLE>LY
NEI >E !Y ! SAME Z "O ANO!R4
  ,MOREOV]1 EXAM9E !M 9 ! LI<T ( _!
A3ID5TS OR (! ?+S ( : !Y >E A3ID5TS3 =
ANY A3ID5T 2L;G+ 6! "O M/ 2L;G AL 6!
O!R1 & IF ! "O 2L;G 6ANY?+ Z AN A3ID5T1
S M/ ! O!R AL4 ,IF 9 ANY ( ^! RESPECTS
"! IS A 4CREPANCY1 CLE>LY !Y >E N !
SAME4
  ,SEE FUR!R :E!R1 9/1D ( BO? 2+ F.D 9
"O CLASS ( PR$ICATES1 ! "O SIGNIFIES A
QUAL;Y &! O!R A QUANT;Y OR REL,N4 ,AG1
SEE IF ! G5US ( EA* 2 N ! SAME1 ! "O 2+
,8GD0' &! O!R EVIL0'1 OR ! "O 2+
,8VIRTUE0' &! O!R ,8K0'3 OR SEE IF1 ?\<
! G5US IS ! SAME1 ! DI6]5TIAE PREDICT$ (
EI 2 N ! SAME1 ! "O 7E4G47 2+ 4T+UI%$ Z
A ,8SPECULATIVE0' SCI;E1 ! O!R Z A
,8PRACTICAL0' SCI;E4 ,LIKEWISE AL 9 O!R
CASES4
  ,MOREOV]1 F ! PO9T ( VIEW (
,8DEGREES0'1 SEE IF ! "O ADMITS AN
9CR1SE ( DEGREE B N ! O!R1 OR IF ?\< BO?
ADMIT X1 !Y D N ADMIT X AT ! SAME "T2 J
Z X IS N ! CASE T A MAN DESIRES 9T]C\RSE
M 9T5SELY1 ! M 9T5SELY HE IS 9 LOVE1 S T
LOVE &! DESIRE = 9T]C\RSE >E N ! SAME4
  ,MOREOV]1 EXAM9E !M 0M1NS ( AN A4I;N1
& SEE :E!R ! A4I;N ( EA* 6! SAME ?+
FAILS 6MAKE ! SAME :OLE2 OR IF !
SUBTRAC;N (! SAME ?+ F EA* L1VES A
DI6]5T REMA9D]4 ,SUPPOSE 7E4G47 T HE HAS
DCLD ,8D\# A HALF0' 6BE ! SAME Z 'A
MULTIPLE (A HALF0'3 !N1 SUBTRACT+ ! ^WS
'A HALF0' F EA*1 ! REMA9D]S "\ 6H
SIGNIFI$ ! SAME ?+3 B !Y D N2 = ,8D\#0'
& 'A MULTIPLE (0' D N SIGNIFY ! SAME ?+4
  ,9QUIRE AL N ONLY IF "S IMPOSSI#
3SEQU;E RESULTS DIRECTLY F ! /ATE;T
MADE1 T ;,A & ;,B >E ! SAME1 B AL :E!R X
IS POSSI# =A SUPPOSI;N 6BR+ X AB2 Z
HAPP5S 6^? :O ASS]T T ,8EMPTY0' IS !
SAME Z ,8FULL ( AIR0'3 = CLE>LY IF ! AIR
2 EXHAU/$1 ! VESSEL W N 2 LESS B M
EMPTY1 ?\< X W NO L;G] 2 FULL ( AIR4 ,S
T 0A SUPPOSI;N1 : MAY 2 TRUE OR MAY 2
FALSE 7X MAKES NO DI6];E :71 ! "O "* IS
ANNULL$ & N ! O!R1 %[+ T !Y >E N ! SAME4
  ,SP1K+ G5],Y1 "O "\ 6BE ON ! LOOK-\ =
ANY 4CREPANCY ANY": 9 ANY SORT (
PR$ICATE ( EA* T]M1 & 9 ! ?+S ( : !Y >E
PR$ICAT$4 ,= ALL T IS PR$ICAT$ (! "O %D
2 PR$ICAT$ AL (! O!R1 &( :AT"E ! "O IS A
PR$ICATE1 ! O!R %D 2 A PR$ICATE ( X Z
WELL4
  ,MOREOV]1 Z ,8SAME;S0' IS A T]M US$ 9
_M S5SES1 SEE :E!R ?+S T >E ! SAME 9 "O
WAY >E ! SAME AL 9 A DI6]5T WAY4 ,= "!
IS EI NO NECESS;Y OR EV5 NO POSSIBIL;Y T
?+S T >E ! SAME SPECIFIC,Y OR G5]IC,Y %D
2 NUM]IC,Y ! SAME1 & X IS )! "Q :E!R !Y
>E OR >E N ! SAME 9 T S5SE T WE >E
3C]N$4
  ,MOREOV]1 SEE :E!R ! "O C EXI/ )\T !
O!R2 =1 IF S1 !Y CD N 2 ! SAME4
                   #B
  ,S* IS ! NUMB] (! -MONPLACE RULES T
RELATE TO ,8SAME;S0'4 ,X IS CLE> F :AT
HAS BE5 SD T ALL ! DE/RUCTIVE -MONPLACES
RELAT+ 6SAME;S >E USE;L AL 9 "QS (
DEF9I;N1 Z 0 SD 2F30' = IF :AT IS
SIGNIFI$ 0! T]M & 0! EXPRES.N 2 N !
SAME1 CLE>LY ! EXPRES.N R5D]$ CD N 2 A
DEF9I;N4 ,N"O (! 3/RUCTIVE -MONPLACES1
ON ! O!R H&1 HELPS 9 ! MATT] ( DEF9I;N2
= X IS N 5 6%[ ! SAME;S ( 3T5T 2T !
EXPRES.N &! T]M1 9 ORD] 6E/ABLI% T ! =M]
IS A DEF9I;N1 B A DEF9I;N M/ H AL ALL !
O!R "*S ALR ANN\NC$4
                   #C
  ,? !N IS ! WAY1 & ^! ! >GU;TS1 ":BY !
ATTEMPT 6DEMOLI% A DEF9I;N %D ALW 2
MADE4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE DESIRE
6E/ABLI% "O1 ! F/ ?+ 6OBS]VE IS T FEW IF
ANY :O 5GAGE 9 4CUS.N >RIVE AT A DEF9I;N
0R1SON+3 !Y ALW ASSUME "S?+ (! K9D Z _!
/>T+ PO9TS-BO? 9 GEOMETRY & 9 >I?METIC &
! O!R /UDIES ( T K9D4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1
6SAY A3URATELY :AT A DEF9I;N IS1 & H[ X
%D 2 GIV51 2L;GS 6ANO!R 9QUIRY4 ,AT
PRES5T X 3C]NS U ONLY S F> Z IS REQUIR$
= \R PRES5T PURPOSE1 & ACLY WE NE$ ONLY
MAKE ! B>E /ATE;T T 6R1SON 6A ?+'S
DEF9I;N & ESS;E IS Q POSSI#4 ,= IF A
DEF9I;N IS AN EXPRES.N SIGNIFY+ ! ESS;E
(! ?+ &! PR$ICATES 3TA9$ "!9 "\ AL 6BE !
ONLY "OS : >E PR$ICAT$ (! ?+ 9 !
CATEGORY ( ESS;E2 & G5]A & DI6]5TIAE >E
S PR$ICAT$ 9 T CATEGORY3 X IS OBVI\S T
IF "O 7 6GET AN ADMIS.N T S & S >E !
ONLY ATTRIBUTES PR$ICAT$ 9 T CATEGORY1 !
EXPRES.N 3TA9+ S & S WD ( NECESS;Y 2 A
DEF9I;N2 = X IS IMPOSSI# T ANY?+ ELSE %D
2 A DEF9I;N1 SEE+ T "! IS N ANY?+ ELSE
PR$ICAT$ (! ?+ 9 ! CATEGORY ( ESS;E4
  ,T A DEF9I;N MAY ?US 2 R1*$ 0A PROCESS
( R1SON+ IS OBVI\S4 ,! M1NS ":BY X %D 2
E/ABLI%$ H BE5 M PRECISELY DEF9$ ELSE":1
B =! PURPOSES (! 9QUIRY N[ 2F U ! SAME
-MONPLACE RULES S]VE4 ,= WE H 6EXAM9E
96! 3TR>IES & O!R OPPOSITES (! ?+1
SURVEY+ ! EXPRES.NS US$ BO? Z :OLES & 9
DETAIL3 = IF ! OPPOSITE DEF9I;N DEF9ES T
OPPOSITE T]M1 ! DEF9I;N GIV5 M/ (
NECESS;Y 2 T (! T]M 2F U4 ,SEE+1 H["E1 T
3TR>IES MAY 2 3JO9$ 9 M ?AN "O WAY1 WE H
6SELECT F ^? 3TR>IES ! "O ^: 3TR>Y
DEF9I;N SEEMS MO/ OBVI\S4 ,! EXPRES.NS1
!N1 H 6BE EXAM9$ EA* Z A :OLE 9 ! WAY WE
H SD1 & AL 9 DETAIL Z FOLL[S4 ,F/ ( ALL1
SEE T ! G5US R5D]$ IS CORRECTLY R5D]$2 =
IF ! 3TR>Y ?+ 2 F.D 9 ! 3TR>Y G5US 6T
/AT$ 9 ! DEF9I;N1 &! ?+ 2F Y IS N 9 T
SAME G5US1 !N X WD CLE>LY 2 9 ! 3TR>Y
G5US3 = 3TR>IES M/ ( NECESS;Y 2 EI 9 !
SAME G5US OR 9 3TR>Y G5]A4 ,! DI6]5TIAE1
TOO1 T >E PR$ICAT$ ( 3TR>IES WE EXPECT
6BE 3TR>Y1 E4G4 ^? ( :ITE & BLACK1 =! "O
T5DS 6PI]CE ! VI.N1 :ILE ! O!R T5DS
6-PRESS X4 ,S T IF 3TR>Y DI6]5TIAE 6^? 9
! DEF9I;N >E PR$ICAT$ (! 3TR>Y T]M1 !N
^? R5D]$ 9 ! DEF9I;N WD 2 PR$ICAT$ (!
T]M 2F U4 ,SEE+1 !N1 T BO? ! G5US &!
DI6]5TIAE H BE5 "RLY R5D]$1 CLE>LY !
EXPRES.N GIV5 M/ 2 ! "R DEF9I;N4 ,X MI<T
2 REPLI$ T "! IS NO NECESS;Y :Y 3TR>Y
DI6]5TIAE %D 2 PR$ICAT$ ( 3TR>IES1 UN.S
! 3TR>IES 2 F.D )9 ! SAME G5US3 ( ?+S ^:
G5]A >E !MVS 3TR>IES X MAY V WELL 2 T !
SAME DI6]5TIA IS US$ ( BO?1 E4G4 (
JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE2 =! "O IS A VIRTUE &!
O!R A VICE (! S\L3 ,8(! S\L0'1 "!=E1 IS
! DI6]5TIA 9 BO? CASES1 SEE+ T ! BODY Z
WELL HAS XS VIRTUE & VICE4 ,B ? M* AT
L1/ IS TRUE1 T ! DI6]5TIAE ( 3TR>IES >E
EI 3TR>Y OR ELSE ! SAME4 ,IF1 !N1 !
3TR>Y DI6]5TIA 6T GIV5 2 PR$ICAT$ (!
3TR>Y T]M & N (! "O 9 H&1 CLE>LY !
DI6]5TIA /AT$ M/ 2 PR$ICAT$ (! LATT]4
,SP1K+ G5],Y1 SEE+ T ! DEF9I;N 3SI/S (
G5US & DI6]5TIAE1 IF ! DEF9I;N (! 3TR>Y
T]M 2 APP>5T1 ! DEF9I;N (! T]M 2F Y W 2
APP>5T AL3 = S9CE XS 3TR>Y IS F.D EI 9 !
SAME G5US OR 9 ! 3TR>Y G5US1 & LIKEWISE
AL ! DI6]5TIAE PR$ICAT$ ( OPPOSITES >E
EI 3TR>Y TO1 OR ! SAME Z1 EA* O!R1
CLE>LY (! T]M 2F Y "! W 2 PR$ICAT$ EI !
SAME G5US Z ( XS 3TR>Y1 :ILE1 ( XS
DI6]5TIAE1 EI ALL >E 3TR>Y 6^? ( XS
3TR>Y1 OR AT L1/ "S ( !M >E S :ILE ! RE/
REMA9 ! SAME2 OR1 VICE V]SA1 ! DI6]5TIAE
W 2 ! SAME &! G5]A 3TR>Y2 OR BO? G5]A &
DI6]5TIAE W 2 3TR>Y4 ,& T IS ALL2 = T
BO? %D 2 ! SAME IS N POSSI#2 ELSE
3TR>IES W H ! SAME DEF9I;N4
  ,MOREOV]1 LOOK AT X F ! PO9T ( VIEW (
XS 9FLEXIONS & COORD9ATES4 ,= G5]A &
DEF9I;NS >E B.D 6CORRESPOND 9 EI CASE4
,?US IF =GET;L;S 2 ! LOSS ( K1 6=GET IS
6LOSE K1 & 6H =GOTT5 IS 6H LO/ K4 ,IF1
!N1 ANY "O :AT"E ( ^! IS AGRE$ TO1 !
O!RS M/ ( NECESS;Y 2 AGRE$ 6Z WELL4
,LIKEWISE1 AL1 IF DE/RUC;N IS !
DECOMPOSI;N (! ?+'S ESS;E1 !N 6BE
DE/ROY$ IS 6H XS ESS;E DECOMPOS$1 &
,8DE/RUCTIVELY0' M1NS ,8IN S* A WAY Z
6DECOMPOSE XS ESS;E0'2 IF AG
,8DE/RUCTIVE0' M1NS ,8APT 6DECOMPOSE
"S?+'S ESS;E0'1 !N AL ,8DE/RUC;N0' M1NS
,8! DECOMPOSI;N ( XS ESS;E0'4 ,LIKEWISE
AL )! RE/3 AN ADMIS.N ( ANY "O ( !M
:AT"E1 & ALL ! RE/ >E ADMITT$ TOO4
  ,MOREOV]1 LOOK AT X F ! PO9T ( VIEW (
?+S T /& 9 REL,NS T >E L EA* O!R4 ,= IF
,8H1L?Y0' M1NS ,8PRODUCTIVE ( H1L?0'1
,8VIGOR\S0' TOO W M1N ,8PRODUCTIVE (
VIG\R0'1 & ,8USE;L0' W M1N ,8PRODUCTIVE
( GD40' ,= EA* ( ^! ?+S IS RELAT$ 9 L
MANN] 6XS [N PECULI> 5D1 S T IF "O ( !M
IS DEF9$ Z ,8PRODUCTIVE (0' T 5D1 ? W AL
2 ! DEF9I;N ( EA* (! RE/ Z WELL4
  ,MOREOV]1 LOOK AT X F ! PO9T (& L
DEGREES1 9 ALL ! WAYS 9 : X IS POSSI#
6E/ABLI% A RESULT 0-P>+ TWO & TWO TGR4
,?US IF ,A DEF9ES A BETT] ?AN ;,B DEF9ES
& ;,B IS A DEF9I;N ( S TOO IS ;,A (A4
,FUR!R1 IF ;,A'S CLAIM 6DEF9E A IS L
;,B'S 6DEF9E ;,B1 & ;,B DEF9ES ;,B1 !N
,A TOO DEF9ES A4 ,? EXAM9,N F ! PO9T (
VIEW ( GRT] DEGREES IS ( NO USE :5 A
S+LE DEF9I;N IS -P>$ ) TWO ?+S1 OR TWO
DEF9I;NS ) "O ?+2 = "! _C POSSIBLY 2 "O
DEF9I;N ( TWO ?+S OR TWO (! SAME ?+4
                   #D
  ,! MO/ H&Y ( ALL ! -MONPLACE >GU;TS >E
^? J M5;N$ & ^? F CO-ORD9ATES &
9FLEXIONS1 & ^! "!=E >E ^? : X IS MO/
IMPORTANT 6MA/] & 6H R1DY 6H&3 = !Y >E !
MO/ USE;L ON ! GRTE/ NUMB] ( O3A.NS4 ,(!
RE/1 TOO1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E ^? ( MO/
G5]AL APPLIC,N3 = ^! >E ! MO/ E6ECTIVE1
E4G4 T Y %D EXAM9E ! 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 &
!N LOOK 6SEE 9 ! CASE ( _! V>I\S SPECIES
:E!R ! DEF9I;N APPLIES4 ,=! SPECIES IS
SYNONYM\S ) XS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,? SORT (
9QUIRY IS ( S]VICE AG/ ^? :O ASSUME !
EXI/;E ( ,ID1S1 Z HAS BE5 SD 2F40'
,MOREOV] SEE IF A MAN HAS US$ A T]M
METAPHORIC,Y1 OR PR$ICAT$ X ( XF Z ?\< X
7 "S?+ DI6]5T4 ,S TOO IF ANY O!R (!
-MONPLACE RULES IS ( G5]AL APPLIC,N &
E6ECTIVE1 X %D 2 EMPLOY$4
                   #E
  ,T X IS M DI6ICULT 6E/ABLI% ?AN
6OV]?R[ A DEF9I;N1 IS OBVI\S F 3SID],NS
PRES5TLY 6BE URG$4 ,= 6SEE = "OF1 &
6SECURE F ^? :OM "O IS "Q+1 AN ADMIS.N (
PREMISSES ( ? SORT IS NO SIMPLE MATT]1
E4G4 T (! ELE;TS (! DEF9I;N R5D]$ ! "O
IS G5US &! O!R DI6]5TIA1 & T ONLY ! G5US
& DI6]5TIAE >E PR$ICAT$ 9 ! CATEGORY (
ESS;E4 ,YET )\T ^! PREMISSES X IS
IMPOSSI# 6R1SON 6A DEF9I;N2 = IF ANY O!R
?+S Z WELL >E PR$ICAT$ (! ?+ 9 !
CATEGORY ( ESS;E1 "! IS NO TELL+ :E!R !
=MULA /AT$ OR "S O!R "O IS XS DEF9I;N1 =
A DEF9I;N IS AN EXPRES.N 9DICAT+ ! ESS;E
(A ?+4 ,! PO9T IS CLE> AL F ! FOLL[+3 ,X
IS EASI] 6DRAW "O 3CLU.N ?AN _M4 ,N[ 9
DEMOLI%+ A DEF9I;N X IS SU6ICI5T 6>GUE
AG/ "O PO9T ONLY 7= IF WE H OV]?R[N ANY
S+LE PO9T :ATSO"E1 WE % H DEMOLI%$ !
DEF9I;N72 ":AS 9 E/ABLI%+ A DEF9I;N1 "O
IS B.D 6BR+ P 6! VIEW T "EY?+ 3TA9$ 9 !
DEF9I;N IS ATTRIBUTA#4 ,MOREOV]1 9
E/ABLI%+ A CASE1 ! R1SON+ BR"\ =W>D M/ 2
UNIV]SAL3 =! DEF9I;N PUT =W>D M/ 2
PR$ICAT$ ( "EY?+ ( : ! T]M IS PR$ICAT$1
& M/ MOREOV] 2 3V]TI#1 IF ! DEF9I;N
R5D]$ IS 6BE PECULI> 6! SUBJECT4 ,9
OV]?R[+ A VIEW1 ON ! O!R H&1 "! IS NO
L;G] ANY NECESS;Y 6%[ "O'S PO9T
UNIV]S,Y3 = X IS 5 6%[ T ! =MULA IS
UNTRUE ( ANY "O (! ?+S EMBRAC$ "U ! T]M4
  ,FUR!R1 EV5 SUPPOS+ X %D 2 NEC 6OV]?R[
"S?+ 0A UNIV]SAL PROPOSI;N1 N EV5 S IS
"! ANY NE$ 6PROVE ! 3V]SE (! PROPOSI;N 9
! PROCESS ( OV]?R[+ ! DEF9I;N4 ,= M]ELY
6%[ T ! DEF9I;N FAILS 6BE PR$ICAT$ ( E
"O (! ?+S ( : ! T]M IS PR$ICAT$1 IS 5
6OV]?R[ X UNIV]S,Y3 & "! IS NO NE$
6PROVE ! 3V]SE ( ? 9 ORD] 6%[ T ! T]M IS
PR$ICAT$ ( ?+S ( : ! EXPRES.N IS N
PR$ICAT$4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 IF X APPLIES
6"EY?+ EMBRAC$ "U ! T]M1 B N 6X AL"O1 !
DEF9I;N IS "!BY DEMOLI%$4
  ,! CASE /&S LIKEWISE 9 REG>D 6!
PROP]TY & G5US (A T]M AL4 ,= 9 BO? CASES
X IS EASI] 6OV]?R[ ?AN 6E/ABLI%4 ,Z
REG>DS ! PROP]TY ? IS CLE> F :AT HAS BE5
SD3 = Z A RULE ! PROP]TY IS R5D]$ 9 A
-PLEX PHRASE1 S T 6OV]?R[ X1 X IS ONLY
NEC 6DEMOLI% "O (! T]MS US$1 ":AS
6E/ABLI% X IS NEC 6R1SON 6!M ALL4 ,!N1
TOO1 NE>LY ALL ! O!R RULES T APPLY 6!
DEF9I;N W APPLY AL 6! PROP]TY (A ?+4 ,=
9 E/ABLI%+ A PROP]TY "O HAS 6%[ T X IS
TRUE ( "EY?+ 9CLUD$ "U ! T]M 9 "Q1 ":AS
6OV]?R[ "O X IS 5 6%[ 9 A S+LE CASE ONLY
T X FAILS 62L;G3 FUR!R1 EV5 IF X 2L;GS
6"EY?+ FALL+ "U ! T]M1 B N 6T ONLY1 X IS
OV]?R[N 9 ? CASE Z WELL1 Z 0 EXPLA9$ 9 !
CASE (! DEF9I;N4 ,9 REG>D 6! G5US1 X IS
CLE> T Y >E B.D 6E/ABLI% X 9 "O WAY
ONLY1 VIZ4 0%[+ T X 2L;GS 9 E CASE1 :ILE
( OV]?R[+ X "! >E TWO WAYS3 = IF X HAS
BE5 %[N T X 2L;GS EI N"E OR N 9 A C]TA9
CASE1 ! ORIG9AL /ATE;T HAS BE5 DEMOLI%$4
,MOREOV]1 9 E/ABLI%+ A G5US X IS N 5 6%[
T X 2L;GS1 B AL T X 2L;GS Z G5US HAS 6BE
%[N2 ":AS 9 OV]?R[+ X1 X IS 5 6%[ XS
FAILURE 62L;G EI 9 "S "PICUL> CASE OR 9
E CASE4 ,X APPE>S1 9 FACT1 Z ?\<1 J Z 9
O!R ?+S 6DE/ROY IS EASI] ?AN 6CR1TE1 S 9
^! MATT]S TOO 6OV]?R[ IS EASI] ?AN
6E/ABLI%4
  ,9 ! CASE ( AN A3ID5TAL ATTRIBUTE !
UNIV]SAL PROPOSI;N IS EASI] 6OV]?R[ ?AN
6E/ABLI%2 = 6E/ABLI% X1 "O HAS 6%[ T X
2L;GS 9 E CASE1 ":AS 6OV]?R[ X1 X IS 5
6%[ T X DOES N 2L;G 9 "O S+LE CASE4 ,!
"PICUL> PROPOSI;N IS1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 EASI]
6E/ABLI% ?AN 6OV]?R[3 = 6E/ABLI% X1 X IS
5 6%[ T X 2L;GS 9 A "PICUL> 9/.E1 ":AS
6OV]?R[ X1 X HAS 6BE %[N T X N"E 2L;GS
AT ALL4
  ,X IS CLE> AL T ! EASIE/ ?+ ( ALL IS
6OV]?R[ A DEF9I;N4 ,= ON A3.T (! NUMB] (
/ATE;TS 9VOLV$ WE >E PRES5T$ 9 ! DEF9I;N
)! GRTE/ NUMB] ( PO9TS = ATTACK1 &! M
PL5TI;L ! MAT]IAL1 ! QK] AN >GU;T -ES3 =
"! IS M LIKELIHOOD (A MISTAKE O3URR+ 9 A
L>GE ?AN 9 A SMALL NUMB] ( ?+S4
,MOREOV]1 ! O!R RULES TOO MAY 2 US$ Z
M1NS = ATTACK+ A DEF9I;N3 = IF EI !
=MULA 2 N PECULI>1 OR ! G5US R5D]$ 2 !
WR;G "O1 OR "S?+ 9CLUD$ 9 ! =MULA FAIL
62L;G1 ! DEF9I;N IS "!BY DEMOLI%$4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 AG/ ! O!RS WE _C BR+ ALL (!
>GU;TS DRAWN F DEF9I;NS1 NOR YET (! RE/3
= ONLY ^? RELAT+ 6A3ID5TAL ATTRIBUTES
APPLY G5],Y 6ALL ! A=ESD K9DS (
ATTRIBUTE4 ,= :ILE EA* (! A=ESD K9DS (
ATTRIBUTE M/ 2L;G 6! ?+ 9 "Q1 YET ! G5US
MAY V WELL N 2L;G Z A PROP]TY )\T Z YET
2+ "!BY DEMOLI%$4 ,LIKEWISE AL ! PROP]TY
NE$ N 2L;G Z A G5US1 NOR ! A3ID5T Z A
G5US OR PROP]TY1 S L;G Z !Y D 2L;G4 ,S T
X IS IMPOSSI# 6USE "O SET Z A BASIS (
ATTACK ^U ! O!R EXCEPT 9 ! CASE (
DEF9I;N4 ,CLE>LY1 !N1 X IS ! EASIE/ (
ALL ?+S 6DEMOLI% A DEF9I;N1 :ILE
6E/ABLI% "O IS ! H>DE/4 ,= "! "O BO? HAS
6E/ABLI% ALL ^? O!R PO9TS 0R1SON+ 7I4E4
T ! ATTRIBUTES /AT$ 2L;G1 & T ! G5US
R5D]$ IS ! TRUE G5US1 & T ! =MULA IS
PECULI> 6! T]M71 & MOREOV]1 2SS ?1 T !
=MULA 9DICATES ! ESS;E (! ?+2 & ? HAS
6BE D"O CORRECTLY4
  ,(! RE/1 ! PROP]TY IS MO/ NE>LY ( ?
K9D3 = X IS EASI] 6DEMOLI%1 2C Z A RULE
X 3TA9S S"EAL T]MS2 :ILE X IS ! H>DE/
6E/ABLI%1 BO? 2C (! NUMB] ( ?+S T P M/ 2
BR"\ 6A3EPT1 &1 2SS ?1 2C X 2L;GS 6XS
SUBJECT AL"O & IS PR$ICAT$ 3V]TIBLY ) XS
SUBJECT4
  ,! EASIE/ ?+ ( ALL 6E/ABLI% IS AN
A3ID5TAL PR$ICATE3 = 9 O!R CASES "O HAS
6%[ N ONLY T ! PR$ICATE 2L;GS1 B AL T X
2L;GS 9 S* & S* A "PICUL> WAY3 ":AS 9 !
CASE (! A3ID5T X IS 5 6%[ M]ELY T X
2L;GS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN A3ID5TAL
PR$ICATE IS ! H>DE/ ?+ 6OV]?R[1 2C X
AF=DS ! L1/ MAT]IAL3 = 9 /AT+ A3ID5T A
MAN DOES N ADD H[ ! PR$ICATE 2L;GS2 &
ACLY1 :ILE 9 O!R CASES X IS POSSI#
6DEMOLI% :AT IS SD 9 TWO WAYS1 0%[+ EI T
! PR$ICATE DOES N 2L;G1 OR T X DOES N
2L;G 9 ! "PICUL> WAY /AT$1 9 ! CASE ( AN
A3ID5TAL PR$ICATE ! ONLY WAY 6DEMOLI% X
IS 6%[ T X DOES N 2L;G AT ALL4
  ,! -MONPLACE >GU;TS "? : WE % 2 WELL
SUPPLI$ ) L9ES ( >GU;T ) REG>D 6\R S"EAL
PRO#MS H N[ BE5 ENUM]AT$ AT AB SU6ICI5T
L5G?4


