              ,BOOK ,,III
                   #A

  ,9 MAK+ A SPEE* "O M/ /UDY ?REE PO9TS3
F/1 ! M1NS ( PRODUC+ P]SUA.N2 SECOND1 !
/YLE1 OR LANGUAGE1 6BE US$2 ?IRD1 !
PROP] >RANGE;T (! V>I\S "PS (! SPEE*4
,WE H ALR SPECIFI$ ! S\RCES ( P]SUA.N4
,WE H %[N T ^! >E ?REE 9 NUMB]2 :AT !Y
>E2 & :Y "! >E ONLY ^! ?REE3 = WE H %[N
T P]SUA.N M/ 9 E CASE 2 E6ECT$ EI 7#A7
0"W+ ON ! EMO;NS (! JUDGES !MVS1 7#B7
0GIV+ !M ! "R IMPRES.N (! SP1K]S' "*1 OR
7#C7 0PROV+ ! TRU? (! /ATE;TS MADE4
  ,5?YMEMES AL H BE5 DESCRIB$1 &! S\RCES
F : !Y %D 2 DERIV$2 "! 2+ BO? SPECIAL &
G5]AL L9ES ( >GU;T = 5?YMEMES4
  ,\R NEXT SUBJECT W 2 ! /YLE (
EXPRES.N4 ,= X IS N 5 6"K :AT WE "\
6SAY2 WE M/ AL SAY X Z WE "\2 M* HELP IS
?US AF=D$ T[>DS PRODUC+ ! "R IMPRES.N (A
SPEE*4 ,! F/ "Q 6RCV ATT5;N 0 NATUR,Y !
"O T -ES F/ NATUR,Y-H[ P]SUA.N C 2
PRODUC$ F ! FACTS !MVS4 ,! SECOND IS H[
6SET ^! FACTS \ 9 LANGUAGE4 ,A ?IRD WD 2
! PROP] ME?OD ( DELIV]Y2 ? IS A ?+ T
A6ECTS ! SU3ESS (A SPEE* GRTLY2 B HI!RTO
! SUBJECT HAS BE5 NEGLECT$4 ,9DE$1 X 0
L;G 2F X F.D A WAY 96! >TS ( TRAGIC
DRAMA & EPIC RECIT,N3 AT F/ POETS ACT$
_! TRAG$IES !MVS4 ,X IS PLA9 T DELIV]Y
HAS J Z M* 6D ) ORATORY Z ) POETRY4 7,IN
3NEXION ) POETRY1 X HAS BE5 /UDI$
0,GLAUCON ( ,TEOS AM;G O!RS47 ,X IS1
ESS5TI,Y1 A MATT] (! "R MANAGE;T (!
VOICE 6EXPRESS ! V>I\S EMO;NS-( SP1K+
L\DLY1 S(TLY1 OR 2T ! TWO2 ( HI<1 L[1 OR
9T]M$IATE PIT*2 (! V>I\S RHY?MS T SUIT
V>I\S SUBJECTS4 ,^! >E ! ?REE ?+S-VOLUME
( S.D1 MODUL,N ( PIT*1 & RHY?M-T A SP1K]
BE>S 9 M9D4 ,X IS ^? :O D BE> !M 9 M9D
:O USU,Y W9 PRIZES 9 ! DRAMATIC 3TE/S2 &
J Z 9 DRAMA ! ACTORS N[ C.T = M ?AN !
POETS1 S X IS 9 ! 3TE/S ( PUBLIC LIFE1
[+ 6! DEFECTS ( \R POLITICAL 9/ITU;NS4
,NO SY/EMATIC TR1TISE ^U ! RULES (
DELIV]Y HAS YET BE5 -POS$2 9DE$1 EV5 !
/UDY ( LANGUAGE MADE NO PROGRESS TILL
LATE 9 ! "D4 ,2SS1 DELIV]Y IS-V PROP]LY-
N REG>D$ Z AN ELEVAT$ SUBJECT ( 9QUIRY4
,/1 ! :OLE BUSI;S ( RHETORIC 2+ 3C]N$ )
APPE>.ES1 WE M/ PAY ATT5;N 6! SUBJECT (
DELIV]Y1 UNWOR?Y ?\< X IS1 2C WE _C D
)\T X4 ,! "R ?+ 9 SP1K+ RE,Y IS T WE %D
2 SATISFI$ N 6ANNOY \R HE>]S1 )\T TRY+
6DELI<T !M3 WE "\ 9 FAIR;S 6FI<T \R CASE
) NO HELP 2Y ! B>E FACTS3 NO?+1 "!=E1 %D
MATT] EXCEPT ! PRO( ( ^? FACTS4 ,/1 Z
HAS BE5 ALR SD1 O!R ?+S A6ECT ! RESULT
3SID]ABLY1 [+ 6! DEFECTS ( \R HE>]S4 ,!
>TS ( LANGUAGE _C HELP HAV+ A SMALL B
R1L IMPORT.E1 :AT"E X IS WE H 6EXP.D
6O!RS3 ! WAY 9 : A ?+ IS SD DOES A6ECT
XS 9TELLIGIBIL;Y4 ,N1 H["E1 S M*
IMPORT.E Z P ?9K4 ,ALL S* >TS >E FANCI;L
& M1NT 6*>M ! HE>]4 ,NOBODY USES F9E
LANGUAGE :5 T1*+ GEOMETRY4
  ,:5 ! PR9CIPLES ( DELIV]Y H BE5 "W$ \1
!Y W PRODUCE ! SAME E6ECT Z ON ! /AGE4
,B ONLY V SLI<T ATTEMPTS 6D1L ) !M H BE5
MADE & 0A FEW P1 Z 0,?RASYMA*US 9 8
,8,APP1LS 6,P;Y0'4 ,DRAMATIC ABIL;Y IS A
NATURAL GIFT1 & C H>DLY 2 SY/EMATIC,Y
TAU<T4 ,! PR9CIPLES ( GD DIC;N C 2 S
TAU<T1 & "!=E WE H M5 ( ABIL;Y 9 ?
DIREC;N TOO1 :O W9 PRIZES 9 _! TURN1 Z
WELL Z ^? SP1K]S :O EXCEL 9 DELIV]Y-
SPEE*ES (! WRITT5 OR LIT]>Y K9D [E M (
_! E6ECT 6_! DIREC;N ?AN 6_! ?"\4
  ,X 0 NATUR,Y ! POETS :O F/ SET !
MOVE;T GO+2 = ^WS REPRES5T ?+S1 & !Y _H
AL ! HUMAN VOICE AT _! 4POSAL1 : ( ALL
\R ORGANS C BE/ REPRES5T O!R ?+S4 ,?US !
>TS ( RECIT,N & ACT+ 7 =M$1 & O!RS Z
WELL4 ,N[ X 0 2C POETS SEEM$ 6W9 FAME "?
_! F9E LANGUAGE :5 _! ?"\S 7 SIMPLE 5\<1
T ! LANGUAGE ( ORATORICAL PROSE AT F/
TOOK A POETICAL COL\R1 E4G4 T (
,GORGIAS4 ,EV5 N[ MO/ UN$UCAT$ P ?9K T
POETICAL LANGUAGE MAKES ! F9E/ 4C\RSES4
,T IS N TRUE3 ! LANGUAGE ( PROSE IS
4T9CT F T ( POETRY4 ,? IS %[N 0! /ATE (
?+S TO-"D1 :5 EV5 ! LANGUAGE ( TRAG$Y
HAS ALT]$ XS "*4 ,J Z IAMBICS 7 ADOPT$1
9/1D ( TETRAMET]S1 2C !Y >E ! MO/ PROSE-
L ( ALL METRES1 S TRAG$Y HAS GIV5 UP ALL
^? ^WS1 N US$ 9 ORD9>Y TALK1 : DECORAT$
! E>LY DRAMA & >E / US$ 0! WRIT]S (
HEXAMET] POEMS4 ,X IS "!=E RIDICUL\S
6IMITATE A POETICAL MANN] : ! POETS !MVS
H DROPP$2 & X IS N[ PLA9 T WE H N 6TR1T
9 DETAIL ! :OLE "Q ( /YLE1 B MAY 3F9E
\RVS 6T "P ( X : 3C]NS \R PRES5T
SUBJECT1 RHETORIC4 ,! O!R--! POETICAL--
"P ( X HAS BE5 4CUSS$ 9 ! TR1TISE ON !
,>T ( ,POETRY4
  #B
  ,WE MAY1 !N1 />T F ! OBS]V,NS "! MADE1
9CLUD+ ! DEF9I;N ( /YLE4 ,/YLE 6BE GD M/
2 CLE>1 Z IS PROV$ 0! FACT T SPEE* :
FAILS 63VEY A PLA9 M1N+ W FAIL 6D J :AT
SPEE* HAS 6D4 ,X M/ AL 2 APPROPRIATE1
AVOID+ BO? M1N;S & UNDUE ELEV,N2
POETICAL LANGUAGE IS C]TA9LY FREE F
M1N;S1 B X IS N APPROPRIATE 6PROSE4
,CLE>;S IS SECUR$ 0US+ ! ^WS 7N\NS &
V]BS ALIKE7 T >E CURR5T & ORD9>Y4
,FREEDOM F M1N;S1 & POSITIVE ADORN;T
TOO1 >E SECUR$ 0US+ ! O!R ^WS M5;N$ 9 !
,>T ( ,POETRY4 ,S* V>I,N F :AT IS USUAL
MAKES ! LANGUAGE APPE> M /ATELY4 ,P D N
FEEL T[>DS /RANG]S Z !Y D T[>DS _! [N
C.TRYM51 &! SAME ?+ IS TRUE ( _! FEEL+ =
LANGUAGE4 ,X IS "!=E WELL 6GIVE 6"EY"D
SPEE* AN UNFAMILI> AIR3 P L :AT /RIKES
!M1 & >E /RUCK 0:AT IS \ (! WAY4 ,9 V]SE
S* E6ECTS >E -MON1 & "! !Y >E FITT+3 !
P]SONS & ?+S "! SPOK5 ( >E -P>ATIVELY
REMOTE F ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,9 PROSE PASSAGES
!Y >E F> LESS (T5 FITT+ 2C ! SUBJECT-
MATT] IS LESS EXALT$4 ,EV5 9 POETRY1 X
IS N Q APPROPRIATE T F9E LANGUAGE %D 2
US$ 0A SLAVE OR A V "Y MAN1 OR AB V
TRIVIAL SUBJECTS3 EV5 9 POETRY ! /YLE1
6BE APPROPRIATE1 M/ "S"TS 2 TON$ D[N1
?\< AT O!R "TS HEI<T5$4 ,WE C N[ SEE T A
WRIT] M/ 4GUISE 8 >T & GIVE ! IMPRES.N (
SP1K+ NATUR,Y & N >TIFICI,Y4 ,NATURAL;S
IS P]SUASIVE1 >TIFICIAL;Y IS ! 3TR>Y2 =
\R HE>]S >E PREJUDIC$ & ?9K WE H "S
DESIGN AG/ !M1 Z IF WE 7 MIX+ _! W9ES =
!M4 ,X IS L ! DI6];E 2T ! QUAL;Y (
,!ODORUS' VOICE &! VOICES ( ALL O!R
ACTORS3 8 RE,Y SEEMS 6BE T (! "* :O IS
SP1K+1 _!S D N4 ,WE C HIDE \R PURPOSE
SU3ESS;LLY 0TAK+ ! S+LE ^WS ( \R -POSI;N
F ! SPEE* ( ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,? IS D"O 9
POETRY 0,EURIPIDES1 :O 0 ! F/ 6%[ ! WAY
6HIS SU3ESSORS4
  ,LANGUAGE IS -POS$ ( N\NS & V]BS4
,N\NS >E (! V>I\S K9DS 3SID]$ 9 !
TR1TISE ON ,POETRY4 ,/RANGE ^WS1 -P.D
^WS1 & 9V5T$ ^WS M/ 2 US$ SP>+LY & ON
FEW O3A.NS3 ON :AT O3A.NS WE % /ATE
LAT]4 ,! R1SON = ? RE/RIC;N HAS BE5 ALR
9DICAT$3 !Y DE"P F :AT IS SUITA#1 9 !
DIREC;N ( EXCESS4 ,9 ! LANGUAGE ( PROSE1
2SS ! REGUL> & PROP] T]MS = ?+S1
METAPHORICAL T]MS ONLY C 2 US$ )
ADVANTAGE4 ,? WE GA!R F ! FACT T ^! TWO
CLASSES ( T]MS1 ! PROP] OR REGUL> &!
METAPHORICAL-^! & NO O!RS->E US$
0"EYBODY 9 3V]S,N4 ,WE C N[ SEE T A GD
WRIT] C PRODUCE A /YLE T IS 4T+UI%$ )\T
2+ OBTRUSIVE1 & IS AT ! SAME "T CLE>1
?US SATISFY+ \R DEF9I;N ( GD ORATORICAL
PROSE4 ,^WS ( AMBIGU\S M1N+ >E *IEFLY
USE;L 65A# ! SOPHI/ 6MISL1D 8 HE>]S4
,SYNONYMS >E USE;L 6! POET1 0: ,I M1N
^WS ^: ORD9>Y M1N+ IS ! SAME1 E4G4
,8PORHEUES1I0' 7ADVANC+7 & ,8BADIZE9'
7PROCE$+72 ^! TWO >E ORD9>Y ^WS & H !
SAME M1N+4
  ,9 ! ,>T ( ,POETRY1 Z WE H ALR SD1 W 2
F.D DEF9I;NS ( ^! K9DS ( ^WS2 A
CLASSIFIC,N ( ,METAPHORS2 & M5;N (! FACT
T METAPHOR IS ( GRT VALUE BO? 9 POETRY &
9 PROSE4 ,PROSE-WRIT]S M/1 H["E1 PAY
SPECI,Y C>E;L ATT5;N 6METAPHOR1 2C _!
O!R RES\RCES >E SCANTI] ?AN ^? ( POETS4
,METAPHOR1 MOREOV]1 GIVES /YLE CLE>;S1
*>M1 & 4T9C;N Z NO?+ ELSE C3 & X IS N A
?+ ^: USE C 2 TAU<T 0"O MAN 6ANO!R4
,METAPHORS1 L EPI!TS1 M/ 2 FITT+1 : M1NS
T !Y M/ FAIRLY CORRESPOND 6! ?+
SIGNIFI$3 FAIL+ ?1 _! 9APPROPRIATE;S W 2
3SPICU\S3 ! WANT ( H>MONY 2T TWO ?+S IS
EMPHASIZ$ 0_! 2+ PLAC$ SIDE 0SIDE4 ,X IS
L HAV+ 6ASK \RVS :AT DRESS W SUIT AN OLD
MAN2 C]TA9LY N ! CRIMSON CLOAK T SUITS A
"Y MAN4 ,& IF Y WI% 6PAY A -PLI;T1 Y M/
TAKE YR METAPHOR F "S?+ BETT] 9 ! SAME
L9E2 IF 64P>AGE1 F "S?+ WORSE4
,6ILLU/RATE MY M1N+3 S9CE OPPOSITES >E 9
! SAME CLASS1 Y D :AT ,I H SU7E/$ IF Y
SAY T A MAN :O BEGS ,8PRAYS0'1 &A MAN :O
PRAYS ,8BEGS0'2 = PRAY+ & BE7+ >E BO?
V>IETIES ( ASK+4 ,S ,IPHICRATES CALL$
,CALLIAS A ,8M5DICANT PRIE/0' 9/1D (A
,8TOR*-BE>]0'1 & ,CALLIAS REPLI$ T
,IPHICRATES M/ 2 UN9ITIAT$ OR HE WD H
CALL$ HM N A ,8M5DICANT PRIE/0' B A
,8TOR*-BE>]0'4 ,BO? >E RELIGI\S TITLES1
B "O IS HON\RA# &! O!R IS N4 ,AG1 "SBODY
CALLS ACTORS ,8HANG]S-ON ( ,DIONYSUS0'1
B !Y CALL !MVS ,8>TI/S0'3 EA* ( ^! T]MS
IS A METAPHOR1 ! "O 9T5D$ 6?R[ DIRT AT !
ACTOR1 ! O!R 6DIGNIFY HM4 ,& PIRATES N[
CALL !MVS ,8PURVEYORS0'4 ,WE C ?US CALL
A CRIME A MISTAKE1 OR A MISTAKE A CRIME4
,WE C SAY T A ?IEF ,8TOOK0' A ?+1 OR T
HE ,8PL"U$0' 8 VICTIM4 ,AN EXPRES.N L T
( ,EURIPIDES' ,TELEPHUS1

  ,K+ (! O>1 ON ,MYSIA'S COA/ HE L&$1

IS 9APPROPRIATE2 ! ^W ,8K+0' GOES 2Y !
DIGN;Y (! SUBJECT1 & S ! >T IS N 3C1L$4
,A METAPHOR MAY 2 AMISS 2C ! V SYLLA#S (
! ^WS 3VEY+ X FAIL 69DICATE SWEET;S (
VOCAL UTT].E4 ,?US ,DIONYSIUS ! ,BRAZ5 9
8 ELEGIES CALLS POETRY ,8,CALLIOPE'S
SCREE*0'4 ,POETRY & SCREE*+ >E BO?1 6BE
SURE1 VOCAL UTT].ES4 ,B ! METAPHOR IS
BAD1 2C ! S.DS ( ,8SCREE*+0'1 UNLIKE ^?
( POETRY1 >E 4CORDANT & UNM1N+4 ,FUR!R1
9 US+ METAPHORS 6GIVE "NS 6"N.S ?+S1 WE
M/ DRAW !M N F REMOTE B F K9DR$ & SIMIL>
?+S1 S T ! K9%IP IS CLE>LY P]CVD Z SOON
Z ! ^WS >E SD4 ,?US 9 ! CELEBRAT$ RI4LE
  ,I M>K$ H[ A MAN GLU$ BRONZE ) FIRE
6ANO!R MAN'S BODY1
  ! PROCESS IS "N.S2 B BO? X & GLU+ >E A
K9D ( APPLIC,N1 & T IS :Y ! APPLIC,N (!
CUPP+-GLASS IS "H CALL$ A ,8GLU+0'4 ,GD
RI4LES D1 9 G5]AL1 PROVIDE U )
SATISFACTORY METAPHORS3 = METAPHORS
IMPLY RI4LES1 & "!=E A GD RI4LE C FURNI%
A GD METAPHOR4 ,FUR!R1 ! MAT]IALS (
METAPHORS M/ 2 B1UTI;L2 &! B1UTY1 L !
UGLI;S1 ( ALL ^WS MAY1 Z ,LICYMNIUS
SAYS1 LIE 9 _! S.D OR 9 _! M1N+4 ,FUR!R1
"! IS A ?IRD 3SID],N-"O T UPSETS !
FALLACI\S >GU;T (! SOPHI/ ,BRYSON1 T "!
IS NO S* ?+ Z F\L LANGUAGE1 2C 9 :AT"E
^WS Y PUT A GIV5 ?+ YR M1N+ IS ! SAME4
,? IS UNTRUE4 ,"O T]M MAY DESCRIBE A ?+
M TRULY ?AN ANO!R1 MAY 2 M L X1 & SET X
M 9TIMATELY 2F \R EYES4 ,2SS1 TWO DI6]5T
^WS W REPRES5T A ?+ 9 TWO DI6]5T LI<TS2
S ON ? GR.D AL "O T]M M/ 2 HELD FAIR] OR
F\L] ?AN ANO!R4 ,= BO? ( TWO T]MS W
9DICATE :AT IS FAIR1 OR :AT IS F\L1 B N
SIMPLY _! FAIR;S OR _! F\L;S1 OR IF S1
AT ANY RATE N 9 AN EQUAL DEGREE4 ,!
MAT]IALS ( METAPHOR M/ 2 B1UTI;L 6! E>1
6! "U/&+1 6! EYE OR "S O!R PHYSICAL
S5SE4 ,X IS BETT]1 = 9/.E1 6SAY ,8ROSY-
F+]$ MORN0'1 ?AN ,8CRIMSON-F+]$0' OR1
WORSE /1 ,8R$-F+]$ MORN0'4 ,! EPI!TS T
WE APPLY1 TOO1 MAY H A BAD & UGLY
ASPECT1 Z :5 ,ORE/ES IS CALL$ A ,8"M-
SLAY]0'2 OR A BETT] "O1 Z :5 HE IS CALL$
8 ,8"F'S AV5G]0'4 ,SIMONIDES1 :5 !
VICTOR 9 ! MULE-RACE (F]$ HM A SMALL
FEE1 REFUS$ 6WRITE HM AN ODE1 2C1 HE SD1
X 0 S UNPL1SANT 6WRITE ODES 6HALF-ASSES3
B ON RCVG AN ADEQUATE FEE1 HE WROTE

  ,HAIL 6Y1 DAU<T]S ( /ORM-FOOT$ /E$S8

?\< ( C\RSE !Y 7 DAU<T]S ( ASSES TOO4 ,!
SAME E6ECT IS ATTA9$ 0! USE (
DIM9UTIVES1 : MAKE A BAD ?+ LESS BAD &A
GD ?+ LESS GD4 ,TAKE1 = 9/.E1 ! BANT] (
,>I/OPHANES 9 ! ,BABYLONIANS ": HE USES
,8GOLDLET0' = ,8GOLD0'1 ,8CLOAKLET0' =
,8CLOAK0'1 ,8SC(FIET0' = ,8SC(F1 &
,8PLAGUELET0'4 ,B ALIKE 9 US+ EPI!TS & 9
US+ DIM9UTIVES WE M/ 2 W>Y & M/ OBS]VE !
M1N4

                   #C

  ,BAD TA/E 9 LANGUAGE MAY TAKE ANY (
F\R =MS3
  7#A7 ,! MISUSE ( -P.D ^WS4 ,LYCOPHRON1
= 9/.E1 TALKS (! ,8_M VISAG$ H1V50' ABV
! ,8GIANT-CRE/$ E>?0'1 & AG ! ,8/RAIT-
PA!D %ORE0'2 & ,GORGIAS (! ,8PAUP]-POET
FLATT]]0' & ,8OA?-BR1K+ & OV]-OA?-
KEEP+0'4 ,ALCIDAMAS USES S* EXPRES.NS Z
,8! S\L FILL+ ) RAGE & FACE 2COM+ FLAME-
FLU%$0'1 & ,8HE ?"\ _! 5?USIASM WD 2
ISSUE-FRAU<T0' & ,8ISSUE-FRAU<T HE MADE
! P]SUA.N ( 8 ^WS0'1 & ,8SOMBRE-HU$ IS !
FLOOR (! SEA0'4,! WAY ALL ^! ^WS >E
-P.D$ MAKES !M1 WE FEEL1 FIT = V]SE
ONLY4 ,?1 !N1 IS "O =M 9 : BAD TA/E IS
%[N4
  7#B7 ,ANO!R IS ! EMPLOY;T ( /RANGE
^WS4 ,= 9/.E1 ,LYCOPHRON TALKS ( ,8!
PRODIGI\S ,X]XES0' & ,8SPOLIATIVE
,SCIRON0'2 ,ALCIDAMAS ( 'A TOY =
POETRY0' & ,8! WIT.S;S ( NATURE0'1 &
SAYS ,8:ETT$ )! UNMITIGAT$ TEMP] ( 8
_S0'4
  7#C7 ,A ?IRD =M IS ! USE ( L;G1
UNS1SONA#1 OR FREQU5T EPI!TS4 ,X IS
APPROPRIATE 5 =A POET 6TALK ( ,8:ITE
MILK0'1 9 PROSE S* EPI!TS >E "S"TS LACK+
9 APPROPRIATE;S OR1 :5 SPR1D TOO ?ICKLY1
PLA9LY REV1L ! AU?OR TURN+ 8 PROSE
96POETRY4 ,( C\RSE WE M/ USE "S EPI!TS1
S9CE !Y LIFT \R /YLE ABV ! USUAL LEVEL &
GIVE X AN AIR ( 4T9C;N4 ,B WE M/ AIM AT
! DUE M1N1 OR ! RESULT W 2 WORSE ?AN IF
WE TOOK NO TR\# AT ALL2 WE % GET "S?+
ACTU,Y BAD 9/1D ( "S?+ M]ELY N GD4 ,T IS
:Y ! EPI!TS ( ,ALCIDAMAS SEEM S TA/E.S2
HE DOES N USE !M Z ! S1SON+ (! M1T1 B Z
! M1T XF1 S NUM]\S & SWOLL5 & A7RESSIVE
>E !Y4 ,= 9/.E1 HE DOES N SAY ,8SW1T0'1
B ,8! MOI/ SW1T0'2 N ,86! ,IS?MIAN
GAMES0'1 B ,86! _W-3C\RSE (! ,IS?MIAN
GAMES0'2 N ,8LAWS0'1 B ,8! LAWS T >E
MON>*S ( /ATES0'2 N ,8AT A RUN0'1 B
,8HIS HE>T IMPELL+ HM 6SPE$ ( FOOT0'2 N
'A S*OOL (! ,MUSES0'1 B ,8,NATURE'S
S*OOL (! ,MUSES _H HE 9H]IT$0'2 & S
,8FR[N+ C>E ( HE>T0'1 & ,8A*IEV]0' N (
,8POPUL>;Y0' B ( ,8UNIV]SAL POPUL>;Y0'1
& ,84P5S] ( PL1SURE 6HIS AUDI;E0'1 &
,8HE 3C1L$ X0' N ,8) B\<S0' B ,8) B\<S (
! =E/ TREES0'1 & ,8HE CLO!D0' N ,8HIS
BODY0' B ,8HIS BODY'S NAK$;S0'1 & ,8HIS
S\L'S DESIRE 0 C.T] IMITATIVE0' 7?'S AT
"O &! SAME "T A -P.D & AN EPI!T1 S T X
SEEMS A POET'S EF=T71 & ,8S EXTRAVAGANT
! EXCESS ( 8 WICK$;S0'4 ,WE ?US SEE H[ !
9APPROPRIATE;S ( S* POETICAL LANGUAGE
IMPORTS ABSURD;Y & TA/E.S;S 96SPEE*ES1 Z
WELL Z ! OBSCUR;Y T -ES F ALL ? V]BOS;Y-
= :5 ! S5SE IS PLA91 Y ONLY OBSCURE &
SPOIL XS CLE>;S 0PIL+ UP ^WS4 ,! ORD9>Y
USE ( -P.D ^WS IS ": "! IS NO T]M =A ?+
& "S -P.D C 2 EASILY =M$1 L ,8PAS"T0'
7*RONOTRIBE972 B IF ? IS M* D"O1 ! PROSE
"* 4APPE>S 5TIRELY4 ,WE N[ SEE :Y !
LANGUAGE ( -P.DS IS J ! ?+ = WRIT]S (
DI?YRAMBS1 :O LOVE SONOR\S NOISES2
/RANGE ^WS = WRIT]S ( EPIC POETRY1 : IS
A PR\D & /ATELY A6AIR2 & METAPHOR =
IAMBIC V]SE1 ! METRE : 7Z HAS BE5 ALR0'
SD7 IS WIDELY US$ TO-"D4
  7#D7 ,"! REMA9S ! F\R? REGION 9 : BAD
TA/E MAY 2 %[N1 METAPHOR4 ,METAPHORS L
O!R ?+S MAY 2 9APPROPRIATE4 ,"S >E S 2C
!Y >E RIDICUL\S2 !Y >E 9DE$ US$ 0-IC Z
WELL Z TRAGIC POETS4 ,O!RS >E TOO GR& &
!ATRICAL2 & ^!1 IF !Y >E F>-FET*$1 MAY
AL 2 OBSCURE4 ,= 9/.E1 ,GORGIAS TALKS (
,8EV5TS T >E GRE5 & FULL ( SAP0'1 & SAYS
,8F\L 0 ! DE$ Y S[$ & EVIL ! H>VE/ Y
R1P$0'4 ,T IS TOO M* L POETRY4
,ALCIDAMAS1 AG1 CALL$ PHILOSOPHY 'A
=TRESS T ?R1T5S ! P[] ( LAW0'1 &!
,ODYSSEY 'A GDLY LOOK+-GLASS ( HUMAN
LIFE0'10' TALK$ AB ,8(F]+ NO S* TOY
6POETRY0'3 ALL ^! EXPRES.NS FAIL1 =!
R1SONS GIV51 6C>RY ! HE>] ) !M4 ,!
A4RESS ( ,GORGIAS 6! SWALL[1 :5 %E _H
LET H] DROPP+S FALL ON HM Z %E FLEW
OV]H1D1 IS 9 ! BE/ TRAGIC MANN]4 ,HE SD1
,8,NAY1 %AME1 ,O ,PHILOMELA0'4 ,3SID]+
H] Z A BIRD1 Y CD N CALL H] ACT %AME;L2
3SID]+ H] Z A GIRL1 Y CD2 & S X 0 A GD
GIBE 6A4RESS H] Z :AT %E 0 ONCE & N Z
:AT %E IS4

                   #D

  ,! ,SIMILE AL IS A METAPHOR2 ! DI6];E
IS B SLI<T4 ,:5 ! POET SAYS ( ,A*ILLES T
HE

  ,L1PT ON ! FOE Z A LION1

? IS A SIMILE2 :5 HE SAYS ( HM ,8! LION
L1PT0'1 X IS A METAPHOR-"H1 S9CE BO? >E
C\RAGE\S1 HE HAS TRANSF]R$ 6,A*ILLES !
"N ( ,8LION0'4 ,SIMILES >E USE;L 9 PROSE
Z WELL Z 9 V]SE2 B N (T51 S9CE !Y >E (!
NATURE ( POETRY4 ,!Y >E 6BE EMPLOY$ J Z
METAPHORS >E EMPLOY$1 S9CE !Y >E RE,Y !
SAME ?+ EXCEPT =! DI6];E M5;N$4
  ,! FOLL[+ >E EXAMPLES ( SIMILES4
,&RO;N SD ( ,IDRIEUS T HE 0 L A T]RI]
LET (F ! *A91 T FLIES AT Y & BITES Y-
,IDRIEUS TOO 0 SAVAGE N[ T HE 0 LET \ (
8 *A9S4 ,!ODAMAS -P>$ ,>*IDAMUS 6AN
,EUX5US :O CD N D GEOMETRY-A PROPOR;NAL
SIMILE1 IMPLY+ T ,EUX5US IS AN ,>*IDAMUS
:O C D GEOMETRY4 ,9 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC
^? :O /RIP ! D1D >E -P>$ 6CURS : BITE !
/"OS ?R[N AT !M B D N T\* ! ?R[]1 & "!
IS ! SIMILE AB ! ,A!NIAN P1 :O >E -P>$
6A %IP'S CAPTA9 :O IS /R;G B A LL D1F2 &
! "O AB POETS' V]SES1 : >E LIK5$ 6P]SONS
:O LACK B1UTY B POSSESS Y\?;L FRE%;S-:5
! FRE%;S HAS FAD$ ! *>M P]I%ES1 & S )
V]SES :5 BROK5 UP 96PROSE4 ,P]ICLES -P>$
! ,SAMIANS 6*N :O TAKE _! PAP B G ON
CRY+2 &! ,BOEOTIANS 6HOLM-OAKS1 2C !Y 7
RU9+ "O ANO!R 0CIVIL W>S J Z "O OAK
CAUSES ANO!R OAK'S FALL4 ,DEMOS!NES SD T
! ,A!NIAN P 7 L SEA-SICK M5 ON BO>D %IP4
,AG1 ,DEMOS!NES -P>$ ! POLITICAL ORATORS
6NURSES :O SWALL[ ! BIT ( FOOD !MVS & !N
SME> ! *N'S LIPS )! SPITTLE4 ,ANTIS!NES
-P>$ ! L1N ,CEPHISODOTUS 6FRANK9C5SE1 2C
X 0 8 3SUMP;N T GAVE "O PL1SURE4 ,ALL ^!
ID1S MAY 2 EXPRESS$ EI Z SIMILES OR Z
METAPHORS2 ^? : SU3E$ Z METAPHORS W
OBVI\SLY D WELL AL Z SIMILES1 & SIMILES1
)! EXPLAN,N OMITT$1 W APPE> Z METAPHORS4
,B ! PROPOR;NAL METAPHOR M/ ALW APPLY
RECIPROC,Y 6EI ( XS CO-ORD9ATE T]MS4 ,=
9/.E1 IF A DR9K+-B[L IS ! %IELD (
,DIONYSUS1 A %IELD MAY FITT+LY 2 CALL$ !
DR9K+-B[L ( ,>ES4

                   #E

  ,S*1 !N1 >E ! 9GR$I5TS ( : SPEE* IS
-POS$4 ,! F.D,N ( GD /YLE IS CORRECT;S (
LANGUAGE1 : FALLS "U FIVE H1DS4
  7#A7 ,F/1 ! PROP] USE ( 3NECT+ ^WS1 &!
>RANGE;T ( !M 9 ! NATURAL SEQU;E : "S (
!M REQUIRE4 ,= 9/.E1 ! 3NECTIVE ,8M50'
7E4G4 EGO M57 REQUIRES ! CORRELATIVE DE
7E4G4 O DE74 ,! ANSW]+ ^W M/ 2 BR"\ 9 2F
! F/ HAS BE5 =GOTT51 & N 2 WIDELY
SEP>AT$ F X2 NOR1 EXCEPT 9 ! FEW CASES
": ? IS APPROPRIATE1 IS ANO!R 3NECTIVE
6BE 9TRODUC$ 2F ! "O REQUIR$4 ,3SID] !
S5T;E1 ,8,B Z SOON Z HE TOLD ME 7=
,CLEON _H -E BE7+ & PRAY+71 TOOK !M AL;G
& SET \40' ,9 ? S5T;E _M 3NECT+ ^WS >E
9S]T$ 9 FRONT (! "O REQUIR$ 6-PLETE !
S5SE2 & IF "! IS A L;G 9T]VAL 2F ,8SET
\0'1 ! RESULT IS OBSCUR;Y4 ,"O M]IT1 !N1
( GD /YLE LIES 9 ! "R USE ( 3NECT+ ^WS4
  7#B7 ,! SECOND LIES 9 CALL+ ?+S 0_! [N
SPECIAL "NS & N 0VAGUE G5]AL "OS4
  7#C7 ,! ?IRD IS 6AVOID AMBIGUITIES2
UN.S1 9DE$1 Y DEF9ITELY DESIRE 6BE
AMBIGU\S1 Z ^? D :O H NO?+ 6SAY B >E
PRET5D+ 6M1N "S?+4 ,S* P >E APT 6PUT T
SORT ( ?+ 96V]SE4 ,EMP$OCLES1 = 9/.E1
0HIS L;G CIRCUMLOCU;NS IMPOSES ON 8
HE>]S2 ^! >E A6ECT$ 9 ! SAME WAY Z MO/ P
>E :5 !Y LI/5 6DIV9]S1 ^: AMBIGU\S
UTT].ES >E RCVD ) NODS ( ACQUIESC;E-
  ,CROESUS 0CROSS+ ! ,HALYS W RU9 A
MI<TY R1LM4
  ,DIV9]S USE ^! VAGUE G5]ALITIES AB !
MATT] 9 H& 2C _! PREDIC;NS >E ?US1 Z A
RULE1 LESS LIKELY 6BE FALSIFI$4 ,WE >E M
LIKELY 6BE "R1 9 ! GAME ( ,8ODD & EV50'1
IF WE SIMPLY GUESS ,8EV50' OR ,8ODD0'
?AN IF WE GUESS AT ! ACTUAL NUMB]2 &!
ORACLE-M;G] IS M LIKELY 6BE "R IF HE
SIMPLY SAYS T A ?+ W HAPP5 ?AN IF HE
SAYS :5 X W HAPP51 & "!=E HE REFUSES
6ADD A DEF9ITE DATE4 ,ALL ^! AMBIGUITIES
H ! SAME SORT ( E6ECT1 & >E 6BE AVOID$
UN.S WE H "S S* OBJECT Z T M5;N$4
  7#D7 ,A F\R? RULE IS 6OBS]VE
,PROTAGORAS' CLASSIFIC,N ( N\NS 96MALE1
FEMALE1 & 9ANIMATE2 = ^! 4T9C;NS AL M/ 2
CORRECTLY GIV54 ,8,^U H] >RIVAL %E SD H]
SAY & DE"P$ 7;E ;D EL?\SA KAI DIALE*!ISA
O*ETO740'
  7#E7 ,A FIF? RULE IS 6EXPRESS
PLURAL;Y1 FEW;S1 & UN;Y 0! CORRECT ^W+1
E4G4 ,8,HAV+ -E1 !Y /RUCK ME 7OI ;D
EL?ONTES ETUPTON ME740'
  ,X IS A G5]AL RULE T A WRITT5 -POSI;N
%D 2 EASY 6R1D & "!=E EASY 6DELIV]4 ,?
_C 2 S ": "! >E _M 3NECT+ ^WS OR
CLAUSES1 OR ": PUNCTU,N IS H>D1 Z 9 !
WRIT+S ( ,H]ACLEITUS4 ,6PUNCTUATE
,H]ACLEITUS IS NO EASY TASK1 2C WE (T5
_C TELL :E!R A "PICUL> ^W 2L;GS 6:AT
PREC$ES OR :AT FOLL[S X4 ,?US1 AT !
\TSET ( 8 TR1TISE HE SAYS1 ,8,?\< ? TRU?
IS ALW M5 "U/& X N0'1 ": X IS N CLE> ) :
(! TWO CLAUSES ! ^W ,8ALW0' %D 2 JO9$ 0!
PUNCTU,N4 ,FUR!R1 ! FOLL[+ FACT L1DS
6SOLECISM1 VIZ4 T ! S5T;E DOES N "W \
PROP]LY IF Y ANNEX 6TWO T]MS A ?IRD :
DOES N SUIT !M BO?4 ,?US EI ,8S.D0' OR
,8COL\R0' W FAIL 6"W \ PROP]LY ) "S
V]BS3 ,8P]CV0' W APPLY 6BO?1 ,8SEE0' W
N4 ,OBSCUR;Y IS AL CAUS$ IF1 :5 Y 9T5D
69S]T A NUMB] ( DETAILS1 Y D N F/ MAKE
YR M1N+ CLE>2 = 9/.E1 IF Y SAY1 ,8,I
M1NT1 AF TELL+ HM ?1 T &! O!R ?+1 6SET
\0'1 R ?AN "S?+ ( ? K9D ,8,I M1NT 6SET \
AF TELL+ HM2 !N ?1 T1 &! O!R ?+
O3URR$40'

                   #F

  ,! FOLL[+ SU7ES;NS W HELP 6GIVE YR
LANGUAGE IMPRESSIVE;S4
  7#A7 ,DESCRIBE A ?+ 9/1D ( NAM+ X3 D N
SAY ,8CIRCLE0'1 B ,8T SURFACE : EXT5DS
EQU,Y F ! MI4LE E WAY0'4 ,6A*IEVE
3CISE;S1 D ! OPPOSITE-PUT ! "N 9/1D (!
DESCRIP;N4 ,:5 M5;N+ ANY?+ UGLY OR
UNSEEMLY1 USE XS "N IF X IS ! DESCRIP;N
T IS UGLY1 & DESCRIBE X IF X IS ! "N T
IS UGLY4
  7#B7 ,REPRES5T ?+S )! HELP ( METAPHORS
& EPI!TS1 2+ C>E;L 6AVOID POETICAL
E6ECTS4
  7#C7 ,USE PLURAL = S+UL>1 Z 9 POETRY1
": "O F9DS

  ,UNTO HAV5S ,A*AEAN1

?\< ONLY "O HAV5 IS M1NT1 &

  ,"H >E MY LR'S _M-L1V$ FOLDS4

  7#D7 ,D N BRACKET TWO ^WS "U "O
>TICLE1 B PUT "O >TICLE ) EA*2 E4G4 ,8T
WIFE ( \RS40' ,! REV]SE 6SECURE 3CISE;S2
E4G4 ,8\R WIFE40' ,USE PL5TY ( 3NECT+
^WS2 3V]SELY1 6SECURE 3CISE;S1 4P5SE )
3NECTIVES1 :ILE / PRES]V+ 3NEXION2 E4G4
,8HAV+ G"O & SPOK50'1 & ,8HAV+ G"O1 ,I
SPOKE0'1 RESPECTIVELY4
  7#E7 ,&! PRACTICE ( ,ANTIMA*US1 TOO1
IS USE;L-TO DESCRIBE A ?+ 0M5;N+
ATTRIBUTES X DOES N POSSESS2 Z HE DOES 9
TALK+ ( ,TEUMESSUS

  ,"! IS A LL W9D-SWEPT KNOLL '''

,A SUBJECT C 2 DEVELOP$ 9DEF9ITELY AL;G
^! L9ES4 ,Y MAY APPLY ? ME?OD ( TR1T;T
0NEG,N EI 6GD OR 6BAD QUALITIES1 AC 6:
YR SUBJECT REQUIRES4 ,X IS F ? S\RCE T !
POETS DRAW EXPRES.NS S* Z ! ,8/R+.S0' OR
,8LYRE.S0' MELODY1 ?US =M+ EPI!TS \ (
NEG,NS4 ,? DEVICE IS POPUL> 9 PROPOR;NAL
METAPHORS1 Z :5 ! TRUMPET'S NOTE IS
CALL$ 'A LYRE.S MELODY0'4

                   #G

  ,YR LANGUAGE W 2 APPROPRIATE IF X
EXPRESSES EMO;N & "*1 & IF X CORRESPONDS
6XS SUBJECT4 ,8,CORRESPOND;E 6SUBJECT0'
M1NS T WE M/ NEI SP1K CASU,Y AB WEI<TY
MATT]S1 NOR SOLEMNLY AB TRIVIAL "OS2 NOR
M/ WE ADD ORNA;TAL EPI!TS 6-MONPLACE
N\NS1 OR ! E6ECT W 2 -IC1 Z 9 ! "WS (
,CLEOPHON1 :O C USE PHRASES Z ABSURD Z
',O QUE5LY FIG-TREE0'4 ,6EXPRESS EMO;N1
Y W EMPLOY ! LANGUAGE ( ANG] 9 SP1K+ (
\TRAGE2 ! LANGUAGE ( 4GU/ & 4CREET
RELUCT.E 6UTT] A ^W :5 SP1K+ ( IMPIETY
OR F\L;S2 ! LANGUAGE ( EXULT,N =A TALE (
GLORY1 & T ( HUMILI,N =A TALE (& S 9 ALL
O!R CASES4
  ,? APT;S ( LANGUAGE IS "O ?+ T MAKES P
2LIEVE 9 ! TRU? ( YR /ORY3 _! M9DS DRAW
! FALSE 3CLU.N T Y >E 6BE TRU/$ F ! FACT
T O!RS 2HAVE Z Y D :5 ?+S >E Z Y
DESCRIBE !M2 & "!=E !Y TAKE YR /ORY 6BE
TRUE1 :E!R X IS S OR N4 ,2SS1 AN EMO;NAL
SP1K] ALW MAKES 8 AUDI;E FEEL ) HM1 EV5
:5 "! IS NO?+ 9 8 >GU;TS2 : IS :Y _M
SP1K]S TRY 6OV]:ELM _! AUDI;E 0M]E
NOISE4
  ,FUR!RMORE1 ? WAY ( PROV+ YR /ORY
04PLAY+ ^! SIGNS ( XS G5U9E;S EXPRESSES
YR P]SONAL "*4 ,EA* CLASS ( M51 EA* TYPE
( 4POSI;N1 W H XS [N APPROPRIATE WAY (
LETT+ ! TRU? APPE>4 ,"U ,8CLASS0' ,I
9CLUDE DI6];ES ( AGE1 Z BOY1 MAN1 OR OLD
MAN2 ( SEX1 Z MAN OR WOMAN2 ( N,NAL;Y1 Z
,S"PAN OR ,!SSALIAN4 ,BY ,84POSI;NS0' ,I
"H M1N ^? 4POSI;NS ONLY : DET]M9E ! "* (
A MAN'S = X IS N E 4POSI;N T DOES ?4
,IF1 !N1 A SP1K] USES ! V ^WS : >E 9
KEEP+ )A "PICUL> 4POSI;N1 HE W REPRODUCE
! CORRESPOND+ "*2 =A RU/IC & AN $UCAT$
MAN W N SAY ! SAME ?+S NOR SP1K 9 ! SAME
WAY4 ,AG1 "S IMPRES.N IS MADE ^U AN
AUDI;E 0A DEVICE : SPEE*-WRIT]S EMPLOY
6NAUSE\S EXCESS1 :5 !Y SAY ,8,:O DOES N
"K ?80' OR ,8,X IS "KN 6"EYBODY40' ,!
HE>] IS A%AM$ ( 8 IGNOR.E1 & AGREES )!
SP1K]1 S Z 6H A %>E (! K T "EYBODY ELSE
POSSESSES4
  ,ALL ! V>I,NS ( ORATORICAL /YLE >E
CAPA# ( 2+ US$ 9 S1SON OR \ ( S1SON4 ,!
BE/ WAY 6C.T]ACT ANY EXA7],N IS ! WELL-
WORN DEVICE 0: ! SP1K] PUTS 9 "S
CRITICISM ( HMF2 = !N P FEEL X M/ 2 ALL
"R = HM 6TALK ?US1 S9CE HE C]TA9LY "KS
:AT HE IS DO+4 ,FUR!R1 X IS BETT] N 6H
"EY?+ ALW J CORRESPOND+ 6"EY?+ ELSE-YR
HE>]S W SEE "? Y LESS EASILY ?US4 ,I M1N
= 9/.E1 IF YR ^WS >E H>%1 Y %D N EXT5D ?
H>%;S 6YR VOICE & YR C.T5.E & H "EY?+
ELSE 9 KEEP+4 ,IF Y D1 ! >TIFICIAL "* (
EA* DETAIL 2COMES APP>5T2 ":AS IF Y
ADOPT "O DEVICE & N ANO!R1 Y >E US+ >T
ALL ! SAME & YET NOBODY NOTICES X4 7,6BE
SURE1 IF MILD S5TI;TS >E EXPRESS$ 9 H>%
T"OS & H>% S5TI;TS 9 MILD T"OS1 Y 2COME
-P>ATIVELY UNCONV9C+47 ,-P.D ^WS1 FAIRLY
PL5TI;L EPI!TS1 & /RANGE ^WS BE/ SUIT AN
EMO;NAL SPEE*4 ,WE =GIVE AN ANGRY MAN =
TALK+ AB A WR;G Z ,8H1V5-HI<0' OR
,8COLOSSAL0'2 & WE EXCUSE S* LANGUAGE :5
! SP1K] HAS 8 HE>]S ALR 9 8 H&S & HAS
/IRR$ !M DEEPLY EI 0PRAISE OR BLAME OR
ANG] OR A6EC;N1 Z ,ISOCRATES1 = 9/.E1
DOES AT ! 5D ( 8 ,PANEGYRIC1 ) 8 ,8"N &
FAME0' & ,8IN T !Y BROOK$0'4 ,M5 D SP1K
9 ? /RA9 :5 !Y >E DEEPLY /IRR$1 & S1
ONCE ! AUDI;E IS 9 A L /ATE ( FEEL+1
APPROVAL ( C\RSE FOLL[S4 ,? IS :Y S*
LANGUAGE IS FITT+ 9 POETRY1 : IS AN
9SPIR$ ?+4 ,? LANGUAGE1 !N1 %D 2 US$ EI
"U /RESS ( EMO;N1 OR IRONIC,Y1 AF !
MANN] ( ,GORGIAS &(! PASSAGES 9 !
,PHAEDRUS4

                   #H

  ,! =M (A PROSE -POSI;N %D 2 NEI
METRICAL NOR DE/ITUTE ( RHY?M4 ,!
METRICAL =M DE/ROYS ! HE>]'S TRU/ 0XS
>TIFICIAL APPE>.E1 & AT ! SAME "T X
DIV]TS 8 ATT5;N1 MAK+ HM WAT* = METRICAL
RECURR;ES1 J Z *N CAT* UP ! H]ALD'S "Q1
,8,:OM DOES ! FRE$MAN *OOSE Z 8
ADVOCATE80'1 )! ANSW] ,8,CLEON60' ,ON !
O!R H&1 UNRHY?MICAL LANGUAGE IS TOO
UNLIMIT$2 WE D N WANT ! LIMIT,NS (
METRE1 B "S LIMIT,N WE M/ H1 OR ! E6ECT
W 2 VAGUE & UNSATISFACTORY4 ,N[ X IS
NUMB] T LIMITS ALL ?+S2 & X IS !
NUM]ICAL LIMIT,N (! =MS (A -POSI;N T
3/ITUTES RHY?M1 ( : METRES >E DEF9ITE
SEC;NS4 ,PROSE1 !N1 IS 6BE RHY?MICAL1 B
N METRICAL1 OR X W 2COME N PROSE B V]SE4
,X %D N EV5 H TOO PRECISE A PROSE RHY?M1
& "!=E %D ONLY 2 RHY?MICAL 6A C]TA9
EXT5T4
  ,(! V>I\S RHY?MS1 ! H]OIC HAS DIGN;Y1
B LACKS ! T"OS (! SPOK5 LANGUAGE4 ,!
IAMBIC IS ! V LANGUAGE ( ORD9>Y P1 S T 9
-MON TALK IAMBIC L9ES O3UR (T5] ?AN ANY
O!RS3 B 9 A SPEE* WE NE$ DIGN;Y &! P[] (
TAK+ ! HE>] \ ( 8 ORD9>Y SELF4 ,! TRO*EE
IS TOO M* AK9 6WILD DANC+3 WE C SEE ? 9
TETRAMET] V]SE1 : IS "O (! TRO*AIC
RHY?MS4
  ,"! REMA9S ! PAEAN1 : SP1K]S 2GAN 6USE
9 ! "T ( ,?RASYMA*US1 ?\< !Y _H !N NO "N
6GIVE X4 ,! PAEAN IS A ?IRD CLASS (
RHY?M1 CLOSELY AK9 6BO? ! TWO ALR M5;N$2
X HAS 9 X ! RATIO ( ?REE 6TWO1 ":AS !
O!R TWO K9DS H ! RATIO ( "O 6"O1 & TWO
6"O RESPECTIVELY4 ,2T ! TWO LA/ RATIOS
-ES ! RATIO ( "O-&-A-HALF 6"O1 : IS T (!
PAEAN4
  ,N[ ! O!R TWO K9DS ( RHY?M M/ 2
REJECT$ 9 WRIT+ PROSE1 "PLY =! R1SONS
GIV51 & "PLY 2C !Y >E TOO METRICAL2 &!
PAEAN M/ 2 ADOPT$1 S9CE F ? AL"O (!
RHY?MS M5;N$ NO DEF9ITE METRE >ISES1 &
"!=E X IS ! L1/ OBTRUSIVE ( !M4 ,AT
PRES5T ! SAME =M ( PAEAN IS EMPLOY$ AT !
2G9N+ A AT ! 5D ( S5T;ES1 ":AS ! 5D %D
DI6] F ! 2G9N+4 ,"! >E TWO OPPOSITE K9DS
( PAEAN1 "O ( : IS SUITA# 6! 2G9N+ (A
S5T;E1 ": X IS 9DE$ ACTU,Y US$2 ? IS !
K9D T 2G9S )A L;G SYLLA# & 5DS ) ?REE
%ORT "OS1 Z
  ,DALOG5ES @_\ EITE ,LUKI @_\ AN1
  &

_CHRUSEOKOM _\ A _EKATE _\ PAI _DIOS.

  ,! O!R PAEAN 2G9S1 3V]SELY1 ) ?REE
%ORT SYLLA#S & 5DS )A L;G "O1 Z

META DE LAN _\ UDATA T OK _\ EANON E _&
 _\ OANISE NUX.

  ,? K9D ( PAEAN MAKES A R1L CLOSE3 A
%ORT SYLLA# C GIVE NO E6ECT ( F9AL;Y1 &
"!=E MAKES ! RHY?M APPE> TRUNCAT$4 ,A
S5T;E %D BR1K (F )! L;G SYLLA#3 ! FACT T
X IS OV] %D 2 9DICAT$ N 0! SCRIBE1 OR
0HIS P]IOD-M>K 9 ! M>G91 B 0! RHY?M XF4
  ,WE H N[ SE5 T \R LANGUAGE M/ 2
RHY?MICAL & N DE/ITUTE ( RHY?M1 & :AT
RHY?MS1 9 :AT "PICUL> %APE1 MAKE X S4
                   #I

  ,! LANGUAGE ( PROSE M/ 2 EI FREE-
RUNN+1 ) XS "PS UNIT$ 0NO?+ EXCEPT !
3NECT+ ^WS1 L ! PRELUDES 9 DI?YRAMBS2 OR
-PACT & ANTI!TICAL1 L ! /ROPHES (! OLD
POETS4 ,! FREE-RUNN+ /YLE IS ! ANCI5T
"O1 E4G4 ,8,"H9 IS SET =? ! 9QUIRY (
,H]ODOTUS ! ,?URIAN40' ,E "O US$ ? ME?OD
=M]LY2 N _M D S N[4 ,BY ,8FREE-RUNN+0'
/YLE ,I M1N ! K9D T HAS NO NATURAL
/OPP+-PLACES1 & -ES 6A /OP ONLY 2C "! IS
NO M 6SAY ( T SUBJECT4 ,? /YLE IS
UNSATISFY+ J 2C X GOES ON 9DEF9ITELY-"O
ALW LIKES 6SI<T A /OPP+-PLACE 9 FRONT (
"O3 X IS ONLY AT ! GOAL T M5 9 A RACE
FA9T & COLLAPSE2 :ILE !Y SEE ! 5D (!
C\RSE 2F !M1 !Y C KEEP ON GO+4 ,S*1 !N1
IS ! FREE-RUNN+ K9D ( /YLE2 ! -PACT IS T
: IS 9 P]IODS4 ,0A P]IOD ,I M1N A POR;N
( SPEE* T HAS 9 XF A 2G9N+ & AN 5D1 2+
AT ! SAME "T N TOO BIG 6BE TAK5 9 AT A
GL.E4 ,LANGUAGE ( ? K9D IS SATISFY+ &
EASY 6FOLL[4 ,X IS SATISFY+1 2C X IS J !
REV]SE ( 9DEF9ITE2 & MOREOV]1 ! HE>] ALW
FEELS T HE IS GRASP+ "S?+ & HAS R1*$ "S
DEF9ITE 3CLU.N2 ":AS X IS UNSATISFACTORY
6SEE NO?+ 9 FRONT ( Y & GET NO":4 ,X IS
EASY 6FOLL[1 2C X C EASILY 2 REMEMB]$2 &
? 2C LANGUAGE :5 9 P]IODIC =M C 2
NUMB]$1 & NUMB] IS ! EASIE/ ( ALL ?+S
6REMEMB]4 ,T IS :Y V]SE1 : IS M1SUR$1 IS
ALW M EASILY REMEMB]$ ?AN PROSE1 : IS N3
! M1SURES ( V]SE C 2 NUMB]$4 ,! P]IOD
M/1 FUR!R1 N 2 -PLET$ UNTIL ! S5SE IS
-PLETE3 X M/ N 2 CAPA# ( BR1K+ (F
ABRUPTLY1 Z MAY HAPP5 )! FOLL[+ IAMBIC
L9ES ( ,SOPHOCLES-

,CALYDON'S SOIL IS ?2 ( ,PELOPS' L&
7,! SMIL+ PLA9S FACE U ACR ! /RAIT47

  ,0A WR;G DIVI.N (! ^WS ! HE>] MAY TAKE
! M1N+ 6BE ! REV]SE ( :AT X IS3 = 9/.E1
9 ! PASSAGE QUOT$1 "O MI<T IMAG9E T
,CALYDON IS 9 ! ,PELOPONNESUS4
  ,A ,P]IOD MAY 2 EI DIVID$ 96S"EAL
MEMB]S OR SIMPLE4 ,! P]IOD ( S"EAL
MEMB]S IS A POR;N ( SPEE* 7#A7 -PLETE 9
XF1 7#B7 DIVID$ 96"PS1 & 7#C7 EASILY
DELIV]$ AT A S+LE BR1?-Z A :OLE1 T IS2 N
0FRE% BR1? 2+ TAK5 AT ! DIVI.N4 ,A MEMB]
IS "O (! TWO "PS ( S* A P]IOD4 ,0A
,8SIMPLE0' P]IOD1 ,I M1N T : HAS ONLY "O
MEMB]4 ,! MEMB]S1 &! :OLE P]IODS1 %D 2
NEI CURT NOR L;G4 ,A MEMB] : IS TOO %ORT
(T5 MAKES ! LI/5] /UM#2 HE IS / EXPECT+
! RHY?M 6G ON 6! LIMIT 8 M9D HAS FIX$ =
X2 & IF M1N:ILE HE IS PULL$ BACK 0!
SP1K]'S /OPP+1 ! %OCK IS B.D 6MAKE HM1 S
6SP1K1 /UM#4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 Y G ON
TOO L;G1 Y MAKE HM FEEL LEFT 2H1 J Z P
:O :5 WALK+ PASS 2Y ! B.D>Y 2F TURN+
BACK L1VE _! -PANIONS 2H ,S TOO IF A
P]IOD IS TOO L;G Y TURN X 96A SPEE*1 OR
"S?+ L A DI?YRAMBIC PRELUDE4 ,! RESULT
IS M* L ! PRELUDES T ,DEMOCRITUS ( ,*IOS
JE]$ AT ,MELANIPPIDES = WRIT+ 9/1D (
ANTI/ROPHIC /ANZAS-

,HE T SETS TRAPS = ANO!R MAN'S FEET
,IS L 6FALL 96!M F/2
,& L;G-W9D$ PRELUDES D H>M 6U ALL1
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                  #AJ

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                  #AA

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&

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SPECIES 6ANO!R4 ,SUPPOSE1 = 9/.E1 A MAN
6/>T "S "UTAK+ 9 HOPE ( GA9 & !N 6LOSE
0X LAT] ON1 ,8,"H WE H ONCE M ! MAN (
,C>PA?US & 8 H>E0'1 SAYS HE4 ,= BO?
ALIKE W5T "? ! SD EXP]I;E4
  ,X HAS N[ BE5 EXPLA9$ FAIRLY -PLETELY
H[ LIVELI;S IS SECUR$ & :Y X HAS ! E6ECT
X HAS4 ,SU3ESS;L HYP]BOLES >E AL
METAPHORS1 E4G4 ! "O AB ! MAN )A BLACK
EYE1 ,8Y WD H ?"\ HE 0 A BASKET (
MULB]RIES0'2 "H ! ,8BLACK EYE0' IS -P>$
6A MULB]RY 2C ( XS COL\R1 ! EXA7],N LY+
9 ! QUANT;Y ( MULB]RIES SU7E/$4 ,!
PHRASE ,8L S-&-S0' MAY 9TRODUCE A
HYP]BOLE "U ! =M (A SIMILE4 ,?US

  ,J L ,PHILAMMON /RU7L+ ) 8 PUN*BALL

IS EQUIVAL5T TO ,8Y WD H ?"\ HE 0
,PHILAMMON /RU7L+ ) 8 PUN*BALL0'2 &

  ,^? LEGS ( 8 CURL J L P>SLEY L1VES

IS EQUIVAL5T TO ,8HIS LEGS >E S CURLY T
Y WD H ?"\ !Y 7 N LEGS B P>SLEY L1VES0'4
  ,HYP]BOLES >E = "Y M5 6USE2 !Y %[
VEHEM;E ( "*2 & ? IS :Y ANGRY P USE !M M
?AN O!R P4
  ,N ?\< HE GAVE ME Z M* Z ! DU/
  OR ! S&S (! SEA '''
  ,B H]1 ! DAU<T] ( ,ATREUS' SON1 ,I N"E
W M>RY1 ,NAY1 N ?\< %E 7 FAIR] ?AN
,APHRODITE ! ,GOLD51 ,DEFT] ( H& ?AN
,A!NE '''
  7,! ,ATTIC ORATORS >E "PICUL>LY FOND (
? ME?OD ( SPEE*47 ,3SEQU5TLY X DOES N
SUIT AN ELD]LY SP1K]4


                  #AB

  ,X %D 2 OBS]V$ T EA* K9D ( RHETORIC
HAS XS [N APPROPRIATE /YLE4 ,! /YLE (
WRITT5 PROSE IS N T ( SPOK5 ORATORY1 NOR
>E ^? ( POLITICAL & =5SIC SP1K+ ! SAME4
,BO? WRITT5 & SPOK5 H 6BE "KN4 ,6"K !
LATT] IS 6"K H[ 6SP1K GD ,GREEK4 ,6"K !
=M] M1NS T Y >E N OBLIG$1 Z O!RWISE Y
>E1 6HOLD YR T;GUE :5 Y WI% 6-MUNICATE
"S?+ 6! G5]AL PUBLIC4
  ,! WRITT5 /YLE IS ! M F9I%$3 ! SPOK5
BETT] ADMITS ( DRAMATIC DELIV]Y-L ! K9D
( ORATORY T REFLECTS "* &! K9D T
REFLECTS EMO;N4 ,H;E ACTORS LOOK \ =
PLAYS WRITT5 9 ! LATT] /YLE1 & POETS =
ACTORS -PET5T 6ACT 9 S* PLAYS4 ,YET
POETS ^: PLAYS >E M1NT 6BE R1D >E R1D &
CIRCULAT$3 ,*AEREMON1 = 9/.E1 :O IS Z
F9I%$ Z A PROFES.NAL SPEE*-WRIT]2 &
,LICYMNIUS AM;G ! DI?YRAMBIC POETS4
,-P>$ ) ^? ( O!RS1 ! SPEE*ES (
PROFES.NAL WRIT]S S.D ?9 9 ACTUAL 3TE/S4
,^? (! ORATORS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E GD 6HE>
SPOK51 B LOOK AMATEURI% 5 :5 !Y PASS 96!
H&S (A R1D]4 ,? IS J 2C !Y >E S WELL
SUIT$ = AN ACTUAL TUSSLE1 & "!=E 3TA9 _M
DRAMATIC T\*ES1 :1 2+ RO2$ ( ALL
DRAMATIC R5D]+1 FAIL 6D _! [N PROP] "W1
& 3SEQU5TLY LOOK SILLY4 ,?US /R+S (
UNCONNECT$ ^WS1 & 3/ANT REPETI;NS ( ^WS
& PHRASES1 >E V PROP]LY 3DEMN$ 9 WRITT5
SPEE*ES3 B N 9 SPOK5 SPEE*ES-SP1K]S USE
!M FREELY1 = !Y H A DRAMATIC E6ECT4 ,9 ?
REPETI;N "! M/ 2 V>IETY ( T"O1 PAV+ !
WAY1 Z X W]E1 6DRAMATIC E6ECT2 E4G4 ,8,?
IS ! VILLA9 AM;G Y :O DCVD Y1 :O *1T$ Y1
:O M1NT 62TRAY Y -PLETELY0'4 ,? IS !
SORT ( ?+ T ,PHILEMON ! ACTOR US$ 6D 9 !
,OLD ,M5'S ,MAD;S ( ,ANAX&RIDES :5"E HE
SPOKE ! ^WS ,8,RHADAMAN?US &
,PALAM$ES0'1 & AL 9 ! PROLOGUE 6! ,SA9TS
:5"E HE PRON\NC$ ! PRON\N ,8,I0'4 ,IF "O
DOES N DELIV] S* ?+S CL"ELY1 X 2COMES A
CASE ( ,8! MAN :O SWALL[$ A POK]0'4 ,S
TOO ) /R+S ( UNCONNECT$ ^WS1 E4G4',I
CAME 6HM2 ,I MET HM2 ,I 2S"\ HM0'4 ,S*
PASSAGES M/ 2 ACT$1 N DELIV]$ )! SAME
QUAL;Y & PIT* ( VOICE1 Z ?\< !Y _H ONLY
"O IDEA 9 !M4 ,!Y H ! FUR!R PECULI>;Y (
SU7E/+ T A NUMB] ( SEP>ATE /ATE;TS H BE5
MADE 9 ! "T USU,Y O3UPI$ 0"O4 ,J Z ! USE
( 3JUNC;NS MAKES _M /ATE;TS 96A S+LE "O1
S ! OMIS.N ( 3JUNC;NS ACTS 9 ! REV]SE
WAY & MAKES A S+LE "O 96_M4 ,X ?US MAKES
"EY?+ M IMPORTANT3 E4G4 ,8,I CAME 6HM2
,I TALK$ 6HM2 ,I 5TR1T$ HM'-:AT A LOT (
FACTS6 ! HE>] ?9KS-,8HE PD NO ATT5;N
6ANY?+ ,I SD0'4 ,? IS ! E6ECT : ,HOM]
SEEKS :5 HE WRITES1
  ,NIREUS LIKEWISE F ,SYME 7?REE WELL-
FA%ION$ %IPS DID BR+71 ,NIREUS1 ! SON (
,AGLAIA 7& ,*>OPUS1 B"R-FAC$ K+71
,NIREUS1 ! -ELIE/ MAN 7( ALL T 6,ILIUM'S
/R&74
  ,IF _M ?+S >E SD AB A MAN1 8 "N M/ 2
M5;N$ _M "TS2 & "!=E P ?9K T1 IF 8 "N IS
M5;N$ _M "TS1 _M ?+S H BE5 SD AB HM4 ,S
T ,HOM]1 0M1NS ( ? ILLU.N1 HAS MADE A
GRT D1L ( ?\< HE HAS M5;N$ HM ONLY 9 ?
"O PASSAGE1 & HAS PRES]V$ 8 MEMORY1 ?\<
HE NO": SAYS A ^W AB HM AFWS4
  ,N[ ! /YLE ( ORATORY A4RESS$ 6PUBLIC
ASSEMBLIES IS RE,Y J L SC5E-PA9T+4 ,!
BI7] ! ?R;G1 ! M 4TANT IS ! PO9T ( VIEW3
S T1 9 ! "O &! O!R1 HI< F9I% 9 DETAIL IS
SUP]FLU\S & SEEMS BETT] AWAY4 ,! =5SIC
/YLE IS M HI<LY F9I%$2 / M S IS ! /YLE (
LANGUAGE A4RESS$ 6A S+LE JUDGE1 ) :OM "!
IS V LL ROOM = RHETORICAL >TIFICES1 S9CE
HE C TAKE ! :OLE ?+ 9 BETT]1 & JUDGE (
:AT IS 6! PO9T & :AT IS N2 ! /RU7LE IS
LESS 9T5SE & S ! JUDGE;T IS UNDISTURB$4
,? IS :Y ! SAME SP1K]S D N 4T+UI% !MVS 9
ALL ^! BRAN*ES AT ONCE2 HI< F9I% IS
WANT$ L1/ ": DRAMATIC DELIV]Y IS WANT$
MO/1 & "H ! SP1K] M/ H A GD VOICE1 & ABV
ALL1 A /R;G "O4 ,X IS C]EMONIAL ORATORY
T IS MO/ LIT]>Y1 = X IS M1NT 6BE R1D2 &
NEXT 6X =5SIC ORATORY4
  ,6ANALYSE /YLE / FUR!R1 & ADD T X M/ 2
AGREEA# OR MAGNIFIC5T1 IS USE.S2 = :Y %D
X H ^! TRAITS ANY M ?AN ,8RE/RA9T0'1
,8LIB]AL;Y0'1 OR ANY O!R MORAL EXCELL;E8
,OBVI\SLY AGREEA#;S W 2 PRODUC$ 0!
QUALITIES ALR M5;N$1 IF \R DEF9I;N (
EXCELL;E ( /YLE HAS BE5 CORRECT4 ,= :AT
O!R R1SON %D /YLE 2 ,8CLE>0'1 & ,8N
M1N0' B ,8APPROPRIATE0'8 ,IF X IS
PROLIX1 X IS N CLE>2 NOR YET IF X IS
CURT4 ,PLA9LY ! MI4LE WAY SUITS BE/4
,AG1 /YLE W 2 MADE AGREEA# 0! ELE;TS
M5;N$1 "NLY 0A GD BL5D+ ( ORD9>Y &
UNUSUAL ^WS1 0! RHY?M1 & BY-!
P]SUASIVE;S T SPR+S F APPROPRIATE;S4
  ,? 3CLUDES \R 4CUS.N ( /YLE1 BO? 9 XS
G5]AL ASPECTS & 9 XS SPECIAL APPLIC,NS
6! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( RHETORIC4 ,WE H N[
6D1L ) ,>RANGE;T4

                  #AC

  ,A SPEE* HAS TWO "PS4 ,Y M/ /ATE YR
CASE1 & Y M/ PROVE X4 ,Y _C EI /ATE YR
CASE & OMIT 6PROVE X1 OR PROVE X )\T
HAV+ F/ /AT$ X2 S9CE ANY PRO( M/ 2 A
PRO( ( "S?+1 &! ONLY USE (A PRELIM9>Y
/ATE;T IS ! PRO( T FOLL[S X4 ,( ^! TWO
"PS ! F/ "P IS CALL$ ! ,/ATE;T (! CASE1
! SECOND "P ! ,>GU;T1 J Z WE 4T+UI% 2T
,ENUNCI,N & ,DEMON/R,N4 ,! CURR5T DIVI.N
IS ABSURD4 ,= ,8N>R,N0' SURELY IS "P (A
=5SIC SPEE* ONLY3 H[ 9 A POLITICAL SPEE*
OR A SPEE* ( 4PLAY C "! 2 ,8N>R,N0' 9 !
TE*NICAL S5SE8 OR A REPLY 6A =5SIC
OPPON5T8 OR AN EPILOGUE 9 CLOSELY-R1SON$
SPEE*ES8 ,AG1 9TRODUC;N1 -P>ISON (
3FLICT+ >GU;TS1 & RECAPITUL,N >E ONLY
F.D 9 POLITICAL SPEE*ES :5 "! IS A
/RU7LE 2T TWO POLICIES4 ,!Y MAY O3UR !N2
S MAY EV5 A3US,N & DEF;E1 (T5 5\<2 B !Y
=M NO ESS5TIAL "P (A POLITICAL SPEE*4
,EV5 =5SIC SPEE*ES D N ALW NE$
EPILOGUES2 N1 = 9/.E1 A %ORT SPEE*1 NOR
"O 9 : ! FACTS >E EASY 6REMEMB]1 ! E6ECT
( AN EPILOGUE 2+ ALW A REDUC;N 9 !
APP>5T L5G?4 ,X FOLL[S1 !N1 T ! ONLY NEC
"PS (A SPEE* >E ! ,/ATE;T &! ,>GU;T4 ,^!
>E ! ESS5TIAL F1TURES (A SPEE*2 & X _C 9
ANY CASE H M ?AN ,9TRODUC;N1 ,/ATE;T1
,>GU;T1 & ,EPILOGUE4 ,8,REFUT,N (!
,OPPON5T0' IS "P (! >GU;TS3 S IS ,8,-
P>ISON0' (! OPPON5T'S CASE ) YR [N1 = T
PROCESS IS A MAGNIFY+ ( YR [N CASE &
"!=E A "P (! >GU;TS1 S9CE "O :O DOES ?
PROVES "S?+4 ,! ,9TRODUC;N DOES NO?+ L
?2 NOR DOES ! ,EPILOGUE-X M]ELY REM9DS U
( :AT HAS BE5 SD ALR4 ,IF WE MAKE S*
4T9C;NS WE % 5D1 L ,!ODORUS & 8 FOLL[]S1
04T+UI%+ ,8N>R,N0' PROP] F ,8PO/-N>R,N0'
& ,8PRE-N>R,N0'1 & ,8REFUT,N0' F ,8F9AL
REFUT,N0'4 ,B WE "\ ONLY 6BR+ 9 A NEW "N
IF X 9DICATES A R1L SPECIES ) 4T9CT
SPECIFIC QUALITIES2 O!RWISE ! PRACTICE
IS PO9T.S & SILLY1 L ! WAY ,LICYMNIUS
9V5T$ "NS 9 8 ,>T ( ,RHETORIC-
,8,SECUND,N0'1 ,8,DIVAG,N0'1
,8,RAMIFIC,N0'4

                  #AD

  ,! ,9TRODUC;N IS ! 2G9N+ (A SPEE*1
CORRESPOND+ 6! PROLOGUE 9 POETRY &!
PRELUDE 9 FLUTE-MUSIC2 !Y >E ALL 2G9N+S1
PAV+ ! WAY1 Z X W]E1 = :AT IS 6FOLL[4 ,!
MUSICAL PRELUDE RESEM#S ! 9TRODUC;N
6SPEE*ES ( 4PLAY2 Z FLUTE PLAY]S PLAY F/
"S BRILLIANT PASSAGE !Y "K WELL & !N FIT
X ON 6! OP5+ NOTES (! PIECE XF1 S 9
SPEE*ES ( 4PLAY ! WRIT] %D PROCE$ 9 !
SAME WAY2 HE %D 2G9 ) :AT BE/ TAKES 8
FANCY1 & !N /RIKE UP 8 !ME & L1D 96X2 :
IS 9DE$ :AT IS ALW D"O4 7,TAKE Z AN
EXAMPLE ! 9TRODUC;N 6! ,HEL5 (
,ISOCRATES-"! IS NO?+ 9 -MON 2T !
,8]I/ICS0' & ,HEL547 ,& "H1 EV5 IF Y
TRAVEL F> F YR SUBJECT1 X IS FITT+1 R
?AN T "! %D 2 SAME;S 9 ! 5TIRE SPEE*4
  ,! USUAL SUBJECT =! 9TRODUC;NS
6SPEE*ES ( 4PLAY IS "S PIECE ( PRAISE OR
C5SURE4 ,?US ,GORGIAS WRITES 9 8
,OLYMPIC ,SPEE*1 ,8,Y DES]VE WIDESPR1D
ADMIR,N1 M5 ( ,GREECE0'1 PRAIS+ ?US ^?
:O />T1$ ! FE/IVAL GA!R+S40' ,ISOCRATES1
ON ! O!R H&1 C5SURES !M = AW>D+ 4T9C;NS
6F9E A?LETES B GIV+ NO PRIZE =
9TELLECTUAL ABIL;Y4 ,OR "O MAY 2G9 )A
PIECE ( ADVICE1 ?US3 ,8,WE "\ 6HON\R GD
M5 & S ,I MYF AM PRAIS+ ,>I/EIDES0' OR
,8,WE "\ 6HON\R ^? :O >E UNPOPUL> B N
BAD M51 M5 ^: GD QUALITIES H N"E BE5
NOTIC$1 L ,ALEX&] SON ( ,PRIAM40' ,"H !
ORATOR GIVES ADVICE4 ,OR WE MAY 2G9 Z
SP1K]S D 9 ! LAW-C\RTS2 T IS 6SAY1 )
APP1LS 6! AUDI;E 6EXCUSE U IF \R SPEE*
IS AB "S?+ P>ADOXICAL1 DI6ICULT1 OR
HACKNEY$2 L ,*O]ILUS 9 ! L9ES-
  ,B N[ :5 ALLOT;T ( ALL HAS BE5 MADE
'''
  ,9TRODUC;NS 6SPEE*ES ( 4PLAY1 !N1 MAY
2 -POS$ ( "S PIECE ( PRAISE OR C5SURE1 (
ADVICE 6D OR N 6D "S?+1 OR ( APP1LS 6!
AUDI;E2 & Y M/ *OOSE 2T MAK+ ^!
PRELIM9>Y PASSAGES 3NECT$ OR 4CONNECT$ )
! SPEE* XF4
  ,9TRODUC;NS 6=5SIC SPEE*ES1 X M/ 2
OBS]V$1 H ! SAME VALUE Z ! PROLOGUES (
DRAMAS &! 9TRODUC;NS 6EPIC POEMS2 !
DI?YRAMBIC PRELUDE RESEMBL+ ! 9TRODUC;N
6A SPEE* ( 4PLAY1 Z
  ,= !E1 & ?Y GILTS1 & ?Y BATTLE-SPOILS
'''4
  ,9 PROLOGUES1 & 9 EPIC POETRY1 A
=ETA/E (! !ME IS GIV51 9T5D$ 69=M !
HE>]S ( X 9 ADV.E 9/1D ( KEEP+ _! M9DS 9
SUSP5SE4 ,ANY?+ VAGUE PUZZLES !M3 S GIVE
!M A GRASP (! 2G9N+1 & !Y C HOLD FA/ 6X
& FOLL[ ! >GU;T4 ,S WE F9D-
  ,S+1 ,O GO4ESS ( S;G1 (! ,WRA? '''
  ,TELL ME1 ,O ,MUSE1 (! H]O '''
  ,L1D ME 6TELL A NEW TALE1 H[ "! CAME
GRT W>F>E 6,EUROPE ,\ (! ,ASIAN L& '''
  ,! TRAGIC POETS1 TOO1 LET U "K ! PIVOT
( _! PLAY2 IF N AT ! \TSET L ,EURIPIDES1
AT L1/ "S": 9 ! PREFACE 6A SPEE* L
,SOPHOCLES-

_POLYBUS WAS MY FATHER...;

  & S 9 ,-$Y4 ,?1 !N1 IS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL
FUNC;N & 4T9CTIVE PROP]TY (! 9TRODUC;N1
6%[ :AT ! AIM (! SPEE* IS2 & "!=E NO
9TRODUC;N "\ 6BE EMPLOY$ ": ! SUBJECT IS
N L;G OR 9TRICATE4
  ,! O!R K9DS ( 9TRODUC;N EMPLOY$ >E
REM$IAL 9 PURPOSE1 & MAY 2 US$ 9 ANY
TYPE ( SPEE*4 ,!Y >E 3C]N$ )! SP1K]1 !
HE>]1 ! SUBJECT1 OR ! SP1K]'S OPPON5T4
,^? 3C]N$ )! SP1K] HMF OR ) 8 OPPON5T >E
DIRECT$ 6REMOV+ OR EXCIT+ PREJUDICE4 ,B
":AS ! DEF5DANT W 2G9 0D1L+ ) ? SORT (
?+1 ! PROSECUTOR W TAKE Q ANO!R L9E &
D1L ) S* MATT]S 9 ! CLOS+ "P ( 8 SPEE*4
,! R1SON = ? IS N F> 6SEEK4 ,! DEF5DANT1
:5 HE IS GO+ 6BR+ HMF ON ! /AGE1 M/ CLE>
AWAY ANY OB/ACLES1 & "!=E M/ 2G9 0REMOV+
ANY PREJUDICE FELT AG/ HM4 ,B IF Y >E
6EXCITE PREJUDICE1 Y M/ D S AT ! CLOSE1
S T ! JUDGES MAY M EASILY REMEMB] :AT Y
H SD4
  ,! APP1L 6! HE>] AIMS AT SECUR+ 8
GDWILL1 OR AT >\S+ 8 RES5T;T1 OR "S"TS
AT GA9+ 8 S]I\S ATT5;N 6! CASE1 OR EV5
AT 4TRACT+ X-= GA9+ X IS N ALW AN
ADVANTAGE1 & SP1K]S W (T5 = T R1SON TRY
6MAKE HM LAU<4
  ,Y MAY USE ANY M1NS Y *OOSE 6MAKE YR
HE>] RECEPTIVE2 AM;G O!RS1 GIV+ HM A GD
IMPRES.N ( YR "*1 : ALW HELPS 6SECURE 8
ATT5;N4 ,HE W 2 R1DY 6ATT5D 6ANY?+ T
T\*ES HMF & 6ANY?+ T IS IMPORTANT1
SURPRIS+1 OR AGREEA#2 & Y %D ACLY 3VEY
6HM ! IMPRES.N T :AT Y H 6SAY IS ( ?
NATURE4 ,IF Y WI% 64TRACT 8 ATT5;N1 Y %D
IMPLY T ! SUBJECT DOES N A6ECT HM1 OR IS
TRIVIAL OR 4AGREEA#4 ,B OBS]VE1 ALL ?
HAS NO?+ 6D )! SPEE* XF4 ,X M]ELY HAS 6D
)! W1K-M9D$ T5D5CY (! HE>] 6LI/5 6:AT IS
2S ! PO9T4 ,": ? T5D5CY IS ABS5T1 NO
9TRODUC;N WANT$ 2Y A SUMM>Y /ATE;T ( YR
SUBJECT1 6PUT A SORT ( H1D ON ! MA9 BODY
( YR SPEE*4 ,MOREOV]1 CALLS = ATT5;N1 :5
REQUIR$1 MAY -E EQU,Y WELL 9 ANY "P (A
SPEE*2 9 FACT1 ! 2G9N+ ( X IS J ": "! IS
L1/ SLACK;S ( 9T]E/2 X IS "!=E RIDICUL\S
6PUT ? K9D ( ?+ AT ! 2G9N+1 :5 E "O IS
LI/5+ ) MO/ ATT5;N4 ,*OOSE "!=E ANY PO9T
9 ! SPEE* ": S* AN APP1L IS NE$$1 & !N
SAY ,8,N[ ,I BEG Y 6NOTE ? PO9T-X 3C]NS
Y Q Z M* Z MYF0'2 OR
  ,I W TELL Y T ^: L Y H N"E YET
  HE>D = T]ROR1 OR = WOND]4 ,? IS :AT
,PRODICUS CALL$ ,8SLIPP+ 9 A BIT (!
FIFTY-DRA*MA %[-LECTURE =! AUDI;E :5"E
!Y 2GAN 6NOD0'4 ,X IS PLA9 T S*
9TRODUC;NS >E A4RESS$ N 6ID1L HE>]S1 B
6HE>]S Z WE F9D !M4 ,! USE ( 9TRODUC;NS
6EXCITE PREJUDICE OR 64PEL MISGIV+S IS
UNIV]SAL-
  ,MY "L1 ,I W N SAY T EAG]LY '''
  OR
  ,:Y ALL ? PREFACE8
  ,9TRODUC;NS >E POPUL> ) ^? ^: CASE IS
W1K1 OR LOOKS W1K2 X PAYS !M 6DWELL ON
ANY?+ R ?AN ! ACTUAL FACTS ( X4 ,T IS :Y
SLAVES1 9/1D ( ANSW]+ ! "QS PUT 6!M1
MAKE 9DIRECT REPLIES ) L;G PREAM#S4 ,!
M1NS ( EXCIT+ 9 YR HE>]S GDWILL & V>I\S
O!R FEEL+S (! SAME K9D H ALR BE5
DESCRIB$4 ,! POET F9ELY SAYS
  ,MAY ,I F9D 9 ,PHAEACIAN HE>TS1 AT MY
-+1 GDWILL & -PAS.N2
  & ^! >E ! TWO ?+S WE %D AIM AT4 ,9
SPEE*ES ( 4PLAY WE M/ MAKE ! HE>] FEEL T
! EULOGY 9CLUDES EI HMF OR 8 FAMILY OR 8
WAY ( LIFE OR "S?+ OR O!R (! K9D4 ,= X
IS TRUE1 Z ,SOCRATES SAYS 9 ! ,FUN]AL
,SPEE*1 T ,8! DI6ICULTY IS N 6PRAISE !
,A!NIANS AT ,A!NS B AT ,S"PA0'4
  ,! 9TRODUC;NS ( POLITICAL ORATORY W 2
MADE \ (! SAME MAT]IALS Z ^? (! =5SIC
K9D1 ?\< ! NATURE ( POLITICAL ORATORY
MAKES !M V R>E4 ,! SUBJECT IS "KN ALR1 &
"!=E ! FACTS (! CASE NE$ NO 9TRODUC;N2 B
Y MAY H 6SAY "S?+ ON A3.T ( YRF OR 6YR
OPPON5TS2 OR ^? PRES5T MAY 2 9CL9$ 6TR1T
! MATT] EI M OR LESS S]I\SLY ?AN Y WI%
!M TO4 ,Y MAY ACLY H 6EXCITE OR 4PEL "S
PREJUDICE1 OR 6MAKE ! MATT] "U 4CUS.N
SEEM M OR LESS IMPORTANT ?AN 2F3 = EI (
: PURPOSES Y W WANT AN 9TRODUC;N4 ,Y MAY
AL WANT "O 6ADD ELEG.E 6YR REM>KS1 FEEL+
T O!RWISE !Y W H A CASUAL AIR1 L
,GORGIAS' EULOGY (! ,EL1NS1 9 :1 )\T ANY
PRELIM9>Y SP>R+ OR F5C+1 HE 2G9S /RAI<T
(F ) ,8,HAPPY C;Y ( ,ELIS60'
  #AE
  ,9 D1L+ ) PREJUDICE1 "O CLASS ( >GU;T
IS T ":BY Y C 4PEL OBJEC;NA# SUPPOSI;NS
AB YRF4 ,X MAKES NO PRACTICAL DI6];E
:E!R S* A SUPPOSI;N HAS BE5 PUT 96^WS OR
N1 S T ? 4T9C;N MAY 2 IGNOR$4 ,ANO!R WAY
IS 6MEET ANY (! ISSUES DIRECTLY3 6D5Y !
ALLEG$ FACT2 OR 6SAY T Y H D"O NO H>M1
OR N"O 6HM1 OR N Z M* Z HE SAYS2 OR T Y
H D"O HM NO 9JU/ICE1 OR N M*2 OR T Y H
D"O NO?+ 4GRACE;L1 OR NO?+ 4GRACE;L 5
6MATT]3 ^! >E ! SORT ( "QS ON : ! 4PUTE
H+ES4 ,?US ,IPHICRATES REPLY+
6,NAUSICRATES1 ADMITT$ T HE _H D"O ! DE$
ALLEG$1 & T HE _H D"O ,NAUSICRATES H>M1
B N T HE _H D"O HM WR;G4 ,OR Y MAY ADMIT
! WR;G1 B BAL.E X ) O!R FACTS1 & SAY T1
IF ! DE$ H>M$ HM1 AT ANY RATE X 0
HON\RA#2 OR T1 IF X GAVE HM PA91 AT L1/
X DID HM GD2 OR "S?+ ELSE L T4 ,ANO!R
WAY IS 6ALLEGE T YR AC;N 0 DUE 6MISTAKE1
OR BAD LUCK1 OR NECESS;Y Z ,SOPHOCLES SD
HE 0 N TREMBL+1 Z 8 TRADUC] MA9TA9$1 9
ORD] 6MAKE P ?9K HM AN OLD MAN1 B 2C HE
CD N HELP X2 HE WD R N 2 EI<TY YE>S OLD4
,Y MAY BAL.E YR MOTIVE AG/ YR ACTUAL
DE$2 SAY+1 = 9/.E1 T Y DID N M1N 69JURE
HM B 6D S-&-S2 T Y DID N D :AT Y >E
FALSELY *>G$ ) DO+-! DAMAGE 0 A3ID5TAL-
,8,I %D 9DE$ 2 A DETE/A# P]SON IF ,I _H
DELIB]ATELY 9T5D$ ? RESULT40' ,ANO!R WAY
IS OP5 :5 YR CALUMNIATOR1 OR ANY ( 8
3NEXIONS1 IS OR HAS BE5 SUBJECT 6! SAME
GR.DS = SUSPICION4 ,YET ANO!R1 :5 O!RS
>E SUBJECT 6! SAME GR.DS = SUSPICION B
>E ADMITT$ 6BE 9 FACT 9NOC5T (! *>GE3
E4G4 ,8,M/ ,I 2 A PR(LIGATE 2C ,I AM
WELL-GROOM$8 ,!N S-&-S M/ 2 "O TOO40'
,ANO!R1 IF O!R P H BE5 CALUMNIAT$ 0!
SAME MAN OR "S "O ELSE1 OR1 )\T 2+
CALUMNIAT$1 H BE5 SUSPECT$1 L YRF N[1 &
YET H BE5 PROV$ 9NOC5T4 ,ANO!R WAY IS
6RETURN CALUMNY = CALUMNY & SAY1 ,8,X IS
MON/R\S 6TRU/ ! MAN'S /ATE;TS :5 Y _C
TRU/ ! MAN HMF40' ,ANO!R IS :5 ! "Q HAS
BE5 ALR DECID$4 ,S ) ,EURIPIDES' REPLY
6,HYGIAENON1 :O1 9 ! AC;N = AN EX*ANGE (
PROP]TIES1 A3US$ HM ( IMPIETY 9 HAV+
WRITT5 A L9E 5C\RAG+ P]JURY-
  ,MY T;GUE HA? SWORN3 NO OA? IS ON MY
S\L4

  ,EURIPIDES SD T 8 OPPON5T HMF 0 GUILTY
9 BR++ 96! LAW-C\RTS CASES ^: DECI.N
2L;G$ 6! ,DIONYSIAC 3TE/S4 ,8,IF ,I H N
ALR ANSW]$ = MY ^WS "!1 ,I AM R1DY 6D S
IF Y *OOSE 6PROSECUTE ME "!40' ,ANO!R
ME?OD IS 6DEN\NCE CALUMNY1 %[+ :AT AN
ENORM;Y X IS1 & 9 "PICUL> T X RAISES
FALSE ISSUES1 & T X M1NS A LACK ( 3FID;E
9 ! M]ITS ( 8 CASE4 ,! >GU;T F EVID5TIAL
CIRCUM/.ES IS AVAILA# = BO? "PIES3 ?US 9
! ,TEUC] ,ODYSSEUS SAYS T ,TEUC] IS
CLOSELY B.D 6,PRIAM1 S9CE 8 "M ,HE.NE 0
,PRIAM'S SI/]4 ,TEUC] REPLIES T ,TELAMON
8 "F 0 ,PRIAM'S 5EMY1 & T HE HMF DID N
2TRAY ! SPIES 6,PRIAM4 ,ANO!R ME?OD1
SUITA# =! CALUMNIATOR1 IS 6PRAISE "S
TRIFL+ M]IT AT GRT L5G?1 & !N ATTACK "S
IMPORTANT FAIL+ 3CISELY2 OR AF M5;N+ A
NUMB] ( GD QUALITIES 6ATTACK "O BAD "O T
RE,Y BE>S ON ! "Q4 ,? IS ! ME?OD (
?OR\<LY SKIL;L & UNSCRUPUL\S
PROSECUTORS4 ,0MIX+ UP ! MAN'S M]ITS )
:AT IS BAD1 !Y D _! BE/ 6MAKE USE ( !M
6DAMAGE HM4
  ,"! IS ANO!R ME?OD OP5 6BO?
CALUMNIATOR & APOLOGI/4 ,S9CE A GIV5
AC;N C 2 D"O F _M MOTIVES1 ! =M] M/ TRY
64P>AGE X 0SELECT+ ! WORSE MOTIVE ( TWO1
! LATT] 6PUT ! BETT] 3/RUC;N ON X4 ,?US
"O MI<T >GUE T ,DIOM$ES *OSE ,ODYSSEUS Z
8 -PANION 2C HE SUPPOS$ ,ODYSSEUS 6BE !
BE/ MAN =! PURPOSE2 & Y MI<T REPLY 6? T
X WAS1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 2C HE 0 ! ONLY H]O S
WOR?.S T ,DIOM$ES NE$ N FE> 8 RIVALRY4

                  #AF

  ,WE MAY N[ PASS F ! SUBJECT ( CALUMNY
6T ( ,N>R,N4 ,N>R,N 9 C]EMONIAL ORATORY
IS N 3T9U\S B 9T]MITT5T4 ,"! M/1 (
C\RSE1 2 "S SURVEY (! AC;NS T =M !
SUBJECT-MATT] (! SPEE*4 ,! SPEE* IS A
-POSI;N 3TA9+ TWO "PS4 ,"O ( ^! IS N
PROVID$ 0! ORATOR'S >T1 VIZ4 ! AC;NS
!MVS1 ( : ! ORATOR IS 9 NO S5SE AU?OR4
,! O!R "P IS PROVID$ 0HIS "NLY1 ! PRO(
7": PRO( IS NE$$7 T ! AC;NS 7 D"O1 !
DESCRIP;N ( _! QUAL;Y OR ( _! EXT5T1 OR
EV5 ALL ^! ?REE ?+S TGR4 ,N[ ! R1SON :Y
"S"TS X IS N DESIRA# 6MAKE ! :OLE
N>RATIVE 3T9U\S IS T ! CASE ?US EXP.D$
IS H>D 6KEEP 9 M9D4 ,%[1 "!=E1 F "O SET
( FACTS T YR H]O IS1 E4G4 BRAVE1 & F O!R
SETS ( FACTS T HE IS A#1 J1 &C4 ,A SPEE*
?US >RANG$ IS -P>ATIVELY SIMPLE1 9/1D (
2+ -PLICAT$ & ELABORATE4 ,Y W H 6RECALL
WELL-"KN DE$S AM;G O!RS2 & 2C !Y >E
WELL-"KN1 ! HE>] USU,Y NE$S NO N>R,N (
!M2 N"O1 = 9/.E1 IF YR OBJECT IS !
PRAISE ( ,A*ILLES2 WE ALL "K ! FACTS ( 8
LIFE-:AT Y H 6D IS 6APPLY ^? FACTS4 ,B
IF YR OBJECT IS ! PRAISE ( ,CRITIAS1 Y
M/ N>RATE 8 DE$S1 : N _M P "K ( '''
  ,N[A"DS X IS SD1 ABSURDLY 5\<1 T !
N>R,N %D 2 RAPID4 ,REMEMB] :AT ! MAN SD
6! BAK] :O ASK$ :E!R HE 0 6MAKE ! CAKE
H>D OR S(T3 ,8,:AT1 C'T Y MAKE X "R80'
,J S "H4 ,WE >E N 6MAKE L;G N>R,NS1 J Z
WE >E N 6MAKE L;G 9TRODUC;NS OR L;G
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RAPID;Y OR 9 3CISE;S1 B 9 ! HAPPY M1N2 T
IS1 9 SAY+ J S M* Z W MAKE ! FACTS PLA91
OR W L1D ! HE>] 62LIEVE T ! ?+ HAS
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WR;G 6"S "O1 OR T ! FACTS >E RE,Y Z
IMPORTANT Z Y WI% !M 6BE ?"\3 OR !
OPPOSITE FACTS 6E/ABLI% ! OPPOSITE
>GU;TS4
  ,Y MAY AL N>RATE Z Y G ANY?+ T DOES
CR$IT 6YRF1 E4G4 ,8,I KEPT TELL+ HM 6D 8
DUTY & N AB&ON 8 *N0'2 OR 4CR$IT 6YR
ADV]S>Y1 E4G4 ,8,B HE ANSW]$ ME T1 :]"E
HE MI<T F9D HMF1 "! HE WD F9D O!R *N0'1
! ANSW] ,H]ODOTUS0' RECORDS (! ,EGYPTIAN
MUT9E]S4 ,SLIP 9 ANY?+ ELSE T ! JUDGES W
5JOY4
  ,! DEF5DANT W MAKE LESS (! N>R,N4 ,HE
HAS 6MA9TA9 T ! ?+ HAS N HAPP5$1 OR DID
NO H>M1 OR 0 N UNJU/1 OR N S BAD Z IS
ALLEG$4 ,HE M/ "!= SNOT WA/E "T AB :AT
IS ADMITT$ FACT1 UN.S ? BE>S ON 8 [N
3T5;N2 E4G4 T ! ?+ 0 D"O1 B 0 N WR;G4
,FUR!R1 WE M/ SP1K ( EV5TS Z PA/ & G"O1
EXCEPT ": !Y EXCITE P;Y OR 9DIGN,N 02+
REPRES5T$ Z PRES5T4 ,! ,/ORY TOLD
6,ALC9\S IS AN EXAMPLE (A BRIEF
*RONICLE1 :5 X IS REP1T$ 6,P5ELOPE 9
SIXTY L9ES4 ,ANO!R 9/.E IS ! ,EPIC
,CYCLE Z TR1T$ 0,PHAYLLUS1 &! PROLOGUE
6! ,OENEUS4
  ,! N>R,N %D DEPICT "*2 6: 5D Y M/ "K
:AT MAKES X D S4 ,"O S* ?+ IS ! 9DIC,N (
MORAL PURPOSE2 ! QUAL;Y ( PURPOSE
9DICAT$ DET]M9ES ! QUAL;Y ( "* DEPICT$ &
IS XF DET]M9$ 0! 5D PURSU$4 ,?US X IS T
MA!MATICAL 4C\RSES DEPICT NO "*2 !Y H
NO?+ 6D ) MORAL PURPOSE1 = !Y REPRES5T
NOBODY Z PURSU+ ANY 5D4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !
,SOCRATIC DIALOGUES D DEPICT "*1 2+
3C]N$ ) MORAL "QS4 ,? 5D W AL 2 GA9$
0DESCRIB+ ! MANIFE/,NS ( V>I\S TYPES (
"*1 E4G4 ,8HE KEPT WALK+ AL;G Z HE
TALK$0'1 : %[S ! MAN'S RECK.S;S & R\<
MANN]S4 ,D N LET YR ^WS SEEM 9SPIR$ S M*
09TELLIG;E1 9 ! MANN] N[ CURR5T1 Z
0MORAL PURPOSE3 E4G4 ,8,I WILL$ ?2 AYE1
X 0 MY MORAL PURPOSE2 TRUE1 ,I GA9$ NO?+
0X1 / X IS BETT] ?US40' ,=! O!R WAY %[S
GD S5SE1 B ? %[S GD "*2 GD S5SE MAK+ U G
AF :AT IS USE;L1 & GD "* AF :AT IS NO#4
,": ANY DETAIL MAY APPE> 9CR$I#1 !N ADD
! CAUSE ( X2 ( ? ,SOPHOCLES PROVIDES AN
EXAMPLE 9 ! ,ANTIGONE1 ": ,ANTIGONE SAYS
%E _H C>$ M = H] BRO!R ?AN = HUSB& OR
*N1 S9CE IF ! LATT] P]I%$ !Y MI<T 2
REPLAC$1
  ,B S9CE MY "F & "M 9 _! GRAVES
  ,LIE D1D1 NO BRO!R C 2 BORN 6ME4
  ,IF Y H NO S* CAUSE 6SU7E/1 J SAY T Y
>E AW>E T NO "O W 2LIEVE YR ^WS1 B !
FACT REMA9S T S* IS \R NATURE1 H["E H>D
! _W MAY F9D X 62LIEVE T A MAN
DELIB]ATELY DOES ANY?+ EXCEPT :AT PAYS
HM4
  ,AG1 Y M/ MAKE USE (! EMO;NS4 ,RELATE
! FAMILI> MANIFE/,NS ( !M1 & ^? T 4T+UI%
YRF & YR OPPON5T2 = 9/.E1 ,8HE W5T AWAY
SC[L+ AT ME0'4 ,S ,AES*9ES DESCRIB$
,CRATYLUS Z ,8HISS+ ) FURY & %AK+ 8
FI/S0'4 ,^! DETAILS C>RY 3VIC;N3 !
AUDI;E TAKE ! TRU? ( :AT !Y "K Z S M*
EVID;E =! TRU? ( :AT !Y D N4 ,PL5TY ( S*
DETAILS MAY 2 F.D 9 ,HOM]3
  ,?US DID %E SAY3 B ! OLD WOMAN BURI$
H] FACE 9 H] H&S3
  A TRUE T\*-P 2G9N+ 6CRY D PUT _! H&S
OV] _! EYES4
  ,BR+ YRF ON ! /AGE F ! F/ 9 ! "R "*1 T
P MAY REG>D Y 9 T LI<T2 &! SAME ) YR
ADV]S>Y2 B D N LET !M SEE :AT Y >E AB4
,H[ EASILY S* IMPRES.NS MAY 2 3VEY$ WE C
SEE F ! WAY 9 : WE GET "S 9KL+ ( ?+S WE
"K NO?+ ( 0! M]E LOOK (! MESS5G] BR++
NEWS ( !M4 ,H "S N>RATIVE 9 _M DI6]5T
"PS ( YR SPEE*2 & "S"TS LET "! 2 N"O AT
! 2G9N+ ( X4
  ,9 POLITICAL ORATORY "! IS V LL OP5+ =
N>R,N2 NOBODY C ,8N>RATE0' :AT HAS N YET
HAPP5$4 ,IF "! IS N>R,N AT ALL1 X W 2 (
PA/ EV5TS1 ! RECOLLEC;N ( : IS 6HELP !
HE>]S 6MAKE BETT] PLANS =! FUTURE4 ,OR X
MAY 2 EMPLOY$ 6ATTACK "S "O'S "*1 OR
6EULOGIZE HM-ONLY !N Y W N 2 DO+ :AT !
POLITICAL SP1K]1 Z S*1 HAS 6D4
  ,IF ANY /ATE;T Y MAKE IS H>D 62LIEVE1
Y M/ GU>ANTEE XS TRU?1 & AT ONCE (F] AN
EXPLAN,N1 & !N FURNI% X ) S* "PICUL>S Z
W 2 EXPECT$4 ,?US ,C>C9US' ,JOCA/A1 9 8
,OEDIPUS1 KEEPS GU>ANTEE+ ! TRU? ( H]
ANSW]S 6! 9QUIRIES (! MAN :O IS SEEK+ H]
SON2 & S ) ,HAEMON 9 ,SOPHOCLES4

                  #AG

  ,! DUTY (! ,>GU;TS IS 6ATTEMPT
DEMON/RATIVE PRO(S4 ,^! PRO(S M/ BE>
DIRECTLY ^U ! "Q 9 4PUTE1 : M/ FALL "U
"O ( F\R H1DS4 7#A7 ,IF Y MA9TA9 T ! ACT
0 N -MITT$1 YR MA9 TASK 9 C\RT IS 6PROVE
?4 7#B7 ,IF Y MA9TA9 T ! ACT DID NO H>M1
PROVE ?4 ,IF Y MA9TA9 T 7#C7 ! ACT 0
LESS ?AN IS ALLEG$1 OR 7#D7 JU/IFI$1
PROVE ^! FACTS1 J Z Y WD PROVE ! ACT N
6H BE5 -MITT$ IF Y 7 MA9TA9+ T4
  ,X %D 2 NOT$ T ONLY ": ! "Q 9 4PUTE
FALLS "U ! F/ ( ^! H1DS C X 2 TRUE T "O
(! TWO "PIES IS NECESS>ILY A ROGUE4 ,"H
IGNOR.E _C 2 PL1D$1 Z X MI<T IF ! 4PUTE
7 :E!R ! ACT 0 JU/IFI$ OR N4 ,? >GU;T M/
"!=E 2 US$ 9 ? CASE ONLY1 N 9 ! O!RS4
  ,9 C]EMONIAL SPEE*ES Y W DEVELOP YR
CASE MA9LY 0>GU+ T :AT HAS BE5 D"O IS1
E4G41 NO# & USE;L4 ,! FACTS !MVS >E 6BE
TAK5 ON TRU/2 PRO( ( !M IS ONLY SUBMITT$
ON ^? R>E O3A.NS :5 !Y >E N EASILY CR$I#
OR :5 !Y H BE5 SET D[N 6"S "O ELSE4
  ,9 POLITICAL SPEE*ES Y MAY MA9TA9 T A
PROPOSAL IS IMPRACTICA#2 OR T1 ?\<
PRACTICA#1 X IS UNJU/1 OR W D NO GD1 OR
IS N S IMPORTANT Z XS PROPOS] ?9KS4
,NOTE ANY FALSEHOODS AB IRRELEVANT
MATT]S-!Y W LOOK L PRO( T 8 O!R /ATE;TS
AL >E FALSE4 ,>GU;T BY ,8EXAMPLE0' IS
HI<LY SUITA# = POLITICAL ORATORY1 >GU;T
BY ,85?YMEME0' BETT] SUITS =5SIC4
,POLITICAL ORATORY D1LS ) FUTURE EV5TS1
( : X C D NO M ?AN QUOTE PA/ EV5TS Z
EXAMPLES4 ,=5SIC ORATORY D1LS ) :AT IS
OR IS N N[ TRUE1 : C BETT] 2 DEMON/RAT$1
2C N 3T+5T-"! IS NO 3T+5CY 9 :AT HAS N[
ALR HAPP5$4 ,D N USE A 3T9U\S SU3ES.N (
5?YMEMES3 9T]SP]SE !M ) O!R MATT]1 OR !Y
W SPOIL "O ANO!R'S E6ECT4 ,"! >E LIMITS
6_! NUMB]-
  ,FR1 Y H SPOK5 Z M* Z A S5SI# MAN WD H
SPOK54
  @1Z M*0' SAYS ,HOM]1 N ,8Z WELL0'4
,NOR %D Y TRY 6MAKE 5?YMEMES ON E PO9T2
IF Y D1 Y W 2 ACT+ J L "S /UD5TS (
PHILOSOPHY1 ^: 3CLU.NS >E M FAMILI> &
2LIEVA# ?AN ! PREMISSES F : !Y DRAW !M4
,& AVOID ! 5?YMEME =M :5 Y >E TRY+ 6R\SE
FEEL+2 = X W EI KILL ! FEEL+ OR W XF
FALL FLAT3 ALL SIMULTANE\S MO;NS T5D
6C.EL EA* O!R EI -PLETELY OR "PI,Y4 ,NOR
%D Y G AF ! 5?YMEME =M 9 A PASSAGE ": Y
>E DEPICT+ "*-! PROCESS ( DEMON/R,N C
EXPRESS NEI MORAL "* NOR MORAL PURPOSE4
,MAXIMS %D 2 EMPLOY$ 9 ! ,>GU;TS-& 9 !
,N>R,N TOO-S9CE ^! D EXPRESS "*3 ,8,I H
GIV5 HM ?1 ?\< ,I AM Q AW>E T "O %D
8,TRU/ NO MAN040' ,OR IF Y >E APP1L+ 6!
EMO;NS3 ,8,I D N REGRET X1 ?\< ,I H BE5
WR;G$2 IF HE HAS ! PR(IT ON 8 SIDE1 ,I H
JU/ICE ON M9E40'
  ,POLITICAL ORATORY IS A M DI6ICULT
TASK ?AN =5SIC2 & NATUR,Y S1 S9CE X D1LS
)! FUTURE1 ":AS ! PL1D] D1LS )! PA/1 :1
Z ,EPIM5IDES ( ,CRETE SD1 EV5 ! DIV9]S
ALR "K4 7,EPIM5IDES DID N PRACTISE
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OBSCURITIES (! PA/47 ,2SS1 9 =5SIC
ORATORY Y H A BASIS 9 ! LAW2 & ONCE Y H
A />T+-PO9T1 Y C PROVE ANY?+ ) -P>ATIVE
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FEW *.ES = ^? LEISURELY DIGRES.NS 9 : Y
MAY ATTACK YR ADV]S>Y1 TALK AB YRF1 OR
"W ON YR HE>]S' EMO;NS2 FEW] *.ES 9DE$1
?AN ANY O!R AF=DS1 UN.S YR SET PURPOSE
IS 6DIV]T YR HE>]S' ATT5;N4 ,ACLY1 IF Y
F9D YRF 9 DI6ICULTIES1 FOLL[ ! L1D (!
,A!NIAN SP1K]S1 & T ( ,ISOCRATES1 :O
MAKES REGUL> ATTACKS ^U P 9 ! C\RSE (A
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,LAC$AEMONIANS 9 ! ,PANEGYRICUS1 & ^U
,*>ES 9 ! SPEE* AB ! ALLIES4 ,9
C]EMONIAL ORATORY1 9T]SP]SE YR SPEE* )
BITS ( EPISODIC EULOGY1 L ,ISOCRATES1 :O
IS ALW BR++ "S "O =W>D = ? PURPOSE4 ,& ?
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,AEACUS1 !N ,ZEUS2 & 9 L MANN] ! VIRTUE
( VAL\R1 DESCRIB+ XS GD RESULTS1 & SAY+
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  ,N[ IF Y H PRO(S 6BR+ =W>D1 BR+ !M
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NO 5?YMEMES1 !N FALL BACK ^U MORAL
4C\RSE3 AF ALL1 X IS M FITT+ =A GD MAN
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SUBTLE R1SON]4 ,REFUTATIVE 5?YMEMES >E M
POPUL> ?AN DEMON/RATIVE "OS3 _! LOGICAL
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OPPOSITES ALW /& \ CLE>LY :5 ! TWO >E
NUT SIDE 0SIDE4
  ,! ,8,REPLY 6! ,OPPON5T0' IS N A
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0OBJEC;N OR 0C.T]-SYLLOGISM4 ,BO? 9
POLITICAL SP1K+ & :5 PL1D+ 9 C\RT1 IF Y
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,CALLI/RATUS 9 ! ,MESS5IAN ASSEMBLY1 :5
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F/1 0M1NS ( REFUT,N & C.T]-SYLLOGISM1
ATTEMPT "S ANSW] 6YR OPPON5T'S SPEE*1
ESPECI,Y IF 8 >GU;TS H BE5 WELL RCVD4 ,=
J Z \R M9DS REFUSE A FAV\RA# RECEP;N 6A
P]SON AG/ :OM !Y >E PREJUDIC$1 S !Y
REFUSE X 6A SPEE* :5 !Y H BE5 FAV\RABLY
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OPPON5T'S SPEE* \ (! WAY4 ,S ATTACK T
F/-EI ! :OLE ( X1 OR ! MO/ IMPORTANT1
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  ": ! SP1K] HAS ATTACK$ ! SILLIE/ >GU;T
F/4 ,S M* =! ,>GU;TS4
  ,) REG>D 6! ELE;T ( MORAL "*3 "! >E
ASS];NS :1 IF MADE AB YRF1 MAY EXCITE
4LIKE1 APPE> T$I\S1 OR EXPOSE Y 6! RISK
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,PUT S* REM>KS1 "!=E1 96! M\? ( "S ?IRD
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,PHILIPPUS & 9 ! ,ANTIDOSIS1 & ,>*ILO*US
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  ,?9K N"\ IMPOSSI# AT ALL1
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  & PUTS 96! M\? ( ,*>ON ! C>P5T] !
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  ,N =! W1L? ( ,GYES '''
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O!RS :O 7 SP1K+4
  ,AG1 "S"TS Y %D RE/ATE YR 5?YMEMES 9 !
=M ( MAXIMS2 E4G4 ,8,WISE M5 W -E 6T]MS
9 ! H\R ( SU3ESS2 = !Y W GA9 MO/ IF !Y
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6GA9 ! GRTE/ ADVANTAGE1 !N WE "\ 6-E
6T]MS 9 ! H\R ( SU3ESS40'

                  #AH

  ,NEXT Z 6,9T]ROG,N4 ,! BE/ MO;T 6A
EMPLOY ? IS :5 YR OPPON5T HAS S ANSW]$
"O "Q T ! PUTT+ ( J "O M L&S HM 9
ABSURD;Y4 ,?US ,P]ICLES "Q$ ,LAMPON AB !
WAY ( CELEBRAT+ ! RITES (! ,SAVI\R
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! O!R IS TRUE4 ,HAV+ F/ GOT ? ANSW] AB !
O!R1 D N G ON 6ASK HM AB ! OBVI\SLY TRUE
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,MELETUS D5I$ T ,SOCRATES 2LIEV$ 9 !
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:E!R ,8SUP]NATURAL 2+S 7 N EI *N (! GODS
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ANO!R0'1 ! AUDI;E ?9KS HE IS 9
DI6ICULTIES1 & APPLAUDS 8 4COMFITURE4 ,9
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