             ,,BOOK ,,SEV5
                   ,I

  ,HE :O WD DULY 9QUIRE AB ! BE/ =M (A
/ATE "\ F/ 6DET]M9E : IS ! MO/ ELIGI#
LIFE2 :ILE ? REMA9S UNC]TA9 ! BE/ =M (!
/ATE M/ AL 2 UNC]TA92 =1 9 ! NATURAL
ORD] ( ?+S1 ^? MAY 2 EXPECT$ 6L1D ! BE/
LIFE :O >E GOV]N$ 9 ! BE/ MANN] ( : _!
CIRCUM/.ES ADMIT4 ,WE "\ "!=E 6ASC]TA91
F/ ( ALL1 : IS ! MO/ G5],Y ELIGI# LIFE1
& !N :E!R ! SAME LIFE IS OR IS N BE/ =!
/ATE &= 9DIVIDUALS4
  ,ASSUM+ T 5 HAS BE5 ALR SD 9 4CUS.NS
\TSIDE ! S*OOL 3C]N+ ! BE/ LIFE1 WE W N[
ONLY REP1T :AT IS 3TA9$ 9 !M4 ,C]TA9LY
NO "O W 4PUTE ! PROPRIETY ( T "PI;N (
GDS : SEP>ATES !M 96?REE CLASSES1 VIZ41
EXT]NAL GDS1 GDS (! BODY1 & GDS (! S\L1
OR D5Y T ! HAPPY MAN M/ H ALL ?REE4 ,=
NO "O WD MA9TA9 T HE IS HAPPY :O HAS N 9
HM A "PICLE ( C\RAGE OR TEMP].E OR
JU/ICE OR PRUD;E1 :O IS AFRAID ( E 9SECT
: FLUTT]S PA/ HM1 & W -MIT ANY CRIME1
H["E GRT1 9 ORD] 6GRATIFY 8 LU/ ( M1T OR
DR9K1 :O W SACRIFICE 8 DE>E/ FR =! SAKE
( HALF-A-F>?+1 & IS Z FEE# & FALSE 9 M9D
Z A * OR A MADMAN4 ,^! PROPOSI;NS >E ALM
UNIV]S,Y AC"KL$G$ Z SOON Z !Y >E UTT]$1
B M5 DI6] AB ! DEGREE OR RELATIVE
SUP]IOR;Y ( ? OR T GD4 ,"S ?9K T A V
MOD]ATE AM.T ( VIRTUE IS 5\<1 B SET NO
LIMIT 6_! DESIRES ( W1L?1 PROP]TY1 P[]1
REPUT,N1 &! L4 ,6:OM WE REPLY 0AN APP1L
6FACTS1 : EASILY PROVE T MANK9D D N
ACQUIRE OR PRES]VE VIRTUE 0! HELP (
EXT]NAL GDS1 B EXT]NAL GDS 0! HELP (
VIRTUE1 & T HAPPI;S1 :E!R 3SI/+ 9
PL1SURE OR VIRTUE1 OR BO?1 IS M (T5 F.D
) ^? :O >E MO/ HI<LY CULTIVAT$ 9 _! M9D
& 9 _! "*1 & H ONLY A MOD]ATE %>E (
EXT]NAL GDS1 ?AN AM;G ^? :O POSSESS
EXT]NAL GDS 6A USE.S EXT5T B >E DEFICI5T
9 HI<] QUALITIES2 & ? IS N ONLY MATT] (
EXP]I;E1 B1 IF REFLECT$ ^U1 W EASILY
APPE> 6BE 9 A3ORD.E ) R1SON4 ,=1 ":AS
EXT]NAL GDS H A LIMIT1 L ANY O!R 9/RU;T1
& ALL ?+S USE;L >E ( S* A NATURE T ": "!
IS TOO M* ( !M !Y M/ EI D H>M1 OR AT ANY
RATE 2 ( NO USE1 6_! POSSESSORS1 E GD (!
S\L1 ! GRT] X IS1 IS AL ( GRT] USE1 IF !
EPI!T USE;L Z WELL Z NO# IS APPROPRIATE
6S* SUBJECTS4 ,NO PRO( IS REQUIR$ 6%[ T
! BE/ /ATE ( "O ?+ 9 REL,N 6ANO!R
CORRESPONDS 9 DEGREE ( EXCELL;E 6!
9T]VAL 2T ! NATURES ( : WE SAY T ^! V
/ATES >E /ATES3 S T1 IF ! S\L IS M NO#
?AN \R POSSES.NS OR \R BODIES1 BO?
ABSOLUTELY & 9 REL,N 6U1 X M/ 2 ADMITT$
T ! BE/ /ATE ( EI HAS A SIMIL> RATIO 6!
O!R4 ,AG1 X IS =! SAKE (! S\L T GDS
EXT]NAL & GDS (! BODY >E ELIGI# AT ALL1
& ALL WISE M5 "\ 6*OOSE !M =! SAKE (!
S\L1 & N ! S\L =! SAKE ( !M4
  ,LET U AC"KL$GE !N T EA* "O HAS J S M*
( HAPPI;S Z HE HAS ( VIRTUE & WISDOM1 &(
VIRTU\S & WISE AC;N4 ,GOD IS A WIT;S 6U
( ? TRU?1 = HE IS HAPPY & B.S$1 N 0R1SON
( ANY EXT]NAL GD1 B 9 HMF & 0R1SON ( 8
[N NATURE4 ,& "H9 ( NECESS;Y LIES !
DI6];E 2T GD =TUNE & HAPPI;S2 = EXT]NAL
GDS -E ( !MVS1 & *.E IS ! AU?OR ( !M1 B
NO "O IS J OR TEMP]ATE 0OR "? *.E4 ,9 L
MANN]1 & 0A SIMIL> TRA9 ( >GU;T1 ! HAPPY
/ATE MAY 2 %[N 6BE T : IS BE/ & : ACTS
"RLY2 & "RLY X _C ACT )\T DO+ "R AC;NS1
& NEI 9DIVIDUAL NOR /ATE C D "R AC;NS
)\T VIRTUE & WISDOM4 ,?US ! C\RAGE1
JU/ICE1 & WISDOM (A /ATE H ! SAME =M &
NATURE Z ! QUALITIES : GIVE ! 9DIVIDUAL
:O POSSESSES !M ! "N ( J1 WISE1 OR
TEMP]ATE4
  ,?US M* MAY SU6ICE 0WAY ( PREFACE3 =
,I CD N AVOID T\*+ ^U ^! "QS1 NEI CD ,I
G "? ALL ! >GU;TS A6ECT+ !M2 ^! >E !
BUSI;S ( ANO!R SCI;E4
  ,LET U ASSUME !N T ! BE/ LIFE1 BO? =
9DIVIDUALS & /ATES1 IS ! LIFE ( VIRTUE1
:5 VIRTUE HAS EXT]NAL GDS 5 =! P]=M.E (
GD AC;NS4 ,IF "! >E ANY :O 3TROV]T \R
ASS];N1 WE W 9 ? TR1TISE PASS !M OV]1 &
3SID] _! OBJEC;NS "HAF4

                  ,,II

  ,"! REMA9S 6BE 4CUSS$ ! "Q :E!R !
HAPPI;S (! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! SAME Z T (!
/ATE1 OR DI6]5T4 ,"H AG "! C 2 NO D\BT-
NO "O D5IES T !Y >E ! SAME4 ,= ^? :O
HOLD T ! WELL-2+ (! 9DIVIDUAL 3SI/S 9 8
W1L?1 AL ?9K T RI*ES MAKE ! HAPPI;S (!
:OLE /ATE1 & ^? :O VALUE MO/ HI<LY !
LIFE (A TYRANT DEEM T C;Y ! HAPPIE/ :
RULES OV] ! GRTE/ NUMB]2 :ILE !Y :O
APPROVE AN 9DIVIDUAL = 8 VIRTUE SAY T !
M VIRTU\S A C;Y IS1 ! HAPPI] X IS4 ,TWO
PO9TS "H PRES5T !MVS = 3SID],N3 F/ 7#A71
: IS ! M ELIGI# LIFE1 T (A CITIZ5 :O IS
A MEMB] (A /ATE1 OR T ( AN ALI5 :O HAS
NO POLITICAL TIES2 & AG 7#B71 : IS ! BE/
=M ( 3/ITU;N OR ! BE/ 3DI;N (A /ATE1 EI
ON ! SUPPOSI;N T POLITICAL PRIVILEGES >E
DESIRA# = ALL1 OR =A MAJOR;Y ONLY8 ,S9CE
! GD (! /ATE & N (! 9DIVIDUAL IS ! PROP]
SUBJECT ( POLITICAL ?"\ & SPECUL,N1 & WE
>E 5GAG$ 9 A POLITICAL 4CUS.N1 :ILE ! F/
( ^! TWO PO9TS HAS A SECOND>Y 9T]E/ = U1
! LATT] W 2 ! MA9 SUBJECT ( \R 9QUIRY4
  ,N[ X IS EVID5T T ! =M ( GOV]N;T IS
BE/ 9 : E MAN1 :O"E HE IS1 C ACT BE/ &
LIVE HAPPILY4 ,B EV5 ^? :O AGREE 9 ?9K+
T ! LIFE ( VIRTUE IS ! MO/ ELIGI# RAISE
A "Q1 :E!R ! LIFE ( BUSI;S & POLITICS IS
OR IS N M ELIGI# ?AN "O : IS :OLLY
9DEP5D5T ( EXT]NAL GDS1 ,I M1N ?AN A
3TEMPLATIVE LIFE1 : 0"S IS MA9TA9$ 6BE !
ONLY "O WOR?Y (A PHILOSOPH]4 ,= ^! TWO
LIVES- ! LIFE (! PHILOSOPH] &! LIFE (!
/ATESMAN- APPE> 6H BE5 PREF]R$ 0^? :O H
BE5 MO/ KE5 9 ! PURSUIT ( VIRTUE1 BO? 9
\R [N & 9 O!R AGES4 ,: IS ! BETT] IS A
"Q ( NO SMALL MO;T2 =! WISE MAN1 L !
WISE /ATE1 W NECESS>ILY REGULATE 8 LIFE
AC 6! BE/ 5D4 ,"! >E "S :O ?9K T :ILE A
DESPOTIC RULE OV] O!RS IS ! GRTE/
9JU/ICE1 6EX]CISE A 3/ITU;NAL RULE OV]
!M1 EV5 ?\< N UNJU/1 IS A GRT IMP$I;T 6A
MAN'S 9DIVIDUAL WELLBE+4 ,O!RS TAKE AN
OPPOSITE VIEW2 !Y MA9TA9 T ! TRUE LIFE (
MAN IS ! PRACTICAL & POLITICAL1 & T E
VIRTUE ADMITS ( 2+ PRACTIC$1 Q Z M*
0/ATESM5 & RUL]S Z 0PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4
,O!RS1 AG1 >E ( OP9ION T >BITR>Y &
TYRANNICAL RULE AL"O 3SI/S ) HAPPI;S2
9DE$1 9 "S /ATES ! 5TIRE AIM BO? (! LAWS
&(! 3/ITU;N IS 6GIVE M5 DESPOTIC P[] OV]
_! NEI<BORS4 ,&1 "!=E1 AL? 9 MO/ CITIES
! LAWS MAY 2 SD G5],Y 6BE 9 A *AOTIC
/ATE1 /1 IF !Y AIM AT ANY?+1 !Y AIM AT !
MA9T5.E ( P[]3 ?US 9 ,LAC$AEMON & ,CRETE
! SY/EM ( $UC,N &! GRT] "P (!(! LAWS >E
FRAM$ )A VIEW 6W>4 ,& 9 ALL N,NS : >E A#
6GRATIFY _! AMBI;N MILIT>Y P[] IS HELD 9
E/EEM1 = EXAMPLE AM;G ! ,SCY?IANS &
,P]SIANS & ,?RACIANS & ,CELTS4
  ,9 "S N,NS "! >E EV5 LAWS T5D+
6/IMULATE ! W>LIKE VIRTUES1 Z AT
,C>?AGE1 ": WE >E TOLD T M5 OBTA9 !
HONOR ( WE>+ Z _M >MLETS Z !Y H S]V$
CAMPAIGNS4 ,"! 0 ONCE A LAW 9 ,MAC$ONIA
T HE :O _H N KILL$ AN 5EMY %D WE> A
HALT]1 & AM;G ! ,SCY?IANS NO "O :O _H N
SLA9 8 MAN 0 ALL[$ 6DR9K \ (! CUP : 0
H&$ R.D AT A C]TA9 F1/4 ,AM;G !
,IB]IANS1 A W>LIKE N,N1 ! NUMB] ( 5EMIES
:OM A MAN HAS SLA9 IS 9DICAT$ 0! NUMB] (
OBELISKS : >E FIX$ 9 ! E>? R.D 8 TOMB2 &
"! >E NUM]\S PRACTICES AM;G O!R N,NS (A
L K9D1 "S ( !M E/ABLI%$ 0LAW & O!RS
0CU/OM4 ,YET 6A REFLECT+ M9D X M/ APPE>
V /RANGE T ! /ATESMAN %D 2 ALW 3SID]+ H[
HE C DOM9ATE & TYRANNIZE OV] O!RS1 :E!R
!Y W OR N4 ,H[ C T : IS N EV5 LAW;L 2 !
BUSI;S (! /ATESMAN OR ! LEGISLATOR8
,UNLAW;L X C]TA9LY IS 6RULE )\T REG>D
6JU/ICE1 = "! MAY 2 MI<T ": "! IS NO "R4
,! O!R >TS & SCI;ES (F] NO P>ALLEL A
PHYSICIAN IS N EXPECT$ 6P]SUADE OR CO]CE
8 PATI5TS1 NOR A PILOT ! PASS5G]S 9 8
%IP4 ,YET MO/ M5 APPE> 6?9K T ! >T (
DESPOTIC GOV]N;T IS /ATESMAN%IP1 & :AT
M5 A6IRM 6BE UNJU/ & 9EXP$I5T 9 _! [N
CASE !Y >E N A%AM$ ( PRACTIC+ T[>DS
O!RS2 !Y DEM& J RULE = !MVS1 B ": O!R M5
>E 3C]N$ !Y C>E NO?+ AB X4 ,S* 2HAVIOR
IS IRR,NAL2 UN.S ! "O "PY IS1 &! O!R IS
N1 BORN 6S]VE1 9 : CASE M5 H A "R 6-M&1
N 9DE$ ALL _! FELL[S1 B ONLY ^? :O >E
9T5D$ 6BE SUBJECTS2 J Z WE "\ N 6HUNT
MANK9D1 :E!R = FOOD OR SACRIFICE1 B ONLY
! ANIMALS : MAY 2 HUNT$ = FOOD OR
SACRIFICE1 ? IS 6SAY1 S* WILD ANIMALS Z
>E EATA#4 ,& SURELY "! MAY 2 A C;Y HAPPY
9 ISOL,N1 : WE W ASSUME 6BE WELL-GOV]N$
7= X IS Q POSSI# T A C;Y ?US ISOLAT$
MI<T 2 WELL-ADM9I/]$ & H GD LAWS72 B S*
A C;Y WD N 2 3/ITUT$ ) ANY VIEW 6W> OR !
3QUE/ ( 5EMIES- ALL T SORT ( ?+ M/ 2
EXCLUD$4 ,H;E WE SEE V PLA9LY T W>LIKE
PURSUITS1 AL? G5],Y 6BE DEEM$ HONORA#1
>E N ! SUPREME 5D ( ALL ?+S1 B ONLY
M1NS4 ,&! GD LAWGIV] %D 9QUIRE H[ /ATES
& RACES ( M5 & -MUNITIES MAY "PICIPATE 9
A GD LIFE1 & 9 ! HAPPI;S : IS ATTA9A#
0!M4 ,8 5ACT;TS W N 2 ALW ! SAME2 & ":
"! >E NEI<BORS HE W H 6SEE :AT SORT (
/UDIES %D 2 PRACTIC$ 9 REL,N 6_! S"EAL
"*S1 OR H[ ! M1SURES APPROPRIATE 9 REL,N
6EA* >E 6BE ADOPT$4 ,! 5D AT : ! BE/ =M
( GOV]N;T %D AIM MAY 2 PROP]LY MADE A
MATT] ( FUTURE 3SID],N4

                 ,,III

  ,LET U N[ A4RESS ^? :O1 :ILE !Y AGREE
T ! LIFE ( VIRTUE IS ! MO/ ELIGI#1 DI6]
AB ! MANN] ( PRACTIC+ X4 ,= "S REN\NCE
POLITICAL P[]1 & ?9K T ! LIFE (! FREEMAN
IS DI6]5T F ! LIFE (! /ATESMAN &! BE/ (
ALL2 B O!RS ?9K ! LIFE (! /ATESMAN BE/4
,! >GU;T (! LATT] IS T HE :O DOES NO?+
_C D WELL1 & T VIRTU\S ACTIV;Y IS
ID5TICAL ) HAPPI;S4 ,6BO? WE SAY3 ,8Y >E
"PLY "R & "PLY WR;G40' F/ CLASS >E "R 9
A6IRM+ T ! LIFE (! FREEMAN IS BETT] ?AN
! LIFE (! DESPOT2 = "! IS NO?+ GR& OR
NO# 9 HAV+ ! USE (A SLAVE1 9 S F> Z HE
IS A SLAVE2 OR 9 ISSU+ -M&S AB NEC ?+S4
,B X IS AN ]ROR 6SUPPOSE T E SORT ( RULE
IS DESPOTIC L T (A MA/] OV] SLAVES1 = "!
IS Z GRT A DI6];E 2T ! RULE OV] FREEM5 &
! RULE OV] SLAVES Z "! IS 2T SLAV]Y
0NATURE & FREEDOM 0NATURE1 AB : ,I H SD
5 AT ! -M;E;T ( ? TR1TISE4 ,& X IS EQU,Y
A MISTAKE 6PLACE 9ACTIV;Y ABV AC;N1 =
HAPPI;S IS ACTIV;Y1 &! AC;NS (! J & WISE
>E ! R1LIZ,N ( M* T IS NO#4
  ,B P]H "S "O1 A3EPT+ ^! PREMISES1 MAY
/ MA9TA9 T SUPREME P[] IS ! BE/ ( ALL
?+S1 2C ! POSSESSORS ( X >E A# 6P]=M !
GRTE/ NUMB] ( NO# AC;NS4 IF S1 ! MAN :O
IS A# 6RULE1 9/1D ( GIV+ UP ANY?+ 6HIS
NEI<BOR1 "\ R 6TAKE AWAY 8 P[]2 &! "F %D
MAKE NO A3.T ( 8 SON1 NOR ! SON ( 8 "F1
NOR FR ( FR2 !Y %D N 2/[ A ?"\ ON "O
ANO!R 9 -P>ISON ) ? HI<] OBJECT1 =! BE/
IS ! MO/ ELIGI# & ,8DO+ ELIGI#0' & ,8DO+
WELL0' IS ! BE/4 ,"! MI<T 2 "S TRU? 9 S*
A VIEW IF WE ASSUME T RO2]S & PL"U]S
ATTA9 ! *IEF GD4 ,B ? C N"E BE2 _!
HYPO!SIS IS FALSE4 ,=! AC;NS (A RUL] _C
RE,Y 2 HONORA#1 UN.S HE IS Z M* SUP]IOR
6O!R M5 Z A HUSB& IS 6A WIFE1 OR A "F
6HIS *N1 OR A MA/] 6HIS SLAVES4 ,& "!=E
HE :O VIOLATES ! LAW C N"E RECOV] 0ANY
SU3ESS1 H["E GRT1 :AT HE HAS ALR LO/ 9
DE"P+ F VIRTUE4 ,= EQUALS ! HONORA# &! J
3SI/ 9 %>+ ALIKE1 Z IS J & EQUAL4 ,B T !
UNEQUAL %D 2 GIV5 6EQUALS1 &! UNLIKE 6^?
:O >E L1 IS 3TR>Y 6NATURE1 & NO?+ : IS
3TR>Y 6NATURE IS GD4 ,IF1 "!=E1 "! IS
ANY "O SUP]IOR 9 VIRTUE & 9 ! P[] (
P]=M+ ! BE/ AC;NS1 HM WE "\ 6FOLL[ &
OBEY1 B HE M/ H ! CAPAC;Y = AC;N Z WELL
Z VIRTUE4
  ,IF WE >E "R 9 \R VIEW1 & HAPPI;S IS
ASSUM$ 6BE VIRTU\S ACTIV;Y1 ! ACTIVE
LIFE W 2 ! BE/1 BO? = E C;Y
COLLECTIVELY1 &= 9DIVIDUALS4 ,N T A LIFE
( AC;N M/ NECESS>ILY H REL,N 6O!RS1 Z "S
P]SONS ?9K1 NOR >E ^? ID1S ONLY 6BE
REG>D$ Z PRACTICAL : >E PURSU$ =! SAKE (
PRACTICAL RESULTS1 B M* M ! ?"\S &
3TEMPL,NS : >E 9DEP5D5T & -PLETE 9 !MVS2
S9CE VIRTU\S ACTIV;Y1 & "!=E A C]TA9 K9D
( AC;N1 IS AN 5D1 & EV5 9 ! CASE (
EXT]NAL AC;NS ! DIRECT+ M9D IS MO/ TRULY
SD 6ACT4 ,NEI1 AG1 IS X NEC T /ATES : >E
CUT (F F O!RS & *OOSE 6LIVE AL"O %D 2
9ACTIVE2 = ACTIV;Y1 Z WELL Z O!R ?+S1
MAY TAKE PLACE 0SEC;NS2 "! >E _M WAYS 9
: ! SEC;NS (A /ATE ACT ^U "O ANO!R4 ,!
SAME ?+ IS EQU,Y TRUE ( E 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IF
? 7 O!RWISE1 ,GOD &! UNIV]SE1 :O H NO
EXT]NAL AC;NS OV] & ABV _! [N 5]GIES1 WD
2 F> 5 F P]FEC;N4 ,H;E X IS EVID5T T !
SAME LIFE IS BE/ = EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 &=
/ATES &= MANK9D COLLECTIVELY

                  ,,IV

  ,?US F> 0WAY ( 9TRODUC;N4 ,9 :AT HAS
PREC$$ ,I H 4CUSS$ O!R =MS ( GOV]N;T2 9
:AT REMA9S ! F/ PO9T 6BE 3SID]$ IS :AT
%D 2 ! 3DI;NS (! ID1L OR P]FECT /ATE2 =!
P]FECT /ATE _C EXI/ )\T A DUE SUPPLY (!
M1NS ( LIFE4 ,& "!=E WE M/ PRESUPPOSE _M
PURELY IMAG9>Y 3DI;NS1 B NO?+ IMPOSSI#4
,"! W 2 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( CITIZ5S1 A C.TRY
9 : 6PLACE !M1 &! L4 ,Z ! W1V] OR
%IPBUILD] OR ANY O!R >TISAN M/ H !
MAT]IAL PROP] = 8 "W 7& 9 PROPOR;N Z ?
IS BETT] PREP>$1 S W ! RESULT ( 8 >T 2
NO#R71 S ! /ATESMAN OR LEGISLATOR M/ AL
H ! MAT]IALS SUIT$ 6HM4
  ,F/ AM;G ! MAT]IALS REQUIR$ 0!
/ATESMAN IS POPUL,N3 HE W 3SID] :AT %D 2
! NUMB] & "* (! CITIZ5S1 & !N :AT %D 2 !
SIZE & "* (! C.TRY4 ,MO/ P]SONS ?9K T A
/ATE 9 ORD] 6BE HAPPY "\ 6BE L>GE2 B EV5
IF !Y >E "R1 !Y H NO IDEA :AT IS A L>GE
& :AT A SMALL /ATE4 ,= !Y JUDGE (! SIZE
(! C;Y 0! NUMB] (! 9HABITANTS2 ":AS !Y
"\ 6REG>D1 N _! NUMB]1 B _! P[]4 ,A C;Y
TOO1 L AN 9DIVIDUAL1 HAS A "W 6D2 & T
C;Y : IS BE/ ADAPT$ 6! FULFILL;T ( XS "W
IS 6BE DEEM$ GRTE/1 9 ! SAME S5SE (! ^W
GRT 9 : ,HIPPOCRATES MI<T 2 CALL$ GRT]1
N Z A MAN1 B Z A PHYSICIAN1 ?AN "S "O
ELSE :O 0 TALL] ,& EV5 IF WE RECKON
GRT;S 0NUMB]S1 WE "\ N 69CLUDE "EYBODY1
= "! M/ ALW 2 9 CITIES A MULTITUDE (
SLAVES & SOJ\RN]S & =EIGN]S2 B WE %D
9CLUDE ^? ONLY :O >E MEMB]S (! /ATE1 &
:O =M AN ESS5TIAL "P ( X4 ,! NUMB] (!
LATT] IS A PRO( (! GRT;S (A C;Y2 B A C;Y
: PRODUCES NUM]\S >TISANS & -P>ATIVELY
FEW SOLDI]S _C 2 GRT1 =A GRT C;Y IS N
6BE 3F.D$ )A POPUL\S "O4 ,MOREOV]1
EXP]I;E %[S T A V POPUL\S C;Y C R>ELY1
IF "E1 2 WELL GOV]N$2 S9CE ALL CITIES :
H A REPUT,N = GD GOV]N;T H A LIMIT (
POPUL,N4 ,WE MAY >GUE ON GR.DS ( R1SON1
&! SAME RESULT W FOLL[4 ,= LAW IS ORD]1
& GD LAW IS GD ORD]2 B A V GRT MULTITUDE
_C 2 ORD]LY3 69TRODUCE ORD] 96! UNLIMIT$
IS ! "W (A DIV9E P[]- ( S* A P[] Z HOLDS
TGR ! UNIV]SE4 ,B1UTY IS R1LIZ$ 9 NUMB]
& MAGNITUDE1 &! /ATE : -B9ES MAGNITUDE )
GD ORD] M/ NECESS>ILY 2 ! MO/ B1UTI;L4
,6! SIZE ( /ATES "! IS A LIMIT1 Z "! IS
6O!R ?+S1 PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 IMPLE;TS2 =
N"O ( ^! RETA9 _! NATURAL P[] :5 !Y >E
TOO L>GE OR TOO SMALL1 B !Y EI :OLLY
LOSE _! NATURE1 OR >E SPOIL$4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 A %IP : IS ONLY A SPAN L;G W N
2 A %IP AT ALL1 NOR A %IP A QU>T] (A
MILE L;G2 YET "! MAY 2 A %IP (A C]TA9
SIZE1 EI TOO L>GE OR TOO SMALL1 : W / 2
A %IP1 B BAD = SAIL+4 ,9 L MANN] A /ATE
:5 -POS$ ( TOO FEW IS N1 Z A /ATE "\
6BE1 SELF-SU6IC+2 :5 ( TOO _M1 ?\< SELF-
SU6IC+ 9 ALL M]E NECESS>IES1 Z A N,N MAY
BE1 X IS N A /ATE1 2+ ALM 9CAPA# (
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T4 ,= :O C 2 ! G5]AL (
S* A VA/ MULTITUDE1 OR :O ! H]ALD1 UN.S
HE H ! VOICE (A ,/5TOR8

,A /ATE1 !N1 ONLY 2G9S 6EXI/ :5 X HAS
  ATTA9$ A POPUL,N SU6ICI5T =A GD LIFE 9
  ! POLITICAL -MUN;Y3 X MAY 9DE$1 IF X
  "S:AT EXCE$ ? NUMB]1 2 A GRT] /ATE4
  ,B1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 "! M/ 2 A LIMIT4 ,:AT
  %D 2 ! LIMIT W 2 EASILY ASC]TA9$
  0EXP]I;E4 ,= BO? GOV]NORS & GOV]N$ H
  DUTIES 6P]=M2 ! SPECIAL FUNC;NS (A
  GOV]NOR 6-M& & 6JUDGE4 ,B IF ! CITIZ5S
  (A /ATE >E 6JUDGE & 64TRIBUTE (FICES
  AC 6M]IT1 !N !Y M/ "K EA* O!R'S "*S2
  ": !Y D N POSSESS ? K1 BO? ! ELEC;N
  6(FICES &! DECI.N ( LAWSUITS W G WR;G4
  ,:5 ! POPUL,N IS V L>GE !Y >E
  MANIFE/LY SETTL$ AT HAPHAZ>D1 : CLE>LY
  "\ N 6BE4 ,2SS1 9 AN OV]-POPUL\S /ATE
  =EIGN]S & METICS W R1DILY ACQUIRE !
  "RS ( CITIZ5S1 = :O W F9D !M \8
  ,CLE>LY !N ! BE/ LIMIT (! POPUL,N (A
  /ATE IS ! L>GE/ NUMB] : SU6ICES =!
  PURPOSES ( LIFE1 & C 2 TAK5 9 AT A
  S+LE VIEW4 ,5 3C]N+ ! SIZE (A /ATE4
                  ;,V

  ,M* ! SAME PR9CIPLE W APPLY 6!
T]RITORY (! /ATE3 E "O WD AGREE 9 PRAIS+
! T]RITORY : IS MO/ 5TIRELY SELF-SU6IC+2
& T M/ 2 ! T]RITORY : IS ALL-PRODUC+1 =
6H ALL ?+S & 6WANT NO?+ IS SU6ICI5CY4 ,9
SIZE & EXT5T X %D 2 S* Z MAY 5A# !
9HABITANTS 6LIVE AT ONCE TEMP]ATELY &
LIB],Y 9 ! 5JOY;T ( LEISURE4 ,:E!R WE >E
"R OR WR;G 9 LAY+ D[N ? LIMIT WE W
9QUIRE M PRECISELY "HAF1 :5 WE H O3A.N
63SID] :AT IS ! "R USE ( PROP]TY & W1L?3
A MATT] : IS M* 4PUT$1 2C M5 >E 9CL9$
6RU% 96"O ( TWO EXTREMES1 "S 96M1N;S1
O!RS 96LUXURY4
  ,X IS N DI6ICULT 6DET]M9E ! G5]AL "* (
! T]RITORY : IS REQUIR$ 7"! >E1 H["E1 "S
PO9TS ON : MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES %D 2
HE>D72 X %D 2 DI6ICULT ( A3ESS 6! 5EMY1
& EASY ( EGRESS 6! 9HABITANTS4 ,FUR!R1
WE REQUIRE T ! L& Z WELL Z ! 9HABITANTS
( :OM WE 7 J N[ SP1K+ %D 2 TAK5 9 AT A
S+LE VIEW1 =A C.TRY : IS EASILY SE5 C 2
EASILY PROTECT$4 ,Z 6! POSI;N (! C;Y1 IF
WE CD H :AT WE WI%1 X %D 2 WELL SITUAT$
9 REG>D BO? 6SEA & L&4 ,? !N IS "O
PR9CIPLE1 T X %D 2 A 3V5I5T C5T] =!
PROTEC;N (! :OLE C.TRY3 ! O!R IS1 T X %D
2 SUITA# = RCVG ! FRUITS (! SOIL1 & AL =
! BR++ 9 ( TIMB] & ANY O!R PRODUCTS T >E
EASILY TRANSPORT$4

                  ,,VI

  ,:E!R A -MUNIC,N )! SEA IS B5EFICIAL
6A WELL-ORD]$ /ATE OR N IS A "Q : HAS
(T5 BE5 ASK$4 ,X IS >GU$ T ! 9TRODUC;N (
/RANG]S BR"\ UP "U O!R LAWS1 &! 9CR1SE (
POPUL,N1 W 2 ADV]SE 6GD ORD]2 ! 9CR1SE
>ISES F _! US+ ! SEA & HAV+ A CR[D (
M]*ANTS -+ & GO+1 & IS 9IMICAL 6GD
GOV]N;T4 ,A"P F ^! 3SID],NS1 X WD 2
UND\BT$LY BETT]1 BO? )A VIEW 6SAFETY &
6! PROVI.N ( NECESS>IES1 T ! C;Y &
T]RITORY %D 2 3NECT$ )! SEA2 ! DEF5D]S (
A C.TRY1 IF !Y >E 6MA9TA9 !MVS AG/ AN
5EMY1 %D 2 EASILY RELIEV$ BO? 0L& &
0SEA2 & EV5 IF !Y >E N A# 6ATTACK 0SEA &
L& AT ONCE1 !Y W H LESS DI6ICULTY 9 DO+
MIS*IEF 6_! ASSAILANTS ON "O ELE;T1 IF
!Y !MVS C USE BO?4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS NEC T
!Y %D IMPORT F ABROAD :AT IS N F.D 9 _!
[N C.TRY1 & T !Y %D EXPORT :AT !Y H 9
EXCESS2 =A C;Y "\ 6BE A M>KET1 N 9DE$ =
O!RS1 B = H]F4
  ,^? :O MAKE !MVS A M>KET =! _W ONLY D
S =! SAKE ( REV5UE1 & IF A /ATE "\ N
6DESIRE PR(IT ( ? K9D X "\ N 6H S* AN
EMPORIUM4 ,N[A"DS WE (T5 SEE 9 C.TRIES &
CITIES DOCKY>DS & H>BORS V 3V5I5TLY
PLAC$ \TSIDE ! C;Y1 B N TOO F> (F2 & !Y
>E KEPT 9 DEP5D;E 0WALLS & SIMIL>
=TIFIC,NS4 ,CITIES ?US SITUAT$ MANIFE/LY
R1P ! B5EFIT ( 9T]C\RSE ) _! PORTS2 &
ANY H>M : IS LIKELY 6A3RUE MAY 2 EASILY
GU>D$ AG/ 0! LAWS1 : W PRON\NCE &
DET]M9E :O MAY HOLD -MUNIC,N ) "O ANO!R1
& :O MAY N4
  ,"! C 2 NO D\BT T ! POSSES.N (A
MOD]ATE NAVAL =CE IS ADVANTAGE\S 6A C;Y2
! C;Y %D 2 =MIDA# N ONLY 6XS [N CITIZ5S
B 6"S ( XS NEI<BORS1 OR1 IF NEC1 A#
6ASSI/ !M 0SEA Z WELL Z 0L&4 ,! PROP]
NUMB] OR MAGNITUDE ( ? NAVAL =CE IS
RELATIVE 6! "* (! /ATE2 = IF H] FUNC;N
IS 6TAKE A L1D+ "P 9 POLITICS1 H] NAVAL
P[] %D 2 -M5SURATE )! SCALE ( H]
5T]PRISES4 ,! POPUL,N (! /ATE NE$ N 2 M*
9CR1S$1 S9CE "! IS NO NECESS;Y T !
SAILORS %D 2 CITIZ5S3 ! M>9ES :O H !
3TROL & -M& W 2 FREEM51 & 2L;G AL 6!
9FANTRY2 & :]"E "! IS A D5SE POPUL,N (
,P]IOECI & HUSB&M51 "! W ALW 2 SAILORS M
?AN 5\<4 ,( ? WE SEE 9/.ES AT ! PRES5T
"D4 ,! C;Y ( ,H]ACLEA1 = EXAMPLE1 AL?
SMALL 9 -P>ISON ) _M O!RS1 C MAN A
3SID]A# FLEET4 ,S* >E \R 3CLU.NS
RESPECT+ ! T]RITORY (! /ATE1 XS H>BORS1
XS T[NS1 XS REL,NS 6! SEA1 & XS M>I"T
P[]4

                 ,,VII

  ,HAV+ SPOK5 (! NUMB] (! CITIZ5S1 WE W
PROCE$ 6SP1K ( :AT %D 2 _! "*4 ,? IS A
SUBJECT : C 2 EASILY "U/OOD 0ANY "O :O
CA/S 8 EYE ON ! M CELEBRAT$ /ATES (
,HELLAS1 & G5],Y ON ! 4TRIBU;N ( RACES 9
! HABITA# _W4 ,^? :O LIVE 9 A COLD
CLIMATE & 9 ,EUROPE >E FULL ( _S1 B
WANT+ 9 9TELLIG;E & SKILL2 & "!=E !Y
RETA9 -P>ATIVE FREEDOM1 B H NO POLITICAL
ORGANIZ,N1 & >E 9CAPA# ( RUL+ OV] O!RS4
,":AS ! NATIVES ( ,ASIA >E 9TELLIG5T &
9V5TIVE1 B !Y >E WANT+ 9 _S1 & "!=E !Y
>E ALW 9 A /ATE ( SUBJEC;N & SLAV]Y4 ,B
! ,HELL5IC RACE1 : IS SITUAT$ 2T !M1 IS
LIKEWISE 9T]M$IATE 9 "*1 2+ HI<-_S$ & AL
9TELLIG5T4 ,H;E X 3T9UES FREE1 & IS !
BE/-GOV]N$ ( ANY N,N1 &1 IF X CD 2 =M$
96"O /ATE1 WD 2 A# 6RULE ! _W4 ,"! >E AL
SIMIL> DI6];ES 9 ! DI6]5T TRIBES (
,HELLAS2 = "S ( !M >E (A "O-SID$ NATURE1
& >E 9TELLIG5T OR C\RAGE\S ONLY1 :ILE 9
O!RS "! IS A HAPPY -B9,N ( BO?
QUALITIES4 ,& CLE>LY ^? :OM ! LEGISLATOR
W MO/ EASILY L1D 6VIRTUE MAY 2 EXPECT$
6BE BO? 9TELLIG5T & C\RAGE\S4 ,"S SAY T
! GU>DIANS %D 2 FRLY T[>DS ^? :OM !Y "K1
FI]CE T[>DS ^? :OM !Y D N "K4 ,N[1 PAS.N
IS ! QUAL;Y (! S\L : 2GETS FR%IP & 5A#S
U 6LOVE2 NOTABLY ! _S )9 U IS M /IRR$
AG/ \R FRS & ACQUA9T.ES ?AN AG/ ^? :O >E
UN"KN 6U1 :5 WE ?9K T WE >E DESPIS$ 0!M2
= : R1SON ,>*ILO*US1 -PLA9+ ( 8 FRS1 V
NATUR,Y A4RESSES 8 S\L 9 ^! ^WS3
  ,= SURELY ?\ >T PLAGU$ ON A3.T ( FRS4
  ,! P[] ( -M& &! LOVE ( FREEDOM >E 9
ALL M5 BAS$ ^U ? QUAL;Y1 = PAS.N IS -M&+
& 9V9CI#4 ,NOR IS X "R 6SAY T ! GU>DIANS
%D 2 FI]CE T[>DS ^? :OM !Y D N "K1 = WE
"\ N 6BE \ ( TEMP] ) ANY "O2 &A L(TY _S
IS N FI]CE 0NATURE1 B ONLY :5 EXCIT$ AG/
EVIL-DO]S4 ,& ?1 Z ,I 0 SAY+ 2F1 IS A
FEEL+ : M5 %[ MO/ /R;GLY T[>DS _! FRS IF
!Y ?9K !Y H RCVD A WR;G AT _! H&S3 Z
9DE$ IS R1SONA#2 =1 2SS ! ACTUAL 9JURY1
!Y SEEM 6BE DEPRIV$ (A B5EFIT 0^? :O [E
!M "O4 ,H;E ! SAY+3
  ,CRUEL IS ! /RIFE ( BRE?R51
  & AG3
  ,!Y :O LOVE 9 EXCESS AL HATE 9 EXCESS4
  ,?US WE H NE>LY DET]M9$ ! NUMB] & "* (
! CITIZ5S ( \R /ATE1 & AL ! SIZE &
NATURE ( _! T]RITORY4 ,I SAY ,8NE>LY10'
= WE "\ N 6REQUIRE ! SAME M9UTE;S 9 !ORY
Z 9 ! FACTS GIV5 0P]CEP;N4


                 ,,VIII

  ,Z 9 O!R NATURAL -P.DS ! 3DI;NS (A
-POSITE :OLE >E N NECESS>ILY ORGANIC "PS
( X1 S 9 A /ATE OR 9 ANY O!R -B9,N =M+ A
UN;Y N "EY?+ IS A "P1 : IS A NEC 3DI;N4
,! MEMB]S ( AN ASSOCI,N H NECESS>ILY "S
"O ?+ ! SAME & -MON 6ALL1 9 : !Y %>E
EQU,Y OR UNEQU,Y = EXAMPLE1 FOOD OR L&
OR ANY O!R ?+4 ,B ": "! >E TWO ?+S ( :
"O IS A M1NS &! O!R AN 5D1 !Y H NO?+ 9
-MON EXCEPT T ! "O RCVS :AT ! O!R
PRODUCES4 ,S*1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ! REL,N :
"WM5 & TOOLS /& 6_! "W2 ! H\SE &! BUILD]
H NO?+ 9 -MON1 B ! >T (! BUILD] IS =!
SAKE (! H\SE4 ,& S /ATES REQUIRE
PROP]TY1 B PROP]TY1 EV5 ?\< LIV+ 2+S >E
9CLUD$ 9 X1 IS NO "P (A /ATE2 =A /ATE IS
N A -MUN;Y ( LIV+ 2+S ONLY1 B A -MUN;Y (
EQUALS1 AIM+ AT ! BE/ LIFE POSSI#4 ,N[1
":AS HAPPI;S IS ! HI<E/ GD1 2+ A R1LIZ,N
& P]FECT PRACTICE ( VIRTUE1 : "S C
ATTA91 :ILE O!RS H LL OR N"O ( X1 !
V>I\S QUALITIES ( M5 >E CLE>LY ! R1SON
:Y "! >E V>I\S K9DS ( /ATES & _M =MS (
GOV]N;T2 = DI6]5T M5 SEEK AF HAPPI;S 9
DI6]5T WAYS & 0DI6]5T M1NS1 & S MAKE =
!MVS DI6]5T MODES ( LIFE & =MS (
GOV]N;T4 ,WE M/ SEE AL H[ _M ?+S >E
9DISP5SA# 6! EXI/;E (A /ATE1 = :AT WE
CALL ! "PS (A /ATE W 2 F.D AM;G !
9DISP5SA#S4 ,LET U !N ENUM]ATE ! FUNC;NS
(A /ATE1 & WE % EASILY ELICIT :AT WE
WANT3
  ,F/1 "! M/ 2 FOOD2 SECONDLY1 >TS1 =
LIFE REQUIRES _M 9/RU;TS2 ?IRDLY1 "! M/
2 >MS1 =! MEMB]S (A -MUN;Y H NE$ ( !M1 &
9 _! [N H&S1 TOO1 9 ORD] 6MA9TA9 AU?OR;Y
BO? AG/ 4OB$I5T SUBJECTS & AG/ EXT]NAL
ASSAILANTS2 F\R?LY1 "! M/ 2 A C]TA9 AM.T
( REV5UE1 BO? = 9T]NAL NE$S1 &=!
PURPOSES ( W>2 FIF?LY1 OR R F/1 "! M/ 2
A C>E ( RELIGION : IS -MONLY CALL$
WOR%IP2 SIX?LY1 & MO/ NEC ( ALL "! M/ 2
A P[] ( DECID+ :AT IS =! PUBLIC 9T]E/1 &
:AT IS J 9 M5'S D1L+S ) "O ANO!R4
  ,^! >E ! S]VICES : E /ATE MAY 2 SD
6NE$4 ,=A /ATE IS N A M]E A7REGATE (
P]SONS1 B A UNION ( !M SU6IC+ =!
PURPOSES ( LIFE2 & IF ANY ( ^! ?+S 2
WANT+1 X IS Z WE MA9TA9 IMPOSSI# T !
-MUN;Y C 2 ABSOLUTELY SELF-SU6IC+4 ,A
/ATE !N %D 2 FRAM$ )A VIEW 6! FULFILL;T
( ^! FUNC;NS4 ,"! M/ 2 HUSB&M5 6PROCURE
FOOD1 & >TISANS1 &A W>LIKE &A W1L?Y
CLASS1 & PRIE/S1 & JUDGES 6DECIDE :AT IS
NEC & EXP$I5T4

                  ,,IX

  ,HAV+ DET]M9$ ^! PO9TS1 WE H 9 ! NEXT
PLACE 63SID] :E!R ALL "\ 6%>E 9 E SORT (
O3UP,N4 ,% E MAN 2 AT ONCE HUSB&MAN1
>TISAN1 C\NCILLOR1 JUDGE1 OR % WE
SUPPOSE ! S"EAL O3UP,NS J M5;N$ ASSIGN$
6DI6]5T P]SONS8 OR1 ?IRDLY1 % "S
EMPLOY;TS 2 ASSIGN$ 69DIVIDUALS & O!RS
-MON 6ALL8 ,! SAME >RANGE;T1 H["E1 DOES
N O3UR 9 E 3/ITU;N2 Z WE 7 SAY+1 ALL MAY
2 %>$ 0ALL1 OR N ALL 0ALL1 B ONLY 0"S2 &
H;E >ISE ! DI6];ES ( 3/ITU;NS1 = 9
DEMOCRACIES ALL %>E 9 ALL1 9 OLIG>*IES !
OPPOSITE PRACTICE PREVAILS4 ,N[1 S9CE WE
>E "H SP1K+ (! BE/ =M ( GOV]N;T1 I4E41 T
"U : ! /ATE W 2 MO/ HAPPY 7& HAPPI;S1 Z
HAS BE5 ALR SD1 _C EXI/ )\T VIRTUE71 X
CLE>LY FOLL[S T 9 ! /ATE : IS BE/ GOV]N$
& POSSESSES M5 :O >E J ABSOLUTELY1 & N
M]ELY RELATIVELY 6! PR9CIPLE (! 3/ITU;N1
! CITIZ5S M/ N L1D ! LIFE ( ME*ANICS OR
TRADESM51 = S* A LIFE IS IGNO#1 &
9IMICAL 6VIRTUE4 ,NEI M/ !Y 2 HUSB&M51
S9CE LEISURE IS NEC BO? =! DEVELOP;T (
VIRTUE &! P]=M.E ( POLITICAL DUTIES4
  ,AG1 "! IS 9 A /ATE A CLASS ( W>RIORS1
& ANO!R ( C\NCILLORS1 :O ADVISE AB !
EXP$I5T & DET]M9E MATT]S ( LAW1 & ^!
SEEM 9 AN ESPECIAL MANN] "PS (A /ATE4
,N[1 %D ^! TWO CLASSES 2 4T+UI%$1 OR >E
BO? FUNC;NS 6BE ASSIGN$ 6! SAME P]SONS8
,"H AG "! IS NO DI6ICULTY 9 SEE+ T BO?
FUNC;NS W 9 "O WAY 2L;G 6! SAME1 9
ANO!R1 6DI6]5T P]SONS4 ,6DI6]5T P]SONS 9
S F> Z ^! I4E41 ! PHYSICAL &! EMPLOY;TS
>E SUIT$ 6DI6]5T PRIMES ( LIFE1 =! "O
REQUIRES M5TAL WISDOM &! O!R /R5G?4 ,B
ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE X IS AN IMPOSSI# ?+ T
^? :O >E A# 6USE OR 6RESI/ =CE %D 2
WILL+ 6REMA9 ALW 9 SUBJEC;N1 F ? PO9T (
VIEW ! P]SONS >E ! SAME2 = ^? :O C>RY
>MS C ALW DET]M9E ! FATE (! 3/ITU;N4 ,X
REMA9S "!=E T BO? FUNC;NS %D 2 5TRU/$ 0!
ID1L 3/ITU;N 6! SAME P]SONS1 N1 H["E1 AT
! SAME "T1 B 9 ! ORD] PRESCRIB$ 0NATURE1
:O HAS GIV5 6"Y M5 /R5G? & 6OLD] M5
WISDOM4 ,S* A 4TRIBU;N ( DUTIES W 2
EXP$I5T & AL J1 & IS F.D$ ^U A PR9CIPLE
( 3=M;Y 6M]IT4 ,2SS1 ! RUL+ CLASS %D 2 !
[N]S ( PROP]TY1 = !Y >E CITIZ5S1 &!
CITIZ5S (A /ATE %D 2 9 GD CIRCUM/.ES2
":AS ME*ANICS OR ANY O!R CLASS : IS N A
PRODUC] ( VIRTUE H NO %>E 9 ! /ATE4 ,?
FOLL[S F \R F/ PR9CIPLE1 = HAPPI;S _C
EXI/ )\T VIRTUE1 &A C;Y IS N 6BE T]M$
HAPPY 9 REG>D 6A POR;N (! CITIZ5S1 B 9
REG>D 6!M ALL4 ,& CLE>LY PROP]TY %D 2 9
_! H&S1 S9CE ! HUSB&M5 W ( NECESS;Y 2
SLAVES OR B>B>IAN ,P]IOECI4
  ,(! CLASSES ENUM]AT$ "! REMA9 ONLY !
PRIE/S1 &! MANN] 9 : _! (FICE IS 6BE
REGULAT$ IS OBVI\S4 ,NO HUSB&MAN OR
ME*ANIC %D 2 APPO9T$ 6X2 =! ,GODS %D RCV
HONOR F ! CITIZ5S ONLY4 ,N[ S9CE ! BODY
(! CITIZ5 IS DIVID$ 96TWO CLASSES1 !
W>RIORS &! C\NCILLORS & X IS 2SEEM+ T !
WOR%IP (! ,GODS %D 2 DULY P]=M$1 & AL A
RE/ PROVID$ 9 _! S]VICE = ^? :O F AGE H
GIV5 UP ACTIVE LIFE1 6! OLD M5 ( ^! TWO
CLASSES %D 2 ASSIGN$ ! DUTIES (!
PRIE/HOOD4
  ,WE H %[N :AT >E ! NEC 3DI;NS1 & :AT !
"PS (A /ATE3 HUSB&M51 CRAFTSM51 &
LABOR]S ( AN K9DS >E NEC 6! EXI/;E (
/ATES1 B ! "PS (! /ATE >E ! W>RIORS &
C\NCILLORS4 ,& ^! >E 4T+UI%$ S"E,Y F "O
ANO!R1 ! 4T9C;N 2+ 9 "S CASES P]MAN5T1 9
O!RS N4

                  ;,X

  ,X IS N A NEW OR REC5T 4COV]Y (
POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S T ! /ATE "\ 6BE
DIVID$ 96CLASSES1 & T ! W>RIORS %D 2
SEP>AT$ F ! HUSB&M54 ,! SY/EM HAS 3T9U$
9 ,EGYPT & 9 ,CRETE 6? "D1 & 0 E/ABLI%$1
Z TRADI;N SAYS1 0A LAW ( ,SESO/RIS 9
,EGYPT &( ,M9OS 9 ,CRETE4 ,! 9/ITU;N (
-MON TA#S AL APPE>S 6BE ( ANCI5T DATE1
2+ 9 ,CRETE Z OLD Z ! REIGN ( ,M9OS1 & 9
,ITALY F> OLD]4 ,! ,ITALIAN HI/ORIANS
SAY T "! 0 A C]TA9 ,ITALUS1 K+ (
,OENOTRIA1 F :OM ! ,OENOTRIANS 7 CALL$
,ITALIANS1 & :O GAVE ! "N ( ,ITALY 6!
PROMONTORY ( ,EUROPE LY+ )9 ! ,SCYLLETIC
& ,LAMETIC ,GULFS1 : >E 4TANT F "O ANO!R
ONLY HALF A "D'S J\RNEY4 ,!Y SAY T ?
,ITALUS 3V]T$ ! ,OENOTRIANS F %EPH]DS
96HUSB&M51 & 2SS O!R LAWS : HE GAVE !M1
0 ! F.D] ( _! -MON M1LS2 EV5 9 \R "D "S
:O >E DERIV$ F HM RETA9 ? 9/ITU;N &
C]TA9 O!R LAWS ( HIS4 ,ON ! SIDE (
,ITALY T[>DS ,TYRRH5IA DWELT ! ,OPICI1
:O >E N[1 Z ( OLD1 CALL$ ,AUS"OS2 & ON !
SIDE T[>DS ,IAPYGIA &! ,IONIAN ,GULF1 9
! 4TRICT CALL$ ,SIRITIS1 ! ,*"OS1 :O >E
LIKEWISE ( ,OENOTRIAN RACE4 ,F ? "P (!
_W ORIG9,Y CAME ! 9/ITU;N ( -MON TA#S2 !
SEP>,N 96CA/ES F ,EGYPT1 =! REIGN (
,SESO/RIS IS ( F> GRT] ANTIQU;Y ?AN T (
,M9OS4 ,X IS TRUE 9DE$ T ^! & _M O!R ?+S
H BE5 9V5T$ S"EAL "TS OV] 9 ! C\RSE (
AGES1 OR R "TS )\T NUMB]2 = NECESS;Y MAY
2 SUPPOS$ 6H TAU<T M5 ! 9V5;NS : 7
ABSOLUTELY REQUIR$1 & :5 ^! 7 PROVID$1 X
0 NATURAL T O!R ?+S : WD ADORN & 5RI*
LIFE %D GR[ UP 0DEGREES4 ,& WE MAY 9F] T
9 POLITICAL 9/ITU;NS ! SAME RULE HOLDS4
,EGYPT WIT;SES 6! ANTIQU;Y ( ALL ^! ?+S1
=! ,EGYPTIANS APPE> 6BE ( ALL P ! MO/
ANCI5T2 & !Y H LAWS &A REGUL> 3/ITU;N
EXI/+ F "T IMMEMORIAL4 ,WE %D "!=E MAKE
! BE/ USE ( :AT HAS BE5 ALR 4COV]$1 &
TRY 6SUPPLY DEFECTS4
  ,I H ALR REM>K$ T ! L& "\ 62L;G 6^? :O
POSSESS >MS & H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T1 & T !
HUSB&M5 "\ 6BE A CLASS 4T9CT F !M2 & ,I
H DET]M9$ :AT %D 2 ! EXT5T & NATURE (!
T]RITORY4 ,LET ME PROCE$ 64CUSS !
4TRIBU;N (! L&1 &! "* (! AGRICULTURAL
CLASS2 = ,I D N ?9K T PROP]TY "\ 6BE
-MON1 Z "S MA9TA91 B ONLY T 0FRLY 3S5T
"! %D 2 A -MON USE ( X2 & T NO CITIZ5 %D
2 9 WANT ( SUBSI/;E4
  ,Z 6-MON M1LS1 "! IS A G5]AL AGREE;T T
A WELL ORD]$ C;Y %D H !M2 & WE W "HAF
EXPLA9 :AT >E \R [N R1SONS = TAK+ ?
VIEW4 ,!Y "\1 H["E1 6BE OP5 6ALL !
CITIZ5S4 ,& YET X IS N EASY =! POOR
63TRIBUTE ! REQUISITE SUM \ ( _! PRIVATE
M1NS1 & 6PROVIDE AL = _! H\SEHOLD4 ,!
EXP5SE ( RELIGI\S WOR%IP %D LIKEWISE 2 A
PUBLIC *>GE4 ,! L& M/ "!=E 2 DIVID$
96TWO "PS1 "O PUBLIC &! O!R PRIVATE1 &
EA* "P %D 2 SUBDIVID$1 "P (! PUBLIC L&
2+ APPROPRIAT$ 6! S]VICE (! ,GODS1 &!
O!R "P US$ 6DEFRAY ! CO/ (! -MON M1LS2
:ILE (! PRIVATE L&1 "P %D 2 NE> ! BORD]1
&! O!R NE> ! C;Y1 S T1 EA* CITIZ5 HAV+
TWO LOTS1 !Y MAY ALL ( !M H L& 9 BO?
PLACES2 "! IS JU/ICE & FAIR;S 9 S* A
DIVI.N1 & X T5DS 69SPIRE UNANIM;Y AM;G !
P 9 _! BORD] W>S4 ,": "! IS N ? >RANGE;T
"S ( !M >E TOO R1DY 6-E 6BL[S ) _!
NEI<BORS1 :ILE O!RS >E S CAUTI\S T !Y Q
LOSE ! S5SE ( HONOR4 ,":=E "! IS A LAW 9
"S PLACES : =BIDS ^? :O DWELL NE> !
BORD] 6TAKE "P 9 PUBLIC DELIB],NS AB W>S
) NEI<BORS1 ON ! GR.D T _! 9T]E/S W
P]V]T _! JUDG;T4 ,=! R1SONS ALR M5;N$1
!N1 ! L& %D 2 DIVID$ 9 ! MANN] DESCRIB$4
,! V BE/ ?+ ( ALL WD 2 T ! HUSB&M5 %D 2
SLAVES TAK5 F AM;G M5 :O >E N ALL (!
SAME RACE & N _S$1 = IF !Y H NO _S !Y W
2 BETT] SUIT$ = _! "W1 & "! W 2 NO DANG]
( _! MAK+ A REVOLU;N4 ,! NEXT BE/ ?+ WD
2 T !Y %D 2 ,P]IOECI ( =EIGN RACE1 &(A L
9F]IOR NATURE2 "S ( !M %D 2 ! SLAVES (
9DIVIDUALS1 & EMPLOY$ 9 ! PRIVATE E/ATES
( M5 ( PROP]TY1 ! REMA9D] %D 2 ! PROP]TY
(! /ATE & EMPLOY$ ON ! -MON L&4 ,I W
"HAF EXPLA9 :AT IS ! PROP] TR1T;T (
SLAVES1 & :Y X IS EXP$I5T T LIB]TY %D 2
ALW HELD \ 6!M Z ! REW>D ( _! S]VICES4

                  ,,XI

  ,WE H ALR SD T ! C;Y %D 2 OP5 6! L& &
6! SEA1 & 6! :OLE C.TRY Z F> Z POSSI#4
,9 RESPECT (! PLACE XF \R WI% WD 2 T XS
SITU,N %D 2 =TUNATE 9 F\R ?+S4 ,! F/1
H1L?- ? IS A NECESS;Y3 CITIES : LIE
T[>DS ! EA/1 & >E BL[N ^U 0W9DS -+ F !
EA/1 >E ! H1L?IE/2 NEXT 9 H1L?;L;S >E ^?
: >E %ELT]$ F ! NOR? W9D1 = !Y H A MILD]
W9T]4 ,! SITE (! C;Y %D LIKEWISE 2
3V5I5T BO? = POLITICAL ADM9I/R,N &= W>4
,)A VIEW 6! LATT] X %D AF=D EASY EGRESS
6! CITIZ5S1 & AT ! SAME "T 2 9A3ESSI# &
DI6ICULT ( CAPTURE 65EMIES4 ,"! %D 2 A
NATURAL ABUND.E ( SPR+S & F.TA9S 9 !
T[N1 OR1 IF "! IS A DEFICI5CY ( !M1 GRT
RES]VOIRS MAY 2 E/ABLI%$ =! COLLEC;N (
RA9WAT]1 S* Z W N FAIL :5 ! 9HABITANTS
>E CUT (F F ! C.TRY 00W>4 ,SPECIAL C>E
%D 2 TAK5 (! H1L? (! 9HABITANTS1 : W
DEP5D *IEFLY ON ! H1L?I;S (! LOCAL;Y &(!
QU>T] 6: !Y >E EXPOS$1 & SECONDLY1 ON !
USE ( PURE WAT]2 ? LATT] PO9T IS 0NO
M1NS A SECOND>Y 3SID],N4 ,=! ELE;TS : WE
USE MO/ & (T5E/ =! SUPPORT (! BODY
3TRIBUTE MO/ 6H1L?1 & AM;G ^! >E WAT] &
AIR4 ,":=E1 9 ALL WISE /ATES1 IF "! IS A
WANT ( PURE WAT]1 &! SUPPLY IS N ALL
EQU,Y GD1 ! DR9K+ WAT] "\ 6BE SEP>AT$ F
T : IS US$ = O!R PURPOSES4
  ,Z 6/R;GHOLDS1 :AT IS SUITA# 6DI6]5T
=MS ( GOV]N;T V>IES3 ?US AN ACROPOLIS IS
SUIT$ 6AN OLIG>*Y OR A MON>*Y1 B A PLA9
6A DEMOCRACY2 NEI 6AN >I/OCRACY1 B R A
NUMB] ( /R;G PLACES4 ,! >RANGE;T (
PRIVATE H\SES IS 3SID]$ 6BE M AGREEA# &
G5],Y M 3V5I5T1 IF ! /REETS >E REGUL>LY
LAID \ AF ! MOD]N FA%ION : ,HIPPODAMUS
9TRODUC$1 B = SECUR;Y 9 W> ! ANTIQUAT$
MODE ( BUILD+1 : MADE X DI6ICULT =
/RANG]S 6GET \ (A T[N &= ASSAILANTS 6F9D
_! WAY IN1 IS PREF]A#4 ,A C;Y %D "!=E
ADOPT BO? PLANS ( BUILD+3 X IS POSSI#
6>RANGE ! H\SES IRREGUL>LY1 Z HUSB&M5
PLANT _! V9ES 9 :AT >E CALL$ ,8CLUMPS40'
,! :OLE T[N %D N 2 LAID \ 9 /RAI<T L9ES1
B ONLY C]TA9 QU>T]S & REGIONS2 ?US
SECUR;Y & B1UTY W 2 -B9$4
  ,Z 6WALLS1 ^? :O SAY T CITIES MAK+ ANY
PRET5.N 6MILIT>Y VIRTUE %D N H !M1 >E Q
\ ( DATE 9 _! NO;NS2 & !Y MAY SEE !
CITIES : PRID$ !MVS ON ? FANCY 3FUT$
0FACTS4 ,TRUE1 "! IS LL C\RAGE %[N 9
SEEK+ = SAFETY 2H A RAM"P :5 AN 5EMY IS
SIMIL> 9 "* & N M* SUP]IOR 9 NUMB]2 B !
SUP]IOR;Y (! 2SIEG]S MAY 2 & (T5 IS TOO
M* BO? = ORD9>Y HUMAN VALOR &= T : IS
F.D ONLY 9 A FEW2 & IF !Y >E 6BE SAV$ &
6ESCAPE DEF1T & \TRAGE1 ! /R;GE/ WALL W
2 ! TRUE/ SOLDI]LY PRECAU;N1 M ESPECI,Y
N[ T MISSILES & SIEGE 5G9ES H BE5 BR"\
6S* P]FEC;N4 ,6H NO WALLS WD 2 Z FOOLI%
Z 6*OOSE A SITE =A T[N 9 AN EXPOS$
C.TRY1 & 6LEVEL ! HEI<TS2 OR Z IF AN
9DIVIDUAL 7 6L1VE 8 H\SE UNWALL$1 LE/ !
9MATES %D 2COME C[>DS4 ,NOR M/ WE =GET T
^? :O H _! CITIES SURR.D$ 0WALLS MAY EI
TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !M OR N1 B CITIES : >E
UNWALL$ H NO *OICE4
  ,IF \R 3CLU.NS >E J1 N ONLY %D CITIES
H WALLS1 B C>E %D 2 TAK5 6MAKE !M
ORNA;TAL1 Z WELL Z USE;L = W>LIKE
PURPOSES1 & ADAPT$ 6RESI/ MOD]N 9V5;NS4
,= Z ! ASSAILANTS (A C;Y D ALL !Y C 6GA9
AN ADVANTAGE1 S ! DEF5D]S %D MAKE USE (
ANY M1NS ( DEF5SE : H BE5 ALR 4COV]$1 &
%D DEVISE & 9V5T O!RS1 = :5 M5 >E WELL
PREP>$ NO 5EMY EV5 ?9KS ( ATTACK+ !M4

                 ,,XII

  ,Z ! WALLS >E 6BE DIVID$ 0GU>DH\SES &
T[]S BUILT AT SUITA# 9T]VALS1 &! BODY (
CITIZ5S M/ 2 4TRIBUT$ AT -MON TA#S1 !
IDEA W NATUR,Y O3UR T WE %D E/ABLI% "S (
! -MON TA#S 9 ! GU>DH\SES4 ,^! MI<T 2
>RANG$ Z HAS BE5 SU7E/$2 :ILE ! PR9CIPAL
-MON TA#S (! MAGI/RATES W O3UPY A SUITA#
PLACE1 & "! AL W 2 ! BUILD+S APPROPRIAT$
6RELIGI\S WOR%IP EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( ^?
RITES : ! LAW OR ! ,PY?IAN ORACLE HAS
RE/RICT$ 6A SPECIAL LOCAL;Y4 ,! SITE %D
2 A SPOT SE5 F> & WIDE1 : GIVES DUE
ELEV,N 6VIRTUE & T[]S OV] ! NEI<BORHOOD4
,2L ? SPOT %D 2 E/ABLI%$ AN AGORA1 S* Z
T : ! ,!SSALIANS CALL ! ,8FREEM5'S
AGORA0'2 F ? ALL TRADE %D 2 EXCLUD$1 &
NO ME*ANIC1 HUSB&MAN1 OR ANY S* P]SON
ALL[$ 65T]1 UN.S HE 2 SUMMON$ 0!
MAGI/RATES4 ,X WD 2 A *>M+ USE (! PLACE1
IF ! GYMNA/IC EX]CISES (! ELD] M5 7
P]=M$ "!4 ,= 9 ? NO# PRACTICE DI6]5T
AGES %D 2 SEP>AT$1 & "S (! MAGI/RATES %D
/AY )! BOYS1 :ILE ! GR[N-UP M5 REMA9 )!
MAGI/RATES2 =! PRES;E (! MAGI/RATES IS !
BE/ MODE ( 9SPIR+ TRUE MODE/Y & 9G5U\S
FE>4 ,"! %D AL 2 A TRAD]S0' AGORA1 4T9CT
& A"P F ! O!R1 9 A SITU,N : IS 3V5I5T =!
RECEP;N ( GDS BO? 0SEA & L&4
  ,B 9 SP1K+ (! MAGI/RATES WE M/ N =GET
ANO!R SEC;N (! CITIZ5S1 VIZ41 ! PRIE/S1
= :OM PUBLIC TA#S %D LIKEWISE 2 PROVID$
9 _! PROP] PLACE NE> ! TEMPLES4 ,!
MAGI/RATES :O D1L ) 3TRACTS1 9DICT;TS1
SUMMONSES1 &! L1 & ^? :O H ! C>E (!
AGORA &(! C;Y1 RESPECTIVELY1 "\ 6BE
E/ABLI%$ NE> AN AGORA & "S PUBLIC PLACE
( MEET+2 ! NEI<BORHOOD (! TRAD]S' AGORA
W 2 A SUITA# SPOT2 ! UPP] AGORA WE
DEVOTE 6! LIFE ( LEISURE1 ! O!R IS 9T5D$
=! NECESSITIES ( TRADE4
  ,! SAME ORD] %D PREVAIL 9 ! C.TRY1 =
"! TOO ! MAGI/RATES1 CALL$ 0"S
,8,9SPECTORS ( ,=E/S0' & 0O!RS ,8,W>D5S
(! ,C.TRY10' M/ H GU>DH\SES & -MON TA#S
:ILE !Y >E ON DUTY2 TEMPLES %D AL 2
SCATT]$ "?\T ! C.TRY1 D$ICAT$1 "S
6,GODS1 & "S 6H]OES4
  ,B X WD 2 A WA/E ( "T = U 6L+] OV]
DETAILS L ^!4 ,! DI6ICULTY IS N 9 IMAG9+
B 9 C>RY+ !M \4 ,WE MAY TALK AB !M Z M*
Z WE L1 B ! EXECU;N ( !M W DEP5D ^U
=TUNE4 ,":=E LET U SAY NO M AB ^! MATT]S
=! PRES5T4

                 ,,XIII

  ,RETURN+ 6! 3/ITU;N XF1 LET U SEEK
6DET]M9E \ ( :AT & :AT SORT ( ELE;TS !
/ATE : IS 6BE HAPPY & WELL-GOV]N$ %D 2
-POS$4 ,"! >E TWO ?+S 9 : ALL : ALL
WELL-2+ 3SI/S3 "O ( !M IS ! *OICE (A "R
5D & AIM ( AC;N1 &! O!R ! 4COV]Y (!
AC;NS : >E M1NS T[>DS X2 =! M1NS &! 5D
MAY AGREE OR 4AGREE4 ,"S"TS ! "R 5D IS
SET 2F M51 B 9 PRACTICE !Y FAIL 6ATTA9
X2 9 O!R CASES !Y >E SU3ESS;L 9 ALL !
M1NS1 B !Y PROPOSE 6!MVS A BAD 5D2 &
"S"TS !Y FAIL 9 BO?4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 !
>T ( M$IC9E2 PHYSICIANS D N ALW "U/& !
NATURE ( H1L?1 & AL ! M1NS : !Y USE MAY
N E6ECT ! DESIR$ 5D4 ,9 ALL >TS & SCI;ES
BO? ! 5D &! M1NS %D 2 EQU,Y )9 \R 3TROL4
  ,! HAPPI;S & WELL-2+ : ALL M5
MANIFE/LY DESIRE1 "S H ! P[] ( ATTA9+1 B
6O!RS1 F "S A3ID5T OR DEFECT ( NATURE1 !
ATTA9;T ( !M IS N GRANT$2 =A GD LIFE
REQUIRES A SUPPLY ( EXT]NAL GDS1 9 A
LESS DEGREE :5 M5 >E 9 A GD /ATE1 9 A
GRT] DEGREE :5 !Y >E 9 A L[] /ATE4 ,O!RS
AG1 :O POSSESS ! 3DI;NS ( HAPPI;S1 G
UTT]LY WR;G F ! F/ 9 ! PURSUIT ( X4 ,B
S9CE \R OBJECT IS 64COV] ! BE/ =M (
GOV]N;T1 T1 "NLY1 "U : A C;Y W 2 BE/
GOV]N$1 & S9CE ! C;Y IS BE/ GOV]N$ : HAS
! GRTE/ OPPORTUN;Y ( OBTA9+ HAPPI;S1 X
IS EVID5T T WE M/ CLE>LY ASC]TA9 !
NATURE ( HAPPI;S4
  ,WE MA9TA91 & H SD 9 ! ,E?ICS1 IF !
>GU;TS "! A4UC$ >E ( ANY VALUE1 T
HAPPI;S IS ! R1LIZ,N & P]FECT EX]CISE (
VIRTUE1 & ? N 3DI;NAL1 B ABSOLUTE4 ,& ,I
US$ ! T]M ,83DI;NAL0' 6EXPRESS T : IS
9DISP5SA#1 & ,8ABSOLUTE0' 6EXPRESS T :
IS GD 9 XF4 ,TAKE ! CASE ( J AC;NS2 J
PUNI%;TS & *A/ISE;TS D 9DE$ SPR+ F A GD
PR9CIPLE1 B !Y >E GD ONLY 2C WE _C D )\T
!M- X WD 2 BETT] T NEI 9DIVIDUALS NOR
/ATES %D NE$ ANY?+ (! SORT- B AC;NS :
AIM AT HONOR & ADVANTAGE >E ABSOLUTELY !
BE/4 ,! 3DI;NAL AC;N IS ONLY ! *OICE (A
LESS] EVIL2 ":AS ^! >E ! F.D,N & CRE,N (
GD4 ,A GD MAN MAY MAKE ! BE/ EV5 (
POV]TY & 41SE1 &! O!R ILLS ( LIFE2 B HE
C ONLY ATTA9 HAPPI;S "U ! OPPOSITE
3DI;NS 7= ? AL HAS BE5 DET]M9$ 9 A3ORD.E
) E?ICAL >GU;TS1 T ! GD MAN IS HE = :OM1
2C HE IS VIRTU\S1 ! ?+S T >E ABSOLUTELY
GD >E GD2 X IS AL PLA9 T 8 USE ( ^! GDS
M/ 2 VIRTU\S & 9 ! ABSOLUTE S5SE GD74 ,?
MAKES M5 FANCY T EXT]NAL GDS >E ! CAUSE
( HAPPI;S1 YET WE MI<T Z WELL SAY T A
BRILLIANT P]=M.E ON ! LYRE 0 6BE
ATTRIBUT$ 6! 9/RU;T & N 6! SKILL (!
P]=M]4
  ,X FOLL[S !N F :AT HAS BE5 SD T "S ?+S
! LEGISLATOR M/ F9D R1DY 6HIS H& 9 A
/ATE1 O!RS HE M/ PROVIDE4 ,& "!=E WE C
ONLY SAY3 ,MAY \R /ATE 2 3/ITUT$ 9 S* A
MANN] Z 6BE B.S$ )! GDS ( : =TUNE 4POSES
7= WE AC"KL$GE H] P[]73 ":AS VIRTUE &
GD;S 9 ! /ATE >E N A MATT] ( *.E B !
RESULT ( K & PURPOSE4 ,A C;Y C 2 VIRTU\S
ONLY :5 ! CITIZ5S :O H A %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T
>E VIRTU\S1 & 9 \R /ATE ALL ! CITIZ5S
%>E 9 ! GOV]N;T2 LET U !N 9QUIRE H[ A
MAN 2COMES VIRTU\S4 ,= EV5 IF WE CD
SUPPOSE ! CITIZ5 BODY 6BE VIRTU\S1 )\T
EA* ( !M 2+ S1 YET ! LATT] WD 2 BETT]1 =
9 ! VIRTUE ( EA* ! VIRTUE ( ALL IS
9VOLV$4
  ,"! >E ?REE ?+S : MAKE M5 GD &
VIRTU\S2 ^! >E NATURE1 HABIT1 R,NAL
PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 E "O M/ 2 BORN
A MAN & N "S O!R ANIMAL2 S1 TOO1 HE M/ H
A C]TA9 "*1 BO? ( BODY & S\L4 ,B "S
QUALITIES "! IS NO USE 9 HAV+ AT BIR?1 =
!Y >E ALT]$ 0HABIT1 & "! >E "S GIFTS :
0NATURE >E MADE 6BE TURN$ 0HABIT 6GD OR
BAD4 ,ANIMALS L1D =! MO/ "P A LIFE (
NATURE1 AL? 9 LESS] "PICUL>S "S >E
9FLU;ED 0HABIT Z WELL4 ,MAN HAS R,NAL
PR9CIPLE1 9 A4I;N1 & MAN ONLY4 ,":=E
NATURE1 HABIT1 R,NAL PR9CIPLE M/ 2 9
H>MONY ) "O ANO!R2 = !Y D N ALW AGREE2
M5 D _M ?+S AG/ HABIT & NATURE1 IF R,NAL
PR9CIPLE P]SUADES !M T !Y "\4 ,WE H ALR
DET]M9$ :AT NATURES >E LIKELY 6BE MO/
EASILY MOLD$ 0! H&S (! LEGISLATOR4 ,AN
ELSE IS ! "W ( $UC,N2 WE LE>N "S ?+S
0HABIT & "S 09/RUC;N4

                 ,,XIV

  ,S9CE E POLITICAL SOCIETY IS -POS$ (
RUL]S & SUBJECTS LET U 3SID] :E!R !
REL,NS ( "O 6! O!R %D 9T]*ANGE OR 2
P]MAN5T4 ,=! $UC,N (! CITIZ5S W
NECESS>ILY V>Y )! ANSW] GIV5 6? "Q4 ,N[1
IF "S M5 EXCELL$ O!RS 9 ! SAME DEGREE 9
: GODS & H]OES >E SUPPOS$ 6EXCEL MANK9D
9 G5]AL 7HAV+ 9 ! F/ PLACE A GRT
ADVANTAGE EV5 9 _! BODIES1 & SECONDLY 9
_! M9DS71 S T ! SUP]IOR;Y (! GOV]NORS 0
UNDISPUT$ & PAT5T 6_! SUBJECTS1 X WD
CLE>LY 2 BETT] T ONCE = AN ! "O CLASS %D
RULE &! O!R S]VE4 ,B S9CE ? IS
UNATTA9A#1 & K+S H NO M>K$ SUP]IOR;Y OV]
_! SUBJECTS1 S* Z ,SCYLAX A6IRMS 6BE F.D
AM;G ! ,9DIANS1 X IS OBVI\SLY NEC ON _M
GR.DS T ALL ! CITIZ5S ALIKE %D TAKE _!
TURN ( GOV]N+ & 2+ GOV]N$4 ,EQUAL;Y
3SI/S 9 ! SAME TR1T;T ( SIMIL> P]SONS1 &
NO GOV]N;T C /& : IS N F.D$ ^U JU/ICE4
,= IF ! GOV]N;T 2 UNJU/ E "O 9 ! C.TRY
UNITES )! GOV]N$ 9 ! DESIRE 6H A
REVOLU;N1 & X IS AN IMPOSSIBIL;Y T !
MEMB]S (! GOV]N;T C 2 S NUM]\S Z 6BE
/R;G] ?AN ALL _! 5EMIES PUT TGR4 ,YET T
GOV]NORS %D EXCEL _! SUBJECTS IS
UND5IA#4 ,H[ ALL ? IS 6BE E6ECT$1 & 9
:AT WAY !Y W RESPECTIVELY %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T1 ! LEGISLATOR HAS 63SID]4 ,!
SUBJECT HAS BE5 ALR M5;N$4 ,NATURE H]F
HAS PROVID$ ! 4T9C;N :5 %E MADE A DI6];E
2T OLD & "Y )9 ! SAME SPECIES1 ( :OM %E
FITT$ ! "O 6GOV]N &! O!R 6BE GOV]N$4 ,NO
"O TAKES (F5SE AT 2+ GOV]N$ :5 HE IS "Y1
NOR DOES HE ?9K HMF BETT] ?AN 8
GOV]NORS1 ESPECI,Y IF HE W 5JOY ! SAME
PRIVILEGE :5 HE R1*ES ! REQUIR$ AGE4
  ,WE 3CLUDE T F "O PO9T ( VIEW GOV]NORS
& GOV]N$ >E ID5TICAL1 & F ANO!R DI6]5T4
,& "!=E _! $UC,N M/ 2 ! SAME & AL
DI6]5T4 ,= HE :O WD LE>N 6-M& WELL M/1 Z
M5 SAY1 F/ ( ALL LE>N 6OBEY4 ,Z ,I
OBS]V$ 9 ! F/ "P ( ? TR1TISE1 "! IS "O
RULE : IS =! SAKE (! RUL]S & ANO!R RULE
: IS =! SAKE (! RUL$2 ! =M] IS A
DESPOTIC1 ! LATT] A FREE GOV]N;T4 ,"S
-M&S DI6] N 9 ! ?+ -M&$1 B 9 ! 9T5;N ) :
!Y >E IMPOS$4 ,":=E1 _M APP>5TLY M5IAL
(FICES >E AN HONOR 6! FREE Y\? 0:OM !Y
>E P]=M$2 = AC;NS D N DI6] Z HONORA# OR
4HONORA# 9 !MVS S M* Z 9 ! 5D & 9T5;N (
!M4 ,B S9CE WE SAY T ! VIRTUE (! CITIZ5
& RUL] IS ! SAME Z T (! GD MAN1 & T !
SAME P]SON M/ F/ 2 A SUBJECT & !N A
RUL]1 ! LEGISLATOR HAS 6SEE T !Y 2COME
GD M51 & 0:AT M1NS ? MAY 2 A3OMPLI%$1 &
:AT IS ! 5D (! P]FECT LIFE4
  ,N[ ! S\L ( MAN IS DIVID$ 96TWO "PS1
"O ( : HAS A R,NAL PR9CIPLE 9 XF1 &!
O!R1 N HAV+ A R,NAL PR9CIPLE 9 XF1 IS A#
6OBEY S* A PR9CIPLE4 ,& WE CALL A MAN 9
ANY WAY GD 2C HE HAS ! VIRTUES ( ^! TWO
"PS4 ,9 : ( !M ! 5D IS M LIKELY 6BE F.D
IS NO MATT] ( D\BT 6^? :O ADOPT \R
DIVI.N2 = 9 ! _W BO? ( NATURE &( >T !
9F]IOR ALW EXI/S =! SAKE (! BETT] OR
SUP]IOR1 &! BETT] OR SUP]IOR IS T : HAS
A R,NAL PR9CIPLE4 ,? PR9CIPLE1 TOO1 9 \R
ORD9>Y WAY ( SP1K+1 IS DIVID$ 96TWO
K9DS1 = "! IS A PRACTICAL &A SPECULATIVE
PR9CIPLE4 ,? "P1 !N1 M/ EVID5TLY 2
SIMIL>LY DIVID$4 ,& "! M/ 2 A
CORRESPOND+ DIVI.N ( AC;NS2 ! AC;NS (!
NATUR,Y BETT] "P >E 6BE PREF]R$ 0^? :O H
X 9 _! P[] 6ATTA9 6TWO \ (! ?REE OR
6ALL1 = T IS ALW 6E "O ! MO/ ELIGI# : IS
! HI<E/ ATTA9A# 0HM4 ,! :OLE ( LIFE IS
FUR!R DIVID$ 96TWO "PS1 BUSI;S &
LEISURE1 W> & P1CE1 &( AC;NS "S AIM AT
:AT IS NEC & USE;L1 & "S AT :AT IS
HONORA#4 ,&! PREF];E GIV5 6"O OR ! O!R
CLASS ( AC;NS M/ NECESS>ILY 2 L !
PREF];E GIV5 6"O OR O!R "P (! S\L & XS
AC;NS OV] ! O!R2 "! M/ 2 W> =! SAKE (
P1CE1 BUSI;S =! SAKE ( LEISURE1 ?+S
USE;L & NEC =! SAKE ( ?+S HONORA#4 ,ALL
^! PO9TS ! /ATESMAN %D KEEP 9 VIEW :5 HE
FRAMES 8 LAWS2 HE %D 3SID] ! "PS (! S\L
& _! FUNC;NS1 & ABV ALL ! BETT] &! 5D2
HE %D AL REMEMB] ! DIV]SITIES ( HUMAN
LIVES & AC;NS4 ,= M5 M/ 2 A# 65GAGE 9
BUSI;S & G 6W>1 B LEISURE & P1CE >E
BETT]2 !Y M/ D :AT IS NEC & 9DE$ :AT IS
USE;L1 B :AT IS HONORA# IS BETT]4 ,ON S*
PR9CIPLES *N & P]SONS ( E AGE : REQUIRES
$UC,N %D 2 TRA9$4 ,":AS EV5 ! ,HELL5ES (
! PRES5T "D :O >E REPUT$ 6BE BE/ GOV]N$1
&! LEGISLATORS :O GAVE !M _! 3/ITU;NS1 D
N APPE> 6H FRAM$ _! GOV]N;TS )A REG>D 6!
BE/ 5D1 OR 6H GIV5 !M LAWS & $UC,N )A
VIEW 6ALL ! VIRTUES1 B 9 A VULG> _S H
FALL5 BACK ON ^? : PROMIS$ 6BE M USE;L &
PR(ITA#4 ,_M MOD]N WRIT]S H TAK5 A
SIMIL> VIEW3 !Y -M5D ! ,LAC$AEMONIAN
3/ITU;N1 & PRAISE ! LEGISLATOR = MAK+
3QUE/ & W> 8 SOLE AIM1 A DOCTR9E : MAY 2
REFUT$ 0>GU;T & HAS L;G AGO BE5 REFUT$
0FACTS4 ,= MO/ M5 DESIRE EMPIRE 9 ! HOPE
( A3UMULAT+ ! GDS ( =TUNE2 & ON ? GR.D
,?IBRON & ALL ^? :O H WRITT5 AB !
,LAC$AEMONIAN 3/ITU;N H PRAIS$ _!
LEGISLATOR1 2C ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS1 02+
TRA9$ 6MEET DANG]S1 GA9$ GRT P[]4 ,B
SURELY !Y >E N A HAPPY P N[ T _! EMPIRE
HAS PASS$ AWAY1 NOR 0 _! LEGISLATOR "R4
,H[ RIDICUL\S IS ! RESULT1 IF1 :5 !Y >E
3T9U+ 9 ! OBS]V.E ( 8 LAWS & NO "O
9T]F]ES ) !M1 !Y H LO/ ! BETT] "P (
LIFE6 ,^! WRIT]S FUR!R ]R AB ! SORT (
GOV]N;T : ! LEGISLATOR %D APPROVE1 =!
GOV]N;T ( FREEM5 IS NO#R & IMPLIES M
VIRTUE ?AN DESPOTIC GOV]N;T4 ,NEI IS A
C;Y 6BE DEEM$ HAPPY OR A LEGISLATOR 6BE
PRAIS$ 2C HE TRA9S 8 CITIZ5S 63QU] &
OBTA9 DOM9ION OV] _! NEI<BORS1 = "! IS
GRT EVIL 9 ?4 ,ON A SIMIL> PR9CIPLE ANY
CITIZ5 :O CD1 %D OBVI\SLY TRY 6OBTA9 !
P[] 9 8 [N /ATE- ! CRIME : !
,LAC$AEMONIANS A3USE K+ ,PAUSANIAS (
ATTEMPT+1 AL? HE _H S GRT HONOR ALR4 ,NO
S* PR9CIPLE & NO LAW HAV+ ? OBJECT IS EI
/ATESMANLIKE OR USE;L OR "R4 ,=! SAME
?+S >E BE/ BO? = 9DIVIDUALS &= /ATES1 &
^! >E ! ?+S : ! LEGISLATOR "\ 6IMPLANT 9
! M9DS ( 8 CITIZ5S4
  ,NEI %D M5 /UDY W> )A VIEW 6! 5SLAVE;T
( ^? :O D N DES]VE 6BE 5SLAV$2 B F/ (
ALL !Y %D PROVIDE AG/ _! [N 5SLAVE;T1 &
9 ! SECOND PLACE OBTA9 EMPIRE =! GD (!
GOV]N$1 & N =! SAKE ( EX]CIS+ A G5]AL
DESPOTISM1 & 9 ! ?IRD PLACE !Y %D SEEK
6BE MA/]S ONLY OV] ^? :O DES]VE 6BE
SLAVES4 ,FACTS1 Z WELL Z >GU;TS1 PROVE T
! LEGISLATOR %D DIRECT ALL 8 MILIT>Y &
O!R M1SURES 6! PROVI.N ( LEISURE &!
E/ABLI%;T ( P1CE4 ,= MO/ ( ^! MILIT>Y
/ATES >E SAFE ONLY :ILE !Y >E AT W>1 B
FALL :5 !Y H ACQUIR$ _! EMPIRE2 L UNUS$
IRON !Y LOSE _! TEMP] 9 "T ( P1CE4 ,&= ?
! LEGISLATOR IS 6BLAME1 HE N"E HAV+
TAU<T !M H[ 6L1D ! LIFE ( P1CE4

                  ,,XV

  ,S9CE ! 5D ( 9DIVIDUALS &( /ATES IS !
SAME1 ! 5D (! BE/ MAN &(! BE/ 3/ITU;N M/
AL 2 ! SAME2 X IS "!=E EVID5T T "! "\
6EXI/ 9 BO? ( !M ! VIRTUES ( LEISURE2 =
P1CE1 Z HAS BE5 (T5 REP1T$1 IS ! 5D (
W>1 & LEISURE ( TOIL4 ,B LEISURE &
CULTIV,N MAY 2 PROMOT$1 N ONLY 0^?
VIRTUES : >E PRACTIC$ 9 LEISURE1 B AL
0"S ( ^? : >E USE;L 6BUSI;S4 ,= _M
NECESS>IES ( LIFE H 6BE SUPPLI$ 2F WE C
H LEISURE4 ,"!=E A C;Y M/ 2 TEMP]ATE &
BRAVE1 & A# 65DURE3 = TRULY1 Z ! PROV]B
SAYS1 ,8,"! IS NO LEISURE = SLAVES10' &
^? :O _C FACE DANG] L M5 >E ! SLAVES (
ANY 9VAD]4 ,C\RAGE & 5DUR.E >E REQUIR$ =
BUSI;S & PHILOSOPHY = LEISURE1 TEMP].E &
JU/ICE = BO?1 & M ESPECI,Y 9 "TS ( P1CE
& LEISURE1 = W> -PELS M5 6BE J &
TEMP]ATE1 ":AS ! 5JOY;T ( GD =TUNE &!
LEISURE : -ES ) P1CE T5D 6MAKE !M
9SOL5T4 ,^? !N :O SEEM 6BE ! BE/-(F &
6BE 9 ! POSSES.N ( E GD1 H SPECIAL NE$ (
JU/ICE & TEMP].E- = EXAMPLE1 ^? 7IF S*
"! BE1 Z ! POETS SAY7 :O DWELL 9 !
,ISL&S (! ,BLE/2 !Y ABV ALL W NE$
PHILOSOPHY & TEMP].E & JU/ICE1 & ALL ! M
! M LEISURE !Y H1 LIV+ 9 ! MID/ (
ABUND.E4 ,"! IS NO DI6ICULTY 9 SEE+ :Y !
/ATE T WD 2 HAPPY & GD "\ 6H ^! VIRTUES4
,IF X 2 4GRACE;L 9 M5 N 6BE A# 6USE !
GDS ( LIFE1 X IS PECULI>LY 4GRACE;L N
6BE A# 6USE !M 9 "T ( LEISURE- 6%[
EXCELL5T QUALITIES 9 AC;N & W>1 & :5 !Y
H P1CE & LEISURE 6BE NO BETT] ?AN
SLAVES4 ,":=E WE %D N PRACTICE VIRTUE AF
! MANN] (! ,LAC$AEMONIANS4 ,= !Y1 :ILE
AGREE+ ) O!R M5 9 _! 3CEP;N (! HI<E/
GDS1 DI6] F ! RE/ ( MANK9D 9 ?9K+ T !Y
>E 6BE OBTA9$ 0! PRACTICE (A S+LE
VIRTUE4 ,& S9CE !Y ?9K ^! GDS &! 5JOY;T
( !M GRT] ?AN ! 5JOY;T DERIV$ F !
VIRTUES ''' & T X %D 2 PRACTIC$ = XS [N
SAKE1 IS EVID5T F :AT HAS BE5 SD2 WE M/
N[ 3SID] H[ & 0:AT M1NS X IS 6BE ATTA9$4
  ,WE H ALR DET]M9$ T NATURE & HABIT &
R,NAL PR9CIPLE >E REQUIR$1 &1 ( ^!1 !
PROP] NATURE (! CITIZ5S HAS AL BE5 DEF9$
0U4 ,B WE H / 63SID] :E!R ! TRA9+ ( E>LY
LIFE IS 6BE T ( R,NAL PR9CIPLE OR HABIT1
= ^! TWO M/ A3ORD1 & :5 9 A3ORD !Y W !N
=M ! BE/ ( H>MONIES4 ,! R,NAL PR9CIPLE
MAY 2 MISTAK5 & FAIL 9 ATTA9+ ! HI<E/
ID1L ( LIFE1 & "! MAY 2 A L EVIL 9FLU;E
( HABIT4 ,?US M* IS CLE> 9 ! F/ PLACE1
T1 Z 9 ALL O!R ?+S1 BIR? IMPLIES AN
ANTEC$5T 2G9N+1 & T "! >E 2G9N+S ^: 5D
IS RELATIVE 6A FUR!R 5D4 ,N[1 9 M5 R,NAL
PR9CIPLE & M9D >E ! 5D T[>DS : NATURE
/RIVES1 S T ! BIR? & MORAL 4CIPL9E (!
CITIZ5S "\ 6BE ORD]$ )A VIEW 6!M4 ,9 !
SECOND PLACE1 Z ! S\L & BODY >E TWO1 WE
SEE AL T "! >E TWO "PS (! S\L1 ! R,NAL &
! IRR,NAL1 & TWO CORRESPOND+ /ATES-
R1SON & APPETITE4 ,& Z ! BODY IS PRIOR 9
ORD] ( G5],N 6! S\L1 S ! IRR,NAL IS
PRIOR 6! R,NAL4 ,! PRO( IS T ANG] & WI%+
& DESIRE >E IMPLANT$ 9 *N F _! V BIR?1 B
R1SON & "U/&+ >E DEVELOP$ Z !Y GR[ OLD]4
,":=E1 ! C>E (! BODY "\ 6PREC$E T (!
S\L1 &! TRA9+ (! APPETITIVE "P %D FOLL[3
N"O ! LESS \R C>E ( X M/ 2 =! SAKE (!
R1SON1 & \R C>E (! BODY =! SAKE (! S\L4

                 ,,XVI

  ,S9CE ! LEGISLATOR %D 2G9 03SID]+ H[ !
FRAMES (! *N :OM HE IS RE>+ MAY 2 Z GD Z
POSSI#1 8 F/ C>E W 2 AB M>RIAGE- AT :AT
AGE %D 8 CITIZ5S M>RY1 & :O >E FIT
6M>RY8 ,9 LEGISLAT+ ON ? SUBJECT HE "\
63SID] ! P]SONS &! L5G? ( _! LIFE1 T _!
PROCR1TIVE LIFE MAY T]M9ATE AT ! SAME
P]IOD1 & T !Y MAY N DI6] 9 _! BODILY
P[]S1 Z W 2 ! CASE IF ! MAN IS / A#
62GET *N :ILE ! WOMAN IS UNA# 6BE> !M1
OR ! WOMAN A# 6BE> :ILE ! MAN IS UNA#
62GET1 = F ^! CAUSES >ISE QU>RELS &
DI6];ES 2T M>RI$ P]SONS4 ,SECONDLY1 HE
M/ 3SID] ! "T AT : ! *N W SU3E$ 6_!
P>5TS2 "! "\ N 6BE TOO GRT AN 9T]VAL (
AGE1 = !N ! P>5TS W 2 TOO OLD 6DERIVE
ANY PL1SURE F _! A6EC;N1 OR 6BE ( ANY
USE 6!M4 ,NOR "\ !Y 6BE TOO NE>LY ( AN
AGE2 6Y\?;L M>RIAGES "! >E _M OBJEC;NS-
! *N W 2 WANT+ 9 RESPECT 6! P>5TS1 :O W
SEEM 6BE _! 3TEMPOR>IES1 & 4PUTES W >ISE
9 ! MANAGE;T (! H\SEHOLD4 ,?IRDLY1 & ?
IS ! PO9T F : WE DIGRESS$1 ! LEGISLATOR
M/ MOLD 6HIS W ! FRAMES ( NEWLY-BORN *N4
,ALM ALL ^! OBJECTS MAY 2 SECUR$ 0ATT5;N
6"O PO9T4 ,S9CE ! "T ( G5],N IS -MONLY
LIMIT$ )9 ! AGE ( SEV5TY YE>S 9 ! CASE (
A MAN1 &( FIFTY 9 ! CASE (A WOMAN1 !
-M;E;T (! UNION %D 3=M 6^! P]IODS4 ,!
UNION ( MALE & FEMALE :5 TOO "Y IS BAD =
! PROCRE,N ( *N2 9 ALL O!R ANIMALS !
(FSPR+ (! "Y >E SMALL & IN-DEVELOP$1 &)A
T5D5CY 6PRODUCE FEMALE *N1 & "!=E AL 9
MAN1 Z IS PROV$ 0! FACT T 9 ^? CITIES 9
: M5 & WOM5 >E A3U/OM$ 6M>RY "Y1 ! P >E
SMALL & W1K2 9 *ILDBIR? AL "Y] WOM5 SU6]
M1 & M ( !M DIE2 "S P]SONS SAY T ? 0 !
M1N+ (! RESPONSE ONCE GIV5 6!
,TROEZ5IANS- ! ORACLE RE,Y M1NT T _M DI$
2C !Y M>RI$ TOO "Y2 X _H NO?+ 6D )!
9GA!R+ (! H>VE/4 ,X AL 3DUCES 6TEMP].E N
6M>RY TOO SOON2 = WOM5 :O M>RY E>LY >E
APT 6BE WANTON2 & 9 M5 TOO ! BODILY
FRAME IS /UNT$ IF !Y M>RY :ILE ! SE$ IS
GR[+ 7= "! IS A "T :5 ! GR[? (! SE$1 AL1
C1SES1 OR 3T9UES 6B A SLI<T EXT5T74
,WOM5 %D M>RY :5 !Y >E AB EI<TE5 YE>S (
AGE1 & M5 AT SEV5 & ?IRTY2 !N !Y >E 9 !
PRIME ( LIFE1 &! DECL9E 9 ! P[]S ( BO? W
CO9CIDE4 ,FUR!R1 ! *N1 IF _! BIR? TAKES
PLACE SOON1 Z MAY R1SONABLY 2 EXPECT$1 W
SU3E$ 9 ! 2G9N+ ( _! PRIME1 :5 ! "FS >E
ALR 9 ! DECL9E ( LIFE1 & H NE>LY R1*$ _!
T]M ( ?REE-SCORE YE>S & T54
  ,?US M* (! AGE PROP] = M>RIAGE3 !
S1SON (! YE> %D AL 2 3SID]$2 AC 6\R
PRES5T CU/OM1 P G5],Y LIMIT M>RIAGE 6!
S1SON ( W9T]1 & !Y >E "R4 ,! PRECEPTS (
PHYSICIANS & NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S AB
G5],N %D AL 2 /UDI$ 0! P>5TS !MVS2 !
PHYSICIANS GIVE GD ADVICE AB ! FAVORA#
3DI;NS (! BODY1 &! NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S
AB ! W9DS2 ( : !Y PREF] ! NOR? 6! S\?4
  ,:AT 3/ITU;N 9 ! P>5T IS MO/
ADVANTAGE\S 6! (FSPR+ IS A SUBJECT : WE
W 3SID] M C>E;LLY :5 WE SP1K (! $UC,N (
*N1 & WE W ONLY MAKE A FEW G5]AL REM>KS
AT PRES5T4 ,! 3/ITU;N ( AN A?LETE IS N
SUIT$ 6! LIFE (A CITIZ51 OR 6H1L?1 OR 6!
PROCRE,N ( *N1 ANY M ?AN ! VALETUD9>IAN
OR EXHAU/$ 3/ITU;N1 B "O : IS 9 A M1N 2T
!M4 ,A MAN'S 3/ITU;N %D 2 9UR$ 6LABOR1 B
N 6LABOR : IS EXCESSIVE OR ( "O SORT
ONLY1 S* Z IS PRACTIC$ 0A?LETES2 HE %D 2
CAPA# ( ALL ! AC;NS (A FREEMAN4 ,^!
REM>KS APPLY EQU,Y 6BO? P>5TS4
  ,WOM5 :O >E ) * %D 2 C>E;L ( !MVS2 !Y
%D TAKE EX]CISE & H A N\RI%+ DIET4 ,! F/
( ^! PRESCRIP;NS ! LEGISLATOR W EASILY
C>RY 96E6ECT 0REQUIR+ T !Y % TAKE A WALK
DAILY 6"S TEMPLE1 ": !Y C WOR%IP ! GODS
:O PRESIDE OV] BIR?4 ,_! M9DS1 H["E1
UNLIKE _! BODIES1 !Y "\ 6KEEP QUIET1 =!
(FSPR+ DERIVE _! NATURES F _! "MS Z
PLANTS D F ! E>?4
  ,Z 6! EXPOSURE & RE>+ ( *N1 LET "! 2 A
LAW T NO DE=M$ * % LIVE1 B T ON ! GR.D (
AN EXCESS 9 ! NUMB] ( *N1 IF ! E/ABLI%$
CU/OMS (! /ATE =BID ? 7= 9 \R /ATE
POPUL,N HAS A LIMIT71 NO * IS 6BE
EXPOS$1 B :5 C\PLES H *N 9 EXCESS1 LET
ABOR;N 2 PROCUR$ 2F S5SE & LIFE H 2GUN2
:AT MAY OR MAY N 2 LAW;LLY D"O 9 ^!
CASES DEP5DS ON ! "Q ( LIFE & S5S,N4
  ,& N[1 HAV+ DET]M9$ AT :AT AGES M5 &
WOM5 >E 62G9 _! UNION1 LET U AL DET]M9E
H[ L;G !Y % 3T9UE 62GET & BE> (FSPR+ =!
/ATE2 M5 :O >E TOO OLD1 L M5 :O >E TOO
"Y1 PRODUCE *N :O >E DEFECTIVE 9 BODY &
M9D2 ! *N ( V OLD M5 >E W1KLY4 ,! LIMIT
!N1 %D 2 ! AGE : IS ! PRIME ( _!
9TELLIG;E1 & ? 9 MO/ P]SONS1 AC 6! NO;N
( "S POETS :O M1SURE LIFE 0P]IODS ( SEV5
YE>S1 IS AB FIFTY2 AT F\R OR FIVE YE>S
OR LAT]1 !Y %D C1SE F HAV+ FAMILIES2 & F
T "T =W>D ONLY COHABIT ) "O ANO!R =!
SAKE ( H1L?2 OR = "S SIMIL> R1SON4
  ,Z 6ADULT]Y1 LET X 2 HELD 4GRACE;L1 9
G5]AL1 = ANY MAN OR WOMAN 6BE F.D 9 ANY
WAY UNFAI?;L :5 !Y >E M>RI$1 & CALL$
HUSB& & WIFE4 ,IF DUR+ ! "T ( BE>+ *N
ANY?+ (! SORT O3UR1 LET ! GUILTY P]SON 2
PUNI%$ )A LOSS ( PRIVILEGES 9 PROPOR;N
6! (F5SE4

                 ,,XVII

  ,AF ! *N H BE5 BORN1 ! MANN] ( RE>+ !M
MAY 2 SUPPOS$ 6H A GRT E6ECT ON _!
BODILY /R5G?4 ,X WD APPE> F ! EXAMPLE (
ANIMALS1 &( ^? N,NS :O DESIRE 6CR1TE !
MILIT>Y HABIT1 T ! FOOD : HAS MO/ MILK 9
X IS BE/ SUIT$ 6HUMAN 2+S2 B ! LESS W9E
! BETT]1 IF !Y WD ESCAPE 41SES4 ,AL ALL
! MO;NS 6: *N C 2 SUBJECT$ AT _! E>LY
AGE >E V USE;L4 ,B 9 ORD] 6PRES]VE _!
T5D] LIMBS F 4TOR;N1 "S N,NS H _H
REC\RSE 6ME*ANICAL APPLI.ES : /RAI<T5 _!
BODIES4 ,6A3U/OM *N 6! COLD F _! E>LIE/
YE>S IS AL AN EXCELL5T PRACTICE1 : GRTLY
3DUCES 6H1L?1 & H>D5S !M = MILIT>Y
S]VICE4 ,H;E _M B>B>IANS H A CU/OM (
PLUNG+ _! *N AT BIR? 96A COLD /R1M2
O!RS1 L ! ,CELTS1 CLO! !M 9 A LI<T
WRAPP] ONLY4 ,= HUMAN NATURE %D 2 E>LY
HABITUAT$ 65DURE ALL : 0HABIT X C 2 MADE
65DURE2 B ! PROCESS M/ 2 GRADUAL4 ,& *N1
F _! NATURAL W>M?1 MAY 2 EASILY TRA9$
6BE> COLD4 ,S* C>E %D ATT5D !M 9 ! F/
/AGE ( LIFE4
  ,! NEXT P]IOD LA/S 6! AGE ( FIVE2 DUR+
? NO DEM& %D 2 MADE ^U ! * = /UDY OR
LABOR1 LE/ XS GR[? 2 IMP$$2 & "! %D 2
SU6ICI5T MO;N 6PREV5T ! LIMBS F 2+
9ACTIVE4 ,? C 2 SECUR$1 AM;G O!R WAYS1
0AMUSE;T1 B ! AMUSE;T %D N 2 VULG> OR
TIR+ OR E6EM9ATE4 ,! ,DIRECTORS (
,$UC,N1 Z !Y >E T]M$1 %D 2 C>E;L :AT
TALES OR /ORIES ! *N HE>1 = ALL S* ?+S
>E DESIGN$ 6PREP>E ! WAY =! BUSI;S (
LAT] LIFE1 & %D 2 =! MO/ "P IMIT,NS (!
O3UP,NS : !Y W "HAF PURSUE 9 E>NE/4 ,^?
>E WR;G :O 9 _! LAWS ATTEMPT 6*ECK ! L\D
CRY+ & SCR1M+ ( *N1 = ^! 3TRIBUTE T[>DS
_! GR[?1 &1 9 A MANN]1 EX]CISE _!
BODIES4 ,/RA9+ ! VOICE HAS A /R5G!N+
E6ECT SIMIL> 6T PRODUC$ 0! RET5;N (!
BR1? 9 VIOL5T EX];NS4 ,! ,DIRECTORS (
,$UC,N %D H AN EYE 6_! BR++ UP1 & 9
"PICUL> %D TAKE C>E T !Y >E LEFT Z LL Z
POSSI# ) SLAVES4 ,= UNTIL !Y >E SEV5
YE>S OLD !Y M/ FIVE AT HOME2 & "!=E1 EV5
AT ? E>LY AGE1 X IS 6BE EXPECT$ T !Y %D
ACQUIRE A TA9T ( M1N;S F :AT !Y HE> &
SEE4 ,9DE$1 "! IS NO?+ : ! LEGISLATOR %D
2 M C>E;L 6DRIVE AWAY ?AN 9DEC5CY (
SPEE*2 =! LI<T UTT].E ( %AME;L ^WS L1DS
SOON 6%AME;L AC;NS4 ,! "Y ESPECI,Y %D
N"E 2 ALL[$ 6REP1T OR HE> ANY?+ (! SORT4
,A FREEMAN :O IS F.D SAY+ OR DO+ :AT IS
=BI451 IF HE 2 TOO "Y Z YET 6H !
PRIVILEGE ( RECL9+ AT ! PUBLIC TA#S1 %D
2 4GRAC$ & B1T51 & AN ELD] P]SON DEGRAD$
Z 8 SLAVI% 3DUCT DES]VES4 ,& S9CE WE D N
ALL[ IMPROP] LANGUAGE1 CLE>LY WE %D AL
BANI% PICTURES OR SPEE*ES F ! /AGE : >E
9DEC5T4 ,LET ! RUL]S TAKE C>E T "! 2 NO
IMAGE OR PICTURE REPRES5T+ UNSEEMLY
AC;NS1 EXCEPT 9 ! TEMPLES ( ^? ,GODS AT
^: FE/IVALS ! LAW P]MITS EV5 RIBALDRY1 &
:OM ! LAW AL P]MITS 6BE WOR%IPP$ 0P]SONS
( MATURE AGE ON 2HALF ( !MVS1 _! *N1 &
_! WIVES4 ,B ! LEGISLATOR %D N ALL[ Y\?
6BE SPECTATORS ( IAMBI OR ( -$Y UNTIL !Y
>E ( AN AGE 6SIT AT ! PUBLIC TA#S &
6DR9K /R;G W9E2 0T "T $UC,N W H >M$ !M
AG/ ! EVIL 9FLU;ES ( S* REPRES5T,NS4
  ,WE H MADE ^! REM>KS 9 A CURSORY
MANN]- !Y >E 5 =! PRES5T O3A.N2 B "HAF
WE W RETURN 6! SUBJECT & AF A FULL]
4CUS.N DET]M9E :E!R S* LIB]TY %D OR %D N
2 GRANT$1 & 9 :AT WAY GRANT$1 IF AT ALL4
,!ODORUS1 ! TRAGIC ACTOR1 0 Q "R 9 SAY+
T HE WD N ALL[ ANY O!R ACTOR1 N EV5 IF
HE 7 Q SECOND-RATE1 65T] 2F HMF1 2C !
SPECTATORS GREW FOND (! VOICES : !Y F/
HE>D4 ,&! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES UNIV]S,Y
6ASSOCI,N ) ?+S Z WELL Z ) P]SONS1 = WE
ALW L BE/ :AT"E -ES F/4 ,& "!=E Y\? %D 2
KEPT /RANG]S 6ALL T IS BAD1 & ESPECI,Y
6?+S : SU7E/ VICE OR HATE4 ,:5 ! FIVE
YE>S H PASS$ AWAY1 DUR+ ! TWO FOLL[+
YE>S !Y M/ LOOK ON AT ! PURSUITS : !Y >E
"HAF 6LE>N4 ,"! >E TWO P]IODS ( LIFE )
REF];E 6: $UC,N HAS 6BE DIVID$1 F SEV5
6! AGE ( PUB]TY1 & ONW>DS 6! AGE ( "O &
TW5TY4 ,! POETS :O DIVIDE AGES 0SEV5S >E
9 ! MA9 "R3 B WE %D OBS]VE ! DIVI.NS
ACTU,Y MADE 0NATURE2 =! DEFICI5CIES (
NATURE >E :AT >T & $UC,N SEEK 6FILL UP4
  ,LET U !N F/ 9QUIRE IF ANY REGUL,NS >E
6BE LAID D[N AB *N1 & SECONDLY1 :E!R !
C>E ( !M %D 2 ! 3C]N (! /ATE OR (
PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 : LATT] IS 9 \R [N
"D ! -MON CU/OM1 & 9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 :AT
^! REGUL,NS %D BE4


