               #CEJ ,,BC
              ,,CATEGORIES
               0,>I/OTLE
     TRANSLAT$ BY ;,E4 ,M4 ,$GHILL
    ,TRANSLAT$ 6,GRADE ,,II ,BRL 0,MIKE
    ,KEI?LEY
                   #A
  ,?+S >E SD 6BE "ND ,8EQUIVOC,Y0' :51
?\< !Y H A -MON "N1 ! DEF9I;N
CORRESPOND+ )! "N DI6]S = EA*4 ,?US1 A
R1L MAN &A FIGURE 9 A PICTURE C BO? LAY
CLAIM 6! "N ,8ANIMAL0'2 YET ^! >E
EQUIVOC,Y S "ND1 =1 ?\< !Y H A -MON "N1
! DEF9I;N CORRESPOND+ )! "N DI6]S = EA*4
,= %D ANY "O DEF9E 9 :AT S5SE EA* IS AN
ANIMAL1 8 DEF9I;N 9 ! "O CASE W 2
APPROPRIATE 6T CASE ONLY4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?+S >E SD 6BE "ND
,8UNIVOC,Y0' : H BO? ! "N &! DEF9I;N
ANSW]+ 6! "N 9 -MON4 ,A MAN & AN OX >E
BO? ,8ANIMAL0'1 & ^! >E UNIVOC,Y S "ND1
9ASM* Z N ONLY ! "N1 B AL ! DEF9I;N1 IS
! SAME 9 BO? CASES3 = IF A MAN %D /ATE 9
:AT S5SE EA* IS AN ANIMAL1 ! /ATE;T 9 !
"O CASE WD 2 ID5TICAL ) T 9 ! O!R4
  ,?+S >E SD 6BE "ND ,8DERIVATIVELY0'1 :
DERIVE _! "N F "S O!R "N1 B DI6] F X 9
T]M9,N4 ,?US ! GRAMM>IAN DERIVES 8 "N F
! ^W ,8GRAMM>0'1 &! C\RAGE\S MAN F ! ^W
,8C\RAGE0'4
                   #B
  ,=MS ( SPEE* >E EI SIMPLE OR -POSITE4
,EXAMPLES (! LATT] >E S* EXPRES.NS Z ,8!
MAN RUNS0'1 ,8! MAN W9S0'2 (! =M]
,8MAN0'1 ,8OX0'1 ,8RUNS0'1 ,8W9S0'4
  ,( ?+S !MVS "S >E PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT1
& >E N"E PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4 ,?US
,8MAN0' IS PR$ICA# (! 9DIVIDUAL MAN1 &
IS N"E PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4
  ,02+ ,8PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT0' ,I D N M1N
PRES5T Z "PS >E PRES5T 9 A :OLE1 B 2+
9CAPA# ( EXI/;E A"P F ! SD SUBJECT4
  ,"S ?+S1 AG1 >E PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT1 B
>E N"E PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT4 ,= 9/.E1 A
C]TA9 PO9T ( GRAMMATICAL K IS PRES5T 9 !
M9D1 B IS N PR$ICA# ( ANY SUBJECT2 OR
AG1 A C]TA9 :ITE;S MAY 2 PRES5T 9 ! BODY
7= COL\R REQUIRES A MAT]IAL BASIS71 YET
X IS N"E PR$ICA# ( ANY?+4
  ,O!R ?+S1 AG1 >E BO? PR$ICA# (A
SUBJECT & PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4 ,?US :ILE
K IS PRES5T 9 ! HUMAN M9D1 X IS PR$ICA#
( GRAMM>4
  ,"! IS1 LA/LY1 A CLASS ( ?+S : >E NEI
PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT NOR PR$ICA# (A
SUBJECT1 S* Z ! 9DIVIDUAL MAN OR !
9DIVIDUAL HORSE4 ,B1 6SP1K M G5],Y1 T :
IS 9DIVIDUAL & HAS ! "* (A UNIT IS N"E
PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT4 ,YET 9 "S CASES "!
IS NO?+ 6PREV5T S* 2+ PRES5T 9 A
SUBJECT4 ,?US A C]TA9 PO9T ( GRAMMATICAL
K IS PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4
                   #C
  ,:5 "O ?+ IS PR$ICAT$ ( ANO!R1 ALL T :
IS PR$ICA# (! PR$ICATE W 2 PR$ICA# AL (!
SUBJECT4 ,?US1 ,8MAN0' IS PR$ICAT$ (!
9DIVIDUAL MAN2 B ,8ANIMAL0' IS PR$ICAT$
( ,8MAN0'2 X W1 "!=E1 2 PR$ICA# (!
9DIVIDUAL MAN AL3 =! 9DIVIDUAL MAN IS
BO? ,8MAN0' & ,8ANIMAL0'4
  ,IF G5]A >E DI6]5T & CO-ORD9ATE1 _!
DI6]5TIAE >E !MVS DI6]5T 9 K9D4 ,TAKE Z
AN 9/.E ! G5US ,8ANIMAL0' &! G5US ,8K0'4
,8,) FEET0'1 ,8TWO-FOOT$0'1 ,8W+$0'1
,8AQUATIC0'1 >E DI6]5TIAE ( ,8ANIMAL0'2
! SPECIES ( K >E N 4T+UI%$ 0! SAME
DI6]5TIAE4 ,"O SPECIES ( K DOES N DI6] F
ANO!R 9 2+ ,8TWO-FOOT$0'4
  ,B ": "O G5US IS SUBORD9ATE 6ANO!R1 "!
IS NO?+ 6PREV5T _! HAV+ ! SAME
DI6]5TIAE3 =! GRT] CLASS IS PR$ICAT$ (!
LESS]1 S T ALL ! DI6]5TIAE (! PR$ICATE W
2 DI6]5TIAE AL (! SUBJECT4
                   #D
  ,EXPRES.NS : >E 9 NO WAY -POSITE
SIGNIFY SUB/.E1 QUANT;Y1 QUAL;Y1 REL,N1
PLACE1 "T1 POSI;N1 /ATE1 AC;N1 OR
A6EC;N4 ,6SKET* MY M1N+ R\<LY1 EXAMPLES
( SUB/.E >E ,8MAN0' OR ,8! HORSE0'1 (
QUANT;Y1 S* T]MS Z ,8TWO CUBITS L;G0' OR
,8?REE CUBITS L;G0'1 ( QUAL;Y1 S*
ATTRIBUTES Z ,8:ITE0'1 ,8GRAMMATICAL0'4
,8,D\#0'1 ,8HALF0'1 ,8GRT]0'1 FALL "U !
CATEGORY ( REL,N2 ,8IN ;A ! M>KET
PLACE0'1 ,8IN ! ,LYCEUM0'1 "U T ( PLACE2
,8YE/]"D0'1 ,8LA/ YE>0'1 "U T ( "T4
,8,LY+0'1 ,8SITT+0'1 >E T]MS 9DICAT+
POSI;N1 ,8%OD0'1 ,8>M$0'1 /ATE2
,86L.E0'1 ,86CAUT]IZE0'1 AC;N2 ,86BE
L.ED0'1 ,86BE CAUT]IZ$0'1 A6EC;N4
  ,NO "O ( ^! T]MS1 9 & 0XF1 9VOLVES AN
A6IRM,N2 X IS 0! -B9,N ( S* T]MS T
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE /ATE;TS >ISE4 ,= E
ASS];N M/1 Z IS ADMITT$1 2 EI TRUE OR
FALSE1 ":AS EXPRES.NS : >E N 9 ANY WAY
-POSITE S* Z ,8MAN0'1 ,8:ITE0'1
,8RUNS0'1 ,8W9S0'1 _C 2 EI TRUE OR
FALSE4
                   #E
  ,SUB/.E1 9 ! TRUE/ & PRIM>Y & MO/
DEF9ITE S5SE (! ^W1 IS T : IS NEI
PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT NOR PRES5T 9 A
SUBJECT2 = 9/.E1 ! 9DIVIDUAL MAN OR
HORSE4 ,B 9 A SECOND>Y S5SE ^? ?+S >E
CALL$ SUB/.ES )9 :1 Z SPECIES1 ! PRIM>Y
SUB/.ES >E 9CLUD$2 AL ^? :1 Z G5]A1
9CLUDE ! SPECIES4 ,= 9/.E1 ! 9DIVIDUAL
MAN IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! SPECIES ,8MAN0'1 &!
G5US 6: ! SPECIES 2L;GS IS ,8ANIMAL0'2
^!1 "!=E-T IS 6SAY1 ! SPECIES ,8MAN0' &!
G5US ,8ANIMAL1->E T]M$ SECOND>Y SUB/.ES4
  ,X IS PLA9 F :AT HAS BE5 SD T BO? ! "N
&! DEF9I;N (! PR$ICATE M/ 2 PR$ICA# (!
SUBJECT4 ,= 9/.E1 ,8MAN0' IS PREDICT$ (!
9DIVIDUAL MAN4 ,N[ 9 ? CASE ! "N (!
SPECIES MAN0' IS APPLI$ 6! 9DIVIDUAL1 =
WE USE ! T]M ,8MAN0' 9 DESCRIB+ !
9DIVIDUAL2 &! DEF9I;N ( ,8MAN0' W AL 2
PR$ICAT$ (! 9DIVIDUAL MAN1 =! 9DIVIDUAL
MAN IS BO? MAN & ANIMAL4 ,?US1 BO? ! "N
&! DEF9I;N (! SPECIES >E PR$ICA# (!
9DIVIDUAL4
  ,) REG>D1 ON ! O!R H&1 6^? ?+S : >E
PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT1 X IS G5],Y ! CASE T
NEI _! "N NOR _! DEF9I;N IS PR$ICA# ( T
9 : !Y >E PRES5T4 ,?\<1 H["E1 ! DEF9I;N
IS N"E PR$ICA#1 "! IS NO?+ 9 C]TA9 CASES
6PREV5T ! "N 2+ US$4 ,= 9/.E1 ,8:ITE0'
2+ PRES5T 9 A BODY IS PR$ICAT$ ( T 9 : X
IS PRES5T1 =A BODY IS CALL$ :ITE3 !
DEF9I;N1 H["E1 (! COL\R :ITE0' IS N"E
PR$ICA# (! BODY4
  ,"EY?+ EXCEPT PRIM>Y SUB/.ES IS EI
PR$ICA# (A PRIM>Y SUB/.E OR PRES5T 9 A
PRIM>Y SUB/.E4 ,? 2COMES EVID5T 0REF];E
6"PICUL> 9/.ES : O3UR4 ,8,ANIMAL0' IS
PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES ,8MAN0'1 "!=E (!
9DIVIDUAL MAN1 = IF "! 7 NO 9DIVIDUAL
MAN ( :OM X CD 2 PR$ICAT$1 X CD N 2
PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES ,8MAN0' AT ALL4 ,AG1
COL\R IS PRES5T 9 BODY1 "!=E 9 9DIVIDUAL
BODIES1 = IF "! 7 NO 9DIVIDUAL BODY 9 :
X 0 PRES5T1 X CD N 2 PRES5T 9 BODY AT
ALL4 ,?US "EY?+ EXCEPT PRIM>Y SUB/.ES IS
EI PR$ICAT$ ( PRIM>Y SUB/.ES1 OR IS
PRES5T 9 !M1 & IF ^! LA/ DID N EXI/1 X
WD 2 IMPOSSI# = ANY?+ ELSE 6EXI/4
  ,( SECOND>Y SUB/.ES1 ! SPECIES IS M
TRULY SUB/.E ?AN ! G5US1 2+ M NE>LY
RELAT$ 6PRIM>Y SUB/.E4 ,= IF ANY "O %D
R5D] AN A3.T ( :AT A PRIM>Y SUB/.E IS1
HE WD R5D] A M 9/RUCTIVE A3.T1 & "O M
PROP] 6! SUBJECT1 0/AT+ ! SPECIES ?AN
0/AT+ ! G5US4 ,?US1 HE WD GIVE A M
9/RUCTIVE A3.T ( AN 9DIVIDUAL MAN 0/AT+
T HE 0 MAN ?AN 0/AT+ T HE 0 ANIMAL1 =!
=M] DESCRIP;N IS PECULI> 6! 9DIVIDUAL 9
A GRT] DEGREE1 :ILE ! LATT] IS TOO
G5]AL4 ,AG1 ! MAN :O GIVES AN A3.T (!
NATURE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL TREE W GIVE A M
9/RUCTIVE A3.T 0M5;N+ ! SPECIES ,8TREE0'
?AN 0M5;N+ ! G5US ,8PLANT0'4
  ,MOREOV]1 PRIM>Y SUB/.ES >E MO/
PROP]LY CALL$ SUB/.ES 9 VIRTUE (! FACT T
!Y >E ! 5TITIES : "ULIE E4 ELSE1 & T
"EY?+ ELSE IS EI PR$ICAT$ ( !M OR PRES5T
9 !M4 ,N[ ! SAME REL,N : SUBSI/S 2T
PRIM>Y SUB/.E & "EY?+ ELSE SUBSI/S AL 2T
! SPECIES &! G5US3 =! SPECIES IS 6! G5US
Z SUBJECT IS 6PR$ICATE1 S9CE ! G5US IS
PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES1 ":AS ! SPECIES _C 2
PR$ICAT$ (! G5US4 ,?US WE H A SECOND
GR.D = ASS]T+ T ! SPECIES IS M TRULY
SUB/.E ?AN ! G5US4
  ,( SPECIES !MVS1 EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( S*
Z >E G5]A1 NO "O IS M TRULY SUB/.E ?AN
ANO!R4 ,WE %D N GIVE A M APPROPRIATE
A3.T (! 9DIVIDUAL MAN 0/AT+ ! SPECIES 6:
HE 2L;G$1 ?AN WE %D ( AN 9DIVIDUAL HORSE
0ADOPT+ ! SAME ME?OD ( DEF9I;N4 ,9 !
SAME WAY1 ( PRIM>Y SUB/.ES1 NO "O IS M
TRULY SUB/.E ?AN ANO!R2 AN 9DIVIDUAL MAN
IS N M TRULY SUB/.E ?AN AN 9DIVIDUAL OX4
  ,X IS1 !N1 ) GD R1SON T ( ALL T
REMA9S1 :5 WE EXCLUDE PRIM>Y SUB/.ES1 WE
3C$E 6SPECIES & G5]A AL"O ! "N
,8SECOND>Y SUB/.E0'1 = ^! AL"O ( ALL !
PR$ICATES 3VEY A K ( PRIM>Y SUB/.E4 ,= X
IS 0/AT+ ! SPECIES OR ! G5US T WE
APPROPRIATELY DEF9E ANY 9DIVIDUAL MAN2 &
WE % MAKE \R DEF9I;N M EXACT 0/AT+ ! =M]
?AN 0/AT+ ! LATT]4 ,ALL O!R ?+S T WE
/ATE1 S* Z T HE IS :ITE1 T HE RUNS1 & S
ON1 >E IRRELEVANT 6! DEF9I;N4 ,?US X IS
J T ^! AL"O1 A"P F PRIM>Y SUB/.ES1 %D 2
CALL$ SUB/.ES4
  ,FUR!R1 PRIM>Y SUB/.ES >E MO/ PROP]LY
S CALL$1 2C !Y "ULIE & >E ! SUBJECTS (
"EY?+ ELSE4 ,N[ ! SAME REL,N T SUBSI/S
2T PRIM>Y SUB/.E & "EY?+ ELSE SUBSI/S AL
2T ! SPECIES &! G5US 6: ! PRIM>Y SUB/.E
2L;GS1 ON ! "O H&1 & E ATTRIBUTE : IS N
9CLUD$ )9 ^!1 ON ! O!R4 ,= ^! >E !
SUBJECTS ( ALL S*4 ,IF WE CALL AN
9DIVIDUAL MAN ,8SKILL$ 9 GRAMM>0'1 !
PR$ICATE IS APPLICA# AL 6! SPECIES & 6!
G5US 6: HE 2L;GS4 ,? LAW HOLDS GD 9 ALL
CASES4
  ,X IS A -MON "*I/IC ( ALL SUB4 /.E T X
IS N"E PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4 ,= PRIM>Y
SUB/.E IS NEI PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT NOR
PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT2 :ILE1 ) REG>D
6SECOND>Y SUB/.ES1 X IS CLE> F ! FOLL[+
>GU;TS 7A"P F O!RS7 T !Y >E N PRES5T 9 A
SUBJECT4 ,= ,8MAN0' IS PR$ICAT$ (!
9DIVIDUAL MAN1 B IS N PRES5T 9 ANY
SUBJECT3 = MANHOOD IS N PRES5T 9 !
9DIVIDUAL MAN4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ,8ANIMAL0'
IS AL PR$ICAT$ (! 9DIVIDUAL MAN1 B IS N
PRES5T 9 HM4 ,AG1 :5 A ?+ IS PRES5T 9 A
SUBJECT1 ?\< ! "N MAY Q WELL 2 APPLI$ 6T
9 : X IS PRES5T1 ! DEF9I;N _C 2 APPLI$4
,YET ( SECOND>Y SUB/.ES1 N ONLY ! "N1 B
AL ! DEF9I;N1 APPLIES 6! SUBJECT3 WE %D
USE BO? ! DEF9I;N (! SPECIES & T (! G5US
) REF];E 6! 9DIVIDUAL MAN4 ,?US SUB/.E
_C 2 PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT4
  ,YET ? IS N PECULI> 6SUB/.E1 = X IS AL
! CASE T DI6]5TIAE _C 2 PRES5T 9
SUBJECTS4 ,! "*I/ICS ,8T]RE/RIAL0' &
,8TWO-FOOT$0' >E PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES
,8MAN0'1 B N PRES5T 9 X4 ,= !Y >E N 9
MAN4 ,MOREOV]1 ! DEF9I;N (! DI6]5TIA MAY
2 PR$ICAT$ ( T ( : ! DI6]5TIA XF IS
PR$ICAT$4 ,= 9/.E1 IF ! "*I/IC
,8T]RE/RIAL0' IS PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES
,8MAN0'1 ! DEF9I;N AL ( T "*I/IC MAY 2
US$ 6=M ! PR$ICATE (! SPECIES ,8MAN0'3 =
,8MAN0' IS T]RE/RIAL4
  ,! FACT T ! "PS ( SUB/.ES APPE> 6BE
PRES5T 9 ! :OLE1 Z 9 A SUBJECT1 %D N
MAKE U APPREH5SIVE LE/ WE %D H 6ADMIT T
S* "PS >E N SUB/.ES3 = 9 EXPLA9+ !
PHRASE ,82+ PRES5T 9 A SUBJECT0'1 WE
/AT$0' T WE M1NT ,8O!RWISE ?AN Z "PS 9 A
:OLE0'4
  ,X IS ! M>K ( SUB/.ES &( DI6]5TIAE T1
9 ALL PROPOSI;NS ( : !Y =M ! PR$ICATE1
!Y >E PR$ICAT$ UNIVOC,Y4 ,= ALL S*
PROPOSI;NS H = _! SUBJECT EI ! 9DIVIDUAL
OR ! SPECIES4 ,X IS TRUE T1 9ASM* Z
PRIM>Y SUB/.E IS N PR$ICA# ( ANY?+1 X C
N"E =M ! PR$ICATE ( ANY PROPOSI;N4 ,B (
SECOND>Y SUB/.ES1 ! SPECIES IS PR$ICAT$
(! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! G5US BO? (! SPECIES &(!
9DIVIDUAL4 ,SIMIL>LY ! DI6]5TIAE >E
PR$ICAT$ (! SPECIES &(! 9DIVIDUALS4
,MOREOV]1 ! DEF9I;N (! SPECIES & T (!
G5US >E APPLICA# 6! PRIM>Y SUB/.E1 & T (
! G5US 6! SPECIES4 ,= ALL T IS PR$ICAT$
(! PR$ICATE W 2 PR$ICAT$ AL (! SUBJECT4
,SIMIL>LY1 ! DEF9I;N (! DI6]5TIAE W 2
APPLICA# 6! SPECIES & 6! 9DIVIDUALS4 ,B
X 0 /AT$ ABV T ! ^W ,8UNIVOCAL0' 0
APPLI$ 6^? ?+S : _H BO? "N & DEF9I;N 9
-MON4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 E/ABLI%$ T 9 E
PROPOSI;N1 ( : EI SUB/.E OR A DI6]5TIA
=MS ! PR$ICATE1 ^! >E PR$ICAT$ UNIVOC,Y4
  ,ALL SUB/.E APPE>S 6SIGNIFY T : IS
9DIVIDUAL4 ,9 ! CASE ( PRIM>Y SUB/.E ?
IS 9DISPUTABLY TRUE1 =! ?+ IS A UNIT4 ,9
! CASE ( SECOND>Y SUB/.ES1 :5 WE SP1K1 =
9/.E1 ( ,8MAN0' OR ,8ANIMAL0'1 \R =M (
SPEE* GIVES ! IMPRES.N T WE >E "H AL
9DICAT+ T : IS 9DIVIDUAL1 B ! IMPRES.N
IS N /RICTLY TRUE2 =A SECOND>Y SUB/.E IS
N AN 9DIVIDUAL1 B A CLASS )A C]TA9
QUALIFIC,N2 = X IS N "O & S+LE Z A
PRIM>Y SUB/.E IS2 ! ^WS ,8MAN0'1
,8ANIMAL0'1 >E PR$ICA# ( M ?AN "O
SUBJECT4
  ,YET SPECIES & G5US D N M]ELY 9DICATE
QUAL;Y1 L ! T]M ,8:ITE0'2 ,8:ITE0'
9DICATES QUAL;Y & NO?+ FUR!R1 B SPECIES
& G5US DET]M9E ! QUAL;Y ) REF];E 6A
SUB/.E3 !Y SIGNIFY SUB/.E QUALITATIVELY
DI6]5TIAT$4 ,! DET]M9ATE QUALIFIC,N
COV]S A L>G] FIELD 9 ! CASE (! G5US T 9
T (! SPECIES3 HE :O USES ! ^W ,8ANIMAL0'
IS "H9 US+ A ^W ( WID] EXT5.N ?AN HE :O
USES ! ^W ,8MAN0'4
  ,ANO!R M>K ( SUB/.E IS T X HAS NO
3TR>Y4 ,:AT CD 2 ! 3TR>Y ( ANY PRIM>Y
SUB/.E1 S* Z ! 9DIVIDUAL MAN OR ANIMAL8
,X HAS N"O4 ,NOR C ! SPECIES OR ! G5US H
A 3TR>Y4 ,YET ? "*I/IC IS N PECULI>
6SUB/.E1 B IS TRUE ( _M O!R ?+S1 S* Z
QUANT;Y4 ,"! IS NO?+ T =MS ! 3TR>Y (
,8TWO CUBITS L;G0' OR ( ,8?REE CUBITS
L;G0'1 OR ( ,8T50'1 OR ( ANY S* T]M4 ,A
MAN MAY 3T5D T ,8M*0' IS ! 3TR>Y (
,8LL0'1 OR ,8GRT0' ( ,8SMALL0'1 B (
DEF9ITE QUANTITATIVE T]MS NO 3TR>Y
EXI/S4
  ,SUB/.E1 AG1 DOES N APPE> 6ADMIT (
V>I,N ( DEGREE4 ,I D N M1N 0? T "O
SUB/.E _C 2 M OR LESS TRULY SUB/.E ?AN
ANO!R1 = X HAS ALR BE5 /AT$0' T ? IS !
CASE2 B T NO S+LE SUB/.E ADMITS ( V>Y+
DEGREES )9 XF4 ,= 9/.E1 "O "PICUL>
SUB/.E1 ,8MAN0'1 _C 2 M OR LESS MAN EI
?AN HMF AT "S O!R "T OR ?AN "S O!R MAN4
,"O MAN _C 2 M MAN ?AN ANO!R1 Z T : IS
:ITE MAY 2 M OR LESS :ITE ?AN "S O!R
:ITE OBJECT1 OR Z T : IS B1UTI;L MAY 2 M
OR LESS B1UTI;L ?AN "S O!R B1UTI;L
OBJECT4 ,! SAME QUAL;Y1 MOREOV]1 IS SD
6SUBSI/ 9 A ?+ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES AT DI6]5T
"TS4 ,A BODY1 2+ :ITE1 IS SD 6BE :IT] AT
"O "T ?AN X 0 2F1 OR1 2+ W>M1 IS SD 6BE
W>M] OR LESS W>M ?AN AT "S O!R "T4 ,B
SUB/.E IS N SD 6BE M OR LESS T : X IS3 A
MAN IS N M TRULY A MAN AT "O "T ?AN HE 0
2F1 NOR IS ANY?+1 IF X IS SUB/.E1 M OR
LESS :AT X IS4 ,SUB/.E1 !N1 DOES N ADMIT
( V>I,N ( DEGREE4
  ,! MO/ 4T9CTIVE M>K ( SUB/.E APPE>S
6BE T1 :ILE REMA9+ NUM]IC,Y "O &! SAME1
X IS CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES4 ,F
AM;G ?+S O!R ?AN SUB/.E1 WE %D F9D \RVS
UNA# 6BR+ =W>D ANY : POSSESS$ ? M>K4
,?US1 "O &! SAME COL\R _C 2 :ITE &
BLACK4 ,NOR C ! SAME "O AC;N 2 GD & BAD3
? LAW HOLDS GD ) "EY?+ T IS N SUB/.E4 ,B
"O &! SELFSAME SUB/.E1 :ILE RETA9+ XS
ID5T;Y1 IS YET CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y
QUALITIES4 ,! SAME 9DIVIDUAL P]SON IS AT
"O "T :ITE1 AT ANO!R BLACK1 AT "O "T
W>M1 AT ANO!R COLD1 AT "O "T GD1 AT
ANO!R BAD4 ,? CAPAC;Y IS F.D NO": ELSE1
?\< X MI<T 2 MA9TA9$ T A /ATE;T OR
OP9ION 0 AN EXCEP;N 6! RULE4 ,! SAME
/ATE;T1 X IS AGRE$1 C 2 BO? TRUE &
FALSE4 ,= IF ! /ATE;T ,8HE IS SITT+0' IS
TRUE1 YET1 :5 ! P]SON 9 "Q HAS RIS51 !
SAME /ATE;T W 2 FALSE4 ,! SAME APPLIES
6OP9IONS4 ,= IF ANY "O ?9KS TRULY T A
P]SON IS SITT+1 YET1 :5 T P]SON HAS
RIS51 ? SAME OP9ION1 IF / HELD1 W 2
FALSE4 ,YET AL? ? EXCEP;N MAY 2 ALL[$1
"! IS1 N"E!.S1 A DI6];E 9 ! MANN] 9 : !
?+ TAKES PLACE4 ,X IS 0!MVS *ANG+ T
SUB/.ES ADMIT 3TR>Y QUALITIES4 ,X IS ?US
T T : 0 HOT 2COMES COLD1 = X HAS 5T]$
96A DI6]5T /ATE4 ,SIMIL>LY T : 0 :ITE
2COMES BLACK1 & T : 0 BAD GD1 0A PROCESS
( *ANGE2 & 9 ! SAME WAY 9 ALL O!R CASES
X IS 0*ANG+ T SUB/.ES >E CAPA# ( ADMITT+
3TR>Y QUALITIES4 ,B /ATE;TS & OP9IONS
!MVS REMA9 UNALT]$ 9 ALL RESPECTS3 X IS
0! ALT],N 9 ! FACTS (! CASE T ! 3TR>Y
QUAL;Y -ES 6BE _!S4 ,! /ATE;T ,8HE IS
SITT+0' REMA9S UNALT]$1 B X IS AT "O "T
TRUE1 AT ANO!R FALSE1 AC 6CIRCUM/.ES4
,:AT HAS BE5 SD ( /ATE;TS APPLIES AL
6OP9IONS4 ,?US1 9 RESPECT (! MANN] 9 : !
?+ TAKES PLACE1 X IS ! PECULI> M>K (
SUB/.E T X %D 2 CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y
QUALITIES2 = X IS 0XF *ANG+ T X DOES S4
  ,IF1 !N1 A MAN %D MAKE ? EXCEP;N &
3T5D T /ATE;TS & OP9IONS >E CAPA# (
ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES1 8 3T5;N IS
UNS.D4 ,= /ATE;TS & OP9IONS >E SD 6H ?
CAPAC;Y1 N 2C !Y !MVS "UGO MODIFIC,N1 B
2C ? MODIFIC,N O3URS 9 ! CASE ( "S?+
ELSE4 ,! TRU? OR FALS;Y (A /ATE;T DEP5DS
ON FACTS1 & N ON ANY P[] ON ! "P (!
/ATE;T XF ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES4 ,9
%ORT1 "! IS NO?+ : C ALT] ! NATURE (
/ATE;TS & OP9IONS4 ,Z1 !N1 NO *ANGE
TAKES PLACE 9 !MVS1 ^! _C 2 SD 6BE CAPA#
( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES4
  ,B X IS 0R1SON (! MODIFIC,N : TAKES
PLACE )9 ! SUB/.E XF T A SUB/.E IS SD
6BE CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES2 =A
SUB/.E ADMITS )9 XF EI 41SE OR H1L?1
:ITE;S OR BLACK;S4 ,X IS 9 ? S5SE T X IS
SD 6BE CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y QUALITIES4
  ,6SUM UP1 X IS A 4T9CTIVE M>K (
SUB/.E1 T1 :ILE REMA9+ NUM]IC,Y "O &!
SAME1 X IS CAPA# ( ADMITT+ 3TR>Y
QUALITIES1 ! MODIFIC,N TAK+ PLACE "? A
*ANGE 9 ! SUB/.E XF4
  ,LET ^! REM>KS SU6ICE ON ! SUBJECT (
SUB/.E4
                   #F
  ,QUANT;Y IS EI 4CRETE OR 3T9U\S4
,MOREOV]1 "S QUANTITIES >E S* T EA* "P (
! :OLE HAS A RELATIVE POSI;N 6! O!R "PS3
O!RS H )9 !M NO S* REL,N ( "P 6"P4
  ,9/.ES ( 4CRETE QUANTITIES >E NUMB] &
SPEE*2 ( 3T9U\S1 L9ES1 SURFACES1 SOLIDS1
&1 2SS ^!1 "T & PLACE4
  ,9 ! CASE (! "PS (A NUMB]1 "! IS NO
-MON B.D>Y AT : !Y JO94 ,= EXAMPLE3 TWO
FIVES MAKE T51 B ! TWO FIVES H NO -MON
B.D>Y1 B >E SEP>ATE2 ! "PS ?REE & SEV5
AL D N JO9 AT ANY B.D>Y4 ,NOR1
6G5]ALIZE1 WD X "E 2 POSSI# 9 ! CASE (
NUMB] T "! %D 2 A -MON B.D>Y AM;G ! "PS2
!Y >E ALW SEP>ATE4 ,NUMB]1 "!=E1 IS A
4CRETE QUANT;Y4
  ,! SAME IS TRUE ( SPEE*4 ,T SPEE* IS A
QUANT;Y IS EVID5T3 = X IS M1SUR$ 9 L;G &
%ORT SYLLA#S4 ,I M1N "H T SPEE* : IS
VOCAL4 ,MOREOV]1 X IS A 4CRETE QUANT;Y =
XS "PS H NO -MON B.D>Y4 ,"! IS NO -MON
B.D>Y AT : ! SYLLA#S JO91 B EA* IS
SEP>ATE & 4T9CT F ! RE/4
  ,A L9E1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A 3T9U\S
QUANT;Y1 = X IS POSSI# 6F9D A -MON B.D>Y
AT : XS "PS JO94 ,9 ! CASE (! L9E1 ?
-MON B.D>Y IS ! PO9T2 9 ! CASE (! PLANE1
X IS ! L9E3 =! "PS (! PLANE H AL A -MON
B.D>Y4 ,SIMIL>LY Y C F9D A -MON B.D>Y 9
! CASE (! "PS (A SOLID1 "NLY EI A L9E OR
A PLANE4
  ,SPACE & "T AL 2L;G 6? CLASS (
QUANTITIES4 ,"T1 PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE1
=MS A 3T9U\S :OLE4 ,SPACE1 LIKEWISE1 IS
A 3T9U\S QUANT;Y2 =! "PS (A SOLID O3UPY
A C]TA9 SPACE1 & ^! H A -MON B.D>Y2 X
FOLL[S T ! "PS ( SPACE AL1 : >E O3UPI$
0! "PS (! SOLID1 H ! SAME -MON B.D>Y Z !
"PS (! SOLID4 ,?US1 N ONLY "T1 B SPACE
AL1 IS A 3T9U\S QUANT;Y1 = XS "PS H A
-MON B.D>Y4
  ,QUANTITIES 3SI/ EI ( "PS : BE> A
RELATIVE POSI;N EA* 6EA*1 OR ( "PS : D
N4 ,! "PS (A L9E BE> A RELATIVE POSI;N
6EA* O!R1 = EA* LIES "S":1 & X WD 2
POSSI# 64T+UI% EA*1 & 6/ATE ! POSI;N (
EA* ON ! PLANE & 6EXPLA9 6:AT SORT ( "P
AM;G ! RE/ EA* 0 3TIGU\S4 ,SIMIL>LY !
"PS (A PLANE H POSI;N1 = X CD SIMIL>LY 2
/AT$ :AT 0 ! POSI;N ( EA* & :AT SORT (
"PS 7 3TIGU\S4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ) REG>D
6! SOLID & 6SPACE4 ,B X WD 2 IMPOSSI#
6%[ T ! >TS (A NUMB] _H A RELATIVE
POSI;N EA* 6EA*1 OR A "PICUL> POSI;N1 OR
6/ATE :AT "PS 7 3TIGU\S4 ,NOR CD ? 2 D"O
9 ! CASE ( "T1 = N"O (! "PS ( "T HAS AN
ABID+ EXI/;E1 & T : DOES N ABIDE C H>DLY
H POSI;N4 ,X WD 2 BETT] 6SAY T S* "PS _H
A RELATIVE ORD]1 9 VIRTUE ( "O 2+ PRIOR
6ANO!R4 ,SIMIL>LY ) NUMB]3 9 C.T+1
,8"O0' IS PRIOR TO ,8TWO0'1 & ,8TWO0' TO
,8?REE0'1 & ?US ! "PS ( NUMB] MAY 2 SD
6POSSESS A RELATIVE ORD]1 ?\< X WD 2
IMPOSSI# 64COV] ANY 4T9CT POSI;N = EA*4
,? HOLDS GD AL 9 ! CASE ( SPEE*4 ,N"O (
XS "PS HAS AN ABID+ EXI/;E3 :5 ONCE A
SYLLA# IS PRON\NC$1 X IS N POSSI# 6RETA9
X1 S T1 NATUR,Y1 Z ! "PS D N ABIDE1 !Y
_C H POSI;N4 ,?US1 "S QUANTITIES 3SI/ (
"PS : H POSI;N1 & "S ( ^? : H N4
  ,/RICTLY SP1K+1 ONLY ! ?+S : ,I H
M5;N$ 2L;G 6! CATEGORY ( QUANT;Y3 "EY?+
ELSE T IS CALL$ QUANTITATIVE IS A
QUANT;Y 9 A SECOND>Y S5SE4 ,X IS 2C WE H
9 M9D "S "O ( ^! QUANTITIES1 PROP]LY S
CALL$1 T WE APPLY QUANTITATIVE T]MS 6O!R
?+S4 ,WE SP1K ( :AT IS :ITE Z L>GE1 2C !
SURFACE OV] : ! :ITE EXT5DS IS L>GE2 WE
SP1K ( AN AC;N OR A PROCESS Z L5G?Y1 2C
! "T COV]$ IS L;G2 ^! ?+S _C 9 _! [N "R
CLAIM ! QUANTITATIVE EPI!T4 ,= 9/.E1 %D
ANY "O EXPLA9 H[ L;G AN AC;N WAS1 8
/ATE;T WD 2 MADE 9 T]MS (! "T TAK51 6!
E6ECT T X LA/$ A YE>1 OR "S?+ ( T SORT4
,9 ! SAME WAY1 HE WD EXPLA9 ! SIZE (A
:ITE OBJECT 9 T]MS ( SURFACE1 = HE WD
/ATE ! >EA : X COV]$4 ,?US ! ?+S ALR
M5;N$1 & ^! AL"O1 >E 9 _! 9TR9SIC NATURE
QUANTITIES2 NO?+ ELSE C CLAIM ! "N 9 XS
[N "R1 B1 IF AT ALL1 ONLY 9 A SECOND>Y
S5SE4
  ,QUANTITIES H NO 3TR>IES4 ,9 ! CASE (
DEF9ITE QUANTITIES ? IS OBVI\S2 ?US1 "!
IS NO?+ T IS ! 3TR>Y ( ,8TWO CUBITS
L;G0' OR ( ,8?REE CUBITS L;G0'1 OR (A
SURFACE1 OR ( ANY S* QUANTITIES4 ,A MAN
MI<T1 9DE$1 >GUE T ,8M*0' 0 ! 3TR>Y (
,8LL0'1 & ,8GRT0' ( ,8SMALL0'4 ,B ^! >E
N QUANTITATIVE1 B RELATIVE2 ?+S >E N GRT
OR SMALL ABSOLUTELY1 !Y >E S CALL$ R Z !
RESULT ( AN ACT ( -P>ISON4 ,= 9/.E1 A
M.TA9 IS CALL$ SMALL1 A GRA9 L>GE1 9
VIRTUE (! FACT T ! LATT] IS GRT] ?AN
O!RS ( XS K9D1 ! =M] LESS4 ,?US "! IS A
REF];E "H 6AN EXT]NAL /&>D1 = IF ! T]MS
,8GRT0' & ,8SMALL0' 7 US$ ABSOLUTELY1 A
M.TA9 WD N"E 2 CALL$ SMALL OR A GRA9
L>GE4 ,AG1 WE SAY T "! >E _M P 9 A
VILLAGE1 & FEW 9 ,A!NS1 AL? ^? 9 ! C;Y
>E _M "TS Z NUM]\S Z ^? 9 ! VILLAGE3 OR
WE SAY T A H\SE HAS _M 9 X1 &A !ATRE
FEW1 ?\< ^? 9 ! !ATRE F> \TNUMB] ^? 9 !
H\SE4 ,! T]MS ,8TWO CUBITS L;G1 8?REE
CUBITS L;G10' & S ON 9DICATE QUANT;Y1 !
T]MS ,8GRT0' & ,8SMALL0' 9DICATE REL,N1
= !Y H REF];E 6AN EXT]NAL /&>D4 ,X IS1
"!=E1 PLA9 T ^! >E 6BE CLASS$ Z
RELATIVE4
  ,AG1 :E!R WE DEF9E !M Z QUANTITATIVE
OR N1 !Y H NO 3TR>IES3 = H[ C "! 2 A
3TR>Y ( AN ATTRIBUTE : IS N 6BE
APPREH5D$ 9 OR 0XF1 B ONLY 0REF];E 6"S?+
EXT]NAL8 ,AG1 IF ,8GRT0' & ,8SMALL0' >E
3TR>IES1 X W -E AB T ! SAME SUBJECT C
ADMIT 3TR>Y QUALITIES AT "O &! SAME "T1
& T ?+S W !MVS 2 3TR>Y 6!MVS4 ,= X
HAPP5S AT "TS T ! SAME ?+ IS BO? SMALL &
GRT4 ,=! SAME ?+ MAY 2 SMALL 9 -P>ISON )
"O ?+1 & GRT 9 -P>ISON ) ANO!R1 S T !
SAME ?+ -ES 6BE BO? SMALL & GRT AT "O &!
SAME "T1 & IS ( S* A NATURE Z 6ADMIT
3TR>Y QUALITIES AT "O &! SAME MO;T4 ,YET
X 0 AGRE$1 :5 SUB/.E 0 2+ 4CUSS$1 T NO?+
ADMITS 3TR>Y QUALITIES AT "O &! SAME
MO;T4 ,= ?\< SUB/.E IS CAPA# ( ADMITT+
3TR>Y QUALITIES1 YET NO "O IS AT ! SAME
"T BO? SICK & H1L?Y1 NO?+ IS AT ! SAME
"T BO? :ITE & BLACK4 ,NOR IS "! ANY?+ :
IS QUALIFI$ 9 3TR>Y WAYS AT "O &! SAME
"T4
  ,MOREOV]1 IF ^! 7 3TR>IES1 !Y WD !MVS
2 3TR>Y 6!MVS4 ,= IF ,8GRT0' IS ! 3TR>Y
( ,8SMALL0'1 &! SAME ?+ IS BO? GRT &
SMALL AT ! SAME "T1 !N ,8SMALL0' OR
,8GRT0' IS ! 3TR>Y ( XF4 ,B ? IS
IMPOSSI#4 ,! T]M ,8GRT0'1 "!=E1 IS N !
3TR>Y (! T]M ,8SMALL0'1 NOR ,8M*0' (
,8LL0'4 ,& EV5 ?\< A MAN %D CALL ^! T]MS
N RELATIVE B QUANTITATIVE1 !Y WD N H
3TR>IES4
  ,X IS 9 ! CASE ( SPACE T QUANT;Y MO/
PLAUSIBLY APPE>S 6ADMIT (A 3TR>Y4 ,= M5
DEF9E ! T]M ,8ABV0' Z ! 3TR>Y ( ,82L0'1
:5 X IS ! REGION AT ! C5TRE !Y M1N BY
,82L0'2 & ? IS S1 2C NO?+ IS F>!R F !
EXTREMITIES (! UNIV]SE ?AN ! REGION AT !
C5TRE4 ,9DE$1 X SEEMS T 9 DEF9+ 3TR>IES
( E K9D M5 H REC\RSE 6A SPATIAL
METAPHOR1 = !Y SAY T ^? ?+S >E 3TR>IES
:1 )9 ! SAME CLASS1 >E SEP>AT$ 0! GRTE/
POSSI# 4T.E4
  ,QUANT;Y DOES N1 X APPE>S1 ADMIT (
V>I,N ( DEGREE4 ,"O ?+ _C 2 TWO CUBITS
L;G 9 A GRT] DEGREE ?AN ANO!R4 ,SIMIL>LY
) REG>D 6NUMB]3 :AT IS ,8?REE0' IS N M
TRULY ?REE ?AN :AT IS ,8FIVE0' IS FIVE2
NOR IS "O SET ( ?REE M TRULY ?REE ?AN
ANO!R SET4 ,AG1 "O P]IOD ( "T IS N SD
6BE M TRULY "T ?AN ANO!R4 ,NOR IS "! ANY
O!R K9D ( QUANT;Y1 ( ALL T H BE5 M5;N$1
) REG>D 6: V>I,N ( DEGREE C 2 PR$ICAT$4
,! CATEGORY ( QUANT;Y1 "!=E1 DOES N
ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE4
  ,! MO/ 4T9CTIVE M>K ( QUANT;Y IS T
EQUAL;Y & 9EQUAL;Y >E PR$ICAT$ ( X4 ,EA*
(! A=ESD QUANTITIES IS SD 6BE EQUAL OR
UNEQUAL4 ,= 9/.E1 "O SOLID IS SD 6BE
EQUAL OR UNEQUAL 6ANO!R2 NUMB]1 TOO1 &
"T C H ^! T]MS APPLI$ 6!M1 9DE$ C ALL ^?
K9DS ( QUANT;Y T H BE5 M5;N$4
  ,T : IS N A QUANT;Y C 0NO M1NS1 X WD
SEEM1 2 T]M$ EQUAL OR UNEQUAL 6ANY?+
ELSE4 ,"O "PICUL> 4POSI;N OR "O "PICUL>
QUAL;Y1 S* Z :ITE;S1 IS 0NO M1NS -P>$ )
ANO!R 9 T]MS ( EQUAL;Y & 9EQUAL;Y B R 9
T]MS ( SIMIL>;Y4 ,?US X IS ! 4T9CTIVE
M>K ( QUANT;Y T X C 2 CALL$ EQUAL &
UNEQUAL4
                   #G
  ,^? ?+S >E CALL$ RELATIVE1 :1 2+ EI SD
6BE ( "S?+ ELSE OR RELAT$ 6"S?+ ELSE1 >E
EXPLA9$ 0REF];E 6T O!R ?+4 ,= 9/.E1 ! ^W
,8SUP]IOR0' IS EXPLA9$ 0REF];E 6"S?+
ELSE1 = X IS SUP]IOR;Y OV] "S?+ ELSE T
IS M1NT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! EXPRES.N ,8D\#0'
HAS ? EXT]NAL REF];E1 = X IS ! D\# (
"S?+ ELSE T IS M1NT4 ,S X IS ) "EY?+
ELSE ( ? K9D4 ,"! >E1 MOREOV]1 O!R
RELATIVES1 E4G4 HABIT1 4POSI;N1 P]CEP;N1
K1 & ATTITUDE4 ,! SIGNIFIC.E ( ALL ^! IS
EXPLA9$ 0A REF];E 6"S?+ ELSE & 9 NO O!R
WAY4 ,?US1 A HABIT IS A HABIT ( "S?+1 K
IS K ( "S?+1 ATTITUDE IS ! ATTITUDE (
"S?+4 ,S X IS ) ALL O!R RELATIVES T H
BE5 M5;N$4 ,^? T]MS1 !N1 >E CALL$
RELATIVE1 ! NATURE ( : IS EXPLA9$
0REF];E 6"S?+ ELSE1 ! PREPOSI;N ,8(0' OR
"S O!R PREPOSI;N 2+ US$ 69DICATE !
REL,N4 ,?US1 "O M.TA9 IS CALL$ GRT 9
-P>ISON ) SON ) ANO!R2 =! M.TA9 CLAIMS ?
ATTRIBUTE 0-P>ISON ) "S?+4 ,AG1 T : IS
CALL$ SIMIL> M/ 2 SIMIL> 6"S?+ ELSE1 &
ALL O!R S* ATTRIBUTES H ? EXT]NAL
REF];E4 ,X IS 6BE NOT$ T LY+ & /&+ &
SITT+ >E "PICUL> ATTITUDES1 B ATTITUDE
IS XF A RELATIVE T]M4 ,6LIE1 6/&1 6BE
S1T$1 >E N !MVS ATTITUDES1 B TAKE _! "N
F ! A=ESD ATTITUDES4
  ,X IS POSSI# = RELATIVES 6H 3TR>IES4
,?US VIRTUE HAS A 3TR>Y1 VICE1 ^! BO? 2+
RELATIVES2 K1 TOO1 HAS A 3TR>Y1 IGNOR.E4
,B ? IS N ! M>K ( ALL RELATIVES2 ,8D\#0'
& ,8TRIPLE0' H NO 3TR>Y1 NOR 9DE$ HAS
ANY S* T]M4
  ,X AL APPE>S T RELATIVES C ADMIT (
V>I,N ( DEGREE4 ,= ,8L0' & ,8UNLIKE0'1
,8EQUAL0' & ,8UNEQUAL0'1 H ! MODIFIC,NS
,8M0' & ,8LESS0' APPLI$ 6!M1 & EA* ( ^!
IS RELATIVE 9 "*3 =! T]MS ,8L0' &
,8UNEQUAL0' BE> ,8UNEQUAL0' BE> A REF];E
6"S?+ EXT]NAL4 ,YET1 AG1 X IS N E
RELATIVE T]M T ADMITS ( V>I,N ( DEGREE4
,NO T]M S* Z ,8D\#0' ADMITS ( ?
MODIFIC,N4 ,ALL RELATIVES H
CORRELATIVES3 0! T]M ,8SLAVE0' WE M1N !
SLAVE (A MA/]1 0! T]M ,8MA/]0'1 ! MA/] (
A SLAVE2 BY ,8D\#0'1 ! D\# ( XS HALL2 BY
,8HALF0'1 ! HALF ( XS D\#2 BY ,8GRT]0'1
GRT] ?AN T : IS LESS2 BY ,8LESS10' LESS
?AN T : IS GRT]4
  ,S X IS ) E O!R RELATIVE T]M2 B ! CASE
WE USE 6EXPRESS ! CORREL,N DI6]S 9 "S
9/.ES4 ,?US1 0K WE M1N K ! "KA#2 0!
"KA#1 T : IS 6BE APPREH5D$ 0K2 0P]CEP;N1
P]CEP;N (! P]CEPTI#2 0! P]CEPTI#1 T : IS
APPREH5D$ 0P]CEP;N4
  ,"S"TS1 H["E1 RECIPROC;Y ( CORREL,N
DOES N APPE> 6EXI/4 ,? -ES AB :5 A BL"U
IS MADE1 & T 6: ! RELATIVE IS RELAT$ IS
N A3URATELY /AT$4 ,IF A MAN /ATES T A W+
IS NECESS>ILY RELATIVE 6A BIRD1 !
3NEXION 2T ^! TWO W N 2 RECIPROCAL1 = X
W N 2 POSSI# 6SAY T A BIRD IS A BIRD
0R1SON ( XS W+S4 ,! R1SON IS T ! ORIG9AL
/ATE;T 0 9A3URATE1 =! W+ IS N SD 6BE
RELATIVE 6! BIRD QUA BIRD1 S9CE _M
CR1TURES 2SS BIRDS H W+S1 B QUA W+$
CR1TURE4 ,IF1 !N1 ! /ATE;T IS MADE
A3URATE1 ! 3NEXION W 2 RECIPROCAL1 = WE
C SP1K (A W+1 HAV+ REF];E NECESS>ILY 6A
W+$ CR1TURE1 &(A W+$ CR1TURE Z 2+ S* 2C
( XS W+S4
  ,O3A.N,Y1 P]H1 X IS NEC 6CO9 ^WS1 IF
NO ^W EXI/S 0: A CORREL,N C ADEQUATELY 2
EXPLA9$4 ,IF WE DEF9E A RU4] Z
NECESS>ILY HAV+ REF];E 6A BOAT1 \R
DEF9I;N W N 2 APPROPRIATE1 =! RU4] DOES
N H ? REF];E 6A BOAT QUA BOAT1 Z "! >E
BOATS : H NO RU4]S4 ,?US WE _C USE !
T]MS RECIPROC,Y1 =! ^W ,8BOAT0' _C 2 SD
6F9D XS EXPLAN,N 9 ! ^W ,8RU4]0'4 ,Z "!
IS NO EXI/+ ^W1 \R DEF9I;N WD P]H 2 M
A3URATE IF WE CO9$ "S ^W L ,8RU4]$0' Z !
CORRELATIVE ( ,8RU4]0'4 ,IF WE EXPRESS
\RVS ?US A3URATELY1 AT ANY RATE ! T]MS
>E RECIPROC,Y 3NECT$1 =! ,8RU4]$0' ?+ IS
,8RU4]$0' 9 VIRTUE ( XS RU4]4 ,S X IS 9
ALL O!R CASES4 ,A H1D W 2 M A3URATELY
DEF9$ Z ! CORRELATIVE ( T : IS ,8H1D$0'1
?AN Z T ( AN ANIMAL1 =! ANIMAL DOES N H
A H1D QUA ANIMAL1 S9CE _M ANIMALS H NO
H1D4
  ,?US WE MAY P]H MO/ EASILY -PREH5D T
6: A ?+ IS RELAT$1 :5 A "N DOES N EXI/1
IF1 F T : HAS A "N1 WE DERIVE A NEW "N1
& APPLY X 6T ) : ! F/ IS RECIPROC,Y
3NECT$1 Z 9 ! A=ESD 9/.ES1 :5 WE DERIV$
! ^W ,8W+$0' F ,8W+0' & F ,8RU4]0'4
  ,ALL RELATIVES1 !N1 IF PROP]LY DEF9$1
H A CORRELATIVE4 ,I ADD ? 3DI;N 2C1 IF T
6: !Y >E RELAT$ IS /AT$ Z HAPHAZ>D & N
A3URATELY1 ! TWO >E N F.D 6BE
9T]DEP5D5T4 ,LET ME /ATE :AT ,I M1N M
CLE>LY4 ,EV5 9 ! CASE ( AC"KL$G$
CORRELATIVES1 & ": "NS EXI/ = EA*1 "! W
2 NO 9T]DEP5D;E IF "O (! TWO IS DENOT$1
N 0T "N : EXPRESSES ! CORRELATIVE NO;N1
B 0"O ( IRRELEVANT SIGNIFIC.E4 ,! T]M
,8SLAVE10' IF DEF9$ Z RELAT$1 N 6A MA/]1
B 6A MAN1 OR A BIP$1 OR ANY?+ ( T SORT1
IS N RECIPROC,Y 3NECT$ ) T 9 REL,N 6: X
IS DEF9$1 =! /ATE;T IS N EXACT4 ,FUR!R1
IF "O ?+ IS SD 6BE CORRELATIVE ) ANO!R1
&! T]M9OLOGY US$ IS CORRECT1 !N1 ?\< ALL
IRRELEVANT ATTRIBUTES %D 2 REMOV$1 &
ONLY T "O ATTRIBUTE LEFT 9 VIRTUE ( : X
0 CORRECTLY /AT$ 6BE CORRELATIVE ) T
O!R1 ! /AT$ CORREL,N W / EXI/4 ,IF !
CORRELATIVE ( ,8! SLAVE0' IS SD 6BE ,8!
MA/]0'1 !N1 ?\< ALL IRRELEVANT
ATTRIBUTES (! SD ,8MA/]0'1 S* Z
,8BIP$0'1 ,8RECEPTIVE ( K0'1 ,8HUMAN0'1
%D 2 REMOV$1 &! ATTRIBUTE ,8MA/]0' AL"O
LEFT1 ! /AT$ CORREL,N EXI/+ 2T HM &!
SLAVE W REMA9 ! SAME1 = X IS (A MA/] T A
SLAVE IS SD 6BE ! SLAVE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
IF1 ( TWO CORRELATIVES1 "O IS N
CORRECTLY T]M$1 !N1 :5 ALL O!R
ATTRIBUTES >E REMOV$ & T AL"O IS LEFT 9
VIRTUE ( : X 0 /AT$ 6BE CORRELATIVE1 !
/AT$ CORREL,N W 2 F.D 6H 4APPE>$4
  ,= SUPPOSE ! CORRELATIVE ( ,8! SLAVE0'
%D 2 SD 6BE ,8! MAN0'1 OR ! CORRELATIVE
( ,8! W+8! BIRD0'2 IF ! ATTRIBUTE
,8MA/]0' 2 )DRAWN F0' ! MAN0'1 !
CORREL,N 2T ,8! MAN0' & ,8! SLAVE0' W
C1SE 6EXI/1 = IF ! MAN IS N A MA/]1 !
SLAVE IS N A SLAVE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF !
ATTRIBUTE ,8W+$0' 2 )DRAWN F ,8! BIRD0'1
,8! W+0' W NO L;G] 2 RELATIVE2 = IF ! S-
CALL$ CORRELATIVE IS N W+$1 X FOLL[S T
,8! W+0' HAS NO CORRELATIVE4
  ,?US X IS ESS5TIAL T ! CORRELAT$ T]MS
%D 2 EXACTLY DESIGNAT$2 IF "! IS A "N
EXI/+1 ! /ATE;T W 2 EASY2 IF N1 X IS
D\BT.S \R DUTY 63/RUCT "NS4 ,:5 !
T]M9OLOGY IS ?US CORRECT1 X IS EVID5T T
ALL CORRELATIVES >E 9T]DEP5D5T4
  ,CORRELATIVES >E ?"\ 6-E 96EXI/;E
SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,? IS =! MO/ "P TRUE1 Z 9
! CASE (! D\# &! HALF4 ,! EXI/;E (! HALF
NECESSITATES ! EXI/;E ( T ( : X IS A
HALF4 ,SIMIL>LY ! EXI/;E (A MA/]
NECESSITATES ! EXI/;E (A SLAVE1 & T (A
SLAVE IMPLIES T (A MA/]2 ^! >E M]ELY
9/.ES (A G5]AL RULE4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y C.EL
"O ANO!R2 = IF "! IS NO D\# X FOLL[S T
"! IS NO HALF1 & VICE V]SA2 ? RULE AL
APPLIES 6ALL S* CORRELATIVES4 ,YET X
DOES N APPE> 6BE TRUE 9 ALL CASES T
CORRELATIVES -E 96EXI/;E SIMULTANE\SLY4
,! OBJECT ( K WD APPE> 6EXI/ 2F K XF1 =
X IS USU,Y ! CASE T WE ACQUIRE K (
OBJECTS ALR EXI/+2 X WD 2 DI6ICULT1 IF N
IMPOSSI#1 6F9D A BRAN* ( K ! 2G9N+ (!
EXI/;E ( : 0 3TEMPORANE\S ) T ( XS
OBJECT4
  ,AG1 :ILE ! OBJECT ( K1 IF X C1SES
6EXI/1 C.ELS AT ! SAME "T ! K : 0 XS
CORRELATIVE1 ! 3V]SE ( ? IS N TRUE4 ,X
IS TRUE T IF ! OBJECT ( K DOES N EXI/ "!
C 2 NO K3 = "! W NO L;G] 2 ANY?+ 6"K4
,YET X IS EQU,Y TRUE T1 IF K (A C]TA9
OBJECT DOES N EXI/1 ! OBJECT MAY N"E!.S
Q WELL EXI/4 ,?US1 9 ! CASE (! SQU>+ (!
CIRCLE1 IF 9DE$ T PROCESS IS AN OBJECT (
K1 ?\< X XF EXI/S Z AN OBJECT ( K1 YET !
K ( X HAS N YET -E 96EXI/;E4 ,AG1 IF ALL
ANIMALS C1S$ 6EXI/1 "! WD 2 NO K1 B "!
MI<T YET 2 _M OBJECTS ( K4
  ,? IS LIKEWISE ! CASE ) REG>D
6P]CEP;N3 =! OBJECT ( P]CEP;N IS1 X
APPE>S1 PRIOR 6! ACT ( P]CEP;N4 ,IF !
P]CEPTI# IS ANNIHILAT$1 P]CEP;N AL W
C1SE 6EXI/2 B ! ANNIHIL,N ( P]CEP;N DOES
N C.EL ! EXI/;E (! P]CEPTI#4 ,= P]CEP;N
IMPLIES A BODY P]CVD &A BODY 9 : P]CEP;N
TAKES PLACE4 ,N[ IF T : IS P]CEPTI# IS
ANNIHILAT$1 X FOLL[S T ! BODY IS
ANNIHILAT$1 =! BODY IS A P]CEPTI# ?+2 &
IF ! BODY DOES N EXI/1 X FOLL[S T
P]CEP;N AL C1SES 6EXI/4 ,?US ! ANNIHIL,N
(! P]CEPTI# 9VOLVES T ( P]CEP;N4
  ,B ! ANNIHIL,N ( P]CEP;N DOES N 9VOLVE
T (! P]CEPTI#4 ,= IF ! ANIMAL IS
ANNIHILAT$1 X FOLL[S T P]CEP;N AL IS
ANNIHILAT$1 B P]CEPTI#S S* Z BODY1 H1T1
SWEET;S1 BITT];S1 & S ON1 W REMA94
  ,AG1 P]CEP;N IS G5]AT$ AT ! SAME "T Z
! P]CVG SUBJECT1 = X -ES 96EXI/;E AT !
SAME "T Z ! ANIMAL4 ,B ! P]CEPTI# SURELY
EXI/S 2F P]CEP;N2 = FIRE & WAT] & S*
ELE;TS1 \ ( : ! ANIMAL IS XF -POS$1 EXI/
2F ! ANIMAL IS AN ANIMAL AT ALL1 & 2F
P]CEP;N4 ,?US X WD SEEM T ! P]CEPTI#
EXI/S 2F P]CEP;N4
  ,X MAY 2 "Q$ :E!R X IS TRUE T NO
SUB/.E IS RELATIVE1 Z SEEMS 6BE ! CASE1
OR :E!R EXCEP;N IS 6BE MADE 9 ! CASE (
C]TA9 SECOND>Y SUB/.ES4 ,) REG>D 6PRIM>Y
SUB/.ES1 X IS Q TRUE T "! IS NO S*
POSSIBIL;Y1 = NEI :OLES NOR "PS ( PRIM>Y
SUB/.ES >E RELATIVE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL MAN OR
OX IS N DEF9$ ) REF];E 6"S?+ EXT]NAL4
,SIMIL>LY )! "PS3 A "PICUL> H& OR H1D IS
N DEF9$ Z A "PICUL> H& OR H1D (A "PICUL>
P]SON1 B Z ! H& OR H1D (A "PICUL> P]SON4
,X IS TRUE AL1 =! MO/ "P AT L1/1 9 !
CASE ( SECOND>Y SUB/.ES2 ! SPECIES
,8MAN0' &! SPECIES ,8OX0' >E N DEF9$ )
REF];E 6ANY?+ \TSIDE !MVS4 ,WOOD1 AG1 IS
ONLY RELATIVE 9 S F> Z X IS "S "O'S
PROP]TY1 N 9 S F> Z X IS WOOD4 ,X IS
PLA91 !N1 T 9 ! CASES M5;N$ SUB/.E IS N
RELATIVE4 ,B ) REG>D 6"S SECOND>Y
SUB/.ES "! IS A DI6];E ( OP9ION2 ?US1 S*
T]MS Z ,8H1D0' & ,8H&0' >E DEF9$ )
REF];E 6T ( : ! ?+S 9DICAT$ >E A "P1 & S
X -ES AB T ^! APPE> 6H A RELATIVE "*4
,9DE$1 IF \R DEF9I;N ( T : IS RELATIVE 0
-PLETE1 X IS V DI6ICULT1 IF N IMPOSSI#1
6PROVE T NO SUB/.E IS RELATIVE4 ,IF1
H["E1 \R DEF9I;N 0 N -PLETE1 IF ^? ?+S
ONLY >E PROP]LY CALL$ RELATIVE 9 ! CASE
( : REL,N 6AN EXT]NAL OBJECT IS A NEC
3DI;N ( EXI/;E1 P]H "S EXPLAN,N (!
DILEMMA MAY 2 F.D4
  ,! =M] DEF9I;N DOES 9DE$ APPLY 6ALL
RELATIVES1 B ! FACT T A ?+ IS EXPLA9$ )
REF];E 6"S?+ ELSE DOES N MAKE X ESS5TI,Y
RELATIVE4
  ,F ? X IS PLA9 T1 IF A MAN DEF9ITELY
APPREH5DS A RELATIVE ?+1 HE W AL
DEF9ITELY APPREH5D T 6: X IS RELATIVE4
,9DE$ ? IS SELF-EVID5T3 = IF A MAN "KS T
"S "PICUL> ?+ IS RELATIVE1 ASSUM+ T WE
CALL T A RELATIVE 9 ! CASE ( : REL,N
6"S?+ IS A NEC 3DI;N ( EXI/;E1 HE "KS T
AL 6: X IS RELAT$4 ,= IF HE DOES N "K AT
ALL T 6: X IS RELAT$1 HE W N "K :E!R OR
N X IS RELATIVE4 ,? IS CLE>1 MOREOV]1 9
"PICUL> 9/.ES4 ,IF A MAN "KS DEF9ITELY T
S* & S* A ?+ IS ,8D\#0'1 HE W AL =?) "K
DEF9ITELY T ( : X IS ! D\#4 ,= IF "! IS
NO?+ DEF9ITE ( : HE "KS X 6BE ! D\#1 HE
DOES N "K AT ALL T X IS D\#4 ,AG1 IF HE
"KS T A ?+ IS M B1UTI;L1 X FOLL[S
NECESS>ILY T HE W =?) DEF9ITELY "K T AL
?AN : X IS M B1UTI;L4 ,HE W N M]ELY "K
9DEF9ITELY T X IS M B1UTI;L ?AN "S?+ :
IS LESS B1UTI;L1 = ? WD 2 SUPPOSI;N1 N
K4 ,= IF HE DOES N "K DEF9ITELY T ?AN :
X IS M B1UTI;L1 HE C NO L;G] CLAIM 6"K
DEF9ITELY T X IS M B1UTI;L ?AN "S?+ ELSE
: IS LESS B1UTI;L3 = X MI<T 2 T NO?+ 0
LESS B1UTI;L4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 EVID5T T IF A
MAN APPREH5DS "S RELATIVE ?+ DEF9ITELY1
HE NECESS>ILY "KS T AL DEF9ITELY 6: X IS
RELAT$4
  ,N[ ! H1D1 ! H&1 & S* ?+S >E SUB/.ES1
& X IS POSSI# 6"K _! ESS5TIAL "*
DEF9ITELY1 B X DOES N NECESS>ILY FOLL[ T
WE %D "K T 6: !Y >E RELAT$4 ,X IS N
POSSI# 6"K =?) ^: H1D OR H& IS M1NT4
,?US ^! >E N RELATIVES1 &1 ? 2+ ! CASE1
X WD 2 TRUE 6SAY T NO SUB/.E IS RELATIVE
9 "*4 ,X IS P]H A DI6ICULT MATT]1 9 S*
CASES1 6MAKE A POSITIVE /ATE;T )\T M
EXHAU/IVE EXAM9,N1 B 6H RAIS$ "QS )
REG>D 6DETAILS IS N )\T ADVANTAGE4
                   #H
  ,BY ,8QUAL;Y0' ,I M1N T 9 VIRTUE ( : P
>E SD 6BE S* & S*4
  ,QUAL;Y IS A T]M T IS US$ 9 _M S5SES4
,"O SORT ( QUAL;Y LET U CALL ,8HABIT0'
OR ,84POSI;N0'4 ,HABIT DI6]S F 4POSI;N 9
2+ M LA/+ & M FIRMLY E/ABLI%$4 ,! V>I\S
K9DS ( K &( VIRTUE >E HABITS1 = K1 EV5
:5 ACQUIR$ ONLY 9 A MOD]ATE DEGREE1 IS1
X IS AGRE$1 ABID+ 9 XS "* & DI6ICULT
64PLACE1 UN.S "S GRT M5TAL UPH1VAL TAKES
PLACE1 "? 41SE OR ANY S* CAUSE4 ,!
VIRTUES1 AL1 S* Z JU/ICE1 SELF-RE/RA9T1
& S ON1 >E N EASILY 4LODG$ OR 4MISS$1 S
Z 6GIVE PLACE 6VICE4
  ,0A 4POSI;N1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE M1N A
3DI;N T IS EASILY *ANG$ & QKLY GIVES
PLACE 6XS OPPOSITE4 ,?US1 H1T1 COLD1
41SE1 H1L?1 & S ON >E 4POSI;NS4 ,=A MAN
IS 4POS$ 9 "O WAY OR ANO!R ) REF];E 6^!1
B QKLY *ANGES1 2COM+ COLD 9/1D ( W>M1
ILL 9/1D ( WELL4 ,S X IS ) ALL O!R
4POSI;NS AL1 UN.S "? LAPSE ( "T A
4POSI;N HAS XF 2COME 9VET]ATE & ALM
IMPOSSI# 64LODGE3 9 : CASE WE %D P]H G S
F> Z 6CALL X A HABIT4
  ,X IS EVID5T T M5 9CL9E 6CALL ^?
3DI;NS HABITS : >E (A M OR LESS P]MAN5T
TYPE & DI6ICULT 64PLACE2 = ^? :O >E N
RET5TIVE ( K1 B VOLATILE1 >E N SD 6H S*
& S* A ,8HABIT0' Z REG>DS K1 YET !Y >E
4POS$1 WE MAY SAY1 EI BETT] OR WORSE1
T[>DS K4 ,?US HABIT DI6]S F 4POSI;N 9 ?1
T :ILE ! LATT] 9 EPHEM]AL1 ! =M] IS
P]MAN5T & DI6ICULT 6ALT]4
  ,HABITS >E AT ! SAME "T 4POSI;NS1 B
4POSI;NS >E N NECESS>ILY HABITS4 ,= ^?
:O H "S SPECIFIC HABIT MAY 2 SD AL1 9
VIRTUE ( T HABIT1 6BE ?US OR ?US 4POS$2
B ^? :O >E 4POS$ 9 "S SPECIFIC WAY H N 9
ALL CASES ! CORRESPOND+ HABIT4
  ,ANO!R SORT ( QUAL;Y IS T 9 VIRTUE (
:1 = EXAMPLE1 WE CALL M5 GD BOX]S OR
RUNN]S1 OR H1L?Y OR SICKLY3 9 FACT X
9CLUDES ALL ^? T]MS : REF] 69BORN
CAPAC;Y OR 9CAPAC;Y4 ,S* ?+S >E N
PR$ICAT$ (A P]SON 9 VIRTUE ( 8 4POSI;N1
B 9 VIRTUE ( 8 9BORN CAPAC;Y OR 9CAPAC;Y
6D "S?+ ) EASE OR 6AVOID DEF1T ( ANY
K9D4 ,P]SONS >E CALL$ GD BOX]S OR GD
RUNN]S1 N 9 VIRTUE ( S* & S* A 4POSI;N1
B 9 VIRTUE ( AN 9BORN CAPAC;Y 6A3OMPLI%
"S?+ ) EASE4 ,M5 >E CALL$ H1L?Y 9 VIRTUE
(! 9BORN CAPAC;Y ( EASY RESI/.E 6^?
UNH1L?Y 9FLU;ES T MAY ORD9>ILY >ISE2
UNH1L?Y1 9 VIRTUE (! LACK ( ? CAPAC;Y4
,SIMIL>LY ) REG>D 6S(T;S & H>D;S4 ,H>D;S
IS PR$ICAT$ (A ?+ 2C X HAS T CAPAC;Y (
RESI/.E : 5A#S X 6)/& 49TEGR,N2 S(T;S1
AG1 IS PR$ICAT$ (A ?+ 0R1SON (! LACK ( T
CAPAC;Y4
  ,A ?IRD CLASS )9 ? CATEGORY IS T (
A6ECTIVE QUALITIES & A6EC;NS4 ,SWEET;S1
BITT];S1 S\R;S1 >E EXAMPLES ( ? SORT (
QUAL;Y1 TGR ) ALL T IS AK9 6^!2 H1T1
MOREOV]1 & COLD1 :ITE;S1 & BLACK;S >E
A6ECTIVE QUALITIES4 ,X IS EVID5T T ^! >E
QUALITIES1 = ^? ?+S T POSSESS !M >E !MVS
SD 6BE S* & S* 0R1SON ( _! PRES;E4 ,H"OY
IS CALL$ SWEET 2C X 3TA9S SWEET;S2 !
BODY IS CALL$ :ITE 2C X 3TA9S :ITE;S2 &
S 9 ALL O!R CASES4
  ,! T]M ,8A6ECTIVE QUAL;Y0' IS N US$ Z
9DICAT+ T ^? ?+S : ADMIT ^! QUALITIES >E
A6ECT$ 9 ANY WAY4 ,H"OY IS N CALL$ SWEET
2C X IS A6ECT$ 9 A SPECIFIC WAY1 NOR IS
? :AT IS M1NT 9 ANY O!R 9/.E4 ,SIMIL>LY
H1T & COLD >E CALL$ A6ECTIVE QUALITIES1
N 2C ^? ?+S : ADMIT !M >E A6ECT$4 ,:AT
IS M1NT IS T ^! SD QUALITIES >E CAPA# (
PRODUC+ AN ,8A6EC;N0' 9 ! WAY ( P]CEP;N4
,= SWEET;S HAS ! P[] ( A6ECT+ ! S5SE (
TA/E2 H1T1 T ( T\*2 & S X IS )! RE/ ( ^!
QUALITIES4
  ,:ITE;S & BLACK;S1 H["E1 &! O!R
COL\RS1 >E N SD 6BE A6ECTIVE QUALITIES 9
? S5SE1 B -2C !Y !MVS >E ! RESULTS ( AN
A6EC;N4 ,X IS PLA9 T _M *ANGES ( COL\R
TAKE PLACE 2C ( A6EC;NS4 ,:5 A MAN IS
A%AM$1 HE BLU%ES2 :5 HE IS AFRAID1 HE
2COMES PALE1 & S ON4 ,S TRUE IS ?1 T :5
A MAN IS 0NATURE LIA# 6S* A6EC;NS1 >IS+
F "S 3COMIT.E ( ELE;TS 9 8 3/ITU;N1 X IS
A PROBA# 9F];E T HE HAS ! CORRESPOND+
-PLEXION ( SK94 ,=! SAME 4POSI;N (
BODILY ELE;TS1 : 9 ! =M] 9/.E 0 MO;T>ILY
PRES5T 9 ! CASE ( AN A3ESS ( %AME1 MI<T
2 A RESULT (A MAN'S NATURAL TEMP]A;T1 S
Z 6PRODUCE ! CORRESPOND+ COL\R+ AL Z A
NATURAL "*I/IC4 ,ALL 3DI;NS1 "!=E1 ( ?
K9D1 IF CAUS$ 0C]TA9 P]MAN5T & LA/+
A6EC;NS1 >E CALL$ A6ECTIVE QUALITIES4 ,=
PALLOR & DUSKI;S ( -PLEXION >E CALL$
QUALITIES1 9ASM* Z WE >E SD 6BE S* & S*
9 VIRTUE ( !M1 N ONLY IF !Y ORIG9ATE 9
NATURAL 3/ITU;N1 B AL IF !Y -E AB "? L;G
41SE OR SUNBURN1 & >E DI6ICULT 6REMOVE1
OR 9DE$ REMA9 "?\T LIFE4 ,= 9 ! SAME WAY
WE >E SD 6BE S* & S* 2C ( ^!4
  ,^? 3DI;NS1 H["E1 : >ISE F CAUSES :
MAY EASILY 2 R5D]$ 9E6ECTIVE OR SPE$ILY
REMOV$1 >E CALL$1 N QUALITIES1 B
A6EC;NS3 = WE >E N SD 6BE S* VIRTUE (
!M4 ,! MAN :O BLU%ES "? %AME IS N SD 6BE
A 3/ITU;NAL BLU%]1 NOR IS ! MAN :O
2COMES PALE "? FE> SD 6BE 3/ITU;N,Y
PALE4 ,HE IS SD R 6H BE5 A6ECT$4
  ,?US S* 3DI;NS >E CALL$ A6EC;NS1 N
QUALITIES4
  ,9 L MANN] "! >E A6ECTIVE QUALITIES &
A6EC;NS (! S\L4 ,T TEMP] ) : A MAN IS
BORN & : HAS XS ORIG9 9 C]TA9 DEEP-S1T$
A6EC;NS IS CALL$ A QUAL;Y4 ,I M1N S*
3DI;NS Z 9SAN;Y1 IRASCIBIL;Y1 & S ON3 =
P >E SD 6BE MAD OR IRASCI# 9 VIRTUE (
^!4 ,SIMIL>LY ^? ABNORMAL PSY*IC /ATES :
>E N 9BORN1 B >ISE F ! 3COMIT.E ( C]TA9
O!R ELE;TS1 & >E DI6ICULT 6REMOVE1 OR
ALT P]MAN5T1 >E CALL$ QUALITIES1 = 9
VIRTUE ( !M M5 >E SD 6BE S* & S*4
  ,^?1 H["E1 : >ISE F CAUSES EASILY
R5D]$ 9E6ECTIVE >E CALL$ A6EC;NS1 N
QUALITIES4 ,SUPPOSE T A MAN IS IRRITA#
:5 VEX$3 HE IS N EV5 SPOK5 ( Z A BAD-
TEMP]$ MAN1 :5 9 S* CIRCUM/.ES HE LOSES
8 TEMP] "S:AT1 B R IS SD 6BE A6ECT$4 ,S*
3DI;NS >E "!=E T]M$1 N QUALITIES1 B
A6EC;NS4
  ,! F\R? SORT ( QUAL;Y IS FIGURE &!
%APE T 2L;GS 6A ?+2 & 2SS ?1 /RAI<T;S &
CURV$;S & ANY O!R QUALITIES ( ? TYPE2
EA* ( ^! DEF9ES A ?+ Z 2+ S* & S*4 ,2C X
IS TRIANGUL> OR QUADRANGUL> A ?+ IS SD
6H A SPECIFIC "*1 OR AG 2C X IS /RAI<T
OR CURV$2 9 FACT A ?+'S %APE 9 E CASE
GIVES RISE 6A QUALIFIC,N ( X4
  ,R>;Y & D5S;Y1 R\<;S & SMOO?;S1 SEEM
6BE T]MS 9DICAT+ QUAL;Y3 YET ^!1 X WD
APPE>1 RE,Y 2L;G 6A CLASS DI6]5T F T (
QUAL;Y4 ,= X IS R A C]TA9 RELATIVE
POSI;N (! "PS -POS+ ! ?+ ?US QUALIFI$ :1
X APPE>S1 IS 9DICAT$ 0EA* ( ^! T]MS4 ,A
?+ IS D5SE1 [+ 6! FACT T XS "PS >E
CLOSELY -B9$ ) "O ANO!R2 R>E1 2C "! >E
9T]/ICES 2T ! "PS2 SMOO?1 2C XS "PS LIE1
S 6SP1K1 EV5LY2 R\<1 2C "S "PS PROJECT
2Y O!RS4
  ,"! MAY 2 O!R SORTS ( QUAL;Y1 B ^? T
>E MO/ PROP]LY S CALL$ H1 WE MAY SAFELY
SAY1 BE5 ENUM]AT$4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E QUALITIES1 &! ?+S T TAKE
_! "N F !M Z DERIVATIVES1 OR >E 9 "S O!R
WAY DEP5D5T ON !M1 >E SD 6BE QUALIFI$ 9
"S SPECIFIC WAY4 ,9 MO/1 9DE$ 9 ALM ALL
CASES1 ! "N ( T : IS QUALIFI$ IS DERIV$
F T (! QUAL;Y4 ,?US ! T]MS ,8:ITE;S0'1
,8GRAMM>0'1 ,8JU/ICE0'1 GIVE U !
ADJECTIVES ,8:ITE0'1 ,8GRAMMATICAL0'1
,8J0'1 & S ON4
  ,"! >E "S CASES1 H["E1 9 :1 Z ! QUAL;Y
"U 3SID],N HAS NO "N1 X IS IMPOSSI# T ^?
POSSESS$ ( X %D H A "N T IS DERIVATIVE4
,= 9/.E1 ! "N GIV5 6! RUNN] OR BOX]1 :O
IS S CALL$ 9 VIRTUE ( AN 9BORN CAPAC;Y1
IS N DERIV$ F T ( ANY QUAL;Y2 = LOB ^?
CAPACITIES H NO "N ASSIGN$ 6!M4 ,9 ?1 !
9BORN CAPAC;Y IS 4T9CT F ! SCI;E1 )
REF];E 6: M5 >E CALL$1 E4G4 BOX]S OR
WRE/L]S4 ,S* A SCI;E IS CLASS$ Z A
4POSI;N2 X HAS A "N1 & IS CALL$ ,8BOX+0'
OR ,8WRE/L+0' Z ! CASE MAY BE1 &! "N
GIV5 6^? 4POS$ 9 ? WAY IS DERIV$ F T (!
SCI;E4 ,"S"TS1 EV5 ?\< A "N EXI/S =!
QUAL;Y1 T : TAKES XS "* F ! QUAL;Y HAS A
"N T IS N A DERIVATIVE4 ,= 9/.E1 ! UP"R
MAN TAKES 8 "* F ! POSSES.N (! QUAL;Y (
9TEGR;Y1 B ! "N GIV5 HM IS N DERIV$ F !
^W ,89TEGR;Y0'4 ,YET ? DOES N O3UR (T54
  ,WE MAY "!=E /ATE T ^? ?+S >E SD 6BE
POSSESS$ ( "S SPECIFIC QUAL;Y : H A "N
DERIV$ F T (! A=ESD QUAL;Y1 OR : >E 9 "S
O!R WAY DEP5D5T ON X4
  ,"O QUAL;Y MAY 2 ! 3TR>Y ( ANO!R2 ?US
JU/ICE IS ! 3TR>Y ( 9JU/ICE1 :ITE;S (
BLACK;S1 & S ON4 ,! ?+S1 AL1 : >E SD 6BE
S* & S* 9 VIRTUE ( ^! QUALITIES1 MAY 2
3TR>Y ! "O 6! O!R2 = T : IS UNJU/ IS
3TR>Y 6T : IS J1 T : IS :ITE 6T : IS
BLACK4 ,?1 H["E1 IS N ALW ! CASE4 ,R$1
YELL[1 & S* COL\RS1 ?\< QUALITIES1 H NO
3TR>IES4
  ,IF "O ( TWO 3TR>IES IS A QUAL;Y1 !
O!R W AL 2 A QUAL;Y4 ,? W 2 EVID5T F
"PICUL> 9/.ES1 IF WE APPLY ! "NS
  US$ 6DENOTE ! O!R CATEGORIES2 = 9/.E1
GRANT$ T JU/ICE IS ! 3TR>Y ( 9JU/ICE &
JU/ICE IS A QUAL;Y1 9JU/ICE W AL 2 A
QUAL;Y3 NEI QUANT;Y1 NOR REL,N1 NOR
PLACE1 NOR 9DE$ ANY O!R CATEGORY B T (
QUAL;Y1 W 2 APPLICA# PROP]LY 69JU/ICE4
,S X IS ) ALL O!R 3TR>IES FALL+ "U !
CATEGORY ( QUAL;Y4
  ,QUALITIES ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE4
,:ITE;S IS PR$ICAT$ ( "O ?+ 9 A GRT] OR
LESS DEGREE ?AN ( ANO!R4 ,? IS AL ! CASE
) REF];E 6JU/ICE4 ,MOREOV]1 "O &! SAME
?+ MAY EXHIBIT A QUAL;Y 9 A GRT] DEGREE
?AN X DID 2F3 IF A ?+ IS :ITE1 X MAY
2COME :IT]4
  ,?\< ? IS G5],Y ! CASE1 "! >E
EXCEP;NS4 ,= IF WE %D SAY T JU/ICE
ADMITT$ ( V>I,N ( DEGREE1 DI6ICULTIES
MI<T 5SUE1 & ? IS TRUE ) REG>D 6ALL ^?
QUALITIES : >E 4POSI;NS4 ,"! >E "S1
9DE$1 :O 4PUTE ! POSSIBIL;Y ( V>I,N "H4
,!Y MA9TA9 T JU/ICE & H1L? _C V WELL
ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE !MVS1 B T P V>Y 9
! DEGREE 9 : !Y POSSESS ^! QUALITIES1 &
T ? IS ! CASE ) GRAMMATICAL LE>N+ & ALL
^? QUALITIES : >E CLASS$ Z 4POSI;NS4
,H["E T MAY BE1 X IS AN 9CONTROV]TI#
FACT T ! ?+S : 9 VIRTUE ( ^! QUALITIES
>E SD 6BE :AT !Y >E V>Y 9 ! DEGREE 9 :
!Y POSSESS !M2 = "O MAN IS SD 6BE BETT]
V]S$ 9 GRAMM>1 OR M H1L?Y OR J1 ?AN
ANO!R1 & S ON4
  ,! QUALITIES EXPRESS$ 0! T]MS
,8TRIANGUL>0' & ,8QUADRANGUL>0' D N
APPE> 6ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE1 NOR 9DE$
D ANY T H 6D ) FIGURE4 ,= ^? ?+S 6: !
DEF9I;N (! TRIANGLE OR CIRCLE IS
APPLICA# >E ALL EQU,Y TRIANGUL> OR
CIRCUL>4 ,^?1 ON ! O!R H&1 6: ! SAME
DEF9I;N IS N APPLICA#1 _C 2 SD 6DI6] F
"O ANO!R 9 DEGREE2 ! SQU>E IS NO M A
CIRCLE ?AN ! RECTANGLE1 = 6NEI IS !
DEF9I;N (! CIRCLE APPROPRIATE4 ,9 %ORT1
IF ! DEF9I;N (! T]M PROPOS$ IS N
APPLICA# 6BO? OBJECTS1 !Y _C 2 -P>$4
,?US X IS N ALL QUALITIES : ADMIT (
V>I,N ( DEGREE4
  ,":AS N"O (! "*I/ICS ,I H M5;N$ >E
PECULI> 6QUAL;Y1 ! FACT T LIKE;S &
UNLIKE;S C 2 PR$ICAT$ ) REF];E 6QUAL;Y
ONLY1 GIVES 6T CATEGORY XS 4T9CTIVE
F1TURE4 ,"O ?+ IS L ANO!R ONLY ) REF];E
6T 9 VIRTUE ( : X IS S* & S*2 ?US ? =MS
! PECULI> M>K ( QUAL;Y4
  ,WE M/ N 2 4TURB$ 2C X MAY 2 >GU$ T1
?\< PROPOS+ 64CUSS ! CATEGORY ( QUAL;Y1
WE H 9CLUD$ 9 X _M RELATIVE T]MS4 ,WE
DID SAY T HABITS & 4POSI;NS 7 RELATIVE4
,9 PRACTIC,Y ALL S* CASES ! G5US IS
RELATIVE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL N4 ,?US K1 Z A
G5US1 IS EXPLA9$ 0REF];E 6"S?+ ELSE1 =
WE M1N A K ( "S?+4 ,B "PICUL> BRAN*ES (
K >E N ?US EXPLA9$4 ,! K ( GRAMM> IS N
RELATIVE 6ANY?+ EXT]NAL1 NOR IS ! K (
MUSIC1 B ^!1 IF RELATIVE AT ALL1 >E
RELATIVE ONLY 9 VIRTUE ( _! G5]A2 ?US
GRAMM> IS SD 2 ! K ( "S?+1 N ! GRAMM> (
"S?+2 SIMIL>LY MUSIC IS ! K ( "S?+1 N !
MUSIC ( "S?+4
  ,?US 9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES ( K >E N
RELATIVE4 ,& X IS 2C WE POSSESS ^!
9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES ( K T WE >E SD 6BE S*
& S*4 ,X IS ^! T WE ACTU,Y POSSESS3 WE
>E CALL$ EXP]TS 2C WE POSSESS K 9 "S
"PICUL> BRAN*4 ,^? "PICUL> BRAN*ES1
"!=E1 ( K1 9 VIRTUE ( : WE >E "S"TS SD
6BE S* & S*1 >E !MVS QUALITIES1 & >E N
RELATIVE4 ,FUR!R1 IF ANY?+ %D HAPP5
6FALL )9 BO? ! CATEGORY ( QUAL;Y & T (
REL,N1 "! WD 2 NO?+ EXTRAORD9>Y 9 CLASS+
X "U BO? ^! H1DS4
                   #I
  ,AC;N & A6EC;N BO? ADMIT ( 3TR>IES &
AL ( V>I,N ( DEGREE4 ,H1T+ IS ! 3TR>Y (
COOL+1 2+ H1T$ ( 2+ COOL$1 2+ GLAD ( 2+
VEX$4 ,?US !Y ADMIT ( 3TR>IES4 ,!Y AL
ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE3 = X IS POSSI#
6H1T 9 A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE2 AL 6BE
H1T$ 9 A GRT] OR LESS DEGREE4 ,?US AC;N
& A6EC;N AL ADMIT ( V>I,N ( DEGREE4 ,S
M*1 !N1 IS /AT$ ) REG>D 6^! CATEGORIES4
  ,WE SPOKE1 MOREOV]1 (! CATEGORY (
POSI;N :5 WE 7 D1L+ ) T ( REL,N1 & /AT$
T S* T]MS DERIV$ _! "NS F ^? (!
CORRESPOND+ ATTITUDES4
  ,Z =! RE/1 "T1 PLACE1 /ATE1 S9CE !Y >E
EASILY 9TELLIGI#1 ,I SAY NO M AB !M ?AN
0 SD AT ! 2G9N+1 T 9 ! CATEGORY ( /ATE
>E 9CLUD$ S* /ATES Z ,8%OD0'1 ,8>M$0'1 9
T ( PLACE ,8IN ! ,LYCEUM0' & S ON1 Z 0
EXPLA9$ 2F4

                  #AJ
  ,! PROPOS$ CATEGORIES H1 !N1 BE5
ADEQUATELY D1LT )4
  ,WE M/ NEXT EXPLA9 ! V>I\S S5SES 9 : !
T]M ,8OPPOSITE0' IS US$4 ,?+S >E SD 6BE
OPPOS$ 9 F\R S5SES3 7I7 Z CORRELATIVES
6"O ANO!R1 7;II7 Z 3TR>IES 6"O ANO!R1
7;III7 Z PRIVATIVES 6POSITIVES1 7;IV7 Z
A6IRMATIVES 6NEGATIVES4
  ,LET ME SKET* MY M1N+ 9 \TL9E4 ,AN
9/.E (! USE (! ^W ,8OPPOSITE0' ) REF];E
6CORRELATIVES IS AF=D$ 0! EXPRES.NS
,8D\#0' & ,8HALF0'2 ) REF];E 63TR>IES BY
,8BAD0' & ,8GD0'4 ,OPPOSITES 9 ! S5SE (
,8PRIVATIVES0' & ,8POSITIVES' >E0' BL;S'
& ,8SI<T0'2 9 ! S5SE ( A6IRMATIVES &
NEGATIVES1 ! PROPOSI;NS ,8HE SITS0'1
,8HE DOES N SIT0'4
  7I7 ,PAIRS ( OPPOSITES : FALL "U !
CATEGORY ( REL,N >E EXPLA9$ 0A REF];E (!
"O 6! O!R1 ! REF];E 2+ 9DICAT$ 0!
PREPOSI;N ,8(0' OR 0"S O!R PREPOSI;N4
,?US1 D\# IS A RELATIVE T]M1 = T : IS
D\# IS EXPLA9$ Z ! D\# ( "S?+4 ,K1 AG1
IS ! OPPOSITE (! ?+ "KN1 9 ! SAME S5SE2
&! ?+ "KN AL IS EXPLA9$ 0XS REL,N 6XS
OPPOSITE1 K4 ,=! ?+ "KN IS EXPLA9$ Z T :
IS "KN 0"S?+1 T IS1 0K4 ,S* ?+S1 !N1 Z
>E OPPOSITE ! "O 6! O!R 9 ! S5SE ( 2+
CORRELATIVES >E EXPLA9$ 0A REF];E (! "O
6! O!R4
  7;II7 ,PAIRS ( OPPOSITES : >E 3TR>IES
>E N 9 ANY WAY 9T]DEP5D5T1 B >E 3TR>Y !
"O 6! O!R4 ,! GD IS N SPOK5 ( Z ! GD (!
_H1 B Z ! 3TR>Y (! BAD1 NOR IS :ITE
SPOK5 ( Z ! :ITE (! BLACK1 B Z ! 3TR>Y (
! BLACK4 ,^! TWO TYPES ( OPPOSI;N >E
"!=E 4T9CT4 ,^? 3TR>IES : >E S* T !
SUBJECTS 9 : !Y >E NATUR,Y PRES5T1 OR (
: !Y >E PR$ICAT$1 M/ NECESS>ILY 3TA9 EI
! "O OR ! O!R ( !M1 H NO 9T]M$IATE1 B ^?
9 ! CASE ( : NO S* NECESS;Y OBTA9S1 ALW
H AN 9T]M$IATE4 ,?US 41SE & H1L? >E
NATUR,Y PRES5T 9 ! BODY ( AN ANIMAL1 & X
IS NEC T EI ! "O OR ! O!R %D 2 PRES5T 9
! BODY ( AN ANIMAL4 ,ODD & EV51 AG1 >E
PR$ICAT$ ( NUMB]1 & X IS NEC T ! "O OR !
O!R %D 2 PRES5T 9 NUMB]S4 ,N[ "! IS NO
9T]M$IATE 2T ! T]MS ( EI ( ^! TWO PAIRS4
,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ^? 3TR>IES ) REG>D 6: NO
S* NECESS;Y OBTA9S1 WE F9D AN 9T]M$IATE4
,BLACK;S & :ITE;S >E NATUR,Y PRES5T 9 !
BODY1 B X IS N NEC T EI ! "O OR ! O!R %D
2 PRES5T 9 ! BODY1 9ASM* Z X IS N TRUE
6SAY T "EYBODY M/ 2 :ITE OR BLACK4
,BAD;S & GD;S1 AG1 >E PR$ICAT$ ( MAN1 &(
_M O!R ?+S1 B X IS N NEC T EI ! "O
QUAL;Y OR ! O!R %D 2 PRES5T 9 T ( : !Y
>E PR$ICAT$3 X IS N TRUE 6SAY T "EY?+ T
MAY 2 GD OR BAD M/ 2 EI GD OR BAD4 ,^!
PAIRS ( 3TR>IES H 9T]M$IATES3 !
9T]M$IATES 2T :ITE & BLACK >E GREY1
SALL[1 & ALL ! O!R COL\RS T -E 2T2 !
9T]M$IATE 2T GD & BAD IS T : IS NEI ! "O
NOR ! O!R4
  ,"S 9T]M$IATE QUALITIES H "NS1 S* Z
GREY & SALL[ & ALL ! O!R COL\RS T -E 2T
:ITE & BLACK2 9 O!R CASES1 H["E1 X IS N
EASY 6"N ! 9T]M$IATE1 B WE M/ DEF9E X Z
T : IS N EI EXTREME1 Z 9 ! CASE ( T : IS
NEI GD NOR BAD1 NEI J NOR UNJU/4
  7;III7 ,8PRIVATIVES0' & ,8,POSITIVES0'
H REF];E 6! SAME SUBJECT4 ,?US1 SI<T &
BL;S H REF];E 6! EYE4 ,X IS A UNIV]SAL
RULE T EA* (A PAIR ( OPPOSITES ( ? TYPE
HAS REF];E 6T 6: ! "PICUL> ,8POSITIVE0'
IS NATURAL4 ,WE SAY T T IS CAPA# ( "S
"PICUL> FACULTY OR POSSES.N HAS SU6]$
PRIV,N :5 ! FACULTY OR POSSES.N 9 "Q IS
9 NO WAY PRES5T 9 T 9 :1 & AT ! "T AT :1
X %D NATUR,Y 2 PRES5T4 ,WE D N CALL T
TOO?.S : HAS N TEE?1 OR T BL : HAS N
SI<T1 B R T : HAS N TEE? OR SI<T AT ! "T
:5 0NATURE X %D4 ,= "! >E "S CR1TURES :
F BIR? >E )\T SI<T1 OR )\T TEE?1 B ^! >E
N CALL$ TOO?.S OR BL4
  ,6BE )\T "S FACULTY OR 6POSSESS X IS N
! SAME Z ! CORRESPOND+ ,8PRIVATIVE0' OR
,8POSITIVE0'4 ,8,SI<T0' IS A
,8POSITIVE0'1 ,8BL;S0' A ,8PRIVATIVE0'1
B ,86POSSESS SI<T0' IS N EQUIVAL5T TO
,8SI<T0'1 ,86BE BL0' IS N EQUIVAL5T TO
,8BL;S0'4 ,BL;S IS A ,8PRIVATIVE0'1 6BE
BL IS 6BE 9 A /ATE ( PRIV,N1 B IS N A
,8PRIVATIVE0'4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ,8BL;S0' 7
EQUIVAL5T TO ,82+ BL0'1 BO? WD 2
PR$ICAT$ (! SAME SUBJECT2 B ?\< A MAN IS
SD 6BE BL1 HE IS 0NO M1NS SD 6BE BL;S4
  ,6BE 9 A /ATE ( ,8POSSES.N0' IS1 X
APPE>S1 ! OPPOSITE ( 2+ 9 A /ATE (
,8PRIV,N0'1 J Z ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0' !MVS >E OPPOSITE4 ,"! IS
! SAME TYPE ( ANTI!SIS 9 BO? CASES2 = J
Z BL;S IS OPPOS$ 6SI<T1 S IS 2+ BL
OPPOS$ 6HAV+ SI<T4
  ,T : IS A6IRM$ OR D5I$ IS N XF A6IRM,N
OR D5IAL4 ,BY ,8A6IRM,N0' WE M1N AN
A6IRMATIVE PROPOSI;N1 BY ,8D5IAL0' A
NEGATIVE4 ,N[1 ^? FACTS : =M ! MATT] (!
A6IRM,N OR D5IAL >E N PROPOSI;NS2 YET ^!
TWO >E SD 6BE OPPOS$ 9 ! SAME S5SE Z !
A6IRM,N & D5IAL1 = 9 ? CASE AL ! TYPE (
ANTI!SIS IS ! SAME4 ,= Z ! A6IRM,N IS
OPPOS$ 6! D5IAL1 Z 9 ! TWO PROPOSI;NS
,8HE SITS0'1 ,8HE DOES N SIT0'1 S AL !
FACT : 3/ITUTES ! MATT] (! PROPOSI;N 9
"O CASE IS OPPOS$ 6T 9 ! O!R1 8 SITT+1 T
IS 6SAY1 6HIS N SITT+4
  ,X IS EVID5T T ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0' >E N OPPOS$ EA* 6EA* 9 !
SAME S5SE Z RELATIVES4 ,! "O IS N
EXPLA9$ 0REF];E 6! O!R2 SI<T IS N SI<T (
BL;S1 NOR IS ANY O!R PREPOSI;N US$
69DICATE ! REL,N4 ,SIMIL>LY BL;S IS N SD
6BE BL;S ( SI<T1 B R1 PRIV,N ( SI<T4
,RELATIVES1 MOREOV]1 RECIPROCATE2 IF
BL;S1 "!=E1 7 A RELATIVE1 "! WD 2 A
RECIPROC;Y ( REL,N 2T X & T ) : X 0
CORRELATIVE4 ,B ? IS N ! CASE4 ,SI<T IS
N CALL$ ! SI<T ( BL;S4
  ,T ^? T]MS : FALL "U ! H1DS (
,8POSITIVES0' & ,8PRIVATIVES' >E N
OPPOS$ EA* 6EA* Z 3TR>IES1 EI1 IS PLA9 F
! FOLL[+ FACTS3 ,(A PAIR ( 3TR>IES S* T
!Y H NO 9T]M$IATE1 "O OR ! O!R M/ NE$S 2
PRES5T 9 ! SUBJECT 9 : !Y NATUR,Y
SUBSI/1 OR ( : !Y >E PR$ICAT$2 = X IS
^?1 Z WE PROV$10' 9 ! CASE ( : ?
NECESS;Y OBTA9S1 T H NO 9T]M$IATE4
,MOREOV]1 WE CIT$ H1L? & 41SE1 ODD &
EV51 Z 9/.ES4 ,B ^? 3TR>IES : H AN
9T]M$IATE >E N SUBJECT 6ANY S* NECESS;Y4
,X IS N NEC T E SUB/.E1 RECEPTIVE ( S*
QUALITIES1 %D 2 EI BLACK OR :ITE1 COLD
OR HOT1 = "S?+ 9T]M$IATE 2T ^! 3TR>IES
MAY V WELL 2 PRES5T 9 ! SUBJECT4 ,WE
PROV$1 MOREOV]1 T ^? 3TR>IES H AN
9T]M$IATE 9 ! CASE ( : ! SD NECESS;Y
DOES N OBTA94 ,YET :5 "O (! TWO 3TR>IES
IS A 3/ITUTIVE PROP]TY (! SUBJECT1 Z X
IS A 3/ITUTIVE PROP]TY ( FIRE 6BE HOT1 (
SN[ 6BE :ITE1 X IS NEC DET]M9ATELY T "O
(! TWO 3TR>IES1 N "O OR ! O!R1 %D 2
PRES5T 9 ! SUBJECT2 = FIRE _C 2 COLD1 OR
SN[ BLACK4 ,?US1 X IS N ! CASE "H T "O (
! TWO M/ NE$S 2 PRES5T 9 E SUBJECT
RECEPTIVE ( ^! QUALITIES1 B ONLY 9 T
SUBJECT ( : ! "O =MS A 3/ITUTIVE
PROP]TY4 ,MOREOV]1 9 S* CASES X IS "O
MEMB] (! PAIR DET]M9ATELY1 & N EI ! "O
OR ! O!R1 : M/ 2 PRES5T4
  ,9 ! CASE ( ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0'1 ON ! O!R H&1 NEI (!
A=ESD /ATE;TS HOLDS GD4 ,= X IS N NEC T
A SUBJECT RECEPTIVE (! QUALITIES %D ALW
H EI ! "O OR ! O!R2 T : HAS N YET ADV.ED
6! /ATE :5 SI<T IS NATURAL IS N SD EI
6BE BL OR 6SEE4 ,?US ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0' D N 2L;G 6T CLASS (
3TR>IES : 3SI/S ( ^? : H NO 9T]M$IATE4
,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y D N 2L;G EI 6T CLASS :
3SI/S ( 3TR>IES : H AN 9T]M$IATE4 ,= "U
C]TA9 3DI;NS X IS NEC T EI ! "O OR ! O!R
%D =M "P (! 3/ITU;N ( E APPROPRIATE
SUBJECT4 ,= :5 A ?+ HAS R1*$ ! /AGE :5 X
IS 0NATURE CAPA# ( SI<T1 X W 2 SD EI
6SEE OR 6BE BL1 & T 9 AN 9DET]M9ATE
S5SE1 SIGNIFY+ T ! CAPAC;Y MAY 2 EI
PRES5T OR ABS5T2 = X IS N NEC EI T X %D
SEE OR T X %D 2 BL1 B T X %D 2 EI 9 ! "O
/ATE OR 9 ! O!R4 ,YET 9 ! CASE ( ^?
3TR>IES : H AN 9T]M$IATE WE F.D T X 0
N"E NEC T EI ! "O OR ! O!R %D 2 PRES5T 9
E APPROPRIATE SUBJECT1 B ONLY T 9 C]TA9
SUBJECTS "O (! PAIR %D 2 PRES5T1 & T 9 A
DET]M9ATE S5SE4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 PLA9 T
,8POSITIVES0' & ,8PRIVATIVES0' >E N
OPPOS$ EA* 6EA* 9 EI (! S5SES 9 :
3TR>IES >E OPPOS$4
  ,AG1 9 ! CASE ( 3TR>IES1 X IS POSSI# T
"! %D 2 *ANGES F EI 96! O!R1 :ILE !
SUBJECT RETA9S XS ID5T;Y1 UN.S 9DE$ "O (
! 3TR>IES IS A 3/ITUTIVE PROP]TY ( T
SUBJECT1 Z H1T IS ( FIRE4 ,= X IS POSSI#
T T T : IS H1L?Y %D 2COME 41S$1 T : IS
:ITE1 BLACK1 T : IS COLD1 HOT1 T : IS
GD1 BAD1 T : IS BAD1 GD4 ,! BAD MAN1 IF
HE IS 2+ BR"\ 96A BETT] WAY ( LIFE &
?"\1 MAY MAKE "S ADV.E1 H["E SLI<T1 & IF
HE %D ONCE IMPROVE1 EV5 "E S LL1 X IS
PLA9 T HE MI<T *ANGE -PLETELY1 OR AT ANY
RATE MAKE V GRT PROGRESS2 =A MAN 2COMES
M & M EASILY MOV$ 6VIRTUE1 H["E SMALL !
IMPROVE;T 0 AT F/4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 NATURAL
6SUPPOSE T HE W MAKE YET GRT] PROGRESS
?AN HE HAS MADE 9 ! PA/2 & Z ? PROCESS
GOES ON1 X W *ANGE HM -PLETELY & E/ABLI%
HM 9 ! 3TR>Y /ATE1 PROVID$ HE IS N H9D]$
0LACK ( "T4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0'1 H["E1 *ANGE 9 BO?
DIREC;NS IS IMPOSSI#4 ,"! MAY 2 A *ANGE
F POSSES.N 6PRIV,N1 B N F PRIV,N
6POSSES.N4 ,! MAN :O HAS 2COME BL DOES N
REGA9 8 SI<T2 ! MAN :O HAS 2COME BALD
DOES N REGA9 8 HAIR2 ! MAN :O HAS LO/ 8
TEE? DOES N GR[ 8 GR[ A NEW SET4 7;IV7
,/ATE;TS OPPOS$ Z A6IRM,N & NEG,N 2L;G
MANIFE/LY 6A CLASS : IS 4T9CT1 = 9 ?
CASE1 & 9 ? CASE ONLY1 X IS NEC =! "O
OPPOSITE 6BE TRUE &! O!R FALSE4
  ,NEI 9 ! CASE ( 3TR>IES1 NOR 9 ! CASE
( CORRELATIVES1 NOR 9 ! CASE (
,8POSITIVES0' & ,8PRIVATIVES0'1 IS X NEC
= "O 6BE TRUE &! O!R FALSE4 ,H1L? & 41SE
>E 3TR>IES3 NEI ( !M IS TRUE OR FALSE4
,8,D\#0' & ,8HALF0' >E OPPOS$ 6EA* O!R Z
CORRELATIVES3 NEI ( !M IS TRUE OR FALSE4
,! CASE IS ! SAME1 ( C\RSE1 ) REG>D TO
,8POSITIVES0' & ,8PRIVATIVES0' S* Z
,8SI<T0' & ,8BL;S0'4 ,9 %ORT1 ": "! IS
NO SORT ( -B9,N ( ^WS1 TRU? & FALS;Y H
NO PLACE1 & ALL ! OPPOSITES WE H M5;N$ S
F> 3SI/ ( SIMPLE ^WS4
  ,AT ! SAME "T1 :5 ! ^WS : 5T] 96OPPOS$
/ATE;TS >E 3TR>IES1 ^!1 M ?AN ANY O!R
SET ( OPPOSITES1 WD SEEM 6CLAIM ?
"*I/IC4 ,8,SOCRATES IS ILL0' IS ! 3TR>Y
( ,8,SOCRATES IS WELL0'1 B N EV5 ( S*
-POSITE EXPRES.NS IS X TRUE 6SAY T "O (!
PAIR M/ ALW 2 TRUE &! O!R FALSE4 ,= IF
,SOCRATES EXI/S1 "O W 2 TRUE &! O!R
FALSE1 B IF HE DOES N EXI/1 BO? W 2
FALSE2 = NEI ,8,SOCRATES IS ILL0' NOR
,8,SOCRATES IS WELL0' IS TRUE1 IF
,SOCRATES DOES N EXI/ AT ALL4
  ,9 ! CASE ( ,8POSITIVES0' &
,8PRIVATIVES0'1 IF ! SUBJECT DOES N EXI/
AT ALL1 NEI PROPOSI;N IS TRUE1 B EV5 IF
! SUBJECT EXI/S1 X IS N ALW ! FACT T "O
IS TRUE &! O!R FALSE4 ,= ,8,SOCRATES HAS
SI<T0' IS ! OPPOSITE ( ,8,SOCRATES IS
BL0' 9 ! S5SE (! ^W ,8OPPOSITE0' :
APPLIES 6POSSES.N & PRIV,N4 ,N[ IF
,SOCRATES EXI/S1 X IS N NEC T "O %D 2
TRUE &! O!R FALSE1 = :5 HE IS N YET A#
6ACQUIRE ! P[] ( VI.N1 BO? >E FALSE1 Z
AL IF ,SOCRATES IS ALT NON-EXI/5T4
  ,B 9 ! CASE ( A6IRM,N & NEG,N1 :E!R !
SUBJECT EXI/S OR N1 "O IS ALW FALSE &!
O!R TRUE4 ,= MANIFE/LY1 IF ,SOCRATES
EXI/S1 "O (! TWO PROPOSI;NS ,8,SOCRATES
IS ILL0'1 ,8,SOCRATES IS N ILL0'1 IS
TRUE1 &! O!R FALSE4 ,? IS LIKEWISE !
CASE IF HE DOES N EXI/2 = IF HE DOES N
EXI/1 6SAY T HE IS ILL IS FALSE1 6SAY T
HE IS N ILL IS TRUE4 ,?US X IS 9 ! CASE
( ^? OPPOSITES ONLY1 : >E OPPOSITE 9 !
S5SE 9 : ! T]M IS US$ ) REF];E 6A6IRM,N
& NEG,N1 T ! RULE HOLDS GD1 T "O (! PAIR
M/ 2 TRUE &! O!R FALSE4

                  #AA
  ,T ! 3TR>Y (A GD IS AN EVIL IS %[N
09DUC;N3 ! 3TR>Y ( H1L? IS 41SE1 (
C\RAGE1 C[>DICE1 & S ON4 ,B ! 3TR>Y ( AN
EVIL IS "S"TS A GD1 "S"TS AN EVIL4 ,=
DEFECT1 : IS AN EVIL1 HAS EXCESS = XS
3TR>Y1 ? AL 2+ AN EVIL1 &! M1N4 : IS A
GD1 IS EQU,Y ! 3TR>Y (! "O &(! O!R4 ,X
IS ONLY 9 A FEW CASES1 H["E1 T WE SEE
9/.ES ( ?3 9 MO/1 ! 3TR>Y ( AN EVIL IS A
GD4
  ,9 ! CASE ( 3TR>IES1 X IS N ALW NEC T
IF "O EXI/S ! O!R %D AL EXI/3 = IF ALL
2COME H1L?Y "! W 2 H1L? & NO 41SE1 & AG1
IF "EY?+ TURNS :ITE1 "! W 2 :ITE1 B NO
BLACK4 ,AG1 S9CE ! FACT T ,SOCRATES IS
ILL IS ! 3TR>Y (! FACT T ,SOCRATES IS
WELL1 & TWO 3TR>Y 3DI;NS _C BO? OBTA9 9
"O &! SAME 9DIVIDUAL AT ! SAME "T1 BO?
^! 3TR>IES CD N EXI/ AT ONCE3 = IF T
,SOCRATES 0 WELL 0 A FACT1 !N T
,SOCRATES 0 ILL CD N POSSIBLY 2 "O4
  ,X IS PLA9 T 3TR>Y ATTRIBUTES M/ NE$S
2 PRES5T 9 SUBJECTS : 2L;G 6! SAME
SPECIES OR G5US4 ,41SE & H1L? REQUIRE Z
_! SUBJECT ! BODY ( AN ANIMAL2 :ITE &
BLACK REQUIRE A BODY1 )\T FUR!R
QUALIFIC,N2 JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE REQUIRE Z
_! SUBJECT ! HUMAN S\L4
  ,MOREOV]1 X IS NEC T PAIRS ( 3TR>IES
%D 9 ALL CASES EI 2L;G 6! SAME G5US OR
2L;G 63TR>Y G5]A OR 2 !MVS G5]A4 ,:ITE &
BLACK 2L;G 6! SAME G5US1 COL\R2 JU/ICE &
9JU/ICE1 63TR>Y G5]A1 VIRTUE & VICE2
:ILE GD & EVIL D N 2L;G 6G5]A1 B >E !MVS
ACTUAL G5]A1 ) T]MS "U !M4
                  #AB
  ,"! >E F\R S5SES 9 : "O ?+ C 2 SD 6BE
,8PRIOR0' 6ANO!R4 ,PRIM>ILY & MO/
PROP]LY ! T]M HAS REF];E 6"T3 9 ? S5SE !
^W IS US$ 69DICATE T "O ?+ IS OLD] OR M
ANCI5T ?AN ANO!R1 =! EXPRES.NS ,8OLD]0'
& ,8M ANCI5T0' IMPLY GRT] L5G? ( "T4
  ,SECONDLY1 "O ?+ IS SD 6BE ,8PRIOR0'
6ANO!R :5 ! SEQU;E ( _! 2+ _C 2 REV]S$4
,9 ? S5SE ,8"O0' IS ,8PRIOR0' TO
,8TWO0'4 ,= IF ,8TWO0' EXI/S1 X FOLL[S
DIRECTLY T ,8"O0' M/ EXI/1 B IF ,8"O0'
EXI/S1 X DOES N FOLL[ NECESS>ILY T
,8TWO0' EXI/S3 ?US ! SEQU;E SUBSI/+ _C 2
REV]S$4 ,X IS AGRE$1 !N1 T :5 ! SEQU;E (
TWO ?+S _C 2 REV]S$1 !N T "O ON : ! O!R
DEP5DS IS CALL$ ,8PRIOR0' 6T O!R4
  ,9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 ! T]M ,8PRIOR0' IS
US$ ) REF];E 6ANY ORD]1 Z 9 ! CASE (
SCI;E &( ORATORY4 ,= 9 SCI;ES : USE
DEMON/R,N "! IS T : IS PRIOR & T : IS
PO/]IOR 9 ORD]2 9 GEOMETRY1 ! ELE;TS >E
PRIOR 6! PROPOSI;NS2 9 R1D+ & WRIT+1 !
LRS (! ALPHABET >E PRIOR 6! SYLLA#S4
,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! CASE ( SPEE*ES1 !
EXORDIUM IS PRIOR 9 ORD] 6! N>RATIVE4
  ,2SS ^! S5SES (! ^W1 "! IS A F\R?4 ,T
: IS BETT] & M HON\RA# IS SD 6H A
NATURAL PRIOR;Y4 ,9 -MON P>L.E M5 SP1K (
^? :OM !Y HON\R & LOVE Z ,8-+ F/0' ) !M4
,? S5SE (! ^W IS P]H ! MO/ F>-FET*$4
  ,S*1 !N1 >E ! DI6]5T S5SES 9 : ! T]M
,8PRIOR0' IS US$4
  ,YET X WD SEEM T 2SS ^? M5;N$ "! IS
YET ANO!R4 ,= 9 ^? ?+S1 ! 2+ ( EA* ( :
IMPLIES T (! O!R1 T : IS 9 ANY WAY !
CAUSE MAY R1SONABLY 2 SD 6BE 0NATURE
,8PRIOR0' 6! E6ECT4 ,X IS PLA9 T "! >E
9/.ES ( ?4 ,! FACT (! 2+ (A MAN C>RIES )
X ! TRU? (! PROPOSI;N T HE IS1 &!
IMPLIC,N IS RECIPROCAL3 = IF A MAN IS1 !
PROPOSI;N ":9 WE ALLEGE T HE IS TRUE1 &
3V]SELY1 IF ! PROPOSI;N ":9 WE ALLEGE T
HE IS TRUE1 !N HE IS4 ,! TRUE PROPOSI;N1
H["E1 IS 9 NO WAY ! CAUSE (! 2+ (! MAN1
B ! FACT (! MAN'S 2+ DOES SEEM "SH[ 6BE
! CAUSE (! TRU? (! PROPOSI;N1 =! TRU? OR
FALS;Y (! PROPOSI;N DEP5DS ON ! FACT (!
MAN'S 2+ OR N 2+4
  ,?US ! ^W ,8PRIOR0' MAY 2 US$ 9 FIVE
S5SES4
                  #AC
  ,! T]M ,8SIMULTANE\S0' IS PRIM>ILY &
MO/ APPROPRIATELY APPLI$ 6^? ?+S !
G5ESIS (! "O ( : IS SIMULTANE\S ) T (!
O!R2 = 9 S* CASES NEI IS PRIOR OR
PO/]IOR 6! O!R4 ,S* ?+S >E SD 6BE
SIMULTANE\S 9 PO9T ( "T4 ,^? ?+S1 AG1 >E
,8SIMULTANE\S0' 9 PO9T ( NATURE1 ! 2+ (
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D\#1 "! IS AL A HALF1 & IF "! IS A HALF1
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! CAUSE (! 2+ (! O!R4
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4T+UI%$ EA* F EA* 0"O &! SAME ME?OD (
DI6]5TI,N4
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9VOLVES T (! O!R1 :ILE AT ! SAME "T NEI
IS 9 ANY WAY ! CAUSE (! O!R'S 2+2 ^?
SPECIES1 AL1 : >E 4T+UI%$ EA* F EA* &
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CASE ( ALT],N X MAY 2 >GU$ T ! PROCESS
NECESS>ILY IMPLIES "O OR O!R (! O!R FIVE
SORTS ( MO;N4 ,? IS N TRUE1 = WE MAY SAY
T ALL A6EC;NS1 OR NE>LY ALL1 PRODUCE 9 U
AN ALT],N : IS 4T9CT F ALL O!R SORTS (
MO;N1 = T : IS A6ECT$ NE$ N SU6] EI
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OR 0 SUBJECT 6"S O!R SORT ( MO;N WD1 IF
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9/.E1 IF A GNOMON IS APPLI$ 6X1 "UGOES
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REV]SE DIREC;N WD SEEM 6BE MO/ TRULY XS
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D[NW>DS & VICE V]SA4
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A PLACE OR Z *ANGE 9 ! REV]SE DIREC;N4
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9 ! DIREC;N (! 3TR>Y MAY 2 CALL$ ! 3TR>Y
( ? QUALITATIVE =M ( MO;N4 ,9 ? WAY
2COM+ :ITE IS ! 3TR>Y ( 2COM+ BLACK2 "!
IS ALT],N 9 ! 3TR>Y DIREC;N1 S9CE A
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                  #AE
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! F/ PLACE X IS US$ ) REF];E 6HABIT OR
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,8H0' A PIECE ( K OR A VIRTUE4 ,!N1 AG1
X HAS REF];E 6QUANT;Y1 Z1 = 9/.E1 9 !
CASE (A MAN'S HEI<T2 = HE IS SD TO ,8H0'
A HEI<T ( ?REE OR F\R CUBITS4 ,X IS US$1
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:1T4 ,! EXPRES.N 9 S* CASES HAS REF];E
63T5T4 ,OR X REF]S 6T : HAS BE5 ACQUIR$2
WE >E SD TO ,8H0' A H\SE OR A FIELD4 ,A
MAN IS AL SD TO ,8H0' A WIFE1 &A WIFE A
HUSB&1 & ? APPE>S 6BE ! MO/ REMOTE M1N+
(! T]M1 = 0! USE ( X WE M1N SIMPLY T !
HUSB& LIVES )! WIFE4
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MO/ ORD9>Y "OS H ALL BE5 ENUM]AT$4

