             ,,BOOK ,,?REE
                   ,I

  ,HE :O WD 9QUIRE 96! ESS;E &
ATTRIBUTES ( V>I\S K9DS ( GOV]N;TS M/ F/
( ALL DET]M9E ,8,:AT IS A /ATE80' ,AT
PRES5T ? IS A 4PUT$ "Q4 ,"S SAY T ! /ATE
HAS D"O A C]TA9 ACT2 O!RS1 NO1 N ! /ATE1
B ! OLIG>*Y OR ! TYRANT4 ,&! LEGISLATOR
OR /ATESMAN IS 3C]N$ 5TIRELY )! /ATE2 A
3/ITU;N OR GOV]N;T 2+ AN >RANGE;T (!
9HABITANTS (A /ATE4 ,B A /ATE IS
-POSITE1 L ANY O!R :OLE MADE UP ( _M
"PS2 ^! >E ! CITIZ5S1 :O -POSE X4 ,X IS
EVID5T1 "!=E1 T WE M/ 2G9 0ASK+1 ,:O IS
! CITIZ51 & :AT IS ! M1N+ (! T]M8 ,= "H
AG "! MAY 2 A DI6];E ( OP9ION4 ,HE :O IS
A CITIZ5 9 A DEMOCRACY W (T5 N 2 A
CITIZ5 9 AN OLIG>*Y4 ,L1V+ \ ( 3SID],N
^? :O H BE5 MADE CITIZ5S1 OR :O H OBTA9$
! "N ( CITIZ5 ANY O!R A3ID5TAL MANN]1 WE
MAY SAY1 F/1 T A CITIZ5 IS N A CITIZ5 2C
HE LIVES 9 A C]TA9 PLACE1 = RESID5T
ALI5S & SLAVES %>E 9 ! PLACE2 NOR IS HE
A CITIZ5 :O HAS NO LEGAL "R EXCEPT T (
SU+ & 2+ SU$2 = ? "R MAY 2 5JOY$ "U !
PROVI.NS (A TR1TY4 ,NAY1 RESID5T ALI5S 9
_M PLACES D N POSSESS EV5 S* "RS
-PLETELY1 = !Y >E OBLIG$ 6H A PATRON1 S
T !Y D B IMP]FECTLY "PICIPATE 9
CITIZ5%IP1 & WE CALL !M CITIZ5S ONLY 9 A
QUALIFI$ S5SE1 Z WE MI<T APPLY ! T]M 6*N
:O >E TOO "Y 6BE ON ! REGI/]1 OR 6OLD M5
:O H BE5 RELIEV$ F /ATE DUTIES4 ,( ^! WE
D N SAY Q SIMPLY T !Y >E CITIZ5S1 B ADD
9 ! "O CASE T !Y >E N ( AGE1 & 9 ! O!R1
T !Y >E PA/ ! AGE1 OR "S?+ ( T SORT2 !
PRECISE EXPRES.N IS IMMAT]IAL1 = \R M1N+
IS CLE>4 ,SIMIL> DI6ICULTIES 6^? : ,I H
M5;N$ MAY 2 RAIS$ & ANSW]$ AB DEPRIV$
CITIZ5S & AB EXILES4 ,B ! CITIZ5 :OM WE
>E SEEK+ 6DEF9E IS A CITIZ5 9 ! /RICTE/
S5SE1 AG/ :OM NO S* EXCEP;N C 2 TAK51 &
8 SPECIAL "*I/IC IS T HE %>ES 9 !
ADM9I/R,N ( JU/ICE1 & 9 (FICES4 ,N[ (
(FICES "S >E 4CONT9U\S1 &! SAME P]SONS
>E N ALL[$ 6HOLD !M TWICE1 OR C ONLY
HOLD !M AF A FIX$ 9T]VAL2 O!RS H NO
LIMIT ( "T- = EXAMPLE1 ! (FICE (A DICA/
OR E3LESIA/4 ,X MAY1 9DE$1 2 >GU$ T ^!
>E N MAGI/RATES AT ALL1 & T _! FUNC;NS
GIVE !M NO %>E 9 ! GOV]N;T4 ,B SURELY X
IS RIDICUL\S 6SAY T ^? :O H ! P[] D N
GOV]N4 ,LET U N DWELL FUR!R ^U ?1 : IS A
PURELY V]BAL "Q2 :AT WE WANT IS A -MON
T]M 9CLUD+ BO? DICA/ & E3LESIA/4 ,LET U1
=! SAKE ( 4T9C;N1 CALL X ,89DEF9ITE
(FICE10' & WE W ASSUME T ^? :O %>E 9 S*
(FICE >E CITIZ5S4 ,? IS ! MO/ -PREH5SIVE
DEF9I;N (A CITIZ51 & BE/ SUITS ALL ^? :O
>E G5],Y S CALL$4
  ,B WE M/ N =GET T ?+S ( : ! "ULY+
PR9CIPLES DI6] 9 K9D1 "O ( !M 2+ F/1
ANO!R SECOND1 ANO!R ?IRD1 H1 :5 REG>D$ 9
? REL,N1 NO?+1 OR H>DLY ANY?+1 WOR?
M5;N+ 9 -MON4 ,N[ WE SEE T GOV]N;TS DI6]
9 K9D1 & T "S ( !M >E PRIOR & T O!RS >E
PO/]IOR2 ^? : >E FAULTY OR P]V]T$ >E
NECESS>ILY PO/]IOR 6^? : >E P]FECT4
7,:AT WE M1N 0P]V].N W 2 "HAF EXPLA9$47
,! CITIZ5 !N ( NECESS;Y DI6]S "U EA* =M
( GOV]N;T2 & \R DEF9I;N IS BE/ ADAPT$ 6!
CITIZ5 (A DEMOCRACY2 B N NECESS>ILY 6O!R
/ATES4 ,= 9 "S /ATES ! P >E N AC"KL$G$1
NOR H !Y ANY REGUL> ASSEMBLY1 B ONLY
EXTRAORD9>Y "OS2 & SUITS >E 4TRIBUT$
0SEC;NS AM;G ! MAGI/RATES4 ,AT
,LAC$AEMON1 = 9/.E1 ! ,EPHORS DET]M9E
SUITS AB 3TRACTS1 : !Y 4TRIBUTE AM;G
!MVS1 :ILE ! ELD]S >E JUDGES ( HOMICIDE1
& O!R CAUSES >E DECID$ 0O!R MAGI/RATES4
,A SIMIL> PR9CIPLE PREVAILS AT ,C>?AGE2
"! C]TA9 MAGI/RATES DECIDE ALL CAUSES4
,WE MAY1 9DE$1 MODIFY \R DEF9I;N (!
CITIZ5 S Z 69CLUDE ^! /ATES4 ,9 !M X IS
! HOLD] (A DEF9ITE1 N ( AN 9DEF9ITE
(FICE1 :O LEGISLATES & JUDGES1 & 6"S OR
ALL S* HOLD]S ( DEF9ITE (FICES IS RES]V$
! "R ( DELIB]AT+ OR JUDG+ AB "S ?+S OR
AB ALL ?+S4 ,! 3CEP;N (! CITIZ5 N[ 2G9S
6CLE> UP4
  ,HE :O HAS ! P[] 6TAKE "P 9 !
DELIB]ATIVE OR JUDICIAL ADM9I/R,N ( ANY
/ATE IS SD 0U 6BE A CITIZ5S ( T /ATE2 &1
SP1K+ G5],Y1 A /ATE IS A BODY ( CITIZ5S
SU6IC+ =! PURPOSES ( LIFE4

                  ,,II

  ,B 9 PRACTICE A CITIZ5 IS DEF9$ 6BE "O
( :OM BO? ! P>5TS >E CITIZ5S2 O!RS 9SI/
ON GO+ FUR!R BACK2 SAY 6TWO OR ?REE OR M
ANCE/ORS4 ,? IS A %ORT & PRACTICAL
DEF9I;N B "! >E "S :O RAISE ! FUR!R "Q3
,H[ ? ?IRD OR F\R? ANCE/OR CAME 6BE A
CITIZ58 ,GORGIAS ( ,LEONT9I1 "PLY 2C HE
0 9 A DI6ICULTY1 "PLY 9 IRONY1 SD--
,8,MORT>S >E :AT IS MADE 0! MORT>-MAK]S1
&! CITIZ5S ( ,L>ISSA >E ^? :O >E MADE 0!
MAGI/RATES2 = X IS _! TRADE 6MAKE
,L>ISSAEANS40' ,YET ! "Q IS RE,Y SIMPLE1
=1 IF AC 6! DEF9I;N J GIV5 !Y %>$ 9 !
GOV]N;T1 !Y 7 CITIZ5S4 ,? IS A BETT]
DEF9I;N ?AN ! O!R4 ,=! ^WS1 ,8BORN (A "F
OR "M :O IS A CITIZ510' _C POSSIBLY
APPLY 6! F/ 9HABITANTS OR F.D]S (A /ATE4
  ,"! IS A GRT] DI6ICULTY 9 ! CASE ( ^?
:O H BE5 MADE CITIZ5S AF A REVOLU;N1 Z
0,CLEIS!NES AT ,A!NS AF ! EXPUL.N (!
TYRANTS1 = HE 5ROLL$ 9 TRIBES _M METICS1
BO? /RANG]S & SLAVES4 ,! D\BT 9 ^! CASES
IS1 N :O IS1 B :E!R HE :O IS "\ 6BE A
CITIZ52 & "! W / 2 A FUR!R+ ! /ATE1 :E!R
A C]TA9 ACT IS OR IS N AN ACT (! /ATE2 =
:AT "\ N 6BE IS :AT IS FALSE4 ,N[1 "! >E
"S :O HOLD (FICE1 & YET "\ N 6HOLD
(FICE1 :OM WE DESCRIBE Z RUL+1 B RUL+
UNJU/LY4 ,&! CITIZ5 0 DEF9$ 0! FACT ( 8
HOLD+ "S K9D ( RULE OR (FICE- HE :O
HOLDS A JUDICIAL OR LEGISLATIVE (FICE
FULFILLS \R DEF9I;N (A CITIZ54 ,X IS
EVID5T1 "!=E1 T ! CITIZ5S AB :OM ! D\BT
HAS >IS5 M/ 2 CALL$ CITIZ5S4

                 ,,III

  ,:E!R !Y "\ 6BE S OR N IS A "Q : IS
B.D UP )! PREVI\S 9QUIRY4 ,=A P>ALLEL "Q
IS RAIS$ RESPECT+ ! /ATE1 :E!R A C]TA9
ACT IS OR IS N AN ACT (! /ATE2 =
EXAMPLE1 9 ! TRANSI;N F AN OLIG>*Y OR A
TYRANNY 6A DEMOCRACY4 ,9 S* CASES P]SONS
REFUSE 6FULFILL _! 3TRACTS OR ANY O!R
OBLIG,NS1 ON ! GR.D T ! TYRANT1 & N !
/ATE1 3TRACT$ !M2 !Y >GUE T "S 3/ITU;NS
>E E/ABLI%$ 0=CE1 & N =! SAKE (! -MON
GD4 ,B ? WD APPLY EQU,Y 6DEMOCRACIES1 =
!Y TOO MAY 2 F.D$ ON VIOL;E1 & !N ! ACTS
(! DEMOCRACY W 2 NEI M NOR LESS ACTS (!
/ATE 9 "Q ?AN ^? ( AN OLIG>*Y OR (A
TYRANNY4 ,? "Q RUNS UP 96ANO!R3 ON :AT
PR9CIPLE % WE "E SAY T ! /ATE IS ! SAME1
OR DI6]5T8 ,X WD 2 A V SUP]FICIAL VIEW :
3SID]$ ONLY ! PLACE &! 9HABITANTS 7=!
SOIL &! POPUL,N MAY 2 SEP>AT$1 & "S (!
9HABITANTS MAY LIVE 9 "O PLACE & "S 9
ANO!R74 ,?1 H["E1 IS N A V S]I\S
DI6ICULTY2 WE NE$ ONLY REM>K T ! ^W
,8/ATE0' IS AMBIGU\S4
  ,X IS FUR!R ASK$3 ,:5 >E M51 LIV+ 9 !
SAME PLACE1 6BE REG>D$ Z A S+LE C;Y- :AT
IS ! LIMIT8 ,C]TA9LY N ! WALL (! C;Y1 =
Y MI<T SURR.D ALL ,PELOPONNESUS )A WALL4
,L ?1 WE MAY SAY1 IS ,BABYLON1 & E C;Y T
HAS ! -PASS (A N,N R ?AN A C;Y2
,BABYLON1 !Y SAY1 _H BE5 TAK5 = ?REE "DS
2F "S "P (! 9HABITANTS 2CAME AW>E (!
FACT4 ,? DI6ICULTY MAY1 H["E1 )
ADVANTAGE 2 DEF]R$ 6ANO!R O3A.N2 !
/ATESMAN HAS 63SID] ! SIZE (! /ATE1 &
:E!R X %D 3SI/ ( M ?AN "O N,N OR N4
  ,AG1 % WE SAY T :ILE ! RACE (
9HABITANTS1 Z WELL Z _! PLACE ( ABODE1
REMA9 ! SAME1 ! C;Y IS AL ! SAME1 AL? !
CITIZ5S >E ALW DY+ & 2+ BORN1 Z WE CALL
RIV]S & F.TA9S ! SAME1 AL? ! WAT] IS ALW
FL[+ AWAY & -+ AG ,OR % WE SAY T !
G5],NS ( M51 L ! RIV]S1 >E ! SAME1 B T !
/ATE *ANGES8 ,=1 S9CE ! /ATE IS A
"PN]%IP1 & IS A "PN]%IP ( CITIZ5S 9 A
3/ITU;N1 :5 ! =M ( GOV]N;T *ANGES1 &
2COMES DI6]5T1 !N X MAY 2 SUPPOS$ T !
/ATE IS NO L;G] ! SAME1 J Z A TRAGIC
DI6]S F A -IC *ORUS1 AL? ! MEMB]S ( BO?
MAY 2 ID5TICAL4 ,& 9 ? MANN] WE SP1K ( E
UNION OR -POSI;N ( ELE;TS Z DI6]5T :5 !
=M ( _! -POSI;N ALT]S2 = EXAMPLE1 A
SCALE 3TA9+ ! SAME S.DS IS SD 6BE
DI6]5T1 ACLY Z ! ,DORIAN OR ! ,PHRYGIAN
MODE IS EMPLOY$4 ,& IF ? IS TRUE X IS
EVID5T T ! SAME;S (! /ATE 3SI/S *IEFLY 9
! SAME;S (! 3/ITU;N1 & X MAY 2 CALL$ OR
N CALL$ 0! SAME "N1 :E!R ! 9HABITANTS >E
! SAME OR 5TIRELY DI6]5T4 ,X IS Q ANO!R
"Q1 :E!R A /ATE "\ OR "\ N 6FULFILL
5GAGE;TS :5 ! =M ( GOV]N;T *ANGES4

                  ,,IV

  ,"! IS A PO9T NE>LY ALLI$ 6! PREC$+3
,:E!R ! VIRTUE (A GD MAN &A GD CITIZ5 IS
! SAME OR N4 ,B1 2F 5T]+ ON ? 4CUS.N1 WE
M/ C]TA9LY F/ OBTA9 "S G5]AL NO;N (!
VIRTUE (! CITIZ54 ,L ! SAILOR1 ! CITIZ5
IS A MEMB] (A -MUN;Y4 ,N[1 SAILORS H
DI6]5T FUNC;NS1 = "O ( !M IS A R[]1
ANO!R A PILOT1 &A ?IRD A LOOK-\ MAN1 A
F\R? IS DESCRIB$ 0"S SIMIL> T]M2 & :ILE
! PRECISE DEF9I;N ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S
VIRTUE APPLIES EXCLUSIVELY 6HM1 "! IS1
AT ! SAME "T1 A -MON DEF9I;N APPLICA#
6!M ALL4 ,= !Y H ALL ( !M A -MON OBJECT1
: IS SAFETY 9 NAVIG,N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 "O
CITIZ5 DI6]S F ANO!R1 B ! SALV,N (!
-MUN;Y IS ! -MON BUSI;S ( !M ALL4 ,?
-MUN;Y IS ! 3/ITU;N2 ! VIRTUE (! CITIZ5
M/ "!=E 2 RELATIVE 6! 3/ITU;N ( : HE IS
A MEMB]4 ,IF1 !N1 "! >E _M =MS (
GOV]N;T1 X IS EVID5T T "! IS N "O S+LE
VIRTUE (! GD CITIZ5 : IS P]FECT VIRTUE4
,B WE SAY T ! GD MAN IS HE :O HAS "O
S+LE VIRTUE : IS P]FECT VIRTUE4 ,H;E X
IS EVID5T T ! GD CITIZ5 NE$ N ( NECESS;Y
POSSESS ! VIRTUE : MAKES A GD MAN4
  ,! SAME "Q MAY AL 2 APPROA*$ 0ANO!R
ROAD1 F A 3SID],N (! BE/ 3/ITU;N4 ,IF !
/ATE _C 2 5TIRELY -POS$ ( GD M51 & YET
EA* CITIZ5 IS EXPECT$ 6D 8 [N BUSI;S
WELL1 & M/ "!=E H VIRTUE1 / 9ASM* Z ALL
! CITIZ5S _C 2 ALIKE1 ! VIRTUE (! CITIZ5
&(! GD MAN _C CO9CIDE4 ,ALL M/ H !
VIRTUE (! GD CITIZ5- ?US1 & ?US ONLY1 C
! /ATE 2 P]FECT2 B !Y W N H ! VIRTUE (A
GD MAN1 UN.S WE ASSUME T 9 ! GD /ATE ALL
! CITIZ5S M/ 2 GD4
  ,AG1 ! /ATE1 Z -POS$ ( UNLIKES1 MAY 2
-P>$ 6! LIV+ 2+3 Z ! F/ ELE;TS 96: A
LIV+ 2+ IS RESOLV$ >E S\L & BODY1 Z S\L
IS MADE UP ( R,NAL PR9CIPLE & APPETITE1
! FAMILY ( HUSB& & WIFE1 PROP]TY ( MA/]
& SLAVE1 S ( ALL ^!1 Z WELL Z O!R
4SIMIL> ELE;TS1 ! /ATE IS -POS$2 &1
"!=E1 ! VIRTUE ( ALL ! CITIZ5S _C
POSSIBLY 2 ! SAME1 ANY M ?AN ! EXCELL;E
(! L1D] (A *ORUS IS ! SAME Z T (! P]=M]
:O /&S 0HIS SIDE4 ,I H SD 5 6%[ :Y ! TWO
K9DS ( VIRTUE _C 2 ABSOLUTELY & ALW !
SAME4
  ,B W "! !N 2 NO CASE 9 : ! VIRTUE (!
GD CITIZ5 &! VIRTUE (! GD MAN CO9CIDE8
,6? WE ANSW] T ! GD RUL] IS A GD & WISE
MAN1 & T HE :O WD 2 A /ATESMAN M/ 2 A
WISE MAN4 ,& "S P]SONS SAY T EV5 ! $UC,N
(! RUL] %D 2 (A SPECIAL K9D2 = >E N ! *N
( K+S 9/RUCT$ 9 RID+ & MILIT>Y EX]CISES8
,Z ,EURIPIDES SAYS3
  ,NO SUBTLE >TS = ME1 B :AT ! /ATE
REQUIRES4
  ,Z ?\< "! 7 A SPECIAL $UC,N NE$$ 0A
RUL]4 ,IF !N ! VIRTUE (A GD RUL] IS !
SAME Z T (A GD MAN1 & WE ASSUME FUR!R T
! SUBJECT IS A CITIZ5 Z WELL Z ! RUL]1 !
VIRTUE (! GD CITIZ5 &! VIRTUE (! GD MAN
_C 2 ABSOLUTELY ! SAME1 AL? 9 "S CASES
!Y MAY2 =! VIRTUE (A RUL] DI6]S F T (A
CITIZ54 ,X 0 ! S5SE ( ? DI6];E : MADE
,JASON SAY T ,8HE FELT HUNGRY :5 HE 0 N
A TYRANT10' M1N+ T HE CD N 5DURE 6LIVE 9
A PRIVATE /,N4 ,B1 ON ! O!R H&1 X MAY 2
>GU$ T M5 >E PRAIS$ = "K+ BO? H[ 6RULE &
H[ 6OBEY1 & HE IS SD 6BE A CITIZ5 (
APPROV$ VIRTUE :O IS A# 6D BO?4 ,N[ IF
WE SUPPOSE ! VIRTUE (A GD MAN 6BE T :
RULES1 &! VIRTUE (! CITIZ5 69CLUDE RUL+
& OBEY+1 X _C 2 SD T !Y >E EQU,Y WOR?Y (
PRAISE4 ,S9CE1 !N1 X IS "S"TS ?"\ T !
RUL] &! RUL$ M/ LE>N DI6]5T ?+S & N !
SAME1 B T ! CITIZ5 M/ "K & %>E 9 !M BO?1
! 9F];E IS OBVI\S4 ,"! IS1 9DE$1 ! RULE
(A MA/]1 : IS 3C]N$ ) M5IAL (FICES- !
MA/] NE$ N "K H[ 6P]=M ^!1 B MAY EMPLOY
O!RS 9 ! EXECU;N ( !M3 ! O!R WD 2
DEGRAD+2 & 0! O!R ,I M1N ! P[] ACTU,Y 6D
M5IAL DUTIES1 : V>Y M* 9 "* & >E EXECUT$
0V>I\S CLASSES ( SLAVES1 S*1 = EXAMPLE1
Z H&ICRAFTSM51 :O1 Z _! "N SIGNIFIES1
LIVE 0! LABOR ( _! H&S3 "U ^! ! ME*ANIC
IS 9CLUD$4 ,H;E 9 ANCI5T "TS1 & AM;G "S
N,NS1 ! "W+ CLASSES _H NO %>E 9 !
GOV]N;T- A PRIVILEGE : !Y ONLY ACQUIR$
"U ! EXTREME DEMOCRACY4 ,C]TA9LY ! GD
MAN &! /ATESMAN &! GD CITIZ5 "\ N 6LE>N
! CRAFTS ( 9F]IORS EXCEPT = _! [N
O3A.NAL USE2 IF !Y HABITU,Y PRACTICE !M1
"! W C1SE 6BE A 4T9C;N 2T MA/] & SLAVE4
  ,? IS N ! RULE ( : WE >E SP1K+2 B "!
IS A RULE ( ANO!R K9D1 : IS EX]CIS$ OV]
FREEM5 & EQUALS 0BIR? -A 3/ITU;NAL RULE1
: ! RUL] M/ LE>N 0OBEY+1 Z HE WD LE>N !
DUTIES (A G5]AL ( CAVALRY 02+ "U ! ORD]S
(A G5]AL ( CAVALRY1 OR ! DUTIES (A G5]AL
( 9FANTRY 02+ "U ! ORD]S (A G5]AL (
9FANTRY1 & 0HAV+ _H ! -M& (A REGI;T &(A
-PANY4 ,X HAS BE5 WELL SD T ,8HE :O HAS
N"E LE>N$ 6OBEY _C 2 A GD -M&]40' ,! TWO
>E N ! SAME1 B ! GD CITIZ5 "\ 6BE CAPA#
( BO?2 HE %D "K H[ 6GOV]N L A FREEMAN1 &
H[ 6OBEY L A FREEMAN- ^! >E ! VIRTUES (A
CITIZ54 ,&1 AL? ! TEMP].E & JU/ICE (A
RUL] >E 4T9CT F ^? (A SUBJECT1 ! VIRTUE
(A GD MAN W 9CLUDE BO?2 =! VIRTUE (! GD
MAN :O IS FREE & AL A SUBJECT1 E4G41 8
JU/ICE1 W N 2 "O B W -PRISE 4T9CT K9DS1
! "O QUALIFY+ HM 6RULE1 ! O!R 6OBEY1 &
DI6]+ Z ! TEMP].E & C\RAGE ( M5 & WOM5
DI6]4 ,=A MAN WD 2 ?"\ A C[>D IF HE _H
NO M C\RAGE ?AN A C\RAGE\S WOMAN1 &A
WOMAN WD 2 ?"\ LOQUACI\S IF %E IMPOS$ NO
M RE/RA9T ON H] 3V]S,N ?AN ! GD MAN2 &
9DE$ _! "P 9 ! MANAGE;T (! H\SEHOLD IS
DI6]5T1 =! DUTY (! "O IS 6ACQUIRE1 &(!
O!R 6PRES]VE4 ,PRACTICAL WISDOM ONLY IS
"*I/IC (! RUL]3 X WD SEEM T ALL O!R
VIRTUES M/ EQU,Y 2L;G 6RUL] & SUBJECT4
,! VIRTUE (! SUBJECT IS C]TA9LY N
WISDOM1 B ONLY TRUE OP9ION2 HE MAY 2
-P>$ 6! MAK] (! FLUTE1 :ILE 8 MA/] IS L
! FLUTE-PLAY] OR US] (! FLUTE4
  ,F ^! 3SID],NS MAY 2 GA!R$ ! ANSW] 6!
"Q1 :E!R ! VIRTUE (! GD MAN IS ! SAME Z
T (! GD CITIZ51 OR DI6]5T1 & H[ F> !
SAME1 & H[ F> DI6]5T4

                  ;,V

  ,"! / REMA9S "O M "Q AB ! CITIZ53 ,IS
HE ONLY A TRUE CITIZ5 :O HAS A %>E (
(FICE1 OR IS ! ME*ANIC 6BE 9CLUD$8 ,IF
!Y :O HOLD NO (FICE >E 6BE DEEM$
CITIZ5S1 N E CITIZ5 C H ? VIRTUE ( RUL+
& OBEY+2 = ? MAN IS A CITIZ5 ,& IF N"O (
! L[] CLASS >E CITIZ5S1 9 : "P (! /ATE
>E !Y 6BE PLAC$8 ,= !Y >E N RESID5T
ALI5S1 & !Y >E N =EIGN]S4 ,MAY WE N
REPLY1 T Z F> Z ? OBJEC;N GOES "! IS NO
M ABSURD;Y 9 EXCLUD+ !M ?AN 9 EXCLUD+
SLAVES & FRE$M5 F ANY (! ABV-M5;N$
CLASSES8 ,X M/ 2 ADMITT$ T WE _C 3SID]
ALL ^? 6BE CITIZ5S :O >E NEC 6! EXI/;E (
! /ATE2 = EXAMPLE1 *N >E N CITIZ5 EQU,Y
) GR[N-UP M51 :O >E CITIZ5S ABSOLUTELY1
B *N1 N 2+ GR[N UP1 >E ONLY CITIZ5S ON A
C]TA9 ASSUMP;N4 ,NAY1 9 ANCI5T "TS1 &
AM;G "S N,NS ! >TISAN CLASS 7 SLAVES OR
=EIGN]S1 & "!=E ! MAJOR;Y ( !M >E S N[4
,! BE/ =M ( /ATE W N ADMIT !M
6CITIZ5%IP2 B IF !Y >E ADMITT$1 !N \R
DEF9I;N (! VIRTUE (A CITIZ5 W N APPLY 6E
CITIZ5 NOR 6E FREE MAN Z S*1 B ONLY 6^?
:O >E FRE$ F NEC S]VICES4 ,! NEC P >E EI
SLAVES :O M9I/] 6! WANTS ( 9DIVIDUALS1
OR ME*ANICS & LABOR]S :O >E ! S]VANTS (!
-MUN;Y4 ,^! REFLEC;NS C>RI$ A LL FUR!R W
EXPLA9 _! POSI;N2 & 9DE$ :AT HAS BE5 SD
ALR IS ( XF1 :5 "U/OOD1 EXPLAN,N 5\<4
  ,S9CE "! >E _M =MS ( GOV]N;T "! M/ 2
_M V>IETIES ( CITIZ5 & ESPECI,Y (
CITIZ5S :O >E SUBJECTS2 S T "U "S
GOV]N;TS ! ME*ANIC &! LABOR] W 2
CITIZ5S1 B N 9 O!RS1 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 9
>I/OCRACY OR ! S-CALL$ GOV]N;T (! BE/
7IF "! 2 S* AN "O71 9 : HONORS >E GIV5
AC 6VIRTUE & M]IT2 = NO MAN C PRACTICE
VIRTUE :O IS LIV+ ! LIFE (A ME*ANIC OR
LABOR]4 ,9 OLIG>*IES ! QUALIFIC,N =
(FICE IS HI<1 & "!=E NO LABOR] C "E 2 A
CITIZ52 B A ME*ANIC MAY1 = AN ACTUAL
MAJOR;Y ( !M >E RI*4 ,AT ,!BES "! 0 A
LAW T NO MAN CD HOLD (FICE :O _H N
RETIR$ F BUSI;S = T5 YE>S4 ,B 9 _M /ATES
! LAW GOES 6! L5G? ( ADMITT+ ALI5S2 = 9
"S DEMOCRACIES A MAN IS A CITIZ5 ?\< 8
"M ONLY 2 A CITIZ52 &A SIMIL> PR9CIPLE
IS APPLI$ 6ILLEGITIMATE *N2 ! LAW IS
RELAX$ :5 "! IS A DE>? ( POPUL,N4 ,B :5
! NUMB] ( CITIZ5S 9CR1SES1 F/ ! *N (A
MALE OR A FEMALE SLAVE >E EXCLUD$2 !N ^?
^: "MS ONLY >E CITIZ5S2 & AT LA/ ! "R (
CITIZ5%IP IS 3F9$ 6^? ^: "FS & "MS >E
BO? CITIZ5S4
  ,H;E1 Z IS EVID5T1 "! >E DI6]5T K9DS (
CITIZ5S2 & HE IS A CITIZ5 9 ! HI<E/ S5SE
:O %>ES 9 ! HONORS (! /ATE4 ,-P>E
,HOM]'S ^WS1 ,8L "S 4HONOR$ /RANG]0'2 HE
:O IS EXCLUD$ F ! HONORS (! /ATE IS NO
BETT] ?AN AN ALI54 ,B :5 8 EXCLU.N IS
3C1L$1 !N ! OBJECT IS T ! PRIVILEG$
CLASS MAY DCV _! FELL[ 9HABITANTS4
  ,Z 6! "Q :E!R ! VIRTUE (! GD MAN IS !
SAME Z T (! GD CITIZ51 ! 3SID],NS ALR
A4UC$ PROVE T 9 "S /ATES ! GD MAN &! GD
CITIZ5 >E ! SAME1 & 9 O!RS DI6]5T4 ,:5
!Y >E ! SAME X IS N E CITIZ5 :O IS A GD
MAN1 B ONLY ! /ATESMAN & ^? :O H OR MAY
H1 AL"O OR 9 3JUNC;N ) O!RS1 ! 3DUCT (
PUBLIC A6AIRS4

                  ,,VI

  ,HAV+ DET]M9$ ^! "QS1 WE H NEXT 63SID]
:E!R "! IS ONLY "O =M ( GOV]N;T OR _M1 &
IF _M1 :AT !Y >E1 & H[ _M1 & :AT >E !
DI6];ES 2T !M4
  ,A 3/ITU;N IS ! >RANGE;T ( MAGI/RACIES
9 A /ATE1 ESPECI,Y (! HI<E/ ( ALL4 ,!
GOV]N;T IS "EY": SOV]EIGN 9 ! /ATE1 &!
3/ITU;N IS 9 FACT ! GOV]N;T4 ,= EXAMPLE1
9 DEMOCRACIES ! P >E SUPREME1 B 9
OLIG>*IES1 ! FEW2 &1 "!=E1 WE SAY T ^!
TWO =MS ( GOV]N;T AL >E DI6]5T3 & S 9
O!R CASES4
  ,F/1 LET U 3SID] :AT IS ! PURPOSE (A
/ATE1 & H[ _M =MS ( GOV]N;T "! >E 0:
HUMAN SOCIETY IS REGULAT$4 ,WE H ALR SD1
9 ! F/ "P ( ? TR1TISE1 :5 4CUSS+
H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T &! RULE (A MA/]1 T MAN
IS 0NATURE A POLITICAL ANIMAL4 ,& "!=E1
M51 EV5 :5 !Y D N REQUIRE "O ANO!R'S
HELP1 DESIRE 6LIVE TGR2 N B T !Y >E AL
BR"\ TGR 0_! -MON 9T]E/S 9 PROPOR;N Z !Y
S"E,Y ATTA9 6ANY M1SURE ( WELL-2+4 ,? IS
C]TA9LY ! *IEF 5D1 BO? ( 9DIVIDUALS &(
/ATES4 ,& AL =! SAKE ( M]E LIFE 7IN : "!
IS POSSIBLY "S NO# ELE;T S L;G Z ! EVILS
( EXI/;E D N GRTLY OV]BAL.E ! GD7 MANK9D
MEET TGR & MA9TA9 ! POLITICAL -MUN;Y4 ,&
WE ALL SEE T M5 CL+ 6LIFE EV5 AT ! CO/ (
5DUR+ GRT MIS=TUNE1 SEEM+ 6F9D 9 LIFE A
NATURAL SWEET;S & HAPPI;S4
  ,"! IS NO DI6ICULTY 9 4T+UI%+ ! V>I\S
K9DS ( AU?OR;Y2 !Y H BE5 (T5 DEF9$ ALR 9
4CUS.NS \TSIDE ! S*OOL4 ,! RULE (A MA/]1
AL? ! SLAVE 0NATURE &! MA/] 0NATURE H 9
R1L;Y ! SAME 9T]E/S1 IS N"E!.S EX]CIS$
PRIM>ILY )A VIEW 6! 9T]E/ (! MA/]1 B
A3ID5T,Y 3SID]S ! SLAVE1 S9CE1 IF !
SLAVE P]I%1 ! RULE (! MA/] P]I%ES ) HM4
,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]N;T (A WIFE & *N &(A
H\SEHOLD1 : WE H CALL$ H\SEHOLD
MANAGE;T1 IS EX]CIS$ 9 ! F/ 9/.E =! GD (
! GOV]N$ OR =! -MON GD ( BO? "PIES1 B
ESS5TI,Y =! GD (! GOV]N$1 Z WE SEE 6BE !
CASE 9 M$IC9E1 GYMNA/IC1 &! >TS 9 G5]AL1
: >E ONLY A3ID5T,Y 3C]N$ )! GD (! >TI/S
!MVS4 ,= "! IS NO R1SON :Y ! TRA9] MAY N
"S"TS PRACTICE GYMNA/ICS1 &! HELMSMAN IS
ALW "O (! CREW4 ,! TRA9] OR ! HELMSMAN
3SID]S ! GD ( ^? -MITT$ 6HIS C>E4 ,B1 :5
HE IS "O (! P]SONS TAK5 C>E (1 HE
A3ID5T,Y "PICIPATES 9 ! ADVANTAGE1 =!
HELMSMAN IS AL A SAILOR1 &! TRA9] 2COMES
"O ( ^? 9 TRA9+4 ,& S 9 POLITICS3 :5 !
/ATE IS FRAM$ ^U ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL;Y &
LIKE;S1 ! CITIZ5S ?9K T !Y "\ 6HOLD
(FICE 0TURNS4 ,=M]LY1 Z IS NATURAL1 E "O
WD TAKE 8 TURN ( S]VICE2 & !N AG1 "SBODY
ELSE WD LOOK AF 8 9T]E/1 J Z HE1 :ILE 9
(FICE1 _H LOOK$ AF _!S4 ,B N[A"DS1 =!
SAKE (! ADVANTAGE : IS 6BE GA9$ F !
PUBLIC REV5UES & F (FICE1 M5 WANT 6BE
ALW 9 (FICE4 ,"O MI<T IMAG9E T ! RUL]S1
2+ SICKLY1 7 ONLY KEPT 9 H1L? :ILE !Y
3T9U$ 9 (FICE2 9 T CASE WE MAY 2 SURE T
!Y WD 2 HUNT+ AF PLACES4 ,! 3CLU.N IS
EVID5T3 T GOV]N;TS : H A REG>D 6! -MON
9T]E/ >E 3/ITUT$ 9 A3ORD.E ) /RICT
PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 & >E "!=E TRUE =MS2
B ^? : REG>D ONLY ! 9T]E/ (! RUL]S >E
ALL DEFECTIVE & P]V]T$ =MS1 = !Y >E
DESPOTIC1 ":AS A /ATE IS A -MUN;Y (
FREEM54

                 ,,VII

  ,HAV+ DET]M9$ ^! PO9TS1 WE H NEXT
63SID] H[ _M =MS ( GOV]N;T "! >E1 & :AT
!Y >E2 & 9 ! F/ PLACE :AT >E ! TRUE =MS1
= :5 !Y >E DET]M9$ ! P]V].NS ( !M W AT
ONCE 2 APP>5T4 ,! ^WS 3/ITU;N & GOV]N;T
H ! SAME M1N+1 &! GOV]N;T1 : IS !
SUPREME AU?OR;Y 9 /ATES1 M/ 2 9 ! H&S (
"O1 OR (A FEW1 OR (! _M4 ,! TRUE =MS (
GOV]N;T1 "!=E1 >E ^? 9 : ! "O1 OR ! FEW1
OR ! _M1 GOV]N )A VIEW 6! -MON 9T]E/2 B
GOV]N;TS : RULE )A VIEW 6! PRIVATE
9T]E/1 :E!R (! "O OR (! FEW1 OR (! _M1
>E P]V].NS4 ,=! MEMB]S (A /ATE1 IF !Y >E
TRULY CITIZ5S1 "\ 6"PICIPATE 9 XS
ADVANTAGES4 ,( =MS ( GOV]N;T 9 : "O
RULES1 WE CALL T : REG>DS ! -MON 9T]E/S1
K+%IP OR ROYALTY2 T 9 : M ?AN "O1 B N
_M1 RULE1 >I/OCRACY2 & X IS S CALL$1 EI
2C ! RUL]S >E ! BE/ M51 OR 2C !Y H AT
HE>T ! BE/ 9T]E/S (! /ATE &(! CITIZ5S4
,B :5 ! CITIZ5S AT L>GE ADM9I/] ! /ATE =
! -MON 9T]E/1 ! GOV]N;T IS CALL$ 0!
G5]IC "N- A 3/ITU;N4 ,& "! IS A R1SON =
? USE ( LANGUAGE4 ,"O MAN OR A FEW MAY
EXCEL 9 VIRTUE2 B Z ! NUMB] 9CR1SES X
2COMES M DI6ICULT = !M 6ATTA9 P]FEC;N 9
E K9D ( VIRTUE1 ?\< !Y MAY 9 MILIT>Y
VIRTUE1 = ? IS F.D 9 ! MASSES4 ,H;E 9 A
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T ! FI<T+-M5 H ! SUPREME
P[]1 & ^? :O POSSESS >MS >E ! CITIZ5S4
  ,(! ABV-M5;N$ =MS1 ! P]V].NS >E Z
FOLL[S3 ( ROYALTY1 TYRANNY2 ( >I/OCRACY1
OLIG>*Y2 ( 3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T1 DEMOCRACY4
,= TYRANNY IS A K9D ( MON>*Y : HAS 9
VIEW ! 9T]E/ (! MON>* ONLY2 OLIG>*Y HAS
9 VIEW ! 9T]E/ (! W1L?Y2 DEMOCRACY1 (!
NE$Y3 N"O ( !M ! -MON GD ( ALL4

                 ,,VIII

  ,B "! >E DI6ICULTIES AB ^! =MS (
GOV]N;T1 & X W "!=E 2 NEC 6/ATE A LL M
AT L5G? ! NATURE ( EA* ( !M4 ,= HE :O WD
MAKE A PHILOSOPHICAL /UDY (! V>I\S
SCI;ES1 & DOES N REG>D PRACTICE ONLY1 "\
N 6OV]LOOK OR OMIT ANY?+1 B 6SET =? !
TRU? 9 E "PICUL>4 ,TYRANNY1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1
IS MON>*Y EX]CIS+ ! RULE (A MA/] OV] !
POLITICAL SOCIETY2 OLIG>*Y IS :5 M5 (
PROP]TY H ! GOV]N;T 9 _! H&S2 DEMOCRACY1
! OPPOSITE1 :5 ! 9DIG5T1 & N ! M5 (
PROP]TY1 >E ! RUL]S4 ,& "H >ISES ! F/ (
\R DI6ICULTIES1 & X RELATES 6! 4T9C;N
DRAWN4 ,= DEMOCRACY IS SD 6BE ! GOV]N;T
(! _M4 ,B :AT IF ! _M >E M5 ( PROP]TY &
H ! P[] 9 _! H&S8 ,9 L MANN] OLIG>*Y IS
SD 6BE ! GOV]N;T (! FEW2 B :AT IF ! POOR
>E FEW] ?AN ! RI*1 & H ! P[] 9 _! H&S 2C
!Y >E /R;G]8 ,9 ^! CASES ! 4T9C;N : WE H
DRAWN 2T ^! DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T WD NO
L;G] HOLD GD4
  ,SUPPOSE1 ONCE M1 T WE ADD W1L? 6! FEW
& POV]TY 6! _M1 & "N ! GOV]N;TS ACLY- AN
OLIG>*Y IS SD 6BE T 9 : ! FEW &! W1L?Y1
&A DEMOCRACY T 9 : ! _M &! POOR >E !
RUL]S- "! W / 2 A DI6ICULTY4 ,=1 IF !
ONLY =MS ( GOV]N;T >E ! "OS ALR M5;N$1
H[ % WE DESCRIBE ^? O!R GOV]N;TS AL J
M5;N$ 0U1 9 : ! RI* >E ! M NUM]\S &!
POOR >E ! FEW]1 & BO? GOV]N 9 _!
RESPECTIVE /ATES8
  ,! >GU;T SEEMS 6%[ T1 :E!R 9 OLIG>*IES
OR 9 DEMOCRACIES1 ! NUMB] (! GOV]N+
BODY1 :E!R ! GRT] NUMB]1 Z 9 A
DEMOCRACY1 OR ! SMALL] NUMB]1 Z 9 AN
OLIG>*Y1 IS AN A3ID5T DUE 6! FACT T !
RI* "EY": >E FEW1 &! POOR NUM]\S4 ,B IF
S1 "! IS A MISAPPREH5.N (! CAUSES (!
DI6];E 2T !M4 ,=! R1L DI6];E 2T
DEMOCRACY & OLIG>*Y IS POV]TY & W1L?4
,:]"E M5 RULE 0R1SON ( _! W1L?1 :E!R !Y
2 FEW OR _M1 T IS AN OLIG>*Y1 & ": !
POOR RULE1 T IS A DEMOCRACY4 ,B Z A FACT
! RI* >E FEW &! POOR _M2 = FEW >E WELL-
TO-D1 ":AS FREEDOM IS 5JOY$ 0AN1 & W1L?
& FREEDOM >E ! GR.DS ON : ! OLIG>*ICAL &
DEMOCRATICAL "PIES RESPECTIVELY CLAIM
P[] 9 ! /ATE4

                  ,,IX

  ,LET U 2G9 03SID]+ ! -MON DEF9I;NS (
OLIG>*Y & DEMOCRACY1 & :AT IS JU/ICE
OLIG>*ICAL & DEMOCRATICAL4 ,= ALL M5 CL+
6JU/ICE ( "S K9D1 B _! 3CEP;NS >E
IMP]FECT & !Y D N EXPRESS ! :OLE IDEA4
,= EXAMPLE1 JU/ICE IS ?"\ 0!M 6BE1 & IS1
EQUAL;Y1 N4 H["E1 = H["E1 = B ONLY =
EQUALS4 ,& 9EQUAL;Y IS ?"\ 6BE1 & IS1
JU/ICE2 NEI IS ? = ALL1 B ONLY =
UNEQUALS4 ,:5 ! P]SONS >E OMITT$1 !N M5
JUDGE ]RONE\SLY4 ,! R1SON IS T !Y >E
PASS+ JUDG;T ON !MVS1 & MO/ P >E BAD
JUDGES 9 _! [N CASE4 ,& ":AS JU/ICE
IMPLIES A REL,N 6P]SONS Z WELL Z 6?+S1 &
A J 4TRIBU;N1 Z ,I H ALR SD 9 ! ,E?ICS1
IMPLIES ! SAME RATIO 2T ! P]SONS & 2T !
?+S1 !Y AGREE AB ! EQUAL;Y (! ?+S1 B
4PUTE AB ! EQUAL;Y (! P]SONS1 *IEFLY =!
R1SON : ,I H J GIV5- 2C !Y >E BAD JUDGES
9 _! [N A6AIRS2 & SECONDLY1 2C BO? !
"PIES 6! >GU;T >E SP1K+ (A LIMIT$ &
"PIAL JU/ICE1 B IMAG9E !MVS 6BE SP1K+ (
ABSOLUTE JU/ICE4 ,=! "O "PY1 IF !Y >E
UNEQUAL 9 "O RESPECT1 = EXAMPLE W1L?1
3SID] !MVS 6BE UNEQUAL 9 ALL2 &! O!R
"PY1 IF !Y >E EQUAL 9 "O RESPECT1 =
EXAMPLE FREE BIR?1 3SID] !MVS 6BE EQUAL
9 ALL4 ,B !Y L1VE \ ! CAPITAL PO9T4 ,=
IF M5 MET & ASSOCIAT$ \ ( REG>D 6W1L?
ONLY1 _! %>E 9 ! /ATE WD 2 PROPOR;N$ 6_!
PROP]TY1 &! OLIG>*ICAL DOCTR9E WD !N
SEEM 6C>RY ! "D4 ,X WD N 2 J T HE :O PD
"O M9A %D H ! SAME %>E (A HUNDR$ M9AE1
:E!R (! PR9CIPAL OR (! PR(ITS1 Z HE :O
PD ! REMA9+ N9ETY-N9E4 ,B A /ATE EXI/S =
! SAKE (A GD LIFE1 & N =! SAKE ( LIFE
ONLY3 IF LIFE ONLY 7 ! OBJECT1 SLAVES &
BRUTE ANIMALS MI<T =M A /ATE1 B !Y _C1 =
!Y H NO %>E 9 HAPPI;S OR 9 A LIFE ( FREE
*OICE4 ,NOR DOES A /ATE EXI/ =! SAKE (
ALLI.E & SECUR;Y F 9JU/ICE1 NOR YET =!
SAKE ( EX*ANGE & MUTUAL 9T]C\RSE2 = !N !
,TYRRH5IANS &! ,C>?AG9IANS1 & ALL :O H
-M]CIAL TR1TIES ) "O ANO!R1 WD 2 !
CITIZ5S ( "O /ATE4 ,TRUE1 !Y H AGREE;TS
AB IMPORTS1 & 5GAGE;TS T !Y W D NO WR;G
6"O ANO!R1 & WRITT5 >TICLES ( ALLI.E4 ,B
"! >E NO MAGI/RATES -MON 6! 3TRACT+
"PIES :O W 5=CE _! 5GAGE;TS2 DI6]5T
/ATES H EA* _! [N MAGI/RACIES4 ,NOR DOES
"O /ATE TAKE C>E T ! CITIZ5S (! O!R >E
S* Z !Y "\ 6BE1 NOR SEE T ^? :O -E "U !
T]MS (! TR1TY D NO WR;G OR WICK$;S AT
AN1 B ONLY T !Y D NO 9JU/ICE 6"O ANO!R4
,":AS1 ^? :O C>E = GD GOV]N;T TAKE
963SID],N VIRTUE & VICE 9 /ATES4 ,:;E X
MAY 2 FUR!R 9F]R$ T VIRTUE M/ 2 ! C>E (A
/ATE : IS TRULY S CALL$1 & N M]ELY 5JOYS
! "N3 = )\T ? 5D ! -MUN;Y 2COMES A M]E
ALLI.E : DI6]S ONLY 9 PLACE F ALLI.ES (
: ! MEMB]S LIVE A"P2 & LAW IS ONLY A
3V5;N1 'A SURETY 6"O ANO!R ( JU/ICE10' Z
! SOPHI/ ,LYCOPHRON SAYS1 & HAS NO R1L
P[] 6MAKE ! CITIZ5S
  ,? IS OBVI\S2 = SUPPOSE 4T9CT PLACES1
S* Z ,COR9? & ,MEG>A1 6BE BR"\ TGR S T
_! WALLS T\*$1 / !Y WD N 2 "O C;Y1 N EV5
IF ! CITIZ5S _H ! "R 69T]M>RY1 : IS "O (
! "RS PECULI>LY "*I/IC ( /ATES4 ,AG1 IF
M5 DWELT AT A 4T.E F "O ANO!R1 B N S F>
(F Z 6H NO 9T]C\RSE1 & "! 7 LAWS AM;G !M
T !Y %D N WR;G EA* O!R 9 _! EX*ANGES1
NEI WD ? 2 A /ATE4 ,LET U SUPPOSE T "O
MAN IS A C>P5T]1 ANO!R A HUSB&MAN1 ANO!R
A %OEMAK]1 & S ON1 & T _! NUMB] IS T5
?\S&3 N"E!.S1 IF !Y H NO?+ 9 -MON B
EX*ANGE1 ALLI.E1 &! L1 T WD N 3/ITUTE A
/ATE4 ,:Y IS ?8 ,SURELY N 2C !Y >E AT A
4T.E F "O ANO!R3 = EV5 SUPPOS+ T S* A
-MUN;Y 7 6MEET 9 "O PLACE1 B T EA* MAN
_H A H\SE ( 8 [N1 : 0 9 A MANN] 8 /ATE1
& T !Y MADE ALLI.E ) "O ANO!R1 B ONLY
AG/ EVIL-DO]S2 / AN A3URATE ?9K] WD N
DEEM ? 6BE A /ATE1 IF _! 9T]C\RSE ) "O
ANO!R 0 (! SAME "* AF Z 2F _! UNION4 ,X
IS CLE> !N T A /ATE IS N A M]E SOCIETY1
HAV+ A -MON PLACE1 E/ABLI%$ =! PREV5;N (
MUTUAL CRIME &=! SAKE ( EX*ANGE4 ,^! >E
3DI;NS )\T : A /ATE _C EXI/2 B ALL ( !M
TGR D N 3/ITUTE A /ATE1 : IS A -MUN;Y (
FAMILIES & A7REG,NS ( FAMILIES 9 WELL-
2+1 =! SAKE (A P]FECT & SELF-SU6IC+
LIFE4 ,S* A -MUN;Y C ONLY 2 E/ABLI%$
AM;G ^? :O LIVE 9 ! SAME PLACE &
9T]M>RY4 ,H;E >ISE 9 CITIES FAMILY
3NEC;NS1 BRO!RHOODS1 -MON SACRIFICES1
AMUSE;TS : DRAW M5 TGR4 ,B ^! >E CR1T$
0FR%IP1 =! W 6LIVE TGR IS FR%IP4 ,! 5D (
! /ATE IS ! GD LIFE1 & ^! >E ! M1NS
T[>DS X4 ,&! /ATE IS ! UNION ( FAMILIES
& VILLAGES 9 A P]FECT & SELF-SU6IC+
LIFE1 0: WE M1N A HAPPY & HONORA# LIFE4
  ,\R 3CLU.N1 !N1 IS T POLITICAL SOCIETY
EXI/S =! SAKE ( NO# AC;NS1 & N ( M]E
-PANION%IP4 ,H;E !Y :O 3TRIBUTE MO/ 6S*
A SOCIETY H A GRT] %>E 9 X ?AN ^? :O H !
SAME OR A GRT] FREEDOM OR NOBIL;Y ( BIR?
B >E 9F]IOR 6!M 9 POLITICAL VIRTUE2 OR
?AN ^? :O EXCE$ !M 9 W1L? B >E SURPASS$
0!M 9 VIRTUE4
  ,F :AT HAS BE5 SD X W 2 CLE>LY SE5 T
ALL ! "PISANS ( DI6]5T =MS ( GOV]N;T
SP1K (A "P ( JU/ICE ONLY4

                  ;,X

  ,"! IS AL A D\BT Z 6:AT IS 6BE !
SUPREME P[] 9 ! /ATE3 ,IS X ! MULTITUDE8
,OR ! W1L?Y8 ,OR ! GD8 ,OR ! "O BE/ MAN8
,OR A TYRANT8 ,ANY ( ^! ALT]NATIVES
SEEMS 69VOLVE 4AGREEA# 3SEQU;ES4 ,IF !
POOR1 = EXAMPLE1 2C !Y >E M 9 NUMB]1
DIVIDE AM;G !MVS ! PROP]TY (! RI*- IS N
? UNJU/8 ,NO1 0H1V5 7W 2 ! REPLY71 =!
SUPREME AU?OR;Y JU/LY WILL$ X4 ,B IF ?
IS N 9JU/ICE1 PRAY :AT IS8 ,AG1 :5 9 !
F/ DIVI.N ALL HAS BE5 TAK51 &! MAJOR;Y
DIVIDE ANEW ! PROP]TY (! M9OR;Y1 IS X N
EVID5T1 IF ? GOES ON1 T !Y W RU9 ! /ATE8
,YET SURELY1 VIRTUE IS N ! RU9 ( ^? :O
POSSESS H]1 NOR IS JU/ICE DE/RUCTIVE (A
/ATE2 & "!=E ? LAW ( 3FISC,N CLE>LY _C 2
J4 ,IF X W]E1 ALL ! ACTS (A TYRANT M/ (
NECESS;Y 2 J2 = HE ONLY CO]CES O!R M5
0SUP]IOR P[]1 J Z ! MULTITUDE CO]CE !
RI*4 ,B IS X J !N T ! FEW &! W1L?Y %D 2
! RUL]S8 ,& :AT IF !Y1 9 L MANN]1 ROB &
PL"U ! P- IS ? J8 IF S1 ! O!R CASE W
LIKEWISE 2 J4 ,B "! C 2 NO D\BT T ALL ^!
?+S >E WR;G & UNJU/4
  ,!N "\ ! GD 6RULE & H SUPREME P[]8 ,B
9 T CASE "EYBODY ELSE1 2+ EXCLUD$ F P[]1
W 2 4HONOR$4 ,=! (FICES (A /ATE >E PO/S
( HONOR2 & IF "O SET ( M5 ALW HOLDS !M1
! RE/ M/ 2 DEPRIV$ ( !M4 ,!N W X 2 WELL
T ! "O BE/ MAN %D RULE8 ,NAY1 T IS / M
OLIG>*ICAL1 =! NUMB] ( ^? :O >E 4HONOR$
IS "!BY 9CR1S$4 ,"S "O MAY SAY T X IS
BAD 9 ANY CASE =A MAN1 SUBJECT Z HE IS
6ALL ! A3ID5TS ( HUMAN PAS.N1 6H !
SUPREME P[]1 R ?AN ! LAW4 ,B :AT IF !
LAW XF 2 DEMOCRATICAL OR OLIG>*ICAL1 H[
W T HELP U \ ( \R DI6ICULTIES8 ,N AT
ALL2 ! SAME 3SEQU;ES W FOLL[4

                  ,,XI

  ,MO/ ( ^! "QS MAY 2 RES]V$ = ANO!R
O3A.N4 ,! PR9CIPLE T ! MULTITUDE "\ 6BE
SUPREME R ?AN ! FEW BE/ IS "O T IS
MA9TA9$1 &1 ?\< N FREE F DI6ICULTY1 YET
SEEMS 63TA9 AN ELE;T ( TRU?4 ,=! _M1 (
:OM EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS B AN ORD9>Y P]SON1
:5 !Y MEET TGR MAY V LIKELY 2 BETT] ?AN
! FEW GD1 IF REG>D$ N 9DIVIDU,Y B
COLLECTIVELY1 J Z A F1/ 6: _M 3TRIBUTE
IS BETT] ?AN A D9N] PROVID$ \ (A S+LE
PURSE4 ,= EA* 9DIVIDUAL AM;G ! _M HAS A
%>E ( VIRTUE & PRUD;E1 & :5 !Y MEET TGR1
!Y 2COME 9 A MANN] "O MAN1 :O HAS _M
FEET1 & H&S1 & S5SES2 T IS A FIGURE ( _!
M9D & 4POSI;N4 ,H;E ! _M >E BETT] JUDGES
?AN A S+LE MAN ( MUSIC & POETRY2 = "S
"U/& "O "P1 & "S ANO!R1 & AM;G !M !Y
"U/& ! :OLE4 ,"! IS A SIMIL> -B9,N (
QUALITIES 9 GD M51 :O DI6] F ANY
9DIVIDUAL (! _M1 Z ! B1UTI;L >E SD 6DI6]
F ^? :O >E N B1UTI;L1 & "WS ( >T F
R1LITIES1 2C 9 !M ! SCATT]$ ELE;TS >E
-B9$1 AL?1 IF TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 ! EYE ( "O
P]SON OR "S O!R F1TURE 9 ANO!R P]SON WD
2 FAIR] ?AN 9 ! PICTURE4 ,:E!R ?
PR9CIPLE C APPLY 6E DEMOCRACY1 & 6ALL
BODIES ( M51 IS N CLE>4 ,OR R1 0H1V51 9
"S CASES X IS IMPOSSI# ( APPLIC,N2 =!
>GU;T WD EQU,Y HOLD AB BRUTES2 & ":91 X
W 2 ASK$1 D "S M5 DI6] F BRUTES8 ,B "!
MAY 2 BODIES ( M5 AB :OM \R /ATE;T IS
N"E!.S TRUE4 ,& IF S1 ! DI6ICULTY : HAS
BE5 ALR RAIS$1 & AL ANO!R : IS AK9 6X
-VIZ41 :AT P[] %D 2 ASSIGN$ 6! MASS (
FREEM5 & CITIZ5S1 :O >E N RI* & H NO
P]SONAL M]IT- >E BO? SOLV$4 ,"! IS / A
DANG] 9 AFL[+ !M 6%>E ! GRT (FICES (
/ATE1 = _! FOLLY W L1D !M 96]ROR1 & _!
4H"O/Y 96CRIME4 ,B "! IS A DANG] AL 9 N
LETT+ !M %>E1 =A /ATE 9 : _M POOR M5 >E
EXCLUD$ F (FICE W NECESS>ILY 2 FULL (
5EMIES4 ,! ONLY WAY ( ESCAPE IS 6ASSIGN
6!M "S DELIB]ATIVE & JUDICIAL FUNC;NS4
,= ? R1SON ,SOLON & C]TA9 O!R
LEGISLATORS GIVE !M ! P[] ( ELECT+
6(FICES1 &( CALL+ ! MAGI/RATES 6A3.T1 B
!Y D N ALL[ !M 6HOLD (FICE S+LY4 ,:5 !Y
MEET TGR _! P]CEP;NS >E Q GD 5\<1 & -B9$
)! BETT] CLASS !Y >E USE;L 6! /ATE 7J Z
IMPURE FOOD :5 MIX$ ) :AT IS PURE "S"TS
MAKES ! 5TIRE MASS M :OLE"S ?AN A SMALL
QUANT;Y (! PURE WD BE71 B EA* 9DIVIDUAL1
LEFT 6HMF1 =MS AN IMP]FECT JUDG;T4 ,ON !
O!R H&1 ! POPUL> =M ( GOV]N;T 9VOLVES
C]TA9 DI6ICULTIES4 ,9 ! F/ PLACE1 X MI<T
2 OBJECT$ T HE :O C JUDGE (! H1L+ (A
SICK MAN WD 2 "O :O CD HMF H1L 8 41SE1 &
MAKE HM :OLE- T IS1 9 O!R ^WS1 !
PHYSICIAN2 & S 9 ALL PROFES.NS & >TS4
,Z1 !N1 ! PHYSICIAN "\ 6BE CALL$ 6A3.T
0PHYSICIANS1 S "\ M5 9 G5]AL 6BE CALL$
6A3.T 0_! PE]S4 ,B PHYSICIANS >E ( ?REE
K9DS3 "! IS ! ORD9>Y PRACTI;N]1 & "! IS
! PHYSICIAN (! HI<] CLASS1 & ?IRDLY !
9TELLIG5T MAN :O HAS /UDI$ ! >T3 9 ALL
>TS "! IS S* A CLASS2 & WE ATTRIBUTE !
P[] ( JUDG+ 6!M Q Z M* Z 6PROFESSORS (!
>T4 ,SECONDLY1 DOES N ! SAME PR9CIPLE
APPLY 6ELEC;NS8 ,=A "R ELEC;N C ONLY 2
MADE 0^? :O H K2 ^? :O "K GEOMETRY1 =
EXAMPLE1 W *OOSE A GEOMETRICIAN "RLY1 &
^? :O "K H[ 6/E]1 A PILOT2 &1 EV5 IF "!
2 "S O3UP,NS & >TS 9 : PRIVATE P]SONS
%>E 9 ! ABIL;Y 6*OOSE1 !Y C]TA9LY _C
*OOSE BETT] ?AN ^? :O "K4 ,S T1 AC 6?
>GU;T1 NEI ! ELEC;N ( MAGI/RATES1 NOR !
CALL+ ( !M 6A3.T1 %D 2 5TRU/$ 6! _M4
,YET POSSIBLY ^! OBJEC;NS >E 6A GRT
EXT5T MET 0\R OLD ANSW]1 T IF ! P >E N
UTT]LY DEGRAD$1 AL? 9DIVIDU,Y !Y MAY 2
WORSE JUDGES ?AN ^? :O H SPECIAL K- Z A
BODY !Y >E Z GD OR BETT]4 ,MOREOV]1 "!
>E "S >TS ^: PRODUCTS >E N JUDG$ (
SOLELY1 OR BE/1 0! >TI/S !MVS1 "NLY ^?
>TS ^: PRODUCTS >E RECOGNIZ$ EV5 0^? :O
D N POSSESS ! >T2 = EXAMPLE1 ! K (! H\SE
IS N LIMIT$ 6! BUILD] ONLY2 ! US]1 OR1 9
O!R ^WS1 ! MA/]1 (! H\SE W 2 EV5 A BETT]
JUDGE ?AN ! BUILD]1 J Z ! PILOT W JUDGE
BETT] (A RU4] ?AN ! C>P5T]1 &! GUE/ W
JUDGE BETT] (A F1/ ?AN ! COOK4
  ,? DI6ICULTY SEEMS N[ 6BE SU6ICI5TLY
ANSW]$1 B "! IS ANO!R AK9 6X4 ,T 9F]IOR
P]SONS %D H AU?OR;Y 9 GRT] MATT]S ?AN !
GD WD APPE> 6BE A /RANGE ?+1 YET !
ELEC;N & CALL+ 6A3.T (! MAGI/RATES IS !
GRTE/ ( ALL4 ,& ^!1 Z ,I 0 SAY+1 >E
FUNC;NS : 9 "S /ATES >E ASSIGN$ 6! P1 =!
ASSEMBLY IS SUPREME 9 ALL S* MATT]S4
,YET P]SONS ( ANY AGE1 & HAV+ B A SMALL
PROP]TY QUALIFIC,N1 SIT 9 ! ASSEMBLY &
DELIB]ATE & JUDGE1 AL? =! GRT (FIC]S (
/ATE1 S* Z TR1SUR]S & G5]ALS1 A HI<
QUALIFIC,N IS REQUIR$4 ,? DI6ICULTY MAY
2 SOLV$ 9 ! SAME MANN] Z ! PREC$+1 &!
PRES5T PRACTICE ( DEMOCRACIES MAY 2 RE,Y
DEF5SI#4 ,=! P[] DOES N RESIDE 9 !
DICA/1 OR S5ATOR1 OR E3LESIA/1 B 9 !
C\RT1 &! S5ATE1 &! ASSEMBLY1 ( :
9DIVIDUAL S5ATORS1 OR E3LESIA/S1 OR
DICA/S1 >E ONLY "PS OR MEMB]S4 ,&= ?
R1SON ! _M MAY CLAIM 6H A HI<] AU?OR;Y
?AN ! FEW2 =! P1 &! S5ATE1 &! C\RTS 3SI/
( _M P]SONS1 & _! PROP]TY COLLECTIVELY
IS GRT] ?AN ! PROP]TY ( "O OR (A FEW
9DIVIDUALS HOLD+ GRT (FICES4 ,B 5 ( ?4
  ,! 4CUS.N (! F/ "Q %[S NO?+ S CLE>LY Z
T LAWS1 :5 GD1 %D 2 SUPREME2 & T !
MAGI/RATE OR MAGI/RATES %D REGULATE ^?
MATT]S ONLY ON : ! LAWS >E UNA# 6SP1K )
PRECI.N [+ 6! DI6ICULTY ( ANY G5]AL
PR9CIPLE EMBRAC+ ALL "PICUL>S4 ,B :AT >E
GD LAWS HAS N YET BE5 CLE>LY EXPLA9$2 !
OLD DI6ICULTY REMA9S4 ,! GD;S OR BAD;S1
JU/ICE OR 9JU/ICE1 ( LAWS V>IES (
NECESS;Y )! 3/ITU;NS ( /ATES4 ,?1 H["E1
IS CLE>1 T ! LAWS M/ 2 ADAPT$ 6!
3/ITU;NS4 ,B IF S1 TRUE =MS ( GOV]N;T W
( NECESS;Y H J LAWS1 & P]V]T$ =MS (
GOV]N;T W H UNJU/ LAWS4


                 ,,XII

  ,9 ALL SCI;ES & >TS ! 5D IS A GD1 &!
GRTE/ GD & 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE A GD 9 ! MO/
AU?ORITATIVE ( ALL- ? IS ! POLITICAL
SCI;E ( : ! GD IS JU/ICE1 9 O!R ^WS1 !
-MON 9T]E/4 ,ALL M5 ?9K JU/ICE 6BE A
SORT ( EQUAL;Y2 & 6A C]TA9 EXT5T !Y
AGREE 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL 4T9C;NS : H BE5
LAID D[N 0U AB ,E?ICS4 ,= !Y ADMIT T
JU/ICE IS A ?+ & HAS A REL,N 6P]SONS1 &
T EQUALS "\ 6H EQUAL;Y4 ,B "! / REMA9S A
"Q3 EQUAL;Y OR 9EQUAL;Y ( :AT8 ,"H IS A
DI6ICULTY : CALLS = POLITICAL SPECUL,N4
,= V LIKELY "S P]SONS W SAY T (FICES (
/ATE "\ 6BE UNEQU,Y 4TRIBUT$ AC 6SUP]IOR
EXCELL;E1 9 :AT"E RESPECT1 (! CITIZ51
AL? "! IS NO O!R DI6];E 2T HM &! RE/ (!
-MUN;Y2 = T ^? :O DI6] 9 ANY "O RESPECT
H DI6]5T "RS & CLAIMS4 ,B1 SURELY1 IF ?
IS TRUE1 ! -PLEXION OR HEI<T (A MAN1 OR
ANY O!R ADVANTAGE1 W 2 A R1SON = 8
OBTA9+ A GRT] %>E ( POLITICAL "RS4 ,!
]ROR "H LIES ^U ! SURFACE1 & MAY 2
ILLU/RAT$ F ! O!R >TS & SCI;ES4 ,:5 A
NUMB] ( FLUTE PLAY]S >E EQUAL 9 _! >T1
"! IS NO R1SON :Y ^? ( !M :O >E BETT]
BORN %D H BETT] FLUTES GIV5 6!M2 = !Y W
N PLAY ANY BETT] ON ! FLUTE1 &! SUP]IOR
9/RU;T %D 2 RES]V$ = HM :O IS ! SUP]IOR
>TI/4 ,IF :AT ,I AM SAY+ IS / OBSCURE1 X
W 2 MADE CLE>] Z WE PROCE$4 ,= IF "! 7 A
SUP]IOR FLUTE-PLAY] :O 0 F> 9F]IOR 9
BIR? & B1UTY1 AL? EI ( ^! MAY 2 A GRT]
GD ?AN ! >T ( FLUTE-PLAY+1 & MAY EXCEL
FLUTE-PLAY+ 9 A GRT] RATIO ?AN HE EXCELS
! O!RS 9 8 >T1 / HE "\ 6H ! BE/ FLUTES
GIV5 6HM1 UN.S ! ADVANTAGES ( W1L? &
BIR? 3TRIBUTE 6EXCELL;E 9 FLUTE-PLAY+1 :
!Y D N4 ,MOREOV]1 ^U ? PR9CIPLE ANY GD
MAY 2 -P>$ ) ANY O!R4 ,= IF A GIV5 HEI<T
MAY 2 M1SUR$ W1L? & AG/ FREEDOM1 HEI<T 9
G5]AL MAY 2 S M1SUR$4 ,?US IF ,A EXCELS
9 HEI<T M ?AN ;,B 9 VIRTUE1 EV5 IF
VIRTUE 9 G5]AL EXCELS HEI<T / M1 ALL GDS
W 2 -M5SURA#2 = IF A C]TA9 AM.T IS BETT]
?AN "S O!R1 X IS CLE> T "S O!R W 2
EQUAL4 ,B S9CE NO S* -P>ISON C 2 MADE1 X
IS EVID5T T "! IS GD R1SON :Y 9 POLITICS
M5 D N GR.D _! CLAIM 6(FICE ON E SORT (
9EQUAL;Y ANY M ?AN 9 ! >TS4 ,= IF "S 2
SL[1 & O!RS SWIFT1 T IS NO R1SON :Y ! "O
%D H LL &! O!RS M*2 X IS 9 GYMNA/ICS
3TE/S T S* EXCELL;E IS REW>D$4 ,":AS !
RIVAL CLAIMS ( C&IDATES = (FICE C ONLY 2
BAS$ ON ! POSSES.N ( ELE;TS : 5T] 96!
-POSI;N (A /ATE4 ,& "!=E ! NO#1 OR FREE-
BORN1 OR RI*1 MAY ) GD R1SON CLAIM
(FICE2 = HOLD]S ( (FICES M/ 2 FREEM5 &
TAXPAY]S3 A /ATE C 2 NO M -POS$ 5TIRELY
( POOR M5 ?AN 5TIRELY ( SLAVES4 ,B IF
W1L? & FREEDOM >E NEC ELE;TS1 JU/ICE &
VALOR >E EQU,Y S2 = )\T ! =M] QUALITIES
A /ATE _C EXI/ AT ALL1 )\T ! LATT] N
WELL4

                 ,,XIII

  ,IF ! EXI/;E (! /ATE IS AL"O 6BE
3SID]$1 !N X WD SEEM T ALL1 OR "S AT
L1/1 ( ^! CLAIMS >E J2 B1 IF WE TAKE
96A3.T A GD LIFE1 !N1 Z ,I H ALR SD1
$UC,N & VIRTUE H SUP]IOR CLAIMS4 ,Z1
H["E1 ^? :O >E EQUAL 9 "O ?+ "\ N 6H AN
EQUAL %>E 9 ALL1 NOR ^? :O >E UNEQUAL 9
"O ?+ 6H AN UNEQUAL %>E 9 ALL1 X IS
C]TA9 T ALL =MS ( GOV]N;T : RE/ ON EI (
^! PR9CIPLES >E P]V].NS4 ,ALL M5 H A
CLAIM 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 Z ,I H ALR
ADMITT$1 B ALL H N AN ABSOLUTE CLAIM4 ,!
RI* CLAIM 2C !Y H A GRT] %>E 9 ! L&1 &
L& IS ! -MON ELE;T (! /ATE2 AL !Y >E
G5],Y M TRU/WOR?Y 9 3TRACTS4 ,! FREE
CLAIM "U ! SAME TIDE Z ! NO#2 = !Y >E
NE>LY AK94 ,=! NO# >E CITIZ5S 9 A TRU]
S5SE ?AN ! IGNO#1 & GD BIR? IS ALW VALU$
9 A MAN'S [N HOME & C.TRY4 ,ANO!R R1SON
IS1 T ^? :O >E SPRUNG F BETT] ANCE/ORS
>E LIKELY 6BE BETT] M51 = NOBIL;Y IS
EXCELL;E ( RACE4 ,VIRTUE1 TOO1 MAY 2
TRULY SD 6H A CLAIM1 = JU/ICE HAS BE5
AC"KL$G$ 0U 6BE A SOCIAL VIRTUE1 & X
IMPLIES ALL O!RS4 ,AG1 ! _M MAY URGE _!
CLAIM AG/ ! FEW2 =1 :5 TAK5
COLLECTIVELY1 & -P>$ )! FEW1 !Y >E /R;G]
& RI*] & BETT]4 ,B1 :AT IF ! GD1 ! RI*1
! NO#1 &! O!R CLASSES :O MAKE UP A /ATE1
>E ALL LIV+ TGR 9 ! SAME C;Y1 ,W "!1 OR
W "! N1 2 ANY D\BT :O % RULE8 ,NO D\BT
AT ALL 9 DET]M9+ :O "\ 6RULE 9 EA* (!
ABV-M5;N$ =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,= /ATES >E
"*IZ$ 0DI6];ES 9 _! GOV]N+ BODIES-"O (
!M HAS A GOV]N;T (! RI*1 ANO!R (!
VIRTU\S1 & S ON4 ,B A DI6ICULTY >ISES :5
ALL ^! ELE;TS CO-EXI/4 ,H[ >E WE
6DECIDE8 ,SUPPOSE ! VIRTU\S 6BE V FEW 9
NUMB]3 MAY WE 3SID] _! NUMB]S 9 REL,N
6_! DUTIES1 & ASK :E!R !Y >E 5 6ADM9I/]
! /ATE1 OR S _M Z W MAKE UP A /ATE8
,OBJEC;NS MAY 2 URG$ AG/ ALL ! ASPIRANTS
6POLITICAL P[]4 ,= ^? :O F.D _! CLAIMS
ON W1L? OR FAMILY MI<T 2 ?"\ 6H NO BASIS
( JU/ICE2 ON ? PR9CIPLE1 IF ANY "O P]SON
7 RI*] ?AN ALL ! RE/1 X IS CLE> T HE "\
6BE RUL] ( !M4 ,9 L MANN] HE :O IS V
4T+UI%$ 0HIS BIR? "\ 6H ! SUP]IOR;Y OV]
ALL ^? :O CLAIM ON ! GR.D T !Y >E
FREEBORN4 ,9 AN >I/OCRACY1 OR GOV]N;T (!
BE/1 A L DI6ICULTY O3URS AB VIRTUE2 = IF
"O CITIZ5 2 BETT] ?AN ! O!R MEMB]S (!
GOV]N;T1 H["E GD !Y MAY BE1 HE TOO1 ^U !
SAME PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE1 %D RULE OV] !M4
,& IF ! P >E 6BE SUPREME 2C !Y >E /R;G]
?AN ! FEW1 !N IF "O MAN1 OR M ?AN "O1 B
N A MAJOR;Y1 IS /R;G] ?AN ! _M1 !Y "\
6RULE1 & N ! _M4
  ,ALL ^! 3SID],NS APPE> 6%[ T N"O (!
PR9CIPLES ON : M5 CLAIM 6RULE & 6HOLD
ALL O!R M5 9 SUBJEC;N 6!M >E /RICTLY "R4
,6^? :O CLAIM 6BE MA/]S (! GOV]N;T ON !
GR.D ( _! VIRTUE OR _! W1L?1 ! _M MI<T
FAIRLY ANSW] T !Y !MVS >E (T5 BETT] &
RI*] ?AN ! FEW- ,I D N SAY 9DIVIDU,Y1 B
COLLECTIVELY4 ,& ANO!R 9G5I\S OBJEC;N :
IS "S"TS PUT =W>D MAY 2 MET 9 A SIMIL>
MANN]4 ,"S P]SONS D\BT :E!R ! LEGISLATOR
:O DESIRES 6MAKE ! JU/E/ LAWS "\
6LEGISLATE )A VIEW 6! GD (! HI<] CLASSES
OR (! _M1 :5 ! CASE : WE H M5;N$ O3URS4
,N[ :AT IS J OR "R IS 6BE 9T]PRET$ 9 !
S5SE ( ,8:AT IS EQUAL0'2 & T : IS "R 9 !
S5SE ( 2+ EQUAL IS 6BE 3SID]$ ) REF];E
6! ADVANTAGE (! /ATE1 &! -MON GD (!
CITIZ5S4 ,&A CITIZ5 IS "O :O %>ES 9
GOV]N+ & 2+ GOV]N$4 ,HE DI6]S "U DI6]5T
=MS ( GOV]N;T1 B 9 ! BE/ /ATE HE IS "O
:O IS A# & WILL+ 6BE GOV]N$ & 6GOV]N )A
VIEW 6! LIFE ( VIRTUE4
  ,IF1 H["E1 "! 2 "S "O P]SON1 OR M ?AN
"O1 AL? N 5 6MAKE UP ! FULL -PLE;T (A
/ATE1 ^: VIRTUE IS S PRE-EM95T T !
VIRTUES OR ! POLITICAL CAPAC;Y ( ALL !
RE/ ADMIT ( NO -P>ISON ) 8 OR _!S1 HE OR
!Y C 2 NO L;G] REG>D$ Z "P (A /ATE2 =
JU/ICE W N 2 D"O 6! SUP]IOR1 IF HE IS
RECKON$ ONLY Z ! EQUAL ( ^? :O >E S F>
9F]IOR 6HM 9 VIRTUE & 9 POLITICAL
CAPAC;Y4 ,S* AN "O MAY TRULY 2 DEEM$ A
,GOD AM;G M54 ,H;E WE SEE T LEGISL,N IS
NECESS>ILY 3C]N$ ONLY ) ^? :O >E EQUAL 9
BIR? & 9 CAPAC;Y2 & T = M5 ( PRE-EM95T
VIRTUE "! IS NO LAW- !Y >E !MVS A LAW4
,ANY WD 2 RIDICUL\S :O ATTEMPT$ 6MAKE
LAWS = !M3 !Y WD PROBABLY RETORT :AT1 9
! FA# ( ,ANTIS!NES1 ! LIONS SD 6! H>ES1
:5 9 ! C\NCIL (! B1/S ! LATT] 2GAN
H>ANGU+ & CLAIM+ EQUAL;Y = ALL4 ,&= ?
R1SON DEMOCRATIC /ATES H 9/ITUT$
O/RACISM2 EQUAL;Y IS ABV ALL ?+S _! AIM1
& "!=E !Y O/RACIZ$ & BANI%$ F ! C;Y =A
"T ^? :O SEEM$ 6PREDOM9ATE TOO M* "? _!
W1L?1 OR ! NUMB] ( _! FRS1 OR "? ANY O!R
POLITICAL 9FLU;E4 ,MY?OLOGY TELLS U T !
,>GONAUTS LEFT ,H]ACLES 2H =A SIMIL>
R1SON2 ! %IP ,>GO WD N TAKE HM 2C %E
FE>$ T HE WD H BE5 TOO M* =! RE/ (!
CREW4 ,":=E ^? :O DEN\NCE TYRANNY &
BLAME ! C\NSEL : ,P]I&] GAVE
6,?RASYBULUS _C 2 HELD ALT J 9 _!
C5SURE4 ,! /ORY IS T ,P]I&]1 :5 ! H]ALD
0 S5T 6ASK C\NSEL ( HM1 SD NO?+1 B ONLY
CUT (F ! TALLE/ E>S ( CORN TILL HE _H
BR"\ ! FIELD 6A LEVEL4 ,! H]ALD DID N "K
! M1N+ (! AC;N1 B CAME & REPORT$ :AT HE
_H SE5 6,?RASYBULUS1 :O "U/OOD T HE 0
6CUT (F ! PR9CIPAL M5 9 ! /ATE2 & ? IS A
POLICY N ONLY EXP$I5T = TYRANTS OR 9
PRACTICE 3F9$ 6!M1 B EQU,Y NEC 9
OLIG>*IES & DEMOCRACIES4 ,O/RACISM IS A
M1SURE (! SAME K9D1 : ACTS 04ABL+ &
BANI%+ ! MO/ PROM95T CITIZ5S4 ,GRT P[]S
D ! SAME 6:OLE CITIES & N,NS1 Z !
,A!NIANS DID 6! ,SAMIANS1 ,*IANS1 &
,LESBIANS2 NO SOON] _H !Y OBTA9$ A FIRM
GRASP (! EMPIRE1 ?AN !Y HUM#D _! ALLIES
3TR>Y 6TR1TY2 &! ,P]SIAN K+ HAS REP1T$LY
CRU%$ ! ,M$ES1 ,BABYLONIANS1 & O!R N,NS1
:5 _! _S HAS BE5 /IRR$ 0! RECOLLEC;N (
_! =M] GRT;S4
  ,! PRO#M IS A UNIV]SAL "O1 & EQU,Y
3C]NS ALL =MS ( GOV]N;T1 TRUE Z WELL Z
FALSE2 =1 AL? P]V]T$ =MS )A VIEW 6_! [N
9T]E/S MAY ADOPT ? POLICY1 ^? : SEEK !
-MON 9T]E/ D S LIKEWISE4 ,! SAME ?+ MAY
2 OBS]V$ 9 ! >TS & SCI;ES2 =! PA9T] W N
ALL[ ! FIGURE 6H A FOOT :1 H["E B1UTI;L1
IS N 9 PROPOR;N1 NOR W ! %IPBUILD] ALL[
! /EM OR ANY O!R "P (! VESSEL 6BE UNDULY
L>GE1 ANY M ?AN ! *ORUS-MA/] W ALL[ ANY
"O :O S+S L\D] OR BETT] ?AN ALL ! RE/
6S+ 9 ! *OIR4 ,MON>*S1 TOO1 MAY PRACTICE
-PUL.N & / LIVE 9 H>MONY ) _! CITIES1 IF
_! [N GOV]N;T IS =! 9T]E/ (! /ATE4 ,H;E
": "! IS AN AC"KL$G$ SUP]IOR;Y ! >GU;T 9
FAVOR ( O/RACISM IS BAS$ ^U A K9D (
POLITICAL JU/ICE4 ,X WD C]TA9LY 2 BETT]
T ! LEGISLATOR %D F ! F/ S ORD] 8 /ATE Z
6H NO NE$ ( S* A REM$Y4 ,B IF ! NE$
>ISES1 ! NEXT BE/ ?+ IS T HE %D 5D1VOR
6CORRECT ! EVIL 0? OR "S SIMIL> M1SURE4
,! PR9CIPLE1 H["E1 HAS N BE5 FAIRLY
APPLI$ 9 /ATES2 =1 9/1D ( LOOK+ 6! GD (
_! [N 3/ITU;N1 !Y H US$ O/RACISM =
FACTI\S PURPOSES4 ,X IS TRUE T "U P]V]T$
=MS ( GOV]N;T1 & F _! SPECIAL PO9T (
VIEW1 S* A M1SURE IS J & EXP$I5T1 B X IS
AL CLE> T X IS N ABSOLUTELY J4 ,9 !
P]FECT /ATE "! WD 2 GRT D\BTS AB ! USE (
X1 N :5 APPLI$ 6EXCESS 9 /R5G?1 W1L?1
POPUL>;Y1 OR ! L1 B :5 US$ AG/ "S "O :O
IS PRE-EM95T 9 VIRTUE- :AT IS 6BE D"O )
HM8 ,MANK9D W N SAY T S* AN "O IS 6BE
EXPELL$ & EXIL$2 ON ! O!R H&1 HE "\ N
6BE A SUBJECT- T WD 2 Z IF MANK9D %D
CLAIM 6RULE OV] ,ZEUS1 DIVID+ 8 (FICES
AM;G !M4 ,! ONLY ALT]NATIVE IS T ALL %D
JOY;LLY OBEY S* A RUL]1 AC 6:AT SEEMS
6BE ! ORD] ( NATURE1 & T M5 L HM %D 2
K+S 9 _! /ATE = LIFE4

                 ,,XIV

  ,! PREC$+ 4CUS.N1 0A NATURAL TRANSI;N1
L1DS 6! 3SID],N ( ROYALTY1 : WE ADMIT
6BE "O (! TRUE =MS ( GOV]N;T4 ,LET U SEE
:E!R 9 ORD] 6BE WELL GOV]N$ A /ATE OR
C.TRY %D 2 "U ! RULE (A K+ OR "U "S O!R
=M ( GOV]N;T2 & :E!R MON>*Y1 AL? GD =
"S1 MAY N 2 BAD = O!RS4 ,B F/ WE M/
DET]M9E :E!R "! IS "O SPECIES ( ROYALTY
OR _M4 ,X IS EASY 6SEE T "! >E _M1 & T !
MANN] ( GOV]N;T IS N ! SAME 9 ALL ( !M4
  ,( ROYALTIES AC 6LAW1 7#A7 !
,LAC$AEMONIAN IS ?"\ 6ANSW] BE/ 6! TRUE
PATT]N2 B "! ! ROYAL P[] IS N ABSOLUTE1
EXCEPT :5 ! K+S G ON AN EXP$I;N1 & !N !Y
TAKE ! -M&4 ,MATT]S ( RELIGION >E
LIKEWISE -MITT$ 6!M4 ,! K+LY (FICE IS 9
TRU? A K9D ( G5]AL%IP1 IRRESPONSI# &
P]PETUAL4 ,! K+ HAS N ! P[] ( LIFE &
D1?1 EXCEPT 9 A SPECIFI$ CASE1 Z = 9/.E1
9 ANCI5T "TS1 HE _H X :5 ^U A CAMPAIGN1
0"R ( =CE4 ,? CU/OM IS DESCRIB$ 9 ,HOM]4
,= ,AGAMEMNON IS PATI5T :5 HE IS ATTACK$
9 ! ASSEMBLY1 B :5 ! >MY GOES \ 6BATTLE
HE HAS ! P[] EV5 ( LIFE & D1?4 ,DOES HE
N SAY--,8,:5 ,I F9D A MAN SKULK+ A"P F !
BATTLE1 NO?+ % SAVE HM F ! DOGS &
VULTURES1 = 9 MY H&S IS D1?0'8
  ,?1 !N1 IS "O =M ( ROYALTY-A G5]AL%IP
= LIFE3 &( S* ROYALTIES "S >E H]$IT>Y &
O!RS ELECTIVE4
  7#B7 ,"! IS ANO!R SORT ( MON>*Y N
UNCOMMON AM;G ! B>B>IANS1 : NE>LY
RESEM#S TYRANNY4 ,B ? IS BO? LEGAL &
H]$IT>Y4 ,= B>B>IANS1 2+ M S]VILE 9 "*
?AN ,HELL5ES1 & ,ASIADICS ?AN ,EUROP1NS1
D N REBEL AG/ A DESPOTIC GOV]N;T4 ,S*
ROYALTIES H ! NATURE ( TYRANNIES 2C ! P
>E 0NATURE SLAVES2 B "! IS NO DANG] ( _!
2+ OV]?R[N1 = !Y >E H]$IT>Y & LEGAL4
,":=E AL _! GU>DS >E S* Z A K+ & N S* Z
A TYRANT WD EMPLOY1 T IS 6SAY1 !Y >E
-POS$ ( CITIZ5S1 ":AS ! GU>DS ( TYRANTS
>E M]C5>IES4 ,= K+S RULE AC 6LAW OV]
VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTS1 B TYRANTS OV]
9VOLUNT>Y2 &! "O >E GU>D$ 0_! FELL[-
CITIZ5S ! O!RS >E GU>D$ AG/ !M4
  ,^! >E TWO =MS ( MON>*Y1 & "! 0 A ?IRD
7#C7 : EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,HELLAS1 CALL$ AN
,AESYMNETIA OR DICTATOR%IP4 ,? MAY 2
DEF9$ G5],Y Z AN ELECTIVE TYRANNY1 :1 L
! B>B>IAN MON>*Y1 IS LEGAL1 B DI6]S F X
9 N 2+ H]$IT>Y4 ,"S"TS ! (FICE 0 HELD =
LIFE1 "S"TS =A T]M ( YE>S1 OR UNTIL
C]TA9 DUTIES _H BE5 P]=M$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !
,MYTIL5AEANS ELECT$ ,PITTACUS L1D] AG/ !
EXILES1 :O 7 H1D$ 0,ANTIM5IDES &
,ALCAEUS ! POET4 ,& ,ALCAEUS HMF %[S 9
"O ( 8 BANQUET ODES T !Y *OSE ,PITTACUS
TYRANT1 = HE REPROA*ES 8 FELL[-CITIZ5S =
,8HAV+ MADE ! L[-BORN ,PITTACUS TYRANT (
! _S.S & ILL-FAT$ C;Y1 ) "O VOICE %\T+ 8
PRAISES40'
  ,^! =MS ( GOV]N;T H ALW _H ! "* (
TYRANNIES1 2C !Y POSSESS DESPOTIC P[]2 B
9ASM* Z !Y >E ELECTIVE & ACQUIESC$ 9 0_!
SUBJECTS1 !Y >E K+LY4
  7#D7 ,"! IS A F\R? SPECIES ( K+LY
RULE- T (! H]OIC "TS- : 0 H]$IT>Y &
LEGAL1 & 0 EX]CIS$ OV] WILL+ SUBJECTS4
,=! F/ *IEFS 7 B5EFACTORS (! P 9 >TS OR
>MS2 !Y EI GA!R$ !M 96A -MUN;Y1 OR
PROCUR$ L& = !M2 & ?US !Y 2CAME K+S (
VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTS1 & _! P[] 0 9H]IT$ 0_!
DESC5DANTS4 ,!Y TOOK ! -M& 9 W> &
PRESID$ OV] ! SACRIFICES1 EXCEPT ^? :
REQUIR$ A PRIE/4 ,!Y AL DECID$ CAUSES EI
) OR )\T AN OA?2 & :5 !Y SWORE1 ! =M (!
OA? 0 ! /RET*+ \ ( _! SCEPTRE4 ,9 ANCI5T
"TS _! P[] EXT5D$ 3T9U\SLY 6ALL ?+S
:ATSO"E1 9 C;Y & C.TRY1 Z WELL Z 9 =EIGN
"PS2 B AT A LAT] DATE !Y REL9QUI%$ S"EAL
( ^! PRIVILEGES1 & O!RS ! P TOOK F !M1
UNTIL 9 "S /ATES NO?+ 0 LEFT 6!M B !
SACRIFICES2 & ": !Y RETA9$ M (! R1L;Y !Y
_H ONLY ! "R ( L1D]%IP 9 W> 2Y ! BORD]4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E ! F\R K9DS ( ROYALTY4 ,F/
! MON>*Y (! H]OIC AGES2 ? 0 EX]CIS$ OV]
VOLUNT>Y SUBJECTS1 B LIMIT$ 6C]TA9
FUNC;NS2 ! K+ 0 A G5]AL &A JUDGE1 & _H !
3TROL ( RELIGION ,! SECOND IS T (!
B>B>IANS1 : IS A H]$IT>Y DESPOTIC
GOV]N;T 9 A3ORD.E ) LAW4 ,A ?IRD IS !
P[] (! S-CALL$ ,AESYNMETE OR ,DICTATOR2
? IS AN ELECTIVE TYRANNY4 ,! F\R? IS !
,LAC$AEMONIAN1 : IS 9 FACT A G5]AL%IP1
H]$IT>Y & P]PETUAL4 ,^! F\R =MS DI6] F
"O ANO!R 9 ! MANN] : ,I H DESCRIB$4
  7#E7 ,"! IS A FIF? =M ( K+LY RULE 9 :
"O HAS ! 4POSAL ( ALL1 J Z EA* N,N OR
EA* /ATE HAS ! 4POSAL ( PUBLIC MATT]S2 ?
=M CORRESPONDS 6! 3TROL (A H\SEHOLD4 ,=
Z H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T IS ! K+LY RULE (A
H\SE1 S K+LY RULE IS ! H\SEHOLD MANAGE;T
(A C;Y1 OR (A N,N1 OR ( _M N,NS4


                  ,,XV

  ,( ^! =MS WE NE$ ONLY 3SID] TWO1 !
,LAC$AEMONIAN &! ABSOLUTE ROYALTY2 = MO/
(! O!RS HE 9 A REGION 2T !M1 HAV+ LESS
P[] ?AN ! LA/1 & M ?AN ! F/4 ,?US !
9QUIRY IS REDUC$ 6TWO PO9TS3 F/1 IS X
ADVANTAGE\S 6! /ATE T "! %D 2 A P]PETUAL
G5]AL1 & IF S1 %D ! (FICE 2 3F9$ 6"O
FAMILY1 OR OP5 6! CITIZ5S 9 TURN8
,SECONDLY1 IS X WELL T A S+LE MAN %D H !
SUPREME P[] 9 ALL ?+S8 ,! F/ "Q FALLS "U
! H1D ( LAWS R ?AN ( 3/ITU;NS2 =
P]PETUAL G5]AL%IP MI<T EQU,Y EXI/ "U ANY
=M ( GOV]N;T1 S T ? MATT] MAY 2 4MISS$ =
! PRES5T4 ,! O!R K9D ( ROYALTY IS A SORT
( 3/ITU;N2 ? WE H N[ 63SID]1 & BRIEFLY
6RUN OV] ! DI6ICULTIES 9VOLV$ 9 X4 ,WE W
2G9 09QUIR+ :E!R X IS M ADVANTAGE\S 6BE
RUL$ 0! BE/ MAN OR 0! BE/ LAWS4
  ,! ADVOCATES ( ROYALTY MA9TA9 T ! LAWS
SP1K ONLY 9 G5]AL T]MS1 & _C PROVIDE =
CIRCUM/.ES2 & T = ANY SCI;E 6ABIDE
0WRITT5 RULES IS ABSURD4 ,9 ,EGYPT !
PHYSICIAN IS ALL[$ 6ALT] 8 TR1T;T AF !
F\R? "D1 B IF SOON]1 HE TAKES ! RISK4
,H;E X IS CLE> T A GOV]N;T ACT+ AC
6WRITT5 LAWS IS PLA9LY N ! BE/4 ,YET
SURELY ! RUL] _C 4P5SE )! G5]AL PR9CIPLE
: EXI/S 9 LAW2 & ? IS A BETT] RUL] : IS
FREE F PAS.N ?AN T 9 : X IS 9NATE4 ,":AS
! LAW IS PAS.N.S1 PAS.N M/ "E SWAY !
HE>T ( MAN4 ,YES1 X MAY 2 REPLI$1 B !N
ON ! O!R H& AN 9DIVIDUAL W 2 BETT] A#
6DELIB]ATE 9 "PICUL> CASES4
  ,! BE/ MAN1 !N1 M/ LEGISLATE1 & LAWS
M/ 2 PASS$1 B ^! LAWS W H NO AU?OR;Y :5
!Y MISS ! M>K1 ?\< 9 ALL O!R CASES
RETA9+ _! AU?OR;Y4 ,B :5 ! LAW _C
DET]M9E A PO9T AT ALL1 OR N WELL1 %D !
"O BE/ MAN OR %D ALL DECIDE8 ,AC 6\R
PRES5T PRACTICE ASSEMBLIES MEET1 SIT 9
JUDG;T1 DELIB]ATE1 & DECIDE1 & _!
JUDG;TS AN RELATE 69DIVIDUAL CASES4 ,N[
ANY MEMB] (! ASSEMBLY1 TAK5 SEP>ATELY1
IS C]TA9LY 9F]IOR 6! WISE MAN4 ,B ! /ATE
IS MADE UP ( _M 9DIVIDUALS4 ,& Z A F1/
6: ALL ! GUE/S 3TRIBUTE IS BETT] ?AN A
BANQUET FURNI%$ 0A S+LE MAN1 S A
MULTITUDE IS A BETT] JUDGE ( _M ?+S ?AN
ANY 9DIVIDUAL4
  ,AG1 ! _M >E M 9CORRUPTI# ?AN ! FEW2
!Y >E L ! GRT] QUANT;Y ( WAT] : IS LESS
EASILY CORRUPT$ ?AN A LL4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL
IS LIA# 6BE OV]COME 0ANG] OR 0"S O!R
PAS.N1 & !N 8 JUDG;T IS NECESS>ILY
P]V]T$2 B X IS H>DLY 6BE SUPPOS$ T A GRT
NUMB] ( P]SONS WD ALL GET 96A PAS.N & G
WR;G AT ! SAME MO;T4 ,LET U ASSUME T !Y
>E ! FREEM51 & T !Y N"E ACT 9 VIOL,N (!
LAW1 B FILL UP ! GAPS : ! LAW IS OBLIG$
6L1VE4 ,OR1 IF S* VIRTUE IS SC>CELY
ATTA9A# 0! MULTITUDE1 WE NE$ ONLY
SUPPOSE T ! MAJOR;Y >E GD M5 & GD
CITIZ5S1 & ASK : W 2 ! M 9CORRUPTI#1 !
"O GD RUL]1 OR ! _M :O >E ALL GD8 ,W N !
_M8 ,B1 Y W SAY1 "! MAY 2 "PIES AM;G !M1
":AS ! "O MAN IS N DIVID$ AG/ HMF4 ,6:
WE MAY ANSW] T _! "* IS Z GD Z HIS4 ,IF
WE CALL ! RULE ( _M M51 :O >E ALL ( !M
GD1 >I/OCRACY1 &! RULE ( "O MAN ROYALTY1
!N >I/OCRACY W 2 BETT] = /ATES ?AN
ROYALTY1 :E!R ! GOV]N;T IS SUPPORT$ 0=CE
OR N1 PROVID$ ONLY T A NUMB] ( M5 EQUAL
9 VIRTUE C 2 F.D4
  ,! F/ GOV]N;TS 7 K+%IPS1 PROBABLY = ?
R1SON1 2C ( OLD1 :5 CITIES 7 SMALL1 M5 (
EM95T VIRTUE 7 FEW4 ,FUR!R1 !Y 7 MADE
K+S 2C !Y 7 B5EFACTORS1 & B5EFITS C ONLY
2 2/[$ 0GD M54 ,B :5 _M P]SONS EQUAL 9
M]IT >OSE1 NO L;G] 5DUR+ ! PRE-EM9;E (
"O1 !Y DESIR$ 6H A -MONW1L?1 & SET UP A
3/ITU;N4 ,! RUL+ CLASS SOON DET]IORAT$ &
5RI*$ !MVS \ (! PUBLIC TR1SURY2 RI*ES
2CAME ! PA? 6HONOR1 & S OLIG>*IES
NATUR,Y GREW UP4 ,^! PASS$ 96TYRANNIES &
TYRANNIES 96DEMOCRACIES2 = LOVE ( GA9 9
! RUL+ CLASSES 0 ALW T5D+ 6DIM9I% _!
NUMB]1 & S 6/R5G!N ! MASSES1 :O 9 ! 5D
SET ^U _! MA/]S & E/ABLI%$ DEMOCRACIES4
,S9CE CITIES H 9CR1S$ 9 SIZE1 NO O!R =M
( GOV]N;T APPE>S 6BE ANY L;G] EV5 EASY
6E/ABLI%4
  ,EV5 SUPPOS+ ! PR9CIPLE 6BE MA9TA9$ T
K+LY P[] IS ! BE/ ?+ = /ATES1 H[ AB !
FAMILY (! K+8 ,>E 8 *N 6SU3E$ HM8 ,IF !Y
>E NO BETT] ?AN ANYBODY ELSE1 T W 2
MIS*IEV\S4 ,B1 SAYS ! LOV] ( ROYALTY1 !
K+1 ?\< HE MI<T1 W N H& ON 8 P[] 6HIS
*N4 ,T1 H["E1 IS H>DLY 6BE EXPECT$1 & IS
TOO M* 6ASK ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,"! IS AL A
DI6ICULTY AB ! =CE : HE IS 6EMPLOY2 %D A
K+ H GU>DS AB HM 0^: AID HE MAY 2 A#
6CO]CE ! REFRACTORY8 ,IF N1 H[ W HE
ADM9I/] 8 K+DOM8 ,EV5 IF HE 2 ! LAW;L
SOV]EIGN :O DOES NO?+ >BITR>ILY OR 3TR>Y
6LAW1 / HE M/ H "S =CE ":) 6MA9TA9 !
LAW4 ,9 ! CASE (A LIMIT$ MON>*Y "! IS N
M* DI6ICULTY 9 ANSW]+ ? "Q2 ! K+ M/ H S*
=CE Z W 2 M ?AN A MAT* = "O OR M
9DIVIDUALS1 B N S GRT Z T (! P4 ,!
ANCI5TS OBS]VE ? PR9CIPLE :5 !Y H GU>DS
6ANY "O :OM !Y APPO9T$ DICTATOR OR
TYRANT4 ,?US1 :5 ,DIONYSIUS ASK$ !
,SYRACUSANS 6ALL[ HM GU>DS1 "SBODY
ADVIS$ T !Y %D GIVE HM ONLY S* A NUMB]4

                 ,,XVI

  ,AT ? PLACE 9 ! 4CUS.N "! IMP5DS !
9QUIRY RESPECT+ ! K+ :O ACTS SOLELY AC
6HIS [N W HE HAS N[ 6BE 3SID]$4 ,! S-
CALL$ LIMIT$ MON>*Y1 OR K+%IP AC 6LAW1 Z
,I H ALR REM>K$1 IS N A 4T9CT =M (
GOV]N;T1 = "U ALL GOV]N;TS1 Z1 =
EXAMPLE1 9 A DEMOCRACY OR >I/OCRACY1 "!
MAY 2 A G5]AL HOLD+ (FICE = LIFE1 & "O
P]SON IS (T5 MADE SUPREME OV] !
ADM9I/R,N (A /ATE4 ,A MAGI/RACY ( ? K9D
EXI/S AT ,EPIDAMNUS1 & AL AT ,OPUS1 B 9
! LATT] C;Y HAS A M LIMIT$ P[]4 ,N[1
ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 OR ! >BITR>Y RULE (A
SOV]EIGN OV] AN ! CITIZ5S1 9 A C;Y :
3SI/S ( EQUALS1 IS ?"\ 0"S 6BE Q 3TR>Y
6NATURE2 X IS >GU$ T ^? :O >E 0NATURE
EQUALS M/ H ! SAME NATURAL "R & WOR?1 &
T = UNEQUALS 6H AN EQUAL %>E1 OR =
EQUALS 6H AN UNEV5 %>E1 9 ! (FICES (
/ATE1 IS Z BAD Z = DI6]5T BODILY
3/ITU;NS 6H ! SAME FOOD & CLO?+4 ,":=E X
IS ?"\ 6BE J T AM;G EQUALS E "O 2 RUL$ Z
WELL Z RULE1 & "!=E T AN %D H _! TURN4
,WE ?US >RIVE AT LAW2 = AN ORD] (
SU3ES.N IMPLIES LAW4 ,&! RULE (! LAW1 X
IS >GU$1 IS PREF]A# 6T ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL4
,ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF X 2 BETT] =
C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS 6GOV]N1 !Y %D 2 MADE
ONLY GU>DIANS & M9I/]S (! LAW4 ,=
MAGI/RATES "! M/ BE- ? IS ADMITT$2 B !N
M5 SAY T 6GIVE AU?OR;Y 6ANY "O MAN :5
ALL >E EQUAL IS UNJU/4 ,NAY1 "! MAY 9DE$
2 CASES : ! LAW SEEMS UNA# 6DET]M9E1 B 9
S* CASES C A MAN8 ,NAY1 X W 2 REPLI$1 !
LAW TRA9S (FIC]S = ? EXPRESS PURPOSE1 &
APPO9TS !M 6DET]M9E MATT]S : >E LEFT
UNDECID$ 0X1 6! BE/ ( _! JUDG;T4 ,FUR!R1
X P]MITS !M 6MAKE ANY AM5D;T (! EXI/+
LAWS : EXP]I;E SU7E/S4 ,"!=E HE :O BIDS
! LAW RULE MAY 2 DEEM$ 6BID ,GOD &
,R1SON AL"O RULE1 B HE :O BIDS MAN RULE
A4S AN ELE;T (! B1/2 = DESIRE IS A WILD
B1/1 & PAS.N P]V]TS ! M9DS ( RUL]S1 EV5
:5 !Y >E ! BE/ ( M54 ,! LAW IS R1SON
UNA6ECT$ 0DESIRE4 ,WE >E TOLD T A PATI5T
%D CALL 9 A PHYSICIAN2 HE W N GET BETT]
IF HE IS DOCTOR$ \ (A BOOK4 ,B ! P>ALLEL
(! >TS IS CLE>LY N 9 PO9T2 =! PHYSICIAN
DOES NO?+ 3TR>Y 6RULE F MOTIVES ( FR%IP2
HE ONLY CURES A PATI5T & TAKES A FEE2
":AS MAGI/RATES D _M ?+S F SPITE &
"PIAL;Y4 ,&1 9DE$1 IF A MAN SUSPECT$ !
PHYSICIAN ( 2+ 9 L1GUE ) 8 5EMIES
6DE/ROY HM =A BRIBE1 HE WD R H REC\RSE
6! BOOK4 ,B C]TA9LY PHYSICIANS1 :5 !Y >E
SICK1 CALL 9 O!R PHYSICIANS1 & TRA9+-
MA/]S1 :5 !Y >E 9 TRA9+1 O!R TRA9+-
MA/]S1 Z IF !Y CD N JUDGE JUDGE TRULY AB
_! [N CASE & MI<T 2 9FLU;ED 0_! FEEL+S4
,H;E X IS EVID5T T 9 SEEK+ = JU/ICE M5
SEEK =! M1N OR NEUTRAL1 =! LAW IS ! M1N4
,AG1 CU/OM>Y LAWS H M WEI<T1 & RELATE 6M
IMPORTANT MATT]S1 ?AN WRITT5 LAWS1 &A
MAN MAY 2 A SAF] RUL] ?AN ! WRITT5 LAW1
B N SAF] ?AN ! CU/OM>Y LAW4
  ,AG1 X IS 0NO M1NS EASY = "O MAN
6SUP]9T5D _M ?+S2 HE W H 6APPO9T A NUMB]
( SUBORD9ATES1 & :AT DI6];E DOES X MAKE
:E!R ^! SUBORD9ATES ALW EXI/$ OR 7
APPO9T$ 0HM 2C HE NE$$ !ME ,IF1 Z ,I SD
2F1 ! GD MAN HAS A "R 6RULE 2C HE IS
BETT]1 / TWO GD M5 >E BETT] ?AN "O3 ? IS
! OLD SAY+1 TWO GO+ TGR1 &! PRAY] (
,AGAMEMNON1
  ,WD T ,I _H T5 S* C\NCILLORS6
  ,& AT ? "D "! >E MAGI/RATES1 = EXAMPLE
JUDGES1 :O H AU?OR;Y 6DECIDE "S MATT]S :
! LAW IS UNA# 6DET]M9E1 S9CE NO "O D\BTS
T ! LAW WD -M& & DECIDE 9 ! BE/ MANN]
:AT"E X CD4 ,B "S ?+S C1 & O!R ?+S _C1 2
-PREH5D$ "U ! LAW1 & ? IS ! ORIG9 (!
NEXT$ "Q :E!R ! BE/ LAW OR ! BE/ MAN %D
RULE4 ,= MATT]S ( DETAIL AB : M5
DELIB]ATE _C 2 9CLUD$ 9 LEGISL,N4 ,NOR
DOES ANY "O D5Y T ! DECI.N ( S* MATT]S
M/ 2 LEFT 6MAN1 B X IS >GU$ T "! %D 2 _M
JUDGES1 & N "O ONLY4 ,= E RUL] :O HAS
BE5 TRA9$ 0! LAW JUDGES WELL2 & X WD
SURELY SEEM /RANGE T A P]SON %D SEE
BETT] ) TWO EYES1 OR HE> BETT] ) TWO
E>S1 OR ACT BETT] ) TWO H&S OR FEET1 ?AN
_M ) _M2 9DE$1 X IS ALR ! PRACTICE ( K+S
6MAKE 6!MVS _M EYES & E>S & H&S & FEET4
,= !Y MAKE COLL1GUES ( ^? :O >E ! FRS (
!MVS & _! GOV]N;TS4 ,!Y M/ 2 FRS (!
MON>* &( 8 GOV]N;T2 IF N 8 FRS1 !Y W N D
:AT HE WANTS2 B FR%IP IMPLIES LIKE;S &
EQUAL;Y2 &1 "!=E1 IF HE ?9KS T 8 FRS "\
6RULE1 HE M/ ?9K T ^? :O >E EQUAL 6HMF &
L HMF "\ 6RULE EQU,Y ) HMF4 ,^! >E !
PR9CIPAL 3TROV]SIES RELAT+ 6MON>*Y4

                 ,,XVII

  ,B MAY N ALL ? 2 TRUE 9 "S CASES & N 9
O!RS8 = "! IS 0NATURE BO? A JU/ICE & AN
ADVANTAGE APPROPRIATE 6! RULE (A MA/]1
ANO!R 6K+LY RULE1 ANO!R 63/ITU;NAL RULE2
B "! IS N"O NATUR,Y APPROPRIATE
6TYRANNY1 OR 6ANY O!R P]V]T$ =M (
GOV]N;T2 = ^! -E 962+ 3TR>Y 6NATURE4
,N[1 6JUDGE AT L1/ F :AT HAS BE5 SD1 X
IS MANIFE/ T1 ": M5 >E ALIKE & EQUAL1 X
IS NEI EXP$I5T NOR J T "O MAN %D 2 "L (
ALL1 :E!R "! >E LAWS1 OR :E!R "! >E NO
LAWS1 B HE HMF IS 9 ! PLACE ( LAW4 ,NEI
%D A GD MAN 2 "L OV] GD M51 NOR A BAD
MAN OV] BAD2 NOR1 EV5 IF HE EXCELS 9
VIRTUE1 %D HE H A "R 6RULE1 UN.S 9 A
"PICUL> CASE1 AT : ,I H ALR H9T$1 & 6:
,I W ONCE M RECUR4 ,B F/ ( ALL1 ,I M/
DET]M9E :AT NATURES >E SUIT$ = GOV]N;T
0A K+1 & :AT = AN >I/OCRACY1 & :AT =A
3/ITU;NAL GOV]N;T4
  ,A P :O >E 0NATURE CAPA# ( PRODUC+ A
RACE SUP]IOR 9 ! VIRTUE NE$$ = POLITICAL
RULE >E FITT$ = K+LY GOV]N;T2 &A P
SUBMITT+ 6BE RUL$ Z FREEM5 0M5 ^: VIRTUE
R5D]S !M CAPA# ( POLITICAL -M& >E ADAPT$
= AN >I/OCRACY2 :ILE ! P :O >E SUIT$ =
3/ITU;NAL FREEDOM >E ^? AM;G :OM "!
NATUR,Y EXI/S A W>LIKE MULTITUDE A#
6RULE & 6OBEY 9 TURN 0A LAW : GIVES
(FICE 6! WELL-TO-D AC 6_! DES]T4 ,B :5 A
:OLE FAMILY OR "S 9DIVIDUAL1 HAPP5S 6BE
S PRE-EM95T 9 VIRTUE Z 6SURPASS ALL
O!RS1 !N X IS J T !Y %D 2 ! ROYAL FAMILY
& SUPREME OV] ALL1 OR T ? "O CITIZ5 %D 2
K+ (! :OLE N,N4 ,=1 Z ,I SD 2F1 6GIVE !M
AU?OR;Y IS N ONLY AGREEA# 6T GR.D ( "R :
! F.D]S ( ALL /ATES1 :E!R >I/OCRATICAL1
OR OLIG>*ICAL1 OR AG DEMOCRATICAL1 >E
A3U/OM$ 6PUT =W>D 7= ^! ALL RECOGNIZE !
CLAIM ( EXCELL;E1 AL? N ! SAME
EXCELL;E71 B A3ORDS )! PR9CIPLE ALR LAID
D[N4 ,= SURELY X WD N 2 "R 6KILL1 OR
O/RACIZE1 OR EXILE S* A P]SON1 OR
REQUIRE T HE %D TAKE 8 TURN 9 2+ GOV]N$4
,! :OLE IS NATUR,Y SUP]IOR 6! "P1 & HE
:O HAS ? PRE-EM9;E IS 9 ! REL,N (A :OLE
6A "P4 ,B IF S1 ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE IS T
HE %D H ! SUPREME P[]1 & T MANK9D %D
OBEY HM1 N 9 TURN1 B ALW4 ,^! >E !
3CLU.NS AT : WE >RIVE RESPECT+ ROYALTY &
XS V>I\S =MS1 & ? IS ! ANSW] 6! "Q1 :E!R
X IS OR IS N ADVANTAGE\S 6/ATES1 & 6:1 &
H[4

                ,,XVIII

  ,WE MA9TA9 T ! TRUE =MS ( GOV]N;T >E
?REE1 & T ! BE/ M/ 2 T : IS ADM9I/]$ 0!
BE/1 & 9 : "! IS "O MAN1 OR A :OLE
FAMILY1 OR _M P]SONS1 EXCELL+ ALL ! O!RS
TGR 9 VIRTUE1 & BO? RUL]S & SUBJECTS >E
FITT$1 ! "O 6RULE1 ! O!RS 6BE RUL$1 9 S*
A MANN] Z 6ATTA9 ! MO/ ELIGI# LIFE4 ,WE
%[$ AT ! -M;E;T ( \R 9QUIRY T ! VIRTUE (
! GD MAN IS NECESS>ILY ! SAME Z ! VIRTUE
(! CITIZ5 (! P]FECT /ATE4 ,CLE>LY !N 9 !
SAME MANN]1 & 0! SAME M1NS "? : A MAN
2COMES TRULY GD1 HE W FRAME A /ATE T IS
6BE RUL$ 0AN >I/OCRACY OR 0A K+1 &! SAME
$UC,N &! SAME HABITS W 2 F.D 6MAKE A GD
MAN &A MAN FIT 6BE A /ATESMAN OR A K+4
  ,HAV+ >RIV$ AT ^! 3CLU.NS1 WE M/
PROCE$ 6SP1K (! P]FECT /ATE1 & DESCRIBE
H[ X -ES 962+ & IS E/ABLI%$4


