               ,BOOK ,,IV
                   #A

  ,! PHYSICI/ M/ H A K ( ,PLACE1 TOO1 Z
WELL Z (! 9F9ITE-"NLY1 :E!R "! IS S* A
?+ OR N1 &! MANN] ( XS EXI/;E & :AT X
IS-BO? 2C ALL SUPPOSE T ?+S : EXI/ >E
"S": 7! NON-EXI/5T IS NO":--": IS !
GOAT-/AG OR ! SPH9X871 & 2C ,8MO;N0' 9
XS MO/ G5]AL & PRIM>Y S5SE IS *ANGE (
PLACE1 : WE CALL ,8LOCOMO;N0'4
  ,! "Q1 :AT IS PLACE8 PRES5TS _M
DI6ICULTIES4 ,AN EXAM9,N ( ALL !
RELEVANT FACTS SEEMS 6L1D 6DIV]G5T
3CLU.NS4 ,MOREOV]1 WE H 9H]IT$ NO?+ F
PREVI\S ?9K]S1 :E!R 9 ! WAY (A /ATE;T (
DI6ICULTIES OR (A SOLU;N4
  ,! EXI/;E ( PLACE IS HELD 6BE OBVI\S F
! FACT ( MUTUAL REPLACE;T4 ,": WAT] N[
IS1 "! 9 TURN1 :5 ! WAT] HAS G"O \ Z F A
VESSEL1 AIR IS PRES5T4 ,:5 "!=E ANO!R
BODY O3UPIES ? SAME PLACE1 ! PLACE IS
?"\ 6BE DI6]5T F ALL ! BODIES : -E 6BE 9
X & REPLACE "O ANO!R4 ,:AT N[ 3TA9S AIR
=M]LY 3TA9$ WAT]1 S T CLE>LY ! PLACE OR
SPACE 96: & \ ( : !Y PASS$ 0 "S?+ DI6]5T
F BO?4
  ,FUR!R1 ! TYPICAL LOCOMO;NS (! ELE;T>Y
NATURAL BODIES-"NLY1 FIRE1 E>?1 &! L-%[
N ONLY T PLACE IS "S?+1 B AL T X EX]TS A
C]TA9 9FLU;E4 ,EA* IS C>RI$ 6XS [N
PLACE1 IF X IS N H9D]$1 ! "O UP1 ! O!R
D[N4 ,N[ ^! >E REGIONS OR K9DS ( PLACE-
UP & D[N &! RE/ (! SIX DIREC;NS4 ,NOR D
S* 4T9C;NS 7UP & D[N & "R & LEFT1 &C47
HOLD ONLY 9 REL,N 6U4 ,6U !Y >E N ALW !
SAME B *ANGE )! DIREC;N 9 : WE >E TURN$3
T IS :Y ! SAME ?+ MAY 2 BO? "R & LEFT1
UP & D[N1 2F & 2H4 ,B 9 NATURE EA* IS
4T9CT1 TAK5 A"P 0XF4 ,X IS N E *.E
DIREC;N : IS ,8UP0'1 B ": FIRE & :AT IS
LI<T >E C>RI$2 SIMIL>LY1 TOO1 ,8D[N0' IS
N ANY *.E DIREC;N B ": :AT HAS WEI<T &
:AT IS MADE ( E>? >E C>RI$-! IMPLIC,N 2+
T ^! PLACES D N DI6] M]ELY 9 RELATIVE
POSI;N1 B AL Z POSSESS+ 4T9CT POT5CIES4
,? IS MADE PLA9 AL 0! OBJECTS /UDI$
0MA!MATICS4 ,?\< !Y H NO R1L PLACE1 !Y
N"E!.S1 9 RESPECT ( _! POSI;N RELATIVELY
6U1 H A "R & LEFT Z ATTRIBUTES ASCRIB$
6!M ONLY 9 3SEQU;E ( _! RELATIVE POSI;N1
N HAV+ 0NATURE ^! V>I\S "*I/ICS4 ,AG1 !
!ORY T ! VOID EXI/S 9VOLVES ! EXI/;E (
PLACE3 = "O WD DEF9E VOID Z PLACE 2REFT
( BODY4
  ,^! 3SID],NS !N WD L1D U 6SUPPOSE T
PLACE IS "S?+ 4T9CT F BODIES1 & T E
S5SI# BODY IS 9 PLACE4 ,HESIOD TOO MI<T
2 HELD 6H GIV5 A CORRECT A3.T ( X :5 HE
MADE *AOS F/4 ,AT L1/ HE SAYS3
  ,8,F/ ( ALL ?+S CAME *AOS 62+1 !N
BROAD-BR1/$ E>?10'
  IMPLY+ T ?+S NE$ 6H SPACE F/1 2C HE
?"\1 ) MO/ P1 T "EY?+ IS "S": & 9 PLACE4
,IF ? IS XS NATURE1 ! POT5CY ( PLACE M/
2 A M>VELL\S ?+1 & TAKE PREC$;E ( ALL
O!R ?+S4 ,= T )\T : NO?+ ELSE C EXI/1
:ILE X C EXI/ )\T ! O!RS1 M/ NE$S 2 F/2
= PLACE DOES N PASS \ ( EXI/;E :5 ! ?+S
9 X >E ANNIHILAT$4
  ,TRUE1 B EV5 IF WE SUPPOSE XS EXI/;E
SETTL$1 ! "Q ( XS NATURE PRES5TS
DI6ICULTY-:E!R X IS "S SORT ( ,8BULK0' (
BODY OR "S 5T;Y O!R ?AN T1 = WE M/ F/
DET]M9E XS G5US4

7#A7 ,N[ X HAS ?REE DIM5.NS1 L5G?1
  BR1D?1 DEP?1 ! DIM5.NS 0: ALL BODY AL
  IS B.D$4 ,B ! PLACE _C 2 BODY2 = IF X
  7 "! WD 2 TWO BODIES 9 ! SAME PLACE4
7#B7 ,FUR!R1 IF BODY HAS A PLACE &
  SPACE1 CLE>LY S TOO H SURFACE &! O!R
  LIMITS ( BODY2 =! SAME /ATE;T W APPLY
  6!M3 ": ! B.D+ PLANES (! WAT] W]E1 "!
  9 TURN W 2 ^? (! AIR4 ,B :5 WE -E 6A
  PO9T WE _C MAKE A 4T9C;N 2T X & XS
  PLACE4 ,H;E IF ! PLACE (A PO9T IS N
  DI6]5T F ! PO9T1 NO M W T ( ANY (!
  O!RS 2 DI6]5T1 & PLACE W N 2 "S?+
  DI6]5T F EA* ( !M4
7#C7 ,:AT 9 ! _W !N >E WE 6SUPPOSE PLACE
  6BE8 ,IF X HAS ! SORT ( NATURE
  DESCRIB$1 X _C 2 AN ELE;T OR -POS$ (
  ELE;TS1 :E!R ^! 2 CORPOR1L OR
  9CORPOR1L3 = :ILE X HAS SIZE1 X HAS N
  BODY4 ,B ! ELE;TS ( S5SI# BODIES >E
  BODIES1 :ILE NO?+ T HAS SIZE RESULTS F
  A -B9,N ( 9TELLIGI# ELE;TS4
7#D7 ,AL WE MAY ASK3 ( :AT 9 ?+S IS
  SPACE ! CAUSE8 ,N"O (! F\R MODES (
  CAUS,N C 2 ASCRIB$ 6X4 ,X IS NEI 9 !
  S5SE (! MATT] ( EXI/5TS 7= NO?+ IS
  -POS$ ( X71 NOR Z ! =M & DEF9I;N (
  ?+S1 NOR Z 5D1 NOR DOES X MOVE
  EXI/5TS4
7#E7 ,FUR!R1 TOO1 IF X IS XF AN EXI/5T1
  ": W X BE8 ,Z5O'S DI6ICULTY DEM&S AN
  EXPLAN,N3 = IF "EY?+ T EXI/S HAS A
  PLACE1 PLACE TOO W H A PLACE1 & S ON
  AD 9F9ITUM4
7#F7 ,AG1 J Z E BODY IS 9 PLACE1 S1 TOO1
  E PLACE HAS A BODY 9 X4 ,:AT !N % WE
  SAY AB GR[+ ?+S8 ,X FOLL[S F ^!
  PREMISSES T _! PLACE M/ GR[ ) !M1 IF
  _! PLACE IS NEI LESS NOR GRT] ?AN !Y
  >E4
,0ASK+ ^! "QS1 !N1 WE M/ RAISE ! :OLE
  PRO#M AB PLACE-N ONLY Z 6:AT X IS1 B
  EV5 :E!R "! IS S* A ?+4

                   #B

  ,WE MAY 4T+UI% G5],Y 2T PR$ICAT+ ;,B (
,A 2C X 7,A7 IS XF1 & 2C X IS "S?+ ELSE2
& "PICUL>LY 2T PLACE : IS -MON & 9 : ALL
BODIES >E1 &! SPECIAL PLACE O3UPI$
PRIM>ILY 0EA*4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 T Y >E N[
9 ! H1V5S 2C Y >E 9 ! AIR & X IS 9 !
H1V5S2 & Y >E 9 ! AIR 2C Y >E ON ! E>?2
& SIMIL>LY ON ! E>? 2C Y >E 9 ? PLACE :
3TA9S NO M ?AN Y4
  ,N[ IF PLACE IS :AT PRIM>ILY 3TA9S EA*
BODY1 X WD 2 A LIMIT1 S T ! PLACE WD 2 !
=M OR %APE ( EA* BODY 0: ! MAGNITUDE OR
! MATT] (! MAGNITUDE IS DEF9$3 = ? IS !
LIMIT ( EA* BODY4
  ,IF1 !N1 WE LOOK AT ! "Q 9 ? WAY !
PLACE (A ?+ IS XS =M4 ,B1 IF WE REG>D !
PLACE Z ! EXT5.N (! MAGNITUDE1 X IS !
MATT]4 ,= ? IS DI6]5T F ! MAGNITUDE3 X
IS :AT IS 3TA9$ & DEF9$ 0! =M1 Z 0A B.D+
PLANE4 ,MATT] OR ! 9DET]M9ATE IS ( ?
NATURE2 :5 ! B.D>Y & ATTRIBUTES (A SPH]E
>E TAK5 AWAY1 NO?+ B ! MATT] IS LEFT4
  ,? IS :Y ,PLATO 9 ! ,TIMAEUS SAYS T
MATT] & SPACE >E ! SAME2 =!
,8"PICIPANT0' & SPACE >E ID5TICAL4 7,X
IS TRUE1 9DE$1 T ! A3.T HE GIVES "! (!
,8"PICIPANT0' IS DI6]5T F :AT HE SAYS 9
8 S-CALL$ ,8UNWRITT5 T1*+0'4 ,N"E!.S1 HE
DID ID5TIFY PLACE & SPACE47 ,I M5;N
,PLATO 2C1 :ILE ALL HOLD PLACE 6BE "S?+1
HE AL"O TRI$ 6SAY :AT X IS4
  ,9 VIEW ( ^! FACTS WE %D NATUR,Y
EXPECT 6F9D DI6ICULTY 9 DET]M9+ :AT
PLACE IS1 IF 9DE$ X IS "O ( ^! TWO ?+S1
MATT] OR =M4 ,!Y DEM& A V CLOSE SCRUT9Y1
ESPECI,Y Z X IS N EASY 6RECOGNIZE !M
A"P4
  ,B X IS AT ANY RATE N DI6ICULT 6SEE T
PLACE _C 2 EI ( !M4 ,! =M &! MATT] >E N
SEP>ATE F ! ?+1 ":AS ! PLACE C 2
SEP>AT$4 ,Z WE PO9T$ \1 ": AIR WAS1 WAT]
9 TURN -ES 6BE1 ! "O REPLAC+ ! O!R2 &
SIMIL>LY ) O!R BODIES4 ,H;E ! PLACE (A
?+ IS NEI A "P NOR A /ATE ( X1 B IS
SEP>A# F X4 ,= PLACE IS SUPPOS$ 6BE "S?+
L A VESSEL-! VESSEL 2+ A TRANSPORTA#
PLACE4 ,B ! VESSEL IS NO "P (! ?+4
  ,9 S F> !N Z X IS SEP>A# F ! ?+1 X IS
N ! =M3 QUA 3TA9+1 X IS DI6]5T F !
MATT]4
  ,AL X IS HELD T :AT IS ANY": IS BO? XF
"S?+ & T "! IS A DI6]5T ?+ \TSIDE X4
7,PLATO ( C\RSE1 IF WE MAY DIGRESS1 "\
6TELL U :Y ! =M &! NUMB]S >E N 9 PLACE1
IF ,8:AT "PICIPATES0' IS PLACE-:E!R :AT
"PICIPATES IS ! ,GRT &! ,SMALL OR !
MATT]1 Z HE CALL$ X 9 WRIT+ 9 !
,TIMAEUS47
  ,FUR!R1 H[ CD A BODY 2 C>RI$ 6XS [N
PLACE1 IF PLACE 0 ! MATT] OR ! =M8 ,X IS
IMPOSSI# T :AT HAS NO REF];E 6MO;N OR !
4T9C;N ( UP & D[N C 2 PLACE4 ,S PLACE M/
2 LOOK$ = AM;G ?+S : H ^! "*I/ICS4
  ,IF ! PLACE IS 9 ! ?+ 7X M/ 2 IF X IS
EI %APE OR MATT]7 PLACE W H A PLACE3 =
BO? ! =M &! 9DET]M9ATE "UGO *ANGE & MO;N
AL;G )! ?+1 & >E N ALW 9 ! SAME PLACE1 B
>E ": ! ?+ IS4 ,H;E ! PLACE W H A PLACE4
  ,FUR!R1 :5 WAT] IS PRODUC$ F AIR1 !
PLACE HAS BE5 DE/ROY$1 =! RESULT+ BODY
IS N 9 ! SAME PLACE4 ,:AT SORT (
DE/RUC;N !N IS T8
  ,? 3CLUDES MY /ATE;T (! R1SONS :Y
SPACE M/ 2 "S?+1 & AG (! DI6ICULTIES T
MAY 2 RAIS$ AB XS ESS5TIAL NATURE4
  #C
  ,! NEXT /EP WE M/ TAKE IS 6SEE 9 H[ _M
S5SES "O ?+ IS SD 6BE ,8IN0' ANO!R4

7#A7 ,Z ! F+] IS ,8IN0' ! H& & G5],Y !
  "P ,8IN0' ! :OLE4
7#B7 ,Z ! :OLE IS ,8IN0' ! "PS3 = "! IS
  NO :OLE OV] & ABV ! "PS4
7#C7 ,Z MAN IS ,8IN0' ANIMAL & G5],Y
  SPECIES ,8IN0' G5US4
7#D7 ,Z ! G5US IS ,8IN0' ! SPECIES &
  G5],Y ! "P (! SPECIFIC =M ,8IN0' !
  DEF9I;N (! SPECIFIC =M4
7#E7 ,Z H1L? IS ,8IN0' ! HOT &! COLD &
  G5],Y ! =M ,8IN0' ! MATT]4
7#F7 ,Z ! A6AIRS ( ,GREECE C5TRE ,8IN0'
  ! K+1 & G5],Y EV5TS C5TRE ,8IN0' _!
  PRIM>Y MOTIVE AG5T4
7#G7 ,Z ! EXI/;E (A ?+ C5TRES ,8IN XS GD
  & G5],Y ,8IN0' XS 5D1 I4E4 9 ,8T =!
  SAKE ( :0' X EXI/S4
7#H7 ,9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ALL1 Z A ?+ IS
  ,8IN0' A VESSEL1 & G5],Y ,8IN0' PLACE4
,"O MI<T RAISE ! "Q :E!R A ?+ C 2 9 XF1
  OR :E!R NO?+ C 2 9 XF-"EY?+ 2+ EI NO":
  OR 9 "S?+ ELSE4
,! "Q IS AMBIGU\S2 WE MAY M1N ! ?+ QUA
  XF OR QUA "S?+ ELSE4

  ,:5 "! >E "PS (A :OLE-! "O T 9 : A ?+
IS1 ! O!R ! ?+ : IS 9 X-! :OLE W 2
DESCRIB$ Z 2+ 9 XF4 ,=A ?+ IS DESCRIB$ 9
T]MS ( XS "PS1 Z WELL Z 9 T]MS (! ?+ Z A
:OLE1 E4G4 A MAN IS SD 6BE :ITE 2C !
VISI# SURFACE ( HM IS :ITE1 OR 6BE
SCI5TIFIC 2C 8 ?9K+ FACULTY HAS BE5
TRA9$4 ,! J> !N W N 2 9 XF &! W9E W N 2
9 XF4 ,B ! J> ( W9E W3 =! 3T5TS &! 3TA9]
>E BO? "PS (! SAME :OLE4
  ,9 ? S5SE !N1 B N PRIM>ILY1 A ?+ C 2 9
XF1 "NLY1 Z ,8:ITE0' IS 9 BODY 7=! VISI#
SURFACE IS 9 BODY71 & SCI;E IS 9 ! M9D4
  ,X IS F ^!1 : >E ,8"PS0' 7IN ! S5SE AT
L1/ ( 2+ ,8IN0' ! MAN71 T ! MAN IS CALL$
:ITE1 &C4 ,B ! J> &! W9E 9 SEP>,N >E N
"PS (A :OLE1 ?\< TGR !Y >E4 ,S :5 "! >E
"PS1 A ?+ W 2 9 XF1 Z ,8:ITE0' IS 9 MAN
2C X IS 9 BODY1 & 9 BODY 2C X RESIDES 9
! VISI# SURFACE4 ,WE _C G FUR!R & SAY T
X IS 9 SURFACE 9 VIRTUE ( "S?+ O!R ?AN
XF4 7,YET X IS N 9 XF3 ?\< ^! >E 9 A WAY
! SAME ?+17 !Y DI6] 9 ESS;E1 EA* HAV+ A
SPECIAL NATURE & CAPAC;Y1 ,8SURFACE0' &
,8:ITE0'4
  ,?US IF WE LOOK AT ! MATT] 9DUCTIVELY
WE D N F9D ANY?+ 6BE ,8IN0' XF 9 ANY (!
S5SES T H BE5 4T+UI%$2 & X C 2 SE5
0>GU;T T X IS IMPOSSI#4 ,= EA* ( TWO ?+S
W H 6BE BO?1 E4G4 ! J> W H 6BE BO?
VESSEL & W9E1 &! W9E BO? W9E & J>1 IF X
IS POSSI# =A ?+ 6BE 9 XF2 S T1 H["E TRUE
X MI<T 2 T !Y 7 9 EA* O!R1 ! J> W RCV !
W9E 9 VIRTUE N ( XS 2+ W9E B (! W9E'S 2+
W9E1 &! W9E W 2 9 ! J> 9 VIRTUE N ( XS
2+ A J> B (! J>'S 2+ A J>4 ,N[ T !Y >E
DI6]5T 9 RESPECT ( _! ESS;E IS EVID5T2 =
,8T 9 : "S?+ IS0' & ,8T : IS 9 X0' WD 2
DI6]5TLY DEF9$4
  ,NOR IS X POSSI# =A ?+ 6BE 9 XF EV5
9CID5T,Y3 = TWO ?+S WD AT ! SAME "T 9 !
SAME ?+4 ,! J> WD 2 9 XF-IF A ?+ ^:
NATURE X IS 6RCV C 2 9 XF2 & T : X RCVS1
"NLY 7IF W9E7 W9E1 W 2 9 X4
  ,OBVI\SLY !N A ?+ _C 2 9 XF PRIM>ILY4
  ,Z5O'S PRO#M-T IF ,PLACE IS "S?+ X M/
2 9 "S?+-IS N DI6ICULT 6SOLVE4 ,"! IS
NO?+ 6PREV5T ! F/ PLACE F 2+ ,8IN0' "S?+
ELSE-N 9DE$ 9 T Z ,8IN0' PLACE1 B Z H1L?
IS ,8IN0' ! HOT Z A POSITIVE DET]M9,N (
X OR Z ! HOT IS ,8IN0' BODY Z AN A6EC;N4
,S WE ESCAPE ! 9F9ITE REGRESS4
  ,ANO!R ?+ IS PLA93 S9CE ! VESSEL IS NO
"P ( :AT IS 9 X 7:AT 3TA9S 9 ! /RICT
S5SE IS DI6]5T F :AT IS 3TA9$71 PLACE CD
N 2 EI ! MATT] OR ! =M (! ?+ 3TA9$1 B M/
DI6]5T-=! LATT]1 BO? ! MATT] &! %APE1 >E
"PS ( :AT IS 3TA9$4
  ,? !N MAY S]VE Z A CRITICAL /ATE;T (!
DI6ICULTIES 9VOLV$4

                   #D

  ,:AT !N AF ALL IS PLACE8 ,! ANSW] 6?
"Q MAY 2 ELUCIDAT$ Z FOLL[S4
  ,LET U TAKE = GRANT$ AB X ! V>I\S
"*I/ICS : >E SUPPOS$ CORRECTLY 62L;G 6X
ESS5TI,Y4 ,WE ASSUME !N-


7#A7 ,PLACE IS :AT 3TA9S T ( : X IS !
  PLACE4
7#B7 ,PLACE IS NO "P (! ?+4
7#C7 ,! IMM PLACE (A ?+ IS NEI LESS NOR
  GRT] ?AN ! ?+4
7#D7 ,PLACE C 2 LEFT 2H 0! ?+ & IS
  SEP>A#4 ,9 A4I;N3
7#E7 ,ALL PLACE ADMITS (! 4T9C;N ( UP &
  D[N1 & EA* (! BODIES IS NATUR,Y C>RI$
  6XS APPROPRIATE PLACE & RE/S "!1 & ?
  MAKES ! PLACE EI UP OR D[N4

  ,HAV+ LAID ^! F.D,NS1 WE M/ -PLETE !
!ORY4 ,WE "\ 6TRY 6MAKE \R 9VE/IG,N S* Z
W R5D] AN A3.T ( PLACE1 & W N ONLY SOLVE
! DI6ICULTIES 3NECT$ ) X1 B W AL %[ T !
ATTRIBUTES SUPPOS$ 62L;G 6X D RE,Y 2L;G
6X1 & FUR!R W MAKE CLE> ! CAUSE (! TR\#
&(! DI6ICULTIES AB X4 ,S* IS ! MO/
SATISFACTORY K9D ( EXPOSI;N4
  ,F/ !N WE M/ "U/& T PLACE WD N H BE5
?"\ (1 IF "! _H N BE5 A SPECIAL K9D (
MO;N1 "NLY T ) RESPECT 6PLACE4 ,X IS
*IEFLY = ? R1SON T WE SUPPOSE ! H1V5 AL
6BE 9 PLACE1 2C X IS 9 3/ANT MOVE;T4 ,(
? K9D ( *ANGE "! >E TWO SPECIES-LOCOMO;N
ON ! "O H& &1 ON ! O!R1 9CR1SE &
DIM9U;N4 ,= ^! TOO 9VOLVE V>I,N ( PLACE3
:AT 0 !N 9 ? PLACE HAS N[ 9 TURN *ANG$
6:AT IS L>G] OR SMALL]4
  ,AG1 :5 WE SAY A ?+ IS ,8MOV$0'1 !
PR$ICATE EI 7#A7 2L;GS 6X ACTU,Y1 9
VIRTUE ( XS [N NATURE1 OR 7#B7 9 VIRTUE
( "S?+ 3JO9$ ) X4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE X MAY
2 EI 7A7 "S?+ : 0XS [N NATURE IS CAPA# (
2+ MOV$1 E4G4 ! "PS (! BODY OR ! NAIL 9
! %IP1 OR 7B7 "S?+ : IS N 9 XF CAPA# (
2+ MOV$1 B IS ALW MOV$ "? XS 3JUNC;N )
"S?+ ELSE1 Z ,8:ITE;S0' OR ,8SCI;E0'4
,^! H *ANG$ _! PLACE ONLY 2C ! SUBJECTS
6: !Y 2L;G D S4
  ,WE SAY T A ?+ IS 9 ! _W1 9 ! S5SE ( 9
PLACE1 2C X IS 9 ! AIR1 &! AIR IS 9 !
_W2 & :5 WE SAY X IS 9 ! AIR1 WE D N M1N
X IS 9 E "P (! AIR1 B T X IS 9 ! AIR 2C
(! \T] SURFACE (! AIR : SURR.DS X2 = IF
ALL ! AIR 7 XS PLACE1 ! PLACE (A ?+ WD N
2 EQUAL 6! ?+-: X IS SUPPOS$ 6BE1 & : !
PRIM>Y PLACE 9 : A ?+ IS ACTU,Y IS4
  ,:5 :AT SURR.DS1 !N1 IS N SEP>ATE F !
?+1 B IS 9 3T9U;Y ) X1 ! ?+ IS SD 6BE 9
:AT SURR.DS X1 N 9 ! S5SE ( 9 PLACE1 B Z
A "P 9 A :OLE4 ,B :5 ! ?+ IS SEP>ATE & 9
3TACT1 X IS IMMLY ,8IN0' ! 9N] SURFACE (
! SURR.D+ BODY1 & ? SURFACE IS NEI A "P
( :AT IS 9 X NOR YET GRT] ?AN XS EXT5.N1
B EQUAL 6X2 =! EXTREMITIES ( ?+S : T\*
>E CO9CID5T4
  ,FUR!R1 IF "O BODY IS 9 3T9U;Y )
ANO!R1 X IS N MOV$ 9 T B ) T4 ,ON ! O!R
H& X IS MOV$ 9 T IF X IS SEP>ATE4 ,X
MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R :AT 3TA9S IS MOV$
OR N4
  ,AG1 :5 X IS N SEP>ATE X IS DESCRIB$ Z
A "P 9 A :OLE1 Z ! PUPIL 9 ! EYE OR ! H&
9 ! BODY3 :5 X IS SEP>ATE1 Z ! WAT] 9 !
CASK OR ! W9E 9 ! J>4 ,=! H& IS MOV$ )!
BODY &! WAT] 9 ! CASK4
  ,X W N[ 2 PLA9 F ^! 3SID],NS :AT PLACE
IS4 ,"! >E J F\R ?+S ( : PLACE M/ 2 "O-!
%APE1 OR ! MATT]1 OR "S SORT ( EXT5.N 2T
! B.D+ SURFACES (! 3TA9+ BODY1 OR ?
B.D>Y XF IF X 3TA9S NO EXT5.N OV] & ABV
! BULK (! BODY : -ES 6BE 9 X4
  ,?REE ( ^! X OBVI\SLY _C BE3

7#A7 ,! %APE IS SUPPOS$ 6BE PLACE 2C X
    SURR.DS1 =! EXTREMITIES ( :AT 3TA9S
    &( :AT IS 3TA9$ >E CO9CID5T4 ,BO? !
    %APE &! PLACE1 X IS TRUE1 >E
    B.D>IES4 ,B N (! SAME ?+3 ! =M IS !
    B.D>Y (! ?+1 ! PLACE IS ! B.D>Y (!
    BODY : 3TA9S X4
7#B7 ,! EXT5.N 2T ! EXTREMITIES IS ?"\
    6BE "S?+1 2C :AT IS 3TA9$ & SEP>ATE
    MAY (T5 2 *ANG$ :ILE ! 3TA9] REMA9S
    ! SAME 7Z WAT] MAY 2 P\R$ F A
    VESSEL7-! ASSUMP;N 2+ T ! EXT5.N IS
    "S?+ OV] & ABV ! BODY 4PLAC$4 ,B "!
    IS NO S* EXT5.N4 ,"O (! BODIES :
    *ANGE PLACES & >E NATUR,Y CAPA# ( 2+
    9 3TACT )! 3TA9] FALLS 9 :I*"E X MAY
    *.E 6BE4
  ,IF "! 7 AN EXT5.N : 7 S* Z 6EXI/
    9DEP5D5TLY & 2 P]MAN5T1 "! WD 2 AN
    9F9;Y ( PLACES 9 ! SAME ?+4 ,= :5 !
    WAT] &! AIR *ANGE PLACES1 ALL !
    POR;NS (! TWO TGR W PLAY ! SAME "P 9
    ! :OLE : 0 PREVI\SLY PLAY$ 0ALL !
    WAT] 9 ! VESSEL2 AT ! SAME "T !
    PLACE TOO W 2 "UGO+ *ANGE2 S T "! W
    2 ANO!R PLACE : IS ! PLACE (! PLACE1
    & _M PLACES W 2 CO9CID5T4 ,"! IS N A
    DI6]5T PLACE (! "P1 9 : X IS MOV$1
    :5 ! :OLE VESSEL *ANGES XS PLACE3 X
    IS ALW ! SAME3 = X IS 9 !
    7PROXIMATE7 PLACE ": !Y >E T ! AIR &
    ! WAT] 7OR ! "PS (! WAT]7 SU3E$ EA*
    O!R1 N 9 T PLACE 9 : !Y -E 6BE1 : IS
    "P (! PLACE : IS ! PLACE (! :OLE _W4
7#C7 ,! MATT]1 TOO1 MI<T SEEM 6BE PLACE1
    AT L1/ IF WE 3SID] X 9 :AT IS AT RE/
    & IS ?US SEP>ATE B 9 3T9U;Y4 ,= J Z
    9 *ANGE ( QUAL;Y "! IS "S?+ : 0
    =M]LY BLACK & IS N[ :ITE1 OR =M]LY
    S(T & N[ H>D-? IS J :Y WE SAY T !
    MATT] EXI/S-S PLACE1 2C X PRES5TS A
    SIMIL> PH5OM5ON1 IS ?"\ 6EXI/-ONLY 9
    ! "O CASE WE SAY S 2C :AT 0 AIR IS
    N[ WAT]1 9 ! O!R 2C ": AIR =M]LY 0
    "! A IS N[ WAT]4 ,B ! MATT]1 Z WE SD
    2F1 IS NEI SEP>A# F ! ?+ NOR 3TA9S
    X1 ":AS PLACE HAS BO? "*I/ICS4


  ,WELL1 !N1 IF PLACE IS N"O (! ?REE-NEI
! =M NOR ! MATT] NOR AN EXT5.N : IS ALW
"!1 DI6]5T F1 & OV] & ABV1 ! EXT5.N (!
?+ : IS 4PLAC$-PLACE NECESS>ILY IS ! "O
(! F\R : IS LEFT1 "NLY1 ! B.D>Y (! 3TA9+
BODY AT : X IS 9 3TACT )! 3TA9$ BODY4
7,0! 3TA9$ BODY IS M1NT :AT C 2 MOV$
0WAY ( LOCOMO;N47
  ,PLACE IS ?"\ 6BE "S?+ IMPORTANT & H>D
6GRASP1 BO? 2C ! MATT] &! %APE PRES5T
!MVS AL;G ) X1 & 2C ! 4PLACE;T (! BODY T
IS MOV$ TAKES PLACE 9 A /,N>Y 3TA9]1 = X
SEEMS POSSI# T "! %D 2 AN 9T]VAL : IS
O!R ?AN ! BODIES : >E MOV$4 ,! AIR1 TOO1
: IS ?"\ 6BE 9CORPOR1L1 3TRIBUTES "S?+
6! 2LIEF3 X IS N ONLY ! B.D>IES (!
VESSEL : SEEM 6BE PLACE1 B AL :AT IS 2T
!M1 REG>D$ Z EMPTY4 ,J1 9 FACT1 Z !
VESSEL IS TRANSPORTA# PLACE1 S PLACE IS
A NON-PORTA# VESSEL4 ,S :5 :AT IS )9 A
?+ : IS MOV$1 IS MOV$ & *ANGES XS PLACE1
Z A BOAT ON A RIV]1 :AT 3TA9S PLAYS ! "P
(A VESSEL R ?AN T ( PLACE4 ,PLACE ON !
O!R H& IS R :AT IS MO;N.S3 S X IS R !
:OLE RIV] T IS PLACE1 2C Z A :OLE X IS
MO;N.S4
  ,H;E WE 3CLUDE T ! 9N]MO/ MO;N.S B.D>Y
( :AT 3TA9S IS PLACE4
  ,? EXPLA9S :Y ! MI4LE (! H1V5 &!
SURFACE : FACES U (! ROTAT+ SY/EM >E
HELD 6BE ,8UP0' & ,8D[N0' 9 ! /RICT &
FULLE/ S5SE = ALL M53 =! "O IS ALW AT
RE/1 :ILE ! 9N] SIDE (! ROTAT+ BODY
REMA9S ALW CO9CID5T ) XF4 ,H;E S9CE !
LI<T IS :AT IS NATUR,Y C>RI$ UP1 &! H1VY
:AT IS C>RI$ D[N1 ! B.D>Y : 3TA9S 9 !
DIREC;N (! MI4LE (! UNIV]SE1 &! MI4LE
XF1 >E D[N1 & T : 3TA9S 9 ! DIREC;N (!
\T]MO/ "P (! UNIV]SE1 &! \T]MO/ "P XF1
>E UP4
  ,= ? R1SON1 TOO1 PLACE IS ?"\ 6BE A
K9D ( SURFACE1 & Z X 7 A VESSEL1 I4E4 A
3TA9] (! ?+4
  ,FUR!R1 PLACE IS CO9CID5T )! ?+1 =
B.D>IES >E CO9CID5T )! B.D$4
  #E
  ,IF !N A BODY HAS ANO!R BODY \TSIDE X
& 3TA9+ X1 X IS 9 PLACE1 & IF N1 N4 ,T
IS :Y1 EV5 IF "! 7 6BE WAT] : _H N A
3TA9]1 ! "PS ( X1 ON ! "O H&1 W 2 MOV$
7= "O "P IS 3TA9$ 9 ANO!R71 :ILE1 ON !
O!R H&1 ! :OLE W 2 MOV$ 9 "O S5SE1 B N 9
ANO!R4 ,= Z A :OLE X DOES N
SIMULTANE\SLY *ANGE XS PLACE1 ?\< X W 2
MOV$ 9 A CIRCLE3 = ? PLACE IS ! PLACE (
XS "PS4 7,"S ?+S >E MOV$1 N UP & D[N1 B
9 A CIRCLE2 O!RS UP & D[N1 S* ?+S "NLY Z
ADMIT ( 3D5S,N & R>EFAC;N47
  ,Z 0 EXPLA9$1 "S ?+S >E POT5TI,Y 9
PLACE1 O!RS ACTU,Y4 ,S1 :5 Y H A
HOMOG5E\S SUB/.E : IS 3T9U\S1 ! "PS >E
POT5TI,Y 9 PLACE3 :5 ! "PS >E SEP>AT$1 B
9 3TACT1 L A H1P1 !Y >E ACTU,Y 9 PLACE4
  ,AG1 7#A7 "S ?+S >E P] SE 9 PLACE1
"NLY E BODY : IS MOVA# EI 0WAY (
LOCOMO;N OR 0WAY ( 9CR1SE IS P] SE "S":1
B ! H1V51 Z HAS BE5 SD1 IS N ANY": Z A
:OLE1 NOR 9 ANY PLACE1 IF AT L1/1 Z WE
M/ SUPPOSE1 NO BODY 3TA9S X4 ,ON ! L9E
ON : X IS MOV$1 XS "PS H PLACE3 = EA* IS
3TIGU\S ! NEXT4
  ,B 7#B7 O!R ?+S >E 9 PLACE 9DIRECTLY1
"? "S?+ 3JO9$ ) !M1 Z ! S\L &! H1V54 ,!
LATT] IS1 9 A WAY1 9 PLACE1 = ALL XS "PS
>E3 = ON ! ORB "O "P 3TA9S ANO!R4 ,T IS
:Y ! UPP] "P IS MOV$ 9 A CIRCLE1 :ILE !
,ALL IS N ANY":4 ,= :AT IS "S": IS XF
"S?+1 & "! M/ 2 AL;GSIDE X "S O!R ?+ ":9
X IS & : 3TA9S X4 ,B AL;GSIDE ! ,ALL OR
! ,:OLE "! IS NO?+ \TSIDE ! ,ALL1 &= ?
R1SON ALL ?+S >E 9 ! H1V52 =! H1V51 WE
MAY SAY1 IS ! ,ALL4 ,YET _! PLACE IS N !
SAME Z ! H1V54 ,X IS "P ( X1 ! 9N]MO/ "P
( X1 : IS 9 3TACT )! MOVA# BODY2 &= ?
R1SON ! E>? IS 9 WAT]1 & ? 9 ! AIR1 &!
AIR 9 ! AE!R1 &! AE!R 9 H1V51 B WE _C G
ON & SAY T ! H1V5 IS 9 ANY?+ ELSE4
  ,X IS CLE>1 TOO1 F ^! 3SID],NS T ALL !
PRO#MS : 7 RAIS$ AB PLACE W 2 SOLV$ :5 X
IS EXPLA9$ 9 ? WAY3

7#A7 ,"! IS NO NECESS;Y T ! PLACE %D GR[
  )! BODY 9 X1
7#B7 ,NOR T A PO9T %D H A PLACE1
7#C7 ,NOR T TWO BODIES %D 2 9 ! SAME
  PLACE1
7#D7 ,NOR T PLACE %D 2 A CORPOR1L
  9T]VAL3 = :AT IS 2T ! B.D>IES (! PLACE
  IS ANY BODY : MAY *.E 6BE "!1 N AN
  9T]VAL 9 BODY4
,FUR!R1 7#E7 PLACE IS AL "S":1 N 9 !
  S5SE ( 2+ 9 A PLACE1 B Z ! LIMIT IS 9
  ! LIMIT$2 = N "EY?+ T IS IS 9 PLACE1 B
  ONLY MOVA# BODY4
,AL 7#F7 X IS R1SONA# T EA* K9D ( BODY
  %D 2 C>RI$ 6XS [N PLACE4 ,=A BODY : IS
  NEXT 9 ! S]IES & 9 3TACT 7N 0-PUL.N7
  IS AK91 & BODIES : >E UNIT$ D N A6ECT
  EA* O!R1 :ILE ^? : >E 9 3TACT 9T]ACT
  ON EA* O!R4
,NOR 7#G7 IS X )\T R1SON T EA* %D REMA9
  NATUR,Y 9 XS PROP] PLACE4 ,= ? "P HAS
  ! SAME REL,N 6XS PLACE1 Z A SEP>A# "P
  6XS :OLE1 Z :5 "O MOVES A "P ( WAT] OR
  AIR3 S1 TOO1 AIR IS RELAT$ 6WAT]1 =!
  "O IS L MATT]1 ! O!R =M-WAT] IS !
  MATT] ( AIR1 AIR Z X 7 ! ACTUAL;Y (
  WAT]1 = WAT] IS POT5TI,Y AIR1 :ILE AIR
  IS POT5TI,Y WAT]1 ?\< 9 ANO!R WAY4
,^! 4T9C;NS W 2 DRAWN M C>E;LLY LAT]4
  ,ON ! PRES5T O3A.N X 0 NEC 6REF] 6!M3
  :AT HAS N[ BE5 /AT$ OBSCURELY W !N 2
  MADE M CLE>4 ,IF ! MATT] &! FULFIL;T
  >E ! SAME ?+ 7= WAT] IS BO?1 ! "O
  POT5TI,Y1 ! O!R -PLETELY71 WAT] W 2
  RELAT$ 6AIR 9 A WAY Z "P 6:OLE4 ,T IS
  :Y ^! H 3TACT3 X IS ORGANIC UNION :5
  BO? 2COME ACTU,Y "O4
,? 3CLUDES MY A3.T ( PLACE-BO? ( XS
  EXI/;E &( XS NATURE4
#F

  ,! 9VE/IG,N ( SIMIL> "QS AB ! VOID1
AL1 M/ 2 HELD 62L;G 6! PHYSICI/-"NLY
:E!R X EXI/S OR N1 & H[ X EXI/S OR :AT X
IS-J Z AB PLACE4 ,! VIEWS TAK5 ( X
9VOLVE >GU;TS BO? =& AG/1 9 M* ! SAME
SORT ( WAY4 ,= ^? :O HOLD T ! VOID EXI/S
REG>D X Z A SORT ( PLACE OR VESSEL : IS
SUPPOS$ 6BE ,8FULL0' :5 X HOLDS ! BULK :
X IS CAPA# ( 3TA9+1 ,8VOID0' :5 X IS
DEPRIV$ ( T-Z IF ,8VOID0' & ,8FULL0' &
,8PLACE0' DENOT$ ! SAME ?+1 ?\< ! ESS;E
(! ?REE IS DI6]5T4
  ,WE M/ 2G9 ! 9QUIRY 0PUTT+ D[N ! A3.T
GIV5 0^? :O SAY T X EXI/S1 !N ! A3.T (
^? :O SAY T X DOES N EXI/1 & ?IRD !
CURR5T VIEW ON ^! "QS4
  ,^? :O TRY 6%[ T ! VOID DOES N EXI/ D
N 4PROVE :AT P RE,Y M1N 0X1 B ONLY _!
]RONE\S WAY ( SP1K+2 ? IS TRUE (
,ANAXAGORAS &( ^? :O REFUTE ! EXI/;E (!
VOID 9 ? WAY4 ,!Y M]ELY GIVE AN 9G5I\S
DEMON/R,N T AIR IS "S?+--0/RA9+ W9E-SK9S
& %[+ ! RESI/.E (! AIR1 & 0CUTT+ X (F 9
CLEPSYDRAS4 ,B P RE,Y M1N T "! IS AN
EMPTY 9T]VAL 9 : "! IS NO S5SI# BODY4
,!Y HOLD T "EY?+ : IS 9 BODY IS BODY &
SAY T :AT HAS NO?+ 9 X AT ALL IS VOID 7S
:AT IS FULL ( AIR IS VOID74 ,X IS N !N !
EXI/;E ( AIR T NE$S 6BE PROV$1 B ! NON-
EXI/;E ( AN 9T]VAL1 DI6]5T F ! BODIES1
EI SEP>A# OR ACTUAL-AN 9T]VAL : DIVIDES
! :OLE BODY S Z 6BR1K XS 3T9U;Y1 Z
,DEMOCRITUS & ,LEUCIPPUS HOLD1 & _M O!R
PHYSICI/S-OR EV5 P]H Z "S?+ : IS \TSIDE
! :OLE BODY1 : REMA9S 3T9U\S4
  ,^! P1 !N1 H N R1*$ EV5 ! ?RE%OLD (!
PRO#M1 B R ^? :O SAY T ! VOID EXI/S4
  7#A7 ,!Y >GUE1 = "O ?+1 T *ANGE 9
PLACE 7I4E4 LOCOMO;N & 9CR1SE7 WD N BE4
,= X IS MA9TA9$ T MO;N WD SEEM N 6EXI/1
IF "! 7 NO VOID1 S9CE :AT IS FULL _C
3TA9 ANY?+ M4 ,IF X CD1 & "! 7 TWO
BODIES 9 ! SAME PLACE1 X WD AL 2 TRUE T
ANY NUMB] ( BODIES CD 2 TGR2 = X IS
IMPOSSI# 6DRAW A L9E ( DIVI.N 2Y : !
/ATE;T WD 2COME UNTRUE4 ,IF ? 7 POSSI#1
X WD FOLL[ AL T ! SMALLE/ BODY WD 3TA9 !
GRTE/2 = ,8_M A LL MAKES A MICKLE0'3 ?US
IF _M EQUAL BODIES C 2 TGR1 S AL C _M
UNEQUAL BODIES4
  ,MELISSUS1 9DE$1 9F]S F ^! 3SID],NS T
! ,ALL IS IMMOVA#2 = IF X 7 MOV$ "! M/1
HE SAYS1 2 VOID1 B VOID IS N AM;G ! ?+S
T EXI/4
  ,? >GU;T1 !N1 IS "O WAY 9 : !Y %[ T "!
IS A VOID4
  7#B7 ,!Y R1SON F ! FACT T "S ?+S >E
OBS]V$ 63TRACT & 2 -PRESS$1 Z P SAY T A
CASK W HOLD ! W9E : =M]LY FILL$ X1 AL;G
)! SK9S 96: ! W9E HAS BE5 DECANT$1 :
IMPLIES T ! -PRESS$ BODY 3TRACTS 96!
VOIDS PRES5T 9 X4
  ,AG 7#C7 9CR1SE1 TOO1 IS ?"\ 6TAKE ALW
0M1NS ( VOID1 = NUTRI;T IS BODY1 & X IS
IMPOSSI# = TWO BODIES 6BE TGR4 ,A PRO( (
? !Y F9D AL 9 :AT HAPP5S 6A%ES1 : ABSORB
Z M* WAT] Z ! EMPTY VESSEL4
  ,! ,PY?AGOR1NS1 TOO1 7#D7 HELD T VOID
EXI/S & T X 5T]S ! H1V5 XF1 : Z X 7
9HALES X1 F ! 9F9ITE AIR4 ,FUR!R X IS !
VOID : 4T+UI%ES ! NATURES ( ?+S1 Z IF X
7 L :AT SEP>ATES & 4T+UI%ES ! T]MS (A
S]IES4 ,? HOLDS PRIM>ILY 9 ! NUMB]S1 =!
VOID 4T+UI%ES _! NATURE4
  ,^!1 !N1 & S _M1 >E ! MA9 GR.DS ON : P
H >GU$ =& AG/ ! EXI/;E (! VOID4
  #G
  ,Z A /EP T[>DS SETTL+ : VIEW IS TRUE1
WE M/ DET]M9E ! M1N+ (! "N4
  ,! VOID IS ?"\ 6BE PLACE ) NO?+ 9 X4
,! R1SON = ? IS T P TAKE :AT EXI/S 6BE
BODY1 & HOLD T :ILE E BODY IS 9 PLACE1
VOID IS PLACE 9 : "! IS NO BODY1 S T ":
"! IS NO BODY1 "! M/ 2 VOID4
  ,E BODY1 AG1 !Y SUPPOSE 6BE TANGI#2 &(
? NATURE IS :AT"E HAS WEI<T OR LI<T;S4
  ,H;E1 0A SYLLOGISM1 :AT HAS NO?+ H1VY
OR LI<T 9 X1 IS VOID4
  ,? RESULT1 !N1 Z ,I H SD1 IS R1*$
0SYLLOGISM4 ,X WD 2 ABSURD 6SUPPOSE T !
PO9T IS VOID2 =! VOID M/ 2 PLACE : HAS 9
X AN 9T]VAL 9 TANGI# BODY4
  ,B AT ALL EV5TS WE OBS]VE !N T 9 "O
WAY ! VOID IS DESCRIB$ Z :AT IS N FULL (
BODY P]CEPTI# 6T\*2 & :AT HAS H1VI;S &
LI<T;S IS P]CEPTI# 6T\*4 ,S WE WD RAISE
! "Q3 :AT WD !Y SAY ( AN 9T]VAL T HAS
COL\R OR S.D-IS X VOID OR N8 ,CLE>LY !Y
WD REPLY T IF X CD RCV :AT IS TANGI# X 0
VOID1 & IF N1 N4
  ,9 ANO!R WAY VOID IS T 9 : "! IS NO
,8?0' OR CORPOR1L SUB/.E4 ,S "S SAY T !
VOID IS ! MATT] (! BODY 7!Y ID5TIFY !
PLACE1 TOO1 ) ?71 & 9 ? !Y SP1K
9CORRECTLY2 =! MATT] IS N SEP>A# F !
?+S1 B !Y >E 9QUIR+ AB ! VOID Z AB "S?+
SEP>A#4
  ,S9CE WE H DET]M9$ ! NATURE ( PLACE1 &
VOID M/1 IF X EXI/S1 2 PLACE DEPRIV$ (
BODY1 & WE H /AT$ BO? 9 :AT S5SE PLACE
EXI/S & 9 :AT S5SE X DOES N1 X IS PLA9 T
ON ? %[+ VOID DOES N EXI/1 EI UNSEP>AT$
OR SEP>AT$2 ! VOID IS M1NT 6BE1 N BODY B
R AN 9T]VAL 9 BODY4 ,? IS :Y ! VOID IS
?"\ 6BE "S?+1 VIZ4 2C PLACE IS1 &=! SAME
R1SONS4 ,=! FACT ( MO;N 9 RESPECT (
PLACE -ES 6! AID BO? ( ^? :O MA9TA9 T
PLACE IS "S?+ OV] & ABV ! BODIES T -E
6O3UPY X1 &( ^? :O MA9TA9 T ! VOID IS
"S?+4 ,!Y /ATE T ! VOID IS ! 3DI;N (
MOVE;T 9 ! S5SE ( T 9 : MOVE;T TAKES
PLACE2 & ? WD 2 ! K9D ( ?+ T "S SAY
PLACE IS4
  ,B "! IS NO NECESS;Y = "! 2+ A VOID IF
"! IS MOVE;T4 ,X IS N 9 ! L1/ NE$$ Z A
3DI;N ( MOVE;T 9 G5]AL1 =A R1SON :1
9CID5T,Y1 ESCAP$ ,MELISSUS2 VIZ4 T !
FULL C SU6] QUALITATIVE *ANGE4
  ,B N EV5 MOVE;T 9 RESPECT ( PLACE
9VOLVES A VOID2 = BODIES MAY
SIMULTANE\SLY MAKE ROOM = "O ANO!R1 ?\<
"! IS NO 9T]VAL SEP>ATE & A"P F ! BODIES
T >E 9 MOVE;T4 ,& ? IS PLA9 EV5 9 !
ROT,N ( 3T9U\S ?+S1 Z 9 T ( LIQUIDS4
  ,& ?+S C AL 2 -PRESS$ N 96A VOID B 2C
!Y SQUEEZE \ :AT IS 3TA9$ 9 !M 7Z1 =
9/.E1 :5 WAT] IS -PRESS$ ! AIR )9 X IS
SQUEEZ$ \72 & ?+S C 9CR1SE 9 SIZE N ONLY
0! 5TR.E ( "S?+ B AL 0QUALITATIVE *ANGE2
E4G4 IF WAT] 7 6BE TRANS=M$ 96AIR4
  ,9 G5]AL1 BO? ! >GU;T AB 9CR1SE ( SIZE
& T AB WAT] P\R$ ON 6! A%ES GET 9 _! [N
WAY4 ,= EI N ANY & E "P (! BODY IS
9CR1S$1 OR BODIES MAY 2 9CR1S$ O!RWISE
?AN 0! A4I;N ( BODY1 OR "! MAY 2 TWO
BODIES 9 ! SAME PLACE 7IN : CASE !Y >E
CLAIM+ 6SOLVE A Q G5]AL DI6ICULTY1 B >E
N PROV+ ! EXI/;E ( VOID71 OR ! :OLE BODY
M/ 2 VOID1 IF X IS 9CR1S$ 9 E "P & IS
9CR1S$ 0M1NS ( VOID4 ,! SAME >GU;T
APPLIES 6! A%ES4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T X IS EASY 6REFUTE
! >GU;TS 0: !Y PROVE ! EXI/;E (! VOID4
  #H
  ,LET U EXPLA9 AG T "! IS NO VOID EXI/+
SEP>ATELY1 Z "S MA9TA94 ,IF EA* (!
SIMPLE BODIES HAS A NATURAL LOCOMO;N1
E4G4 FIRE UPW>D & E>? D[NW>D & T[>DS !
MI4LE (! UNIV]SE1 X IS CLE> T X _C 2 !
VOID T IS ! 3DI;N ( LOCOMO;N4 ,:AT1 !N1
W ! VOID 2 ! 3DI;N (8 ,X IS ?"\ 6BE !
3DI;N ( MOVE;T 9 RESPECT ( PLACE1 & X IS
N ! 3DI;N ( ?4
  ,AG1 IF VOID IS A SORT ( PLACE DEPRIV$
( BODY1 :5 "! IS A VOID ": W A BODY
PLAC$ 9 X MOVE TO8 ,X C]TA9LY _C MOVE
96! :OLE (! VOID4 ,! SAME >GU;T APPLIES
Z AG/ ^? :O ?9K T PLACE IS "S?+ SEP>ATE1
96: ?+S >E C>RI$2 VIZ4 H[ W :AT IS PLAC$
9 X MOVE1 OR RE/8 ,M* ! SAME >GU;T W
APPLY 6! VOID Z 6! ,8UP0' & ,8D[N0' 9
PLACE1 Z IS NATURAL 5 S9CE ^? :O MA9TA9
! EXI/;E (! VOID MAKE X A PLACE4
  ,& 9 :AT WAY W ?+S 2 PRES5T EI 9
PLACE-OR 9 ! VOID8 ,=! EXPECT$ RESULT
DOES N TAKE PLACE :5 A BODY IS PLAC$ Z A
:OLE 9 A PLACE 3CVD ( Z SEP>ATE &
P]MAN5T2 =A "P ( X1 UN.S X 2 PLAC$ A"P1
W N 2 9 A PLACE B 9 ! :OLE4 ,FUR!R1 IF
SEP>ATE PLACE DOES N EXI/1 NEI W VOID4
  ,IF P SAY T ! VOID M/ EXI/1 Z 2+ NEC
IF "! IS 6BE MOVE;T1 :AT R TURNS \ 6BE !
CASE1 IF "O ! MATT]1 IS ! OPPOSITE1 T N
A S+LE ?+ C 2 MOV$ IF "! IS A VOID2 = Z
) ^? :O =A L R1SON SAY ! E>? IS AT RE/1
S1 TOO1 9 ! VOID ?+S M/ 2 AT RE/2 = "!
IS NO PLACE 6: ?+S C MOVE M OR LESS ?AN
6ANO!R2 S9CE ! VOID 9 S F> Z X IS VOID
ADMITS NO DI6];E4
  ,! SECOND R1SON IS ?3 ALL MOVE;T IS EI
-PULSORY OR AC 6NATURE1 & IF "! IS
-PULSORY MOVE;T "! M/ AL 2 NATURAL 7=
-PULSORY MOVE;T IS 3TR>Y 6NATURE1 &
MOVE;T 3TR>Y 6NATURE IS PO/]IOR 6T AC
6NATURE1 S T IF EA* (! NATURAL BODIES
HAS N A NATURAL MOVE;T1 N"O (! O!R
MOVE;TS C EXI/72 B H[ C "! 2 NATURAL
MOVE;T IF "! IS NO DI6];E "?\T ! VOID OR
! 9F9ITE8 ,= 9 S F> Z X IS 9F9ITE1 "! W
2 NO UP OR D[N OR MI4LE1 & 9 S F> Z X IS
A VOID1 UP DI6]S NO :IT F D[N2 = Z "! IS
NO DI6];E 9 :AT IS NO?+1 "! IS N"O 9 !
VOID 7=! VOID SEEMS 6BE A NON-EXI/5T &A
PRIV,N ( 2+71 B NATURAL LOCOMO;N SEEMS
6BE DI6]5TIAT$1 S T ! ?+S T EXI/ 0NATURE
M/ 2 DI6]5TIAT$4 ,EI1 !N1 NO?+ HAS A
NATURAL LOCOMO;N1 OR ELSE "! IS NO VOID4
  ,FUR!R1 9 PO9T ( FACT ?+S T >E ?R[N
MOVE ?\< T : GAVE !M _! IMPULSE IS N
T\*+ !M1 EI 0R1SON ( MUTUAL REPLACE;T1 Z
"S MA9TA91 OR 2C ! AIR T HAS BE5 PU%$
PU%ES !M )A MOVE;T QK] ?AN ! NATURAL
LOCOMO;N (! PROJECTILE ":) X MOVES 6XS
PROP] PLACE4 ,B 9 A VOID N"O ( ^! ?+S C
TAKE PLACE1 NOR C ANY?+ 2 MOV$ SAVE Z T
: IS C>RI$ IS MOV$4
  ,FUR!R1 NO "O CD SAY :Y A ?+ ONCE SET
9 MO;N %D /OP ANY":2 = :Y %D X /OP "H R
?AN "H8 ,S T A ?+ W EI 2 AT RE/ OR M/ 2
MOV$ AD 9F9ITUM1 UN.S "S?+ M P[];L GET 9
XS WAY4
  ,FUR!R1 ?+S >E N[ ?"\ 6MOVE 96! VOID
2C X YIELDS2 B 9 A VOID ? QUAL;Y IS
PRES5T EQU,Y "EY":1 S T ?+S %D MOVE 9
ALL DIREC;NS4
  ,FUR!R1 ! TRU? ( :AT WE ASS]T IS PLA9
F ! FOLL[+ 3SID],NS4 ,WE SEE ! SAME
WEI<T OR BODY MOV+ FA/] ?AN ANO!R = TWO
R1SONS1 EI 2C "! IS A DI6];E 9 :AT X
MOVES "?1 Z 2T WAT]1 AIR1 & E>?1 OR 2C1
O!R ?+S 2+ EQUAL1 ! MOV+ BODY DI6]S F !
O!R [+ 6EXCESS ( WEI<T OR ( LI<T;S4
  ,N[ ! M$IUM CAUSES A DI6];E 2C X
IMP$ES ! MOV+ ?+1 MO/ ( ALL IF X IS MOV+
9 ! OPPOSITE DIREC;N1 B 9 A SECOND>Y
DEGREE EV5 IF X IS AT RE/2 & ESPECI,Y A
M$IUM T IS N EASILY DIVID$1 I4E4 A M$IUM
T IS "S:AT D5SE4 ;,A1 !N1 W MOVE "? ;,B
9 "T ;,G1 & "? ;,D1 : IS ?9N]1 9 "T ;,E
7IF ! L5G? ( ;,B IS EGUAL TO ;,D71 9
PROPOR;N 6! D5S;Y (! H9D]+ BODY4 ,= LET
;,B 2 WAT] & ;,D AIR2 !N 0S M* Z AIR IS
?9N] & M 9CORPOR1L ?AN WAT]1 ,A W MOVE
"? ;,D FA/] ?AN "? ,B4 ,LET ! SPE$ H !
SAME RATIO 6! SPE$1 !N1 T AIR HAS 6WAT]4
,!N IF AIR IS TWICE Z ?91 ! BODY W
TRAV]SE ;,B 9 TWICE ! "T T X DOES ;,D1 &
! "T ;,G W 2 TWICE ! "T ,E4 ,& ALW1 0S
M* Z ! M$IUM IS M 9CORPOR1L & LESS
RESI/ANT & M EASILY DIVID$1 ! FA/] W 2 !
MOVE;T4
  ,N[ "! IS NO RATIO 9 : ! VOID IS
EXCE$$ 0BODY1 Z "! IS NO RATIO ( #J 6A
NUMB]4 ,= IF #D EXCE$S #C 0#A1 & #B 0M
?AN #A1 & #A 0/ M ?AN X EXCE$S #B1 / "!
IS NO RATIO 0: X EXCE$S #J2 = T : EXCE$S
M/ 2 DIVISI# 96! EXCESS @+ T : IS
EXCE$$1 S T W 2 :AT X EXCE$S #J BY @+
#J4 ,= ? R1SON1 TOO1 A L9E DOES N EXCE$
A PO9T UN.S X IS -POS$ ( PO9TS6
,SIMIL>LY ! VOID C BE> NO RATIO 6! FULL1
& "!=E NEI C MOVE;T "? ! "O 6MOVE;T "? !
O!R1 B IF A ?+ MOVES "? ! ?ICKE/ M$IUM
S* & S* A 4T.E 9 S* & S* A "T1 X MOVES
"? ! VOID )A SPE$ 2Y ANY RATIO4 ,= LET
;,Z 2 VOID1 EQUAL 9 MAGNITUDE TO ;,B &
TO ;,D4 ,!N IF ,A IS 6TRAV]SE & MOVE "?
X 9 A C]TA9 "T1 ;,H1 A "T LESS ?AN ;,E1
H["E1 ! VOID W BE> ? RATIO 6! FULL4 ,B 9
A "T EQUAL TO ;,H1 ,A W TRAV]SE ! "P ,O
( ,A4 ,& X W SURELY AL TRAV]SE 9 T "T
ANY SUB/.E ;,Z : EXCE$S AIR 9 ?ICK;S 9 !
RATIO : ! "T ;,E BE>S 6! "T ,H4 ,= IF !
BODY ;,Z 2 Z M* ?9N] ?AN ;,D Z ;,E
EXCE$S ;,H1 ;,A1 IF X MOVES "? ;,Z1 W
TRAV]SE X 9 A "T 9V]SE 6! SPE$ (!
MOVE;T1 I4E4 9 A "T EQUAL TO ;,H4 ,IF1
!N1 "! IS NO BODY 9 ;,Z1 ,A W TRAV]SE
;,Z / M QKLY4 ,B WE SUPPOS$ T XS TRAV]SE
( ;,Z :5 ;,Z 0 VOID O3UPI$ ! "T ,H4 ,S T
X W TRAV]SE ;,Z 9 AN EQUAL "T :E!R ;,Z 2
FULL OR VOID4 ,B ? IS IMPOSSI#4 ,X IS
PLA91 !N1 T IF "! IS A "T 9 : X W MOVE
"? ANY "P (! VOID1 ? IMPOSSI# RESULT W
FOLL[3 X W 2 F.D 6TRAV]SE A C]TA9 4T.E1
:E!R ? 2 FULL OR VOID1 9 AN EQUAL "T2 =
"! W 2 "S BODY : IS 9 ! SAME RATIO 6!
O!R BODY Z ! "T IS 6! "T4
  ,6SUM ! MATT] UP1 ! CAUSE ( ? RESULT
IS OBVI\S1 VIZ4 T 2T ANY TWO MOVE;TS "!
IS A RATIO 7= !Y O3UPY "T1 & "! IS A
RATIO 2T ANY TWO "TS1 S L;G Z BO? >E
F9ITE71 B "! IS NO RATIO ( VOID 6FULL4
  ,^! >E ! 3SEQU;ES T RESULT F A DI6];E
9 ! M$IA2 ! FOLL[+ DEP5D ^U AN EXCESS (
"O MOV+ BODY OV] ANO!R4 ,WE SEE T BODIES
: H A GRT] IMPULSE EI ( WEI<T OR (
LI<T;S1 IF !Y >E ALIKE 9 O!R RESPECTS1
MOVE FA/] OV] AN EQUAL SPACE1 & 9 !
RATIO : _! MAGNITUDES BE> 6EA* O!R4
,"!=E !Y W AL MOVE "? ! VOID ) ? RATIO (
SPE$4 ,B T IS IMPOSSI#2 = :Y %D "O MOVE
FA/]8 7,IN MOV+ "? PL5A X M/ 2 S2 =!
GRT] DIVIDES !M FA/] 0XS =CE4 ,=A MOV+
?+ CL1VES ! M$IUM EI 0XS %APE1 OR 0!
IMPULSE : ! BODY T IS C>RI$ AL;G OR IS
PROJECT$ POSSESSES47 ,"!=E ALL W POSSESS
EQUAL VELOC;Y4 ,B ? IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,X IS EVID5T F :AT HAS BE5 SD1 !N1 T1
IF "! IS A VOID1 A RESULT FOLL[S : IS !
V OPPOSITE (! R1SON = : ^? :O 2LIEVE 9 A
VOID SET X UP4 ,!Y ?9K T IF MOVE;T 9
RESPECT ( PLACE IS 6EXI/1 ! VOID _C
EXI/1 SEP>AT$ ALL 0XF2 B ? IS ! SAME Z
6SAY T PLACE IS A SEP>ATE CAV;Y2 & ? HAS
ALR BE5 /AT$ 6BE IMPOSSI#4
  ,B EV5 IF WE 3SID] X ON XS [N M]ITS !
S-CALL$ VACUUM W 2 F.D 6BE RE,Y VACU\S4
,= Z1 IF "O PUTS A CUBE 9 WAT]1 AN AM.T
( WAT] EQUAL 6! CUBE W 2 4PLAC$2 S TOO 9
AIR2 B ! E6ECT IS IMP]CEPTI# 6S5SE4 ,&
9DE$ ALW 9 ! CASE ( ANY BODY T C 2
4PLAC$1 M/1 IF X IS N -PRESS$1 2 4PLAC$
9 ! DIREC;N 9 : X IS XS NATURE 6BE
4PLAC$-ALW EI D[N1 IF XS LOCOMO;N IS
D[NW>DS Z 9 ! CASE ( E>?1 OR UP1 IF X IS
FIRE1 OR 9 BO? DIREC;NS-:AT"E 2 ! NATURE
(! 9S]T$ BODY4 ,N[ 9 ! VOID ? IS
IMPOSSI#2 = X IS N BODY2 ! VOID M/ H
P5ETRAT$ ! CUBE 6A 4T.E EQUAL 6T : ?
POR;N ( VOID =M]LY O3UPI$ 9 ! VOID1 J Z
IF ! WAT] OR AIR _H N BE5 4PLAC$ 0!
WOOD5 CUBE1 B _H P5ETRAT$ "R "? X4
  ,B ! CUBE AL HAS A MAGNITUDE EQUAL 6T
O3UPI$ 0! VOID2 A MAGNITUDE :1 IF X IS
AL HOT OR COLD1 OR H1VY OR LI<T1 IS N"O
! LESS DI6]5T 9 ESS;E F ALL XS
ATTRIBUTES1 EV5 IF X IS N SEP>A# F !M2
,I M1N ! VOLUME (! WOOD5 CUBE4 ,S T EV5
IF X 7 SEP>AT$ F "EY?+ ELSE & 7 NEI H1VY
NOR LI<T1 X W O3UPY AN EQUAL AM.T (
VOID1 & FILL ! SAME PLACE1 Z ! "P (
PLACE OR (! VOID EQUAL 6XF4 ,H[ !N W !
BODY (! CUBE DI6] F ! VOID OR PLACE T IS
EQUAL 6X8 ,& IF "! C 2 TWO S* ?+S1 :Y _C
"! 2 ANY NUMB] CO9CID+8
  ,?1 !N1 IS "O ABSURD & IMPOSSI#
IMPLIC,N (! !ORY4 ,X IS AL EVID5T T !
CUBE W H ? SAME VOLUME EV5 IF X IS
4PLAC$1 : IS AN ATTRIBUTE POSSESS$ 0ALL
O!R BODIES AL4 ,"!=E IF ? DI6]S 9 NO
RESPECT F XS PLACE1 :Y NE$ WE ASSUME A
PLACE = BODIES OV] & ABV ! VOLUME ( EA*1
IF _! VOLUME 2 3CVD ( Z FREE F
ATTRIBUTES8 ,X 3TRIBUTES NO?+ 6! SITU,N
IF "! IS AN EQUAL 9T]VAL ATTA*$ 6X Z
WELL4 ,7,FUR!R X "\ 6BE CLE> 0! /UDY (
MOV+ ?+S :AT SORT ( ?+ VOID IS4 ,B 9
FACT X IS F.D NO": 9 ! _W4 ,= AIR IS
"S?+1 ?\< X DOES N SEEM 6BE S-NOR1 = T
MATT]1 WD WAT]1 IF FI%ES 7 MADE ( IRON2
=! 4CRIM9,N (! TANGI# IS 0T\*47'
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 F ^! 3SID],NS T "! IS
NO SEP>ATE VOID4
  #I
  ,"! >E "S :O ?9K T ! EXI/;E ( R>;Y &
D5S;Y %[S T "! IS A VOID4 ,IF R>;Y &
D5S;Y D N EXI/1 !Y SAY1 NEI C ?+S 3TRACT
& 2 -PRESS$4 ,B IF ? 7 N 6TAKE PLACE1 EI
"! WD 2 NO MOVE;T AT ALL1 OR ! UNIV]SE
WD BULGE1 Z ,XU?US SD1 OR AIR & WAT] M/
ALW *ANGE 96EQUAL AM.TS 7E4G4 IF AIR HAS
BE5 MADE \ (A CUP;L ( WAT]1 AT ! SAME "T
\ ( AN EQUAL AM.T ( AIR A CUP;L ( WAT]
M/ H BE5 MADE71 OR VOID M/ NECESS>ILY
EXI/2 = -PRES.N & EXPAN.N _C TAKE PLACE
O!RWISE4
  ,N[1 IF !Y M1N 0! R>E T : HAS _M VOIDS
EXI/+ SEP>ATELY1 X IS PLA9 T IF VOID _C
EXI/ SEP>ATE ANY M ?AN A PLACE C EXI/ )
AN EXT5.N ALL 6XF1 NEI C ! R>E EXI/ 9 ?
S5SE4 ,B IF !Y M1N T "! IS VOID1 N
SEP>ATELY EXI/5T1 B / PRES5T 9 ! R>E1 ?
IS LESS IMPOSSI#1 YET1 F/1 ! VOID TURNS
\ N 6BE A 3DI;N ( ALL MOVE;T1 B ONLY (
MOVE;T UPW>DS 7=! R>E IS LI<T1 : IS !
R1SON :Y !Y SAY FIRE IS R>E72 SECOND1 !
VOID TURNS \ 6BE A 3DI;N ( MOVE;T N Z T
9 : X TAKES PLACE1 B 9 T ! VOID C>RIES
?+S UP Z SK9S 02+ C>RI$ UP !MVS C>RY UP
:AT IS 3T9U\S ) !M4 ,YET H[ C VOID H A
LOCAL MOVE;T OR A PLACE8 ,= ?US T 96:
VOID MOVES IS TILL !N VOID (A VOID4
  ,AG1 H[ W !Y EXPLA91 9 ! CASE ( :AT IS
H1VY1 XS MOVE;T D[NW>DS8 ,& X IS PLA9 T
IF ! R>] & M VOID A ?+ IS ! QK] X W MOVE
UPW>DS1 IF X 7 -PLETELY VOID X WD MOVE )
A MAXIMUM SPE$6 ,B P]H EV5 ? IS
IMPOSSI#1 T X %D MOVE AT ALL2 ! SAME
R1SON : %[$ T 9 ! VOID ALL ?+S >E 9CAPA#
( MOV+ %[S T ! VOID _C MOVE1 VIZ4 ! FACT
T ! SPE$S >E 9COMP>A#4
  ,S9CE WE D5Y T A VOID EXI/S1 B =! RE/
! PRO#M HAS BE5 TRULY /AT$1 T EI "! W 2
NO MOVE;T1 IF "! IS N 6BE 3D5S,N &
R>EFAC;N1 OR ! UNIV]SE W BULGE1 OR A
TRANS=M,N ( WAT] 96AIR W ALW 2 BAL.ED
0AN EQUAL TRANS=M,N ( AIR 96WAT] 7= X IS
CLE> T ! AIR PRODUC$ F WAT] IS BULKI]
?AN ! WAT]73 X IS NEC "!=E1 IF -PRES.N
DOES N EXI/1 EI T ! NEXT POR;N W 2 PU%$
\TW>DS & MAKE ! \T]MO/ "P BULGE1 OR T
"S": ELSE "! M/ 2 AN EQUAL AM.T ( WAT]
PRODUC$ \ ( AIR1 S T ! 5TIRE BULK (!
:OLE MAY 2 EQUAL1 OR T NO?+ MOVES4 ,= :5
ANY?+ IS 4PLAC$ ? W ALW HAPP51 UN.S X
-ES R.D 9 A CIRCLE2 B LOCOMO;N IS N ALW
CIRCUL>1 B "S"TS 9 A /RAI<T L9E4
  ,^! !N >E ! R1SONS = : !Y MI<T SAY T
"! IS A VOID2 \R /ATE;T IS BAS$ ON !
ASSUMP;N T "! IS A S+LE MATT] = 3TR>IES1
HOT & COLD &! O!R NATURAL 3TR>IETIES1 &
T :AT EXI/S ACTU,Y IS PRODUC$ F A
POT5TIAL EXI/5T1 & T MATT] IS N SEP>A# F
! 3TR>IES B XS 2+ IS DI6]5T1 & T A S+LE
MATT] MAY S]VE = COL\R & H1T & COLD4
  ,! SAME MATT] AL S]VES = BO? A L>GE &A
SMALL BODY4 ,? IS EVID5T2 = :5 AIR IS
PRODUC$ F WAT]1 ! SAME MATT] HAS 2COME
"S?+ DI6]5T1 N 0ACQUIR+ AN A4I;N 6X1 B
HAS 2COME ACTU,Y :AT X 0 POT5TI,Y1 &1
AG1 WAT] IS PRODUC$ F AIR 9 ! SAME WAY1
! *ANGE 2+ "S"TS F SMALL;S 6GRT;S1 &
"S"TS F GRT;S 6SMALL;S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 "!=E1
IF AIR : IS L>GE 9 EXT5T -ES 6H A SMALL]
VOLUME1 OR 2COMES GRT] F 2+ SMALL]1 X IS
! MATT] : IS POT5TI,Y BO? T -ES 6BE EA*
(! TWO4
  ,= Z ! SAME MATT] 2COMES HOT F 2+
COLD1 & COLD F 2+ HOT1 2C X 0 POT5TI,Y
BO?1 S TOO F HOT X C 2COME M HOT1 ?\<
NO?+ 9 ! MATT] HAS 2COME HOT T 0 N HOT
:5 ! ?+ 0 LESS HOT2 J Z1 IF ! >C OR
CURVE (A GRT] CIRCLE 2COMES T (A SMALL]1
:E!R X REMA9S ! SAME OR 2COMES A DI6]5T
CURVE1 3VEX;Y HAS N -E 6EXI/ 9 ANY?+ T 0
N 3VEX B /RAI<T 7= DI6];ES ( DEGREE D N
DEP5D ON AN 9T]MIS.N (! QUAL;Y72 NOR C
WE GET ANY POR;N (A FLAME1 9 : BO? H1T &
:ITE;S >E N PRES5T4 ,S TOO1 !N1 IS !
E>LI] H1T RELAT$ 6! LAT]4 ,S T ! GRT;S &
SMALL;S1 AL1 (! S5SI# VOLUME >E EXT5D$1
N 0! MATT]'S ACQUIR+ ANY?+ NEW1 B 2C !
MATT] IS POT5TI,Y MATT] = BO? /ATES2 S T
! SAME ?+ IS D5SE & R>E1 &! TWO
QUALITIES H "O MATT]4
  ,! D5SE IS H1VY1 &! R>E IS LI<T4
,7,AG1 Z ! >C (A CIRCLE :5 3TRACT$ 96A
SMALL] SPACE DOES N ACQUIRE A NEW "P :
IS 3VEX1 B :AT 0 "! HAS BE5 3TRACT$2 & Z
ANY "P ( FIRE T "O TAKES W 2 HOT2 S1
TOO1 X IS ALL A "Q ( 3TRAC;N & EXPAN.N (
! SAME MATT]47' ,"! >E TWO TYPES 9 EA*
CASE1 BO? 9 ! D5SE & 9 ! R>E2 = BO? !
H1VY &! H>D >E ?"\ 6BE D5SE1 & 3TR>IWISE
BO? ! LI<T &! S(T >E R>E2 & WEI<T &
H>D;S FAIL 6CO9CIDE 9 ! CASE ( L1D &
IRON4
  ,F :AT HAS BE5 SD X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T
VOID DOES N EXI/ EI SEP>ATE 7EI
ABSOLUTELY SEP>ATE OR Z A SEP>ATE ELE;T
9 ! R>E7 OR POT5TI,Y1 UN.S "O IS WILL+
6CALL ! 3DI;N ( MOVE;T VOID1 :AT"E X MAY
BE4 ,AT T RATE ! MATT] (! H1VY &! LI<T1
QUA MATT] ( !M1 WD 2 ! VOID2 =! D5SE &!
R>E >E PRODUCTIVE ( LOCOMO;N 9 VIRTUE (
? 3TR>IETY1 & 9 VIRTUE ( _! H>D;S &
S(T;S PRODUCTIVE ( PASSIV;Y &
IMPASSIV;Y1 I4E4 N ( LOCOMO;N B R (
QUALITATIVE *ANGE4
  ,S M*1 !N1 =! 4CUS.N (! VOID1 &(! S5SE
9 : X EXI/S &! S5SE 9 : X DOES N EXI/4
  #AJ
  ,NEXT = 4CUS.N AF ! SUBJECTS M5;N$ IS
,"T4 ,! BE/ PLAN W 2 62G9 0"W+ \ !
DI6ICULTIES 3NECT$ ) X1 MAK+ USE (!
CURR5T >GU;TS4 ,F/1 DOES X 2L;G 6! CLASS
( ?+S T EXI/ OR 6T ( ?+S T D N EXI/8 ,!N
SECONDLY1 :AT IS XS NATURE8 ,6/>T1 !N3 !
FOLL[+ 3SID],NS WD MAKE "O SUSPECT T X
EI DOES N EXI/ AT ALL OR B>ELY1 & 9 AN
OBSCURE WAY4 ,"O "P ( X HAS BE5 & IS N1
:ILE ! O!R IS GO+ 6BE & IS N YET4 ,YET
"T-BO? 9F9ITE "T & ANY "T Y L 6TAKE-IS
MADE UP ( ^!4 ,"O WD NATUR,Y SUPPOSE T
:AT IS MADE UP ( ?+S : D N EXI/ CD H NO
%>E 9 R1L;Y4
  ,FUR!R1 IF A DIVISI# ?+ IS 6EXI/1 X IS
NEC T1 :5 X EXI/S1 ALL OR "S ( XS "PS M/
EXI/4 ,B ( "T "S "PS H BE51 :ILE O!RS H
6BE1 & NO "P ( X IS ?\< X IS DIVISI#4 ,=
:AT IS ,8N[0' IS N A "P3 A "P IS A
M1SURE (! :OLE1 : M/ 2 MADE UP ( "PS4
,"T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS N HELD 6BE MADE UP
( ,8N[S0'4
  ,AG1 ! ,8N[0' : SEEMS 6B.D ! PA/ &!
FUTURE-DOES X ALW REMA9 "O &! SAME OR IS
X ALW O!R & O!R8 ,X IS H>D 6SAY4
  7#A7 ,IF X IS ALW DI6]5T & DI6]5T1 &
IF N"O (! "PS 9 "T : >E O!R & O!R >E
SIMULTANE\S 7UN.S ! "O 3TA9S &! O!R IS
3TA9$1 Z ! %ORT] "T IS 0! L;G]71 & IF !
,8N[0' : IS N1 B =M]LY WAS1 M/ H C1S$-
TO-BE AT "S "T1 ! ,8N[S0' TOO _C 2
SIMULTANE\S ) "O ANO!R1 B ! PRIOR ,8N[0'
M/ ALW H C1S$-TO-BE4 ,B ! PRIOR ,8N[0'
_C H C1S$-TO-BE 9 XF 7S9CE X !N EXI/$72
YET X _C H C1S$-TO-BE 9 ANO!R ,8N[0'4 ,=
WE MAY LAY X D[N T "O ,8N[0' _C 2 NEXT
6ANO!R1 ANY M ?AN PO9T 6PO9T4 ,IF !N X
DID N C1SE-TO-BE 9 ! NEXT ,8N[0' B 9
ANO!R1 X WD EXI/ SIMULTANE\SLY )!
9NUM]A# ,8N[S0' 2T ! TWO-: IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,YES1 B 7#B7 NEI IS X POSSI# =! ,8N[0'
6REMA9 ALW ! SAME4 ,NO DET]M9ATE DIVISI#
?+ HAS A S+LE T]M9,N1 :E!R X IS 3T9U\SLY
EXT5D$ 9 "O OR 9 M ?AN "O DIM5.N3 B !
,8N[0' IS A T]M9,N1 & X IS POSSI# 6CUT
(F A DET]M9ATE "T4 ,FUR!R1 IF CO9CID;E 9
"T 7I4E4 2+ NEI PRIOR NOR PO/]IOR7 M1NS
6BE ,8IN "O &! SAME 8N[00'1 !N1 IF BO?
:AT IS 2F & :AT IS AF >E 9 ? SAME
,8N[0'1 ?+S : HAPP5$ T5 ?\S& YE>S AGO WD
2 SIMULTANE\S ) :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO-"D1 &
NO?+ WD 2 2F OR AF ANY?+ ELSE4
  ,? MAY S]VE Z A /ATE;T (! DI6ICULTIES
AB ! ATTRIBUTES ( "T4
  ,Z 6:AT "T IS OR :AT IS XS NATURE1 !
TRADI;NAL A3.TS GIVE U Z LL LI<T Z !
PRELIM9>Y PRO#MS : WE H "W$ "?4
  ,"S ASS]T T X IS 7#A7 ! MOVE;T (!
:OLE1 O!RS T X IS 7#B7 ! SPH]E XF4
  7#A7 ,YET "P1 TOO1 (! REVOLU;N IS A
"T1 B X C]TA9LY IS N A REVOLU;N3 = :AT
IS TAK5 IS "P (A REVOLU;N1 N A REVOLU;N4
,2SS1 IF "! 7 M H1V5S ?AN "O1 ! MOVE;T (
ANY ( !M EQU,Y WD 2 "T1 S T "! WD 2 _M
"TS AT ! SAME "T4
  7#B7 ,^? :O SD T "T IS ! SPH]E (! :OLE
?"\ S1 NO D\BT1 ON ! GR.D T ALL ?+S >E 9
"T & ALL ?+S >E 9 ! SPH]E (! :OLE4 ,!
VIEW IS TOO NAIVE = X 6BE WOR? :ILE
63SID] ! IMPOSSIBILITIES IMPLI$ 9 X4
  ,B Z "T IS MO/ USU,Y SUPPOS$ 6BE 7#C7
MO;N &A K9D ( *ANGE1 WE M/ 3SID] ? VIEW4
  ,N[ 7A7 ! *ANGE OR MOVE;T ( EA* ?+ IS
ONLY 9 ! ?+ : *ANGES OR ": ! ?+ XF :
MOVES OR *ANGES MAY *.E 6BE4 ,B "T IS
PRES5T EQU,Y "EY": &) ALL ?+S4
  ,AG1 7B7 *ANGE IS ALW FA/] OR SL[]1
":AS "T IS N3 = ,8FA/0' & ,8SL[0' >E
DEF9$ 0"T-,8FA/0' IS :AT MOVES M* 9 A
%ORT "T1 ,8SL[0' :AT MOVES LL 9 A L;G
"T2 B "T IS N DEF9$ 0"T1 02+ EI A C]TA9
AM.T OR A C]TA9 K9D ( X4
  ,CLE>LY !N X IS N MOVE;T4 7,WE NE$ N
4T+UI% AT PRES5T 2T ,8MOVE;T0' &
,8*ANGE0'47

                  #AA

  ,B NEI DOES "T EXI/ )\T *ANGE2 = :5 !
/ATE ( \R [N M9DS DOES N *ANGE AT ALL1
OR WE H N NOTIC$ XS *ANG+1 WE D N R1LIZE
T "T HAS ELAPS$1 ANY M ?AN ^? :O >E FA#D
6SLEEP AM;G ! H]OES 9 ,S>D9IA D :5 !Y >E
AWAK5$2 = !Y 3NECT ! E>LI] ,8N[0' )!
LAT] & MAKE !M "O1 CUTT+ \ ! 9T]VAL 2C (
_! FAILURE 6NOTICE X4 ,S1 J Z1 IF !
,8N[0' 7 N DI6]5T B "O &! SAME1 "! WD N
H BE5 "T1 S TOO :5 XS DI6];E ESCAPES \R
NOTICE ! 9T]VAL DOES N SEEM 6BE "T4 ,IF1
!N1 ! NON-R1LIZ,N (! EXI/;E ( "T HAPP5S
6U :5 WE D N 4T+UI% ANY *ANGE1 B ! S\L
SEEMS 6/AY 9 "O 9DIVISI# /ATE1 & :5 WE
P]CV & 4T+UI% WE SAY "T HAS ELAPS$1
EVID5TLY "T IS N 9DEP5D5T ( MOVE;T &
*ANGE4 ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T "T IS NEI
MOVE;T NOR 9DEP5D5T ( MOVE;T4
  ,WE M/ TAKE ? Z \R />T+-PO9T & TRY
64COV]-S9CE WE WI% 6"K :AT "T IS-:AT
EXACTLY X HAS 6D ) MOVE;T4
  ,N[ WE P]CV MOVE;T & "T TGR3 = EV5 :5
X IS D>K & WE >E N 2+ A6ECT$ "? ! BODY1
IF ANY MOVE;T TAKES PLACE 9 ! M9D WE AT
ONCE SUPPOSE T "S "T AL HAS ELAPS$2 & N
ONLY T B AL1 :5 "S "T IS ?"\ 6H PASS$1
"S MOVE;T AL AL;G ) X SEEMS 6H TAK5
PLACE4 ,H;E "T IS EI MOVE;T OR "S?+ T
2L;GS 6MOVE;T4 ,S9CE !N X IS N MOVE;T1 X
M/ 2 ! O!R4
  ,B :AT IS MOV$ IS MOV$ F "S?+ 6"S?+1 &
ALL MAGNITUDE IS 3T9U\S4 ,"!=E ! MOVE;T
GOES )! MAGNITUDE4 ,2C ! MAGNITUDE IS
3T9U\S1 ! MOVE;T TOO M/ 2 3T9U\S1 & IF !
MOVE;T1 !N ! "T2 =! "T T HAS PASS$ IS
ALW ?"\ 6BE 9 PROPOR;N 6! MOVE;T4
  ,! 4T9C;N ( ,82F0' & ,8AF0' HOLDS
PRIM>ILY1 !N1 9 PLACE2 & "! 9 VIRTUE (
RELATIVE POSI;N4 ,S9CE !N ,82F0' &
,8AF0' HOLD 9 MAGNITUDE1 !Y M/ HOLD AL 9
MOVE;T1 ^! CORRESPOND+ 6^?4 ,B AL 9 "T !
4T9C;N ( ,82F0' & ,8AF0' M/ HOLD1 = "T &
MOVE;T ALW CORRESPOND ) EA* O!R4 ,!
,82F0' & ,8AF0' 9 MO;N IS ID5TICAL 9
SUB/RATUM ) MO;N YET DI6]S F X 9
DEF9I;N1 & IS N ID5TICAL ) MO;N4
  ,B WE APPREH5D "T ONLY :5 WE H M>K$
MO;N1 M>K+ X BY ,82F0' & ,8AF0'2 & X IS
ONLY :5 WE H P]CVD ,82F0' & ,8AF0' 9
MO;N T WE SAY T "T HAS ELAPS$4 ,N[ WE
M>K !M 0JUDG+ T ;,A & ;,B >E DI6]5T1 & T
"S ?IRD ?+ IS 9T]M$IATE 6!M4 ,:5 WE ?9K
(! EXTREMES Z DI6]5T F ! MI4LE &! M9D
PRON\NCES T ! ,8N[S0' >E TWO1 "O 2F & "O
AF1 X IS !N T WE SAY T "! IS "T1 & ? T
WE SAY IS "T4 ,= :AT IS B.D$ 0! ,8N[0'
IS ?"\ 6BE "T-WE MAY ASSUME ?4
  ,:51 "!=E1 WE P]CV ! ,8N[0' "O1 & NEI
Z 2F & AF 9 A MO;N NOR Z AN ID5T;Y B 9
REL,N 6A ,82F0' & AN ,8AF0'1 NO "T IS
?"\ 6H ELAPS$1 2C "! HAS BE5 NO MO;N EI4
,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 WE D P]CV A ,82F0' & AN
,8AF0'1 !N WE SAY T "! IS "T4 ,= "T IS J
?-NUMB] ( MO;N 9 RESPECT ( ,82F0' &
,8AF0'4
  ,H;E "T IS N MOVE;T1 B ONLY MOVE;T 9 S
F> Z X ADMITS ( ENUM],N4 ,A PRO( ( ?3 WE
4CRIM9ATE ! M OR ! LESS 0NUMB]1 B M OR
LESS MOVE;T 0"T4 ,"T !N IS A K9D (
NUMB]4 7,NUMB]1 WE M/ NOTE1 IS US$ 9 TWO
S5SES-BO? ( :AT IS C.T$ OR ! C.TA# & AL
( T ) : WE C.T4 ,"T OBVI\SLY IS :AT IS
C.T$1 N T ) : WE C.T3 "! >E DI6]5T K9DS
( ?+47 ,J Z MO;N IS A P]PETUAL SU3ES.N1
S AL IS "T4 ,B E SIMULTANE\S "T IS SELF-
ID5TICAL2 =! ,8N[0' Z A SUBJECT IS AN
ID5T;Y1 B X A3EPTS DI6]5T ATTRIBUTES4 ,!
,8N[0' M1SURES "T1 9 S F> Z "T 9VOLVES !
,82F & AF0'4
  ,! ,8N[0' 9 "O S5SE IS ! SAME1 9 ANO!R
X IS N ! SAME4 ,9 S F> Z X IS 9 SU3ES.N1
X IS DI6]5T 7: IS J :AT XS 2+ 0 SUPPOS$
6M1N71 B XS SUB/RATUM IS AN ID5T;Y3 =
MO;N1 Z 0 SD1 GOES ) MAGNITUDE1 & "T1 Z
WE MA9TA91 ) MO;N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !N1 "!
CORRESPONDS 6! PO9T ! BODY : IS C>RI$
AL;G1 & 0: WE >E AW>E (! MO;N &(! ,82F &
AF0' 9VOLV$ 9 X4 ,? IS AN ID5TICAL
SUB/RATUM 7:E!R A PO9T OR A /"O OR "S?+
ELSE (! K9D71 B X HAS DI6]5T ATTRIBUTES
Z ! SOPHI/S ASSUME T ,CORISCUS' 2+ 9 !
,LYCEUM IS A DI6]5T ?+ F ,CORISCUS' 2+ 9
! M>KET-PLACE4 ,&! BODY : IS C>RI$ AL;G
IS DI6]5T1 9 S F> Z X IS AT "O "T "H &
AT ANO!R "!4 ,B ! ,8N[0' CORRESPONDS 6!
BODY T IS C>RI$ AL;G1 Z "T CORRESPONDS
6! MO;N4 ,= X IS 0M1NS (! BODY T IS
C>RI$ AL;G T WE 2COME AW>E (! ,82F &
AF0' ! MO;N1 & IF WE REG>D ^! Z C.TA# WE
GET ! ,8N[0'4 ,H;E 9 ^! AL ! ,8N[0' Z
SUB/RATUM REMA9S ! SAME 7= X IS :AT IS
2F & AF 9 MOVE;T71 B :AT IS PR$ICAT$ ( X
IS DI6]5T2 = X IS 9 S F> Z ! ,82F & AF0'
IS NUM]A# T WE GET ! ,8N[0'4 ,? IS :AT
IS MO/ "KA#3 =1 SIMIL>LY1 MO;N IS "KN 2C
( T : IS MOV$1 LOCOMO;N 2C ( T : IS
C>RI$4 :AT IS C>RI$ IS A R1L ?+1 !
MOVE;T IS N4 ,?US :AT IS CALL$ ,8N[0' 9
"O S5SE IS ALW ! SAME2 9 ANO!R X IS N !
SAME3 = ? IS TRUE AL ( :AT IS C>RI$4
  ,CLE>LY1 TOO1 IF "! 7 NO "T1 "! WD 2
NO ,8N[0'1 & VICE V]SA4 J Z ! MOV+ BODY
& XS LOCOMO;N 9VOLVE EA* O!R MUTU,Y1 S
TOO D ! NUMB] (! MOV+ BODY &! NUMB] ( XS
LOCOMO;N4 ,=! NUMB] (! LOCOMO;N IS "T1
:ILE ! ,8N[0' CORRESPONDS 6! MOV+ BODY1
& IS L ! UNIT ( NUMB]4
  ,"T1 !N1 AL IS BO? MADE 3T9U\S 0!
,8N[0' & DIVID$ AT X4 ,= "H TOO "! IS A
CORRESPOND;E )! LOCOMO;N &! MOV+ BODY4
,=! MO;N OR LOCOMO;N IS MADE "O 0! ?+ :
IS MOV$1 2C X IS "O-N 2C X IS "O 9 XS [N
NATURE 7= "! MI<T 2 PAUSES 9 ! MOVE;T (
S* A ?+7-BUT 2C X IS "O 9 DEF9I;N3 = ?
DET]M9ES ! MOVE;T Z ,82F0' & ,8AF0'4
,"H1 TOO "! IS A CORRESPOND;E )! PO9T2 =
! PO9T AL BO? 3NECTS & T]M9ATES ! L5G?-X
IS ! 2G9N+ ( "O &! 5D ( ANO!R4 ,B :5 Y
TAKE X 9 ? WAY1 US+ ! "O PO9T Z TWO1 A
PAUSE IS NEC1 IF ! SAME PO9T IS 6BE !
2G9N+ &! 5D4 ,! ,8N[0' ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE
! BODY C>RI$ IS MOV+1 IS ALW DI6]5T4
  ,H;E "T IS N NUMB] 9 ! S5SE 9 : "! IS
,8NUMB]0' (! SAME PO9T 2C X IS 2G9N+ &
5D1 B R Z ! EXTREMITIES (A L9E =M A
NUMB]1 & N Z ! "PS (! L9E D S1 BO? =!
R1SON GIV5 7= WE C USE ! MI4LE PO9T Z
TWO1 S T ON T ANALOGY "T MI<T /& /71 &
FUR!R 2C OBVI\SLY ! ,8N[0' IS NO "P ( "T
NOR ! SEC;N ANY "P (! MOVE;T1 ANY M ?AN
! PO9TS >E "PS (! L9E-= X IS TWO L9ES T
>E "PS ( "O L9E4
  ,9 S F> !N Z ! ,8N[0' IS A B.D>Y1 X IS
N "T1 B AN ATTRIBUTE ( X2 9 S F> Z X
NUMB]S1 X IS NUMB]2 = B.D>IES 2L;G ONLY
6T : !Y B.D1 B NUMB] 7E4G4 T57 IS !
NUMB] ( ^! HORSES1 & 2L;GS AL ELSE":4
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 T "T IS ,8NUMB] (
MOVE;T 9 RESPECT (! 2F & AF0'1 & IS
3T9U\S S9CE X IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( :AT IS
3T9U\S4
  #AB
  ,! SMALLE/ NUMB]1 9 ! /RICT S5SE (! ^W
,8NUMB]0'1 IS TWO4 ,B ( NUMB] Z 3CRETE1
"S"TS "! IS A M9IMUM1 "S"TS N3 E4G4 (A
,8L9E0'1 ! SMALLE/ 9 RESPECT (
MULTIPLIC;Y IS TWO 7OR1 IF Y L1 "O71 B 9
RESPECT ( SIZE "! IS NO M9IMUM2 = E L9E
IS DIVID$ AD 9F9ITUM4 ,H;E X IS S ) "T4
,9 RESPECT ( NUMB] ! M9IMUM IS "O 7OR
TWO72 9 PO9T ( EXT5T "! IS NO M9IMUM4
  ,X IS CLE>1 TOO1 T "T IS N DESCRIB$ Z
FA/ OR SL[1 B Z _M OR FEW & Z L;G OR
%ORT4 ,= Z 3T9U\S X IS L;G OR %ORT & Z A
NUMB] _M OR FEW1 B X IS N FA/ OR SL[-ANY
M ?AN ANY NUMB] ) : WE NUMB] IS FA/ OR
SL[4
  ,FUR!R1 "! IS ! SAME "T "EY": AT ONCE1
B N ! SAME "T 2F & AF1 = :ILE ! PRES5T
*ANGE IS "O1 ! *ANGE : HAS HAPP5$ & T :
W HAPP5 >E DI6]5T4 ,"T IS N NUMB] ) : WE
C.T1 B ! NUMB] ( ?+S : >E C.T$1 & ? AC Z
X O3URS 2F OR AF IS ALW DI6]5T1 =!
,8N[S0' >E DI6]5T4 ,&! NUMB] (A HUNDR$
HORSES &A HUNDR$ M5 IS ! SAME1 B ! ?+S
NUMB]$ >E DI6]5T-! HORSES F ! M54
,FUR!R1 Z A MOVE;T C 2 "O &! SAME AG &
AG1 S TOO C "T1 E4G4 A YE> OR A SPR+ OR
AN AUTUMN4
  ,N ONLY D WE M1SURE ! MOVE;T 0! "T1 B
AL ! "T 0! MOVE;T1 2C !Y DEF9E EA* O!R4
,! "T M>KS ! MOVE;T1 S9CE X IS XS NUMB]1
&! MOVE;T ! "T4 ,WE DESCRIBE ! "T Z M*
OR LL1 M1SUR+ X 0! MOVE;T1 J Z WE "K !
NUMB] 0:AT IS NUMB]$1 E4G4 ! NUMB] (!
HORSES 0"O HORSE Z ! UNIT4 ,= WE "K H[
_M HORSES "! >E 0! USE (! NUMB]2 & AG
0US+ ! "O HORSE Z UNIT WE "K ! NUMB] (!
HORSES XF4 ,S X IS )! "T &! MOVE;T2 = WE
M1SURE ! MOVE;T 0! "T & VICE V]SA4 ,X IS
NATURAL T ? %D HAPP52 =! MOVE;T GOES )!
4T.E &! "T )! MOVE;T1 2C !Y >E QUANTA &
3T9U\S & DIVISI#4 ,! MOVE;T HAS ^!
ATTRIBUTES 2C ! 4T.E IS ( ? NATURE1 &!
"T HAS !M 2C (! MOVE;T4 ,& WE M1SURE BO?
! 4T.E 0! MOVE;T &! MOVE;T 0! 4T.E2 = WE
SAY T ! ROAD IS L;G1 IF ! J\RNEY IS L;G1
& T ? IS L;G1 IF ! ROAD IS L;G-! "T1
TOO1 IF ! MOVE;T1 &! MOVE;T1 IF ! "T4
  ,"T IS A M1SURE ( MO;N &( 2+ MOV$1 & X
M1SURES ! MO;N 0DET]M9+ A MO;N : W
M1SURE EXACTLY ! :OLE MO;N1 Z ! CUBIT
DOES ! L5G? 0DET]M9+ AN AM.T : W M1SURE
\ ! :OLE4 ,FUR!R ,86BE 9 "T0' M1NS =
MOVE;T1 T BO? X & XS ESS;E >E M1SUR$ 0"T
7= SIMULTANE\SLY X M1SURES BO? ! MOVE;T
& XS ESS;E1 & ? IS :AT 2+ 9 "T M1NS = X1
T XS ESS;E %D 2 M1SUR$74
  ,CLE>LY !N ,86BE 9 "T0' HAS ! SAME
M1N+ = O!R ?+S AL1 "NLY1 T _! 2+ %D 2
M1SUR$ 0"T4 ,8,6BE 9 "T0' IS "O ( TWO
?+S3 7#A7 6EXI/ :5 "T EXI/S1 7#B7 Z WE
SAY ( "S ?+S T !Y >E ,8IN NUMB]0'4 ,!
LATT] M1NS EI :AT IS A "P OR MODE (
NUMB]-IN G5]AL1 "S?+ : 2L;GS 6NUMB]-OR T
?+S H A NUMB]4
  ,N[1 S9CE "T IS NUMB]1 ! ,8N[0' &!
,82F0' &! L >E 9 "T1 J Z ,8UNIT0' &
,8ODD0' & ,8EV50' >E 9 NUMB]1 I4E4 9 !
S5SE T ! "O SET 2L;GS 6NUMB]1 ! O!R 6"T4
,B ?+S >E 9 "T Z !Y >E 9 NUMB]4 ,IF ? IS
S1 !Y >E 3TA9$ 0"T Z ?+S 9 PLACE >E
3TA9$ 0PLACE4
  ,PLA9LY1 TOO1 6BE 9 "T DOES N M1N 6CO-
EXI/ ) "T1 ANY M ?AN 6BE 9 MO;N OR 9
PLACE M1NS 6CO-EXI/ ) MO;N OR PLACE4 ,=
IF ,86BE 9 "S?+0' IS 6M1N ?1 !N ALL ?+S
W 2 9 ANY?+1 &! H1V5 W 2 9 A GRA92 = :5
! GRA9 IS1 !N AL IS ! H1V54 ,B ? IS A
M]ELY 9CID5TAL 3JUNC;N1 ":AS ! O!R IS
NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$3 T : IS 9 "T
NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES T "! IS "T :5 X IS1 &
T : IS 9 MO;N T "! IS MO;N :5 X IS4
  ,S9CE :AT IS ,8IN "T0' IS S 9 ! SAME
S5SE Z :AT IS 9 NUMB] IS S1 A "T GRT]
?AN "EY?+ 9 "T C 2 F.D4 ,S X IS NEC T
ALL ! ?+S 9 "T %D 2 3TA9$ 0"T1 J L O!R
?+S AL : >E ,8IN ANY?+0'1 E4G4 ! ?+S
,8IN PLACE0' 0PLACE4
  ,A ?+1 !N1 W 2 A6ECT$ 0"T1 J Z WE >E
A3U/OM$ 6SAY T "T WA/ES ?+S AWAY1 & T
ALL ?+S GR[ OLD "? "T1 & T "! IS
OBLIVION [+ 6! LAPSE ( "T1 B WE D N SAY
! SAME ( GETT+ 6"K OR ( 2COM+ "Y OR
FAIR4 ,= "T IS 0XS NATURE ! CAUSE R (
DECAY1 S9CE X IS ! NUMB] ( *ANGE1 &
*ANGE REMOVES :AT IS4
  ,H;E1 PLA9LY1 ?+S : >E ALW >E N1 Z S*1
9 "T1 = !Y >E N 3TA9$ "T1 NOR IS _! 2+
M1SUR$ 0"T4 ,A PRO( ( ? IS T N"O ( !M IS
A6ECT$ 0"T1 : 9DICATES T !Y >E N 9 "T4
  ,S9CE "T IS ! M1SURE ( MO;N1 X W 2 !
M1SURE ( RE/ TOO-9DIRECTLY4 ,= ALL RE/
IS 9 "T4 ,= X DOES N FOLL[ T :AT IS 9 "T
IS MOV$1 ?\< :AT IS 9 MO;N IS NECESS>ILY
MOV$4 ,= "T IS N MO;N1 B ,8NUMB] (
MO;N0'3 & :AT IS AT RE/1 AL1 C 2 9 !
NUMB] ( MO;N4 ,N "EY?+ T IS N 9 MO;N C 2
SD 6BE ,8AT RE/'-B ONLY T : C 2 MOV$1
?\< X ACTU,Y IS N MOV$1 Z 0 SD ABV4
  ,8,6BE 9 NUMB]0' M1NS T "! IS A NUMB]
(! ?+1 & T XS 2+ IS M1SUR$ 0! NUMB] 9 :
X IS4 ,H;E IF A ?+ IS ,8IN "T0' X W 2
M1SUR$ 0"T4 ,B "T W M1SURE :AT IS MOV$ &
:AT IS AT RE/1 ! "O QUA MOV$1 ! O!R QUA
AT RE/2 = X W M1SURE _! MO;N & RE/
RESPECTIVELY4
  ,H;E :AT IS MOV$ W N 2 M1SURA# 0! "T
SIMPLY 9 S F> Z X HAS QUANT;Y1 B 9 S F>
Z XS MO;N HAS QUANT;Y4 ,?US N"O (! ?+S :
>E NEI MOV$ NOR AT RE/ >E 9 "T3 = ,86BE
9 "T0' IS ,86BE M1SUR$ 0"T0'1 :ILE "T IS
! M1SURE ( MO;N & RE/4
  ,PLA9LY1 !N1 NEI W "EY?+ T DOES N EXI/
2 9 "T1 I4E4 ^? NON-EXI/5T ?+S T _C
EXI/1 Z ! DIAGONAL _C 2 -M5SURATE )!
SIDE4
  ,G5],Y1 IF "T IS DIRECTLY ! M1SURE (
MO;N & 9DIRECTLY ( O!R ?+S1 X IS CLE> T
A ?+ ^: EXI/;E IS M1SUR$ 0X W H XS
EXI/;E 9 RE/ OR MO;N4 ,^? ?+S "!=E : >E
SUBJECT 6P]I%+ & 2COM+-G5],Y1 ^? : AT "O
"T EXI/1 AT ANO!R D N->E NECESS>ILY 9
"T3 = "! IS A GRT] "T : W EXT5D BO? 2Y
_! EXI/;E & 2Y ! "T : M1SURES _! EXI/;E4
,( ?+S : D N EXI/ B >E 3TA9$ 0"T "S W]E1
E4G4 ,HOM] ONCE WAS1 "S W BE1 E4G4 A
FUTURE EV5T2 ? DEP5DS ON ! DIREC;N 9 :
"T 3TA9S !M2 IF ON BO?1 !Y H BO? MODES (
EXI/;E4 ,Z 6S* ?+S Z X DOES N 3TA9 9 ANY
WAY1 !Y NEI 7 NOR >E NOR W BE4 ,^! >E ^?
NONEXI/5TS ^: OPPOSITES ALW >E1 Z !
9COMM5SURABIL;Y (! DIAGONAL ALW IS-& ? W
N 2 9 "T4 ,NOR W ! -M5SURABIL;Y1 "!=E2
H;E ? ET]N,Y IS N1 2C X IS 3TR>Y 6:AT
ET]N,Y IS4 ,A ?+ ^: 3TR>Y IS N ET]NAL C
2 & N BE1 & X IS ( S* ?+S T "! IS -+ 6BE
& PASS+ AWAY4
  #AC
  ,! ,8N[0' IS ! L9K ( "T1 Z HAS BE5 SD
7= X 3NECTS PA/ & FUTURE "T71 & X IS A
LIMIT ( "T 7= X IS ! 2G9N+ (! "O &! 5D (
! O!R74 ,B ? IS N OBVI\S Z X IS )! PO9T1
: IS FIX$4 ,X DIVIDES POT5TI,Y1 & 9 S F>
Z X IS DIVID+ ! ,8N[0' IS ALW DI6]5T1 B
9 S F> Z X 3NECTS X IS ALW ! SAME1 Z X
IS ) MA!MATICAL L9ES4 ,=! 9TELLECT X IS
N ALW "O &! SAME PO9T1 S9CE X IS O!R &
O!R :5 "O DIVIDES ! L9E2 B 9 S F> Z X IS
"O1 X IS ! SAME 9 E RESPECT4
  ,S ! ,8N[0' AL IS 9 "O WAY A POT5TIAL
DIVID+ ( "T1 9 ANO!R ! T]M9,N ( BO? "PS1
& _! UN;Y4 ,&! DIVID+ &! UNIT+ >E ! SAME
?+ & 9 ! SAME REF];E1 B 9 ESS;E !Y >E N
! SAME4
  ,S "O K9D ( ,8N[0' IS DESCRIB$ 9 ?
WAY3 ANO!R IS :5 ! "T IS NE> ? K9D (
,8N[0'4 ,8,HE W -E N[0' 2C HE W -E TO-
"D2 ,8HE HAS -E N[0' 2C HE CAME TO-"D4
,B ! ?+S 9 ! ,ILIAD H N HAPP5$ ,8N[0'1
NOR IS ! FLOOD ,8N['-N T ! "T F N[ 6!M
IS N 3T9U\S1 B 2C !Y >E N NE>4
  ,8,AT "S "T0' M1NS A "T DET]M9$ 9
REL,N 6! F/ (! TWO TYPES ( ,8N[0'1 E4G4
,8AT "S "T0' ,TROY 0 TAK51 & ,8AT "S
"T0' "! W 2 A FLOOD2 = X M/ 2 DET]M9$ )
REF];E 6! ,8N[0'4 ,"! W ?US 2 A
DET]M9ATE "T F ? ,8N[0' 6T1 & "! 0 S* 9
REF];E 6! PA/ EV5T4 ,B IF "! 2 NO "T :
IS N ,8"S"T0'1 E "T W 2 DET]M9$4
  ,W "T !N FAIL8 ,SURELY N1 IF MO;N ALW
EXI/S4 ,IS "T !N ALW DI6]5T OR DOES !
SAME "T RECUR8 ,CLE>LY "T IS1 9 ! SAME
WAY Z MO;N IS4 ,= IF "O &! SAME MO;N
"S"TS RECURS1 X W 2 "O &! SAME "T1 & IF
N1 N4
  ,S9CE ! ,8N[0' IS AN 5D &A 2G9N+ ( "T1
N (! SAME "T H["E1 B ! 5D ( T : IS PA/ &
! 2G9N+ ( T : IS 6-E1 X FOLL[S T1 Z !
CIRCLE HAS XS 3VEX;Y & XS 3CAV;Y1 9 A
S5SE1 9 ! SAME ?+1 S "T IS ALW AT A
2G9N+ & AT AN 5D4 ,&= ? R1SON X SEEMS
6BE ALW DI6]5T2 =! ,8N[0' IS N ! 2G9N+ &
! 5D (! SAME ?+2 IF X W]E1 X WD 2 AT !
SAME "T & 9 ! SAME RESPECT TWO
OPPOSITES4 ,& "T W N FAIL2 = X IS ALW AT
A 2G9N+4
  ,8,PRES5TLY0' OR ,8J0' REF]S 6! "P (
FUTURE "T : IS NE> ! 9DIVISI# PRES5T
,8N[0' 7,8,:5 D Y WALK8 ,8,PRES5TLY0'1
2C ! "T 9 : HE IS GO+ 6D S IS NE>71 & 6!
"P ( PA/ "T : IS N F> F ! ,8N[0' 7,8,:5
D Y WALK80' ,8,I H J BE5 WALK+0'74 ,B
6SAY T ,TROY HAS J BE5 TAK5-WE D N SAY
T1 2C X IS TOO F> F ! ,8N[0'4
,8,LATELY0'1 TOO1 REF]S 6! "P ( PA/ "T :
IS NE> ! PRES5T ,8N[0'4 ,8,:5 DID Y G80'
,8,LATELY0'1 IF ! "T IS NE> ! EXI/+ N[4
,8,L;G AGO0' REF]S 6! 4TANT PA/4
  ,8,SU45LY0' REF]S 6:AT HAS DE"P$ F XS
=M] 3DI;N 9 A "T IMP]CEPTI# 2C ( XS
SMALL;S2 B X IS ! NATURE ( ALL *ANGE
6ALT] ?+S F _! =M] 3DI;N4 ,9 "T ALL ?+S
-E 962+ & PASS AWAY2 = : R1SON "S CALL$
X ! WISE/ ( ALL ?+S1 B ! ,PY?AGOR1N
,P>ON CALL$ X ! MO/ /UPID1 2C 9 X WE AL
=GET2 & 8 0 ! TRU] VIEW4 ,X IS CLE> !N T
X M/ 2 9 XF1 Z WE SD 2F1 ! 3DI;N (
DE/RUC;N R ?AN ( -+ 962+ 7= *ANGE1 9 XF1
MAKES ?+S DE"P F _! =M] 3DI;N71 & ONLY
9CID5T,Y ( -+ 962+1 &( 2+4 ,A SU6ICI5T
EVID;E ( ? IS T NO?+ -ES 962+ )\T XF
MOV+ "SH[ & ACT+1 B A ?+ C 2 DE/ROY$ EV5
IF X DOES N MOVE AT ALL4 ,& ? IS :AT1 Z
A RULE1 WE *IEFLY M1N 0A ?+'S 2+ DE/ROY$
0"T4 ,/1 "T DOES N "W EV5 ? *ANGE2 EV5 ?
SORT ( *ANGE TAKES PLACE 9CID5T,Y 9 "T4
  ,WE H /AT$1 !N1 T "T EXI/S & :AT X IS1
& 9 H[ _M S5SES WE SP1K (! ,8N[0'1 & :AT
,8AT "S "T0'1 ,8LATELY0'1 ,8PRES5TLY0'
OR ,8J0'1 ,8L;G AGO0'1 & ,8SU45LY0' M1N4
  #AD
  ,^! 4T9C;NS HAV+ BE5 DRAWN1 X IS
EVID5T T E *ANGE & "EY?+ T MOVES IS 9
"T2 =! 4T9C;N ( FA/] & SL[] EXI/S 9
REF];E 6ALL *ANGE1 S9CE X IS F.D 9 E
9/.E4 ,9 ! PHRASE ,8MOV+ FA/]0' ,I REF]
6T : *ANGES 2F ANO!R 96! 3DI;N 9 "Q1 :5
X MOVES OV] ! SAME 9T]VAL &)A REGUL>
MOVE;T2 E4G4 9 ! CASE ( LOCOMO;N1 IF BO?
?+S MOVE AL;G ! CIRCUMF];E (A CIRCLE1 OR
BO? AL;G A /RAI<T L9E2 & SIMIL>LY 9 ALL
O!R CASES4 ,B :AT IS 2F IS 9 "T2 = WE
SAY ,82F0' & ,8AF0' ) REF];E 6! 4T.E F !
,8N[0'1 &! ,8N[0' IS ! B.D>Y (! PA/ &!
FUTURE2 S T S9CE ,8N[S0' >E 9 "T1 ! 2F &
! AF W 2 9 "T TOO2 = 9 T 9 : ! ,8N[0'
IS1 ! 4T.E F ! ,8N[0' W AL BE4 ,B ,82F0'
IS US$ 3TR>IWISE ) REF];E 6PA/ & 6FUTURE
"T2 = 9 ! PA/ WE CALL ,82F0' :AT IS F>!R
F ! ,8N[0'1 & ,8AF0' :AT IS NE>]1 B 9 !
FUTURE WE CALL ! NE>] ,82F0' &! F>!R
,8AF0'4 ,S T S9CE ! ,82F0' IS 9 "T1 & E
MOVE;T 9VOLVES A ,82F0'1 EVID5TLY E
*ANGE & E MOVE;T IS 9 "T4
  ,X IS AL WOR? 3SID]+ H[ "T C 2 RELAT$
6! S\L2 & :Y "T IS ?"\ 6BE 9 "EY?+1 BO?
9 E>? & 9 SEA & 9 H1V54 ,IS 2C X IS AN
ATTRIBUTE1 OR /ATE1 OR MOVE;T 7S9CE X IS
! NUMB] ( MOVE;T7 & ALL ^! ?+S >E MOVA#
7= !Y >E ALL 9 PLACE71 & "T & MOVE;T >E
TGR1 BO? 9 RESPECT ( POT5TIAL;Y & 9
RESPECT ( ACTUAL;Y8
  ,:E!R IF S\L DID N EXI/ "T WD EXI/ OR
N1 IS A "Q T MAY FAIRLY 2 ASK$2 = IF "!
_C 2 "S "O 6C.T "! _C 2 ANY?+ T C 2
C.T$1 S T EVID5TLY "! _C 2 NUMB]2 =
NUMB] IS EI :AT HAS BE51 OR :AT C BE1
C.T$4 ,B IF NO?+ B S\L1 OR 9 S\L R1SON1
IS QUALIFI$ 6C.T1 "! WD N 2 "T UN.S "! 7
S\L1 B ONLY T ( : "T IS AN ATTRIBUTE1
I4E4 IF MOVE;T C EXI/ )\T S\L1 &! 2F &
AF >E ATTRIBUTES ( MOVE;T1 & "T IS ^!
QUA NUM]A#4
  ,"O MI<T AL RAISE ! "Q :AT SORT (
MOVE;T "T IS ! NUMB] (4 ,M/ WE N SAY ,8(
ANY K9D0'8 ,= ?+S BO? -E 962+ 9 "T &
PASS AWAY1 & GR[1 & >E ALT]$ 9 "T1 & >E
MOV$ LOC,Y2 ?US X IS ( EA* MOVE;T QUA
MOVE;T T "T IS ! NUMB]4 ,& S X IS SIMPLY
! NUMB] ( 3T9U\S MOVE;T1 N ( ANY "PICUL>
K9D ( X4
  ,B O!R ?+S Z WELL MAY H BE5 MOV$ N[1 &
"! WD 2 A NUMB] ( EA* (! TWO MOVE;TS4
,IS "! ANO!R "T1 !N1 & W "! 2 TWO EQUAL
"TS AT ONCE8 ,SURELY N4 ,=A "T T IS BO?
EQUAL & SIMULTANE\S IS "O &! SAME "T1 &
EV5 ^? T >E N SIMULTANE\S >E "O 9 K9D2 =
IF "! 7 DOGS1 & HORSES1 & SEV5 ( EA*1 X
WD 2 ! SAME NUMB]4 ,S1 TOO1 MOVE;TS T H
SIMULTANE\S LIMITS H ! SAME "T1 YET ! "O
MAY 9 FACT 2 FA/ &! O!R N1 & "O MAY 2
LOCOMO;N &! O!R ALT],N2 / ! "T (! TWO
*ANGES IS ! SAME IF _! NUMB] AL IS EQUAL
& SIMULTANE\S2 &= ? R1SON1 :ILE !
MOVE;TS >E DI6]5T & SEP>ATE1 ! "T IS
"EY": ! SAME1 2C ! NUMB] ( EQUAL &
SIMULTANE\S MOVE;TS IS "EY": "O &! SAME4
  ,N[ "! IS S* A ?+ Z LOCOMO;N1 & 9
LOCOMO;N "! IS 9CLUD$ CIRCUL> MOVE;T1 &
"EY?+ IS M1SUR$ 0"S "O ?+ HOMOG5E\S ) X1
UNITS 0A UNIT1 HORSES 0A HORSE1 &
SIMIL>LY "TS 0"S DEF9ITE "T1 &1 Z WE SD1
"T IS M1SUR$ 0MO;N Z WELL Z MO;N 0"T 7?
2+ S 2C 0A MO;N DEF9ITE 9 "T ! QUANT;Y
BO? (! MO;N &(! "T IS M1SUR$73 IF1 !N1
:AT IS F/ IS ! M1SURE ( "EY?+ HOMOG5E\S
) X1 REGUL> CIRCUL> MO;N IS ABV ALL ELSE
! M1SURE1 2C ! NUMB] ( ? IS ! BE/ "KN4
,N[ NEI ALT],N NOR 9CR1SE NOR -+ 962+ C
2 REGUL>1 B LOCOMO;N C BE4 ,? AL IS :Y
"T IS ?"\ 6BE ! MOVE;T (! SPH]E1 VIZ4 2C
! O!R MOVE;TS >E M1SUR$ 0?1 & "T 0?
MOVE;T4
  ,? AL EXPLA9S ! -MON SAY+ T HUMAN
A6AIRS =M A CIRCLE1 & T "! IS A CIRCLE 9
ALL O!R ?+S T H A NATURAL MOVE;T & -+
962+ & PASS+ AWAY4 ,? IS 2C ALL O!R ?+S
>E 4CRIM9AT$ 0"T1 & 5D & 2G9 Z ?\< 3=M+
6A CYCLE2 = EV5 "T XF IS ?"\ 6BE A
CIRCLE4 ,& ? OP9ION AG IS HELD 2C "T IS
! M1SURE ( ? K9D ( LOCOMO;N & IS XF
M1SUR$ 0S*4 ,S T 6SAY T ! ?+S T -E 962+
=M A CIRCLE IS 6SAY T "! IS A CIRCLE (
"T2 & ? IS 6SAY T X IS M1SUR$ 0! CIRCUL>
MOVE;T2 = A"P F ! M1SURE NO?+ ELSE 6BE
M1SUR$ IS OBS]V$2 ! :OLE IS J A PLURAL;Y
( M1SURES4
  ,X IS SD "RLY1 TOO1 T ! NUMB] (! %EEP
&(! DOGS IS ! SAME NUMB] IF ! TWO NUMB]S
>E EQUAL1 B N ! SAME DECAD OR ! SAME T52
J Z ! EQUILAT]AL &! SCAL5E >E N ! SAME
TRIANGLE1 YET !Y >E ! SAME FIGURE1 2C !Y
>E BO? TRIANGLES4 ,= ?+S >E CALL$ ! SAME
S-&-S IF !Y D N DI6] 0A DI6]5TIA ( T ?+1
B N IF !Y D2 E4G4 TRIANGLE DI6]S F
TRIANGLE 0A DI6]5TIA ( TRIANGLE1 "!=E !Y
>E DI6]5T TRIANGLES2 B !Y D N DI6] 0A
DI6]5TIA ( FIGURE1 B >E 9 "O &! SAME
DIVI.N ( X4 ,=A FIGURE (! "O K9D IS A
CIRCLE &A FIGURE ( ANO!R K9D ( TRIANGLE1
&A TRIANGLE ( "O K9D IS EQUILAT]AL &A
TRIANGLE ( ANO!R K9D SCAL5E4 ,!Y >E !
SAME FIGURE1 !N1 T1 TRIANGLE1 B N ! SAME
TRIANGLE4 ,"!=E ! NUMB] ( TWO GR\PS AL-
IS ! SAME NUMB] 7= _! NUMB] DOES N DI6]
0A DI6]5TIA ( NUMB]71 B X IS N ! SAME
DECAD2 =! ?+S ( : X IS ASS]T$ DI6]2 "O
GR\P >E DOGS1 &! O!R HORSES4
  ,WE H N[ 4CUSS$ "T-BO? "T XF &! MATT]S
APPROPRIATE 6! 3SID],N ( X4


