              ,,BOOK ,,II
                   #A
  ,VIRTUE1 !N1 2+ ( TWO K9DS1
9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 9TELLECTUAL VIRTUE
9 ! MA9 [ES BO? XS BIR? & XS GR[? 6T1*+
7= : R1SON X REQUIRES EXP]I;E & "T71
:ILE MORAL VIRTUE -ES AB Z A RESULT (
HABIT1 :;E AL XS "N 7E?IKE7 IS "O T IS
=M$ 0A SLI<T V>I,N F ! ^W E?OS 7HABIT74
,F ? X IS AL PLA9 T N"O (! MORAL VIRTUES
>ISES 9 U 0NATURE2 = NO?+ T EXI/S
0NATURE C =M A HABIT 3TR>Y 6XS NATURE4
,= 9/.E ! /"O : 0NATURE MOVES D[NW>DS _C
2 HABITUAT$ 6MOVE UPW>DS1 N EV5 IF "O
TRIES 6TRA9 X 0?R[+ X UP T5 ?\S& "TS2
NOR C FIRE 2 HABITUAT$ 6MOVE D[NW>DS1
NOR C ANY?+ ELSE T 0NATURE 2HAVES 9 "O
WAY 2 TRA9$ 62HAVE 9 ANO!R4 ,NEI
0NATURE1 !N1 NOR 3TR>Y 6NATURE D !
VIRTUES >ISE 9 U2 R WE >E ADAPT$ 0NATURE
6RCV !M1 & >E MADE P]FECT 0HABIT4
  ,AG1 ( ALL ! ?+S T -E 6U 0NATURE WE F/
ACQUIRE ! POT5TIAL;Y & LAT] EXHIBIT !
ACTIV;Y 7? IS PLA9 9 ! CASE (! S5SES2 =
X 0 N 0(T5 SEE+ OR (T5 HE>+ T WE GOT ^!
S5SES1 B ON ! 3TR>Y WE _H !M 2F WE US$
!M1 & DID N -E 6H !M 0US+ !M72 B !
VIRTUES WE GET 0F/ EX]CIS+ !M1 Z AL
HAPP5S 9 ! CASE (! >TS Z WELL4 ,=! ?+S
WE H 6LE>N 2F WE C D !M1 WE LE>N 0DO+
!M1 E4G4 M5 2COME BUILD]S 0BUILD+ &
LYREPLAY]S 0PLAY+ ! LYRE2 S TOO WE 2COME
J 0DO+ J ACTS1 TEMP]ATE 0DO+ TEMP]ATE
ACTS1 BRAVE 0DO+ BRAVE ACTS4
  ,? IS 3FIRM$ 0:AT HAPP5S 9 /ATES2 =
LEGISLATORS MAKE ! CITIZ5S GD 0=M+
HABITS 9 !M1 & ? IS ! WI% ( E
LEGISLATOR1 & ^? :O D N E6ECT X MISS _!
M>K1 & X IS 9 ? T A GD 3/ITU;N DI6]S F A
BAD "O4
  ,AG1 X IS F ! SAME CAUSES & 0! SAME
M1NS T E VIRTUE IS BO? PRODUC$ &
DE/ROY$1 & SIMIL>LY E >T2 = X IS F PLAY+
! LYRE T BO? GD & BAD LYRE-PLAY]S >E
PRODUC$4 ,&! CORRESPOND+ /ATE;T IS TRUE
( BUILD]S &( ALL ! RE/2 M5 W 2 GD OR BAD
BUILD]S Z A RESULT ( BUILD+ WELL OR
BADLY4 ,= IF ? 7 N S1 "! WD H BE5 NO NE$
(A T1*]1 B ALL M5 WD H BE5 BORN GD OR
BAD AT _! CRAFT4 ,?1 !N1 IS ! CASE )!
VIRTUES AL2 0DO+ ! ACTS T WE D 9 \R
TRANSAC;NS ) O!R M5 WE 2COME J OR UNJU/1
& 0DO+ ! ACTS T WE D 9 ! PRES;E ( DANG]1
& 2+ HABITUAT$ 6FEEL FE> OR 3FID;E1 WE
2COME BRAVE OR C[>DLY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE (
APPETITES & FEEL+S ( ANG]2 "S M5 2COME
TEMP]ATE & GD-TEMP]$1 O!RS SELF-9DULG5T
& IRASCI#1 02HAV+ 9 "O WAY OR ! O!R 9 !
APPROPRIATE CIRCUM/.ES4 ,?US1 9 "O ^W1
/ATES ( "* >ISE \ ( L ACTIVITIES4 ,? IS
:Y ! ACTIVITIES WE EXHIBIT M/ 2 (A C]TA9
K9D2 X IS 2C ! /ATES ( "* CORRESPOND 6!
DI6];ES 2T ^!4 ,X MAKES NO SMALL DI6];E1
!N1 :E!R WE =M HABITS ( "O K9D OR (
ANO!R F \R V Y\?2 X MAKES A V GRT
DI6];E1 OR R ALL ! DI6];E4
                   #B
  ,S9CE1 !N1 ! PRES5T 9QUIRY DOES N AIM
AT !ORETICAL K L ! O!RS 7= WE >E 9QUIR+
N 9 ORD] 6"K :AT VIRTUE IS1 B 9 ORD]
62COME GD1 S9CE O!RWISE \R 9QUIRY WD H
BE5 ( NO USE71 WE M/ EXAM9E ! NATURE (
AC;NS1 "NLY H[ WE "\ 6D !M2 = ^! DET]M9E
AL ! NATURE (! /ATES ( "* T >E PRODUC$1
Z WE H SD4 ,N[1 T WE M/ ACT AC 6! "R
RULE IS A -MON PR9CIPLE & M/ 2 ASSUM$-X
W 2 4CUSS$ LAT]1 I4E4 BO? :AT ! "R RULE
IS1 & H[ X IS RELAT$ 6! O!R VIRTUES4 ,B
? M/ 2 AGRE$ ^U 2FH&1 T ! :OLE A3.T (
MATT]S ( 3DUCT M/ 2 GIV5 9 \TL9E & N
PRECISELY1 Z WE SD AT ! V 2G9N+ T !
A3.TS WE DEM& M/ 2 9 A3ORD.E )! SUBJECT-
MATT]2 MATT]S 3C]N$ ) 3DUCT & "QS ( :AT
IS GD = U H NO FIX;Y1 ANY M ?AN MATT]S (
H1L?4 ,! G5]AL A3.T 2+ ( ? NATURE1 !
A3.T ( "PICUL> CASES IS YET M LACK+ 9
EXACT;S2 = !Y D N FALL "U ANY >T OR
PRECEPT B ! AG5TS !MVS M/ 9 EA* CASE
3SID] :AT IS APPROPRIATE 6! O3A.N1 Z
HAPP5S AL 9 ! >T ( M$IC9E OR ( NAVIG,N4
  ,B ?\< \R PRES5T A3.T IS ( ? NATURE WE
M/ GIVE :AT HELP WE C4 ,F/1 !N1 LET U
3SID] ?1 T X IS ! NATURE ( S* ?+S 6BE
DE/ROY$ 0DEFECT & EXCESS1 Z WE SEE 9 !
CASE ( /R5G? &( H1L? 7= 6GA9 LI<T ON ?+S
IMP]CEPTI# WE M/ USE ! EVID;E ( S5SI#
?+S72 BO? EXCESSIVE & DEFECTIVE EX]CISE
DE/ROYS ! /R5G?1 & SIMIL>LY DR9K OR FOOD
: IS ABV OR 2L A C]TA9 AM.T DE/ROYS !
H1L?1 :ILE T : IS PROPOR;NATE BO?
PRODUCES & 9CR1SES & PRES]VES X4 ,S TOO
IS X1 !N1 9 ! CASE ( TEMP].E & C\RAGE &!
O!R VIRTUES4 ,=! MAN :O FLIES F & FE>S
"EY?+ & DOES N /& 8 GR.D AG/ ANY?+
2COMES A C[>D1 &! MAN :O FE>S NO?+ AT
ALL B GOES 6MEET E DANG] 2COMES RA%2 &
SIMIL>LY ! MAN :O 9DULGES 9 E PL1SURE &
AB/A9S F N"O 2COMES SELF-9DULG5T1 :ILE !
MAN :O %UNS E PL1SURE1 Z BOORS D1 2COMES
9 A WAY 9S5SI#2 TEMP].E & C\RAGE1 !N1 >E
DE/ROY$ 0EXCESS & DEFECT1 & PRES]V$ 0!
M1N4
  ,B N ONLY >E ! S\RCES & CAUSES ( _!
ORIG9,N & GR[? ! SAME Z ^? ( _!
DE/RUC;N1 B AL ! SPH]E ( _! ACTUALIZ,N W
2 ! SAME2 = ? IS AL TRUE (! ?+S : >E M
EVID5T 6S5SE1 E4G4 ( /R5G?2 X IS PRODUC$
0TAK+ M* FOOD & "UGO+ M* EX];N1 & X IS !
/R;G MAN T W 2 MO/ A# 6D ^! ?+S4 ,S TOO
IS X )! VIRTUES2 0AB/A9+ F PL1SURES WE
2COME TEMP]ATE1 & X IS :5 WE H 2COME S T
WE >E MO/ A# 6AB/A9 F !M2 & SIMIL>LY TOO
9 ! CASE ( C\RAGE2 = 02+ HABITUAT$
6DESPISE ?+S T >E T]RI# & 6/& \R GR.D
AG/ !M WE 2COME BRAVE1 & X IS :5 WE H
2COME S T WE % 2 MO/ A# 6/& \R GR.D AG/
!M4
                   #C
  ,WE M/ TAKE Z A SIGN ( /ATES ( "* !
PL1SURE OR PA9 T 5SUES ON ACTS2 =! MAN
:O AB/A9S F BODILY PL1SURES & DELI<TS 9
? V FACT IS TEMP]ATE1 :ILE ! MAN :O IS
ANNOY$ AT X IS SELF-9DULG5T1 & HE :O /&S
8 GR.D AG/ ?+S T >E T]RI# & DELI<TS 9 ?
OR AT L1/ IS N PA9$ IS BRAVE1 :ILE ! MAN
:O IS PA9$ IS A C[>D4 ,= MORAL EXCELL;E
IS 3C]N$ ) PL1SURES & PA9S2 X IS ON A3.T
(! PL1SURE T WE D BAD ?+S1 & ON A3.T (!
PA9 T WE AB/A9 F NO# "OS4 ,H;E WE "\ 6H
BE5 BR"\ UP 9 A "PICUL> WAY F \R V Y\?1
Z ,PLATO SAYS1 S Z BO? 6DELI<T 9 & 6BE
PA9$ 0! ?+S T WE "\2 = ? IS ! "R $UC,N4
  ,AG1 IF ! VIRTUES >E 3C]N$ ) AC;NS &
PAS.NS1 & E PAS.N & E AC;N IS A3OMPANI$
0PL1SURE & PA91 = ? R1SON AL VIRTUE W 2
3C]N$ ) PL1SURES & PA9S4 ,? IS 9DICAT$
AL 0! FACT T PUNI%;T IS 9FLICT$ 0^!
M1NS2 = X IS A K9D ( CURE1 & X IS !
NATURE ( CURES 6BE E6ECT$ 03TR>IES4
  ,AG1 Z WE SD B LATELY1 E /ATE ( S\L
HAS A NATURE RELATIVE 6& 3C]N$ )! K9D (
?+S 0: X T5DS 6BE MADE WORSE OR BETT]2 B
X IS 0R1SON ( PL1SURES & PA9S T M5 2COME
BAD1 0PURSU+ & AVOID+ ^!- EI ! PL1SURES
& PA9S !Y "\ N OR :5 !Y "\ N OR Z !Y "\
N1 OR 0GO+ WR;G 9 "O (! O!R SIMIL> WAYS
T MAY 2 4T+UI%$4 ,H;E M5 EV5 DEF9E !
VIRTUES Z C]TA9 /ATES ( IMPASSIV;Y &
RE/2 N WELL1 H["E1 2C !Y SP1K
ABSOLUTELY1 & D N SAY ,8Z "O "\0' & ,8Z
"O "\ N0' & ,8:5 "O "\ OR "\ N0'1 &! O!R
?+S T MAY 2 A4$4 ,WE ASSUME1 !N1 T ? K9D
( EXCELL;E T5DS 6D :AT IS BE/ ) REG>D
6PL1SURES & PA9S1 & VICE DOES ! 3TR>Y4
  ,! FOLL[+ FACTS AL MAY %[ U T VIRTUE &
VICE >E 3C]N$ ) ^! SAME ?+S4 ,"! 2+ ?REE
OBJECTS ( *OICE & ?REE ( AVOID.E1 ! NO#1
! ADVANTAGE\S1 ! PL1SANT1 & _! 3TR>IES1
! BASE1 ! 9JURI\S1 ! PA9;L1 AB ALL ( ^!
! GD MAN T5DS 6G "R &! BAD MAN 6G WR;G1
& ESPECI,Y AB PL1SURE2 = ? IS -MON 6!
ANIMALS1 & AL X A3OMPANIES ALL OBJECTS (
*OICE2 = EV5 ! NO# &! ADVANTAGE\S APPE>
PL1SANT4
  ,AG1 X HAS GR[N UP ) U ALL F \R
9FANCY2 ? IS :Y X IS DI6ICULT 6RUB (F ?
PAS.N1 5GRA9$ Z X IS 9 \R LIFE4 ,& WE
M1SURE EV5 \R AC;NS1 "S ( U M & O!RS
LESS1 0! RULE ( PL1SURE & PA94 ,= ?
R1SON1 !N1 \R :OLE 9QUIRY M/ 2 AB ^!2 =
6FEEL DELI<T & PA9 "RLY OR WR;GLY HAS NO
SMALL E6ECT ON \R AC;NS4
  ,AG1 X IS H>D] 6FI<T ) PL1SURE ?AN )
ANG]1 6USE ,H]ACLITUS' PHRASE0'1 B BO?
>T & VIRTUE >E ALW 3C]N$ ) :AT IS H>D]2
= EV5 ! GD IS BETT] :5 X IS H>D]4 ,"!=E
= ? R1SON AL ! :OLE 3C]N BO? ( VIRTUE &(
POLITICAL SCI;E IS ) PL1SURES & PA9S2 =!
MAN :O USES ^! WELL W 2 GD1 HE :O USES
!M BADLY BAD4
  ,T VIRTUE1 !N1 IS 3C]N$ ) PL1SURES &
PA9S1 & T 0! ACTS F : X >ISES X IS BO?
9CR1S$ &1 IF !Y >E D"O DI6]5TLY1
DE/ROY$1 & T ! ACTS F : X >OSE >E ^? 9 :
X ACTUALIZES XF- LET ? 2 TAK5 Z SD4
                   #D
  ,! "Q MI<T 2 ASK$12 :AT WE M1N 0SAY+ T
WE M/ 2COME J 0DO+ J ACTS1 & TEMP]ATE
0DO+ TEMP]ATE ACTS2 = IF M5 D J &
TEMP]ATE ACTS1 !Y >E ALR J & TEMP]ATE1
EXACTLY Z1 IF !Y D :AT IS 9 A3ORD.E )!
LAWS ( GRAMM> &( MUSIC1 !Y >E GRAMM>IANS
& MUSICIANS4
  ,OR IS ? N TRUE EV5 (! >TS8 ,X IS
POSSI# 6D "S?+ T IS 9 A3ORD.E )! LAWS (
GRAMM>1 EI 0*.E OR AT ! SU7ES;N ( ANO!R4
,A MAN W 2 A GRAMM>IAN1 !N1 ONLY :5 HE
HAS BO? D"O "S?+ GRAMMATICAL & D"O X
GRAMMATIC,Y2 & ? M1NS DO+ X 9 A3ORD.E )!
GRAMMATICAL K 9 HMF4
  ,AG1 ! CASE (! >TS & T (! VIRTUES >E N
SIMIL>2 =! PRODUCTS (! >TS H _! GD;S 9
!MVS1 S T X IS 5 T !Y %D H A C]TA9 "*1 B
IF ! ACTS T >E 9 A3ORD.E )! VIRTUES H
!MVS A C]TA9 "* X DOES N FOLL[ T !Y >E
D"O JU/LY OR TEMP]ATELY4 ,! AG5T AL M/ 2
9 A C]TA9 3DI;N :5 HE DOES !M2 9 ! F/
PLACE HE M/ H K1 SECONDLY HE M/ *OOSE !
ACTS1 & *OOSE !M = _! [N SAKES1 & ?IRDLY
8 AC;N M/ PROCE$ F A FIRM & UN*ANGEA#
"*4 ,^! >E N RECKON$ 9 Z 3DI;NS (!
POSSES.N (! >TS1 EXCEPT ! B>E K2 B Z A
3DI;N (! POSSES.N (! VIRTUES K HAS LL OR
NO WEI<T1 :ILE ! O!R 3DI;NS C.T N =A LL
B = "EY?+1 I4E4 ! V 3DI;NS : RESULT F
(T5 DO+ J & TEMP]ATE ACTS4
  ,AC;NS1 !N1 >E CALL$ J & TEMP]ATE :5
!Y >E S* Z ! J OR ! TEMP]ATE MAN WD D2 B
X IS N ! MAN :O DOES ^! T IS J &
TEMP]ATE1 B ! MAN :O AL DOES !M Z J &
TEMP]ATE M5 D !M4 ,X IS WELL SD1 !N1 T X
IS 0DO+ J ACTS T ! J MAN IS PRODUC$1 &
0DO+ TEMP]ATE ACTS ! TEMP]ATE MAN2 )\T
DO+ ^! NO "O WD H EV5 A PROSPECT ( 2COM+
GD4
  ,B MO/ P D N D ^!1 B TAKE REFUGE 9
!ORY & ?9K !Y >E 2+ PHILOSOPH]S & W
2COME GD 9 ? WAY1 2HAV+ "S:AT L PATI5TS
:O LI/5 ATT5TIVELY 6_! DOCTORS1 B D N"O
(! ?+S !Y >E ORD]$ 6D4 ,Z ! LATT] W N 2
MADE WELL 9 BODY 0S* A C\RSE ( TR1T;T1 !
=M] W N 2 MADE WELL 9 S\L 0S* A C\RSE (
PHILOSOPHY4

                   #E
  ,NEXT WE M/ 3SID] :AT VIRTUE IS4 ,S9CE
?+S T >E F.D 9 ! S\L >E ( ?REE K9DS-
PAS.NS1 FACULTIES1 /ATES ( "*1 VIRTUE M/
2 "O ( ^!4 ,0PAS.NS ,I M1N APPETITE1
ANG]1 FE>1 3FID;E1 5VY1 JOY1 FRLY FEEL+1
HATR$1 L;G+1 EMUL,N1 P;Y1 & 9 G5]AL !
FEEL+S T >E A3OMPANI$ 0PL1SURE OR PA92
0FACULTIES ! ?+S 9 VIRTUE ( : WE >E SD
6BE CAPA# ( FEEL+ ^!1 E4G4 ( 2COM+ ANGRY
OR 2+ PA9$ OR FEEL+ P;Y2 0/ATES ( "* !
?+S 9 VIRTUE ( : WE /& WELL OR BADLY )
REF];E 6! PAS.NS1 E4G4 ) REF];E 6ANG] WE
/& BADLY IF WE FEEL X VIOL5TLY OR TOO
W1KLY1 & WELL IF WE FEEL X MOD]ATELY2 &
SIMIL>LY ) REF];E 6! O!R PAS.NS4
  ,N[ NEI ! VIRTUES NOR ! VICES >E
PAS.NS1 2C WE >E N CALL$ GD OR BAD ON !
GR.D ( \R PAS.NS1 B >E S CALL$ ON ! GR.D
( \R VIRTUES & \R VICES1 & 2C WE >E NEI
PRAIS$ NOR BLAM$ = \R PAS.NS 7=! MAN :O
FEELS FE> OR ANG] IS N PRAIS$1 NOR IS !
MAN :O SIMPLY FEELS ANG] BLAM$1 B ! MAN
:O FEELS X 9 A C]TA9 WAY71 B = \R
VIRTUES & \R VICES WE >E PRAIS$ OR
BLAM$4
  ,AG1 WE FEEL ANG] & FE> )\T *OICE1 B !
VIRTUES >E MODES ( *OICE OR 9VOLVE
*OICE4 ,FUR!R1 9 RESPECT (! PAS.NS WE >E
SD 6BE MOV$1 B 9 RESPECT (! VIRTUES &!
VICES WE >E SD N 6BE MOV$ B 6BE 4POS$ 9
A "PICUL> WAY4
  ,= ^! R1SONS AL !Y >E N FACULTIES2 =
WE >E NEI CALL$ GD NOR BAD1 NOR PRAIS$
NOR BLAM$1 =! SIMPLE CAPAC;Y ( FEEL+ !
PAS.NS2 AG1 WE H ! FACULTIES 0NATURE1 B
WE >E N MADE GD OR BAD 0NATURE2 WE H
SPOK5 ( ? 2F4 ,IF1 !N1 ! VIRTUES >E NEI
PAS.NS NOR FACULTIES1 ALL T REMA9S IS T
!Y %D 2 /ATES ( "*4
  ,?US WE H /AT$ :AT VIRTUE IS 9 RESPECT
( XS G5US4
                   #F
  ,WE M/1 H["E1 N ONLY DESCRIBE VIRTUE Z
A /ATE ( "*1 B AL SAY :AT SORT ( /ATE X
IS4 ,WE MAY REM>K1 !N1 T E VIRTUE OR
EXCELL;E BO? BR+S 96GD 3DI;N ! ?+ ( : X
IS ! EXCELL;E & MAKES ! "W ( T ?+ 2 D"O
WELL2 E4G4 ! EXCELL;E (! EYE MAKES BO? !
EYE & XS "W GD2 = X IS 0! EXCELL;E (!
EYE T WE SEE WELL4 ,SIMIL>LY ! EXCELL;E
(! HORSE MAKES A HORSE BO? GD 9 XF & GD
AT RUNN+ & AT C>RY+ XS RID] & AT AWAIT+
! ATTACK (! 5EMY4 ,"!=E1 IF ? IS TRUE 9
E CASE1 ! VIRTUE ( MAN AL W 2 ! /ATE (
"* : MAKES A MAN GD & : MAKES HM D 8 [N
"W WELL4
  ,H[ ? IS 6HAPP5 WE H /AT$ ALR1 B X W 2
MADE PLA9 AL 0! FOLL[+ 3SID],N (!
SPECIFIC NATURE ( VIRTUE4 ,9 "EY?+ T IS
3T9U\S & DIVISI# X IS POSSI# 6TAKE M1
LESS1 OR AN EQUAL AM.T1 & T EI 9 T]MS (!
?+ XF OR RELATIVELY 6U2 &! EQUAL IS AN
9T]M$IATE 2T EXCESS & DEFECT4 ,0!
9T]M$IATE 9 ! OBJECT ,I M1N T : IS
EQUIDISTANT F EA* (! EXTREMES1 : IS "O &
! SAME = ALL M52 0! 9T]M$IATE RELATIVELY
6U T : IS NEI TOO M* NOR TOO LL- & ? IS
N "O1 NOR ! SAME = ALL4 ,= 9/.E1 IF T5
IS _M & TWO IS FEW1 SIX IS ! 9T]M$IATE1
TAK5 9 T]MS (! OBJECT2 = X EXCE$S & IS
EXCE$$ 0AN EQUAL AM.T2 ? IS 9T]M$IATE AC
6>I?METICAL PROPOR;N4 ,B ! 9T]M$IATE
RELATIVELY 6U IS N 6BE TAK5 S2 IF T5
P.DS >E TOO M* =A "PICUL> P]SON 6EAT &
TWO TOO LL1 X DOES N FOLL[ T ! TRA9] W
ORD] SIX P.DS2 = ? AL IS P]H TOO M* =!
P]SON :O IS 6TAKE X1 OR TOO LL- TOO LL =
,MILO1 TOO M* =! 2G9N] 9 A?LETIC
EX]CISES4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( RUNN+ &
WRE/L+4 ,?US A MA/] ( ANY >T AVOIDS
EXCESS & DEFECT1 B SEEKS ! 9T]M$IATE &
*OOSES ?- ! 9T]M$IATE N 9 ! OBJECT B
RELATIVELY 6U4
  ,IF X IS ?US1 !N1 T E >T DOES XS "W
WELL- 0LOOK+ 6! 9T]M$IATE & JUDGL+ XS
"WS 0? /&>D 7S T WE (T5 SAY ( GD "WS (
>T T X IS N POSSI# EI 6TAKE AWAY OR 6ADD
ANY?+1 IMPLY+ T EXCESS & DEFECT DE/ROY !
GD;S ( "WS ( >T1 :ILE ! M1N PRES]VES X2
& GD >TI/S1 Z WE SAY1 LOOK 6? 9 _! "W71
& IF1 FUR!R1 VIRTUE IS M EXACT & BETT]
?AN ANY >T1 Z NATURE AL IS1 !N VIRTUE M/
H ! QUAL;Y ( AIM+ AT ! 9T]M$IATE4 ,I M1N
MORAL VIRTUE2 = X IS ? T IS 3C]N$ )
PAS.NS & AC;NS1 & 9 ^! "! IS EXCESS1
DEFECT1 &! 9T]M$IATE4 ,= 9/.E1 BO? FE> &
3FID;E & APPETITE & ANG] & P;Y & 9 G5]AL
PL1SURE & PA9 MAY 2 FELT BO? TOO M* &
TOO LL1 & 9 BO? CASES N WELL2 B 6FEEL !M
AT ! "R "TS1 ) REF];E 6! "R OBJECTS1
T[>DS ! "R P1 )! "R MOTIVE1 & 9 ! "R
WAY1 IS :AT IS BO? 9T]M$IATE & BE/1 & ?
IS "*I/IC ( VIRTUE4 ,SIMIL>LY ) REG>D
6AC;NS AL "! IS EXCESS1 DEFECT1 &!
9T]M$IATE4 ,N[ VIRTUE IS 3C]N$ ) PAS.NS
& AC;NS1 9 : EXCESS IS A =M ( FAILURE1 &
S IS DEFECT1 :ILE ! 9T]M$IATE IS PRAIS$
& IS A =M ( SU3ESS2 & 2+ PRAIS$ & 2+
SU3ESS;L >E BO? "*I/ICS ( VIRTUE4 ,"!=E
VIRTUE IS A K9D ( M1N1 S9CE1 Z WE H SE51
X AIMS AT :AT IS 9T]M$IATE4
  ,AG1 X IS POSSI# 6FAIL 9 _M WAYS 7=
EVIL 2L;GS 6! CLASS (! UNLIMIT$1 Z !
,PY?AGOR1NS 3JECTUR$1 & GD 6T (!
LIMIT$71 :ILE 6SU3E$ IS POSSI# ONLY 9 "O
WAY 7= : R1SON AL "O IS EASY &! O!R
DI6ICULT- 6MISS ! M>K EASY1 6HIT X
DI6ICULT72 = ^! R1SONS AL1 !N1 EXCESS &
DEFECT >E "*I/IC ( VICE1 &! M1N (
VIRTUE2
  ,= M5 >E GD 9 B "O WAY1 B BAD 9 _M4
  ,VIRTUE1 !N1 IS A /ATE ( "* 3C]N$ )
*OICE1 LY+ 9 A M1N1 I4E4 ! M1N RELATIVE
6U1 ? 2+ DET]M9$ 0A R,NAL PR9CIPLE1 & 0T
PR9CIPLE 0: ! MAN ( PRACTICAL WISDOM WD
DET]M9E X4 ,N[ X IS A M1N 2T TWO VICES1
T : DEP5DS ON EXCESS & T : DEP5DS ON
DEFECT2 & AG X IS A M1N 2C ! VICES
RESPECTIVELY FALL %ORT ( OR EXCE$ :AT IS
"R 9 BO? PAS.NS & AC;NS1 :ILE VIRTUE BO?
F9DS & *OOSES T : IS 9T]M$IATE4 ,H;E 9
RESPECT ( XS SUB/.E &! DEF9I;N : /ATES
XS ESS;E VIRTUE IS A M1N1 ) REG>D 6:AT
IS BE/ & "R AN EXTREME4
  ,B N E AC;N NOR E PAS.N ADMITS (A M1N2
= "S H "NS T ALR IMPLY BAD;S1 E4G4
SPITE1 %AME.S;S1 5VY1 & 9 ! CASE ( AC;NS
ADULT]Y1 !FT1 MURD]2 = ALL ( ^! & S*LIKE
?+S IMPLY 0_! "NS T !Y >E !MVS BAD1 & N
! EXCESSES OR DEFICI5CIES ( !M4 ,X IS N
POSSI#1 !N1 "E 6BE "R ) REG>D 6!M2 "O M/
ALW 2 WR;G4 ,NOR DOES GD;S OR BAD;S )
REG>D 6S* ?+S DEP5D ON -MITT+ ADULT]Y )!
"R WOMAN1 AT ! "R "T1 & 9 ! "R WAY1 B
SIMPLY 6D ANY ( !M IS 6G WR;G4 ,X WD 2
EQU,Y ABSURD1 !N1 6EXPECT T 9 UNJU/1
C[>DLY1 & VOLUPTU\S AC;N "! %D 2 A M1N1
AN EXCESS1 &A DEFICI5CY2 = AT T RATE "!
WD 2 A M1N ( EXCESS &( DEFICI5CY1 AN
EXCESS ( EXCESS1 &A DEFICI5CY (
DEFICI5CY4 ,B Z "! IS NO EXCESS &
DEFICI5CY ( TEMP].E & C\RAGE 2C :AT IS
9T]M$IATE IS 9 A S5SE AN EXTREME1 S TOO
(! AC;NS WE H M5;N$ "! IS NO M1N NOR ANY
EXCESS & DEFICI5CY1 B H["E !Y >E D"O !Y
>E WR;G2 = 9 G5]AL "! IS NEI A M1N (
EXCESS & DEFICI5CY1 NOR EXCESS &
DEFICI5CY (A M1N4
                   #G
  ,WE M/1 H["E1 N ONLY MAKE ? G5]AL
/ATE;T1 B AL APPLY X 6! 9DIVIDUAL FACTS4
,= AM;G /ATE;TS AB 3DUCT ^? : >E G5]AL
APPLY M WIDELY1 B ^? : >E "PICUL> >E M
G5U9E1 S9CE 3DUCT HAS 6D ) 9DIVIDUAL
CASES1 & \R /ATE;TS M/ H>MONIZE )! FACTS
9 ^! CASES4 ,WE MAY TAKE ^! CASES F \R
TA#4 ,) REG>D 6FEEL+S ( FE> & 3FID;E
C\RAGE IS ! M1N2 (! P :O EXCE$1 HE :O
EXCE$S 9 FE>.S;S HAS NO "N 7_M (! /ATES
H NO "N71 :ILE ! MAN :O EXCE$S 9 3FID;E
IS RA%1 & HE :O EXCE$S 9 FE> & FALLS
%ORT 9 3FID;E IS A C[>D4 ,) REG>D
6PL1SURES & PA9S- N ALL ( !M1 & N S M* )
REG>D 6! PA9S- ! M1N IS TEMP].E1 !
EXCESS SELF-9DULG;E4 ,P]SONS DEFICI5T )
REG>D 6! PL1SURES >E N (T5 F.D2 H;E S*
P]SONS AL H RCVD NO "N4 ,B LET U CALL !M
,89S5SI#0'4
  ,) REG>D 6GIV+ & TAK+ ( M"OY ! M1N IS
LIB]AL;Y1 ! EXCESS &! DEFECT PRODIGAL;Y
& M1N;S4 ,9 ^! AC;NS P EXCE$ & FALL %ORT
9 3TR>Y WAYS2 ! PRODIGAL EXCE$S 9 SP5D+
& FALLS %ORT 9 TAK+1 :ILE ! M1N MAN
EXCE$S 9 TAK+ & FALLS %ORT 9 SP5D+4 7,AT
PRES5T WE >E GIV+ A M]E \TL9E OR SUMM>Y1
& >E SATISFI$ ) ?2 LAT] ^! /ATES W 2 M
EXACTLY DET]M9$47 ,) REG>D 6M"OY "! >E
AL O!R 4POSI;NS- A M1N1 MAGNIFIC;E 7=!
MAGNIFIC5T MAN DI6]S F ! LIB]AL MAN2 !
=M] D1LS ) L>GE SUMS1 ! LATT] ) SMALL
"OS71 AN EXCESS1 TA/E.S;S & VULG>;Y1 &A
DEFICI5CY1 NI7>DLI;S2 ^! DI6] F ! /ATES
OPPOS$ 6LIB]AL;Y1 &! MODE ( _! DI6];E W
2 /AT$ LAT]4 ,) REG>D 6HON\R & 4HON\R !
M1N IS PROP] PRIDE1 ! EXCESS IS "KN Z A
SORT ( ,8EMPTY VAN;Y0'1 &! DEFICI5CY IS
UNDUE HUMIL;Y2 & Z WE SD LIB]AL;Y 0
RELAT$ 6MAGNIFIC;E1 DI6]+ F X 0D1L+ )
SMALL SUMS1 S "! IS A /ATE SIMIL>LY
RELAT$ 6PROP] PRIDE1 2+ 3C]N$ ) SMALL
HON\RS :ILE T IS 3C]N$ ) GRT4 ,= X IS
POSSI# 6DESIRE HON\R Z "O "\1 & M ?AN "O
"\1 & LESS1 &! MAN :O EXCE$S 9 8 DESIRES
IS CALL$ AMBITI\S1 ! MAN :O FALLS %ORT
UNAMBITI\S1 :ILE ! 9T]M$IATE P]SON HAS
NO "N4 ,! 4POSI;NS AL >E "N.S1 EXCEPT T
T (! AMBITI\S MAN IS CALL$ AMBI;N4 ,H;E
! P :O >E AT ! EXTREMES LAY CLAIM 6!
MI4LE PLACE2 & WE \RVS "S"TS CALL !
9T]M$IATE P]SON AMBITI\S & "S"TS
UNAMBITI\S1 & "S"TS PRAISE ! AMBITI\S
MAN & "S"TS ! UNAMBITI\S4 ,! R1SON ( \R
DO+ ? W 2 /AT$ 9 :AT FOLL[S2 B N[ LET U
SP1K (! REMA9+ /ATES AC 6! ME?OD : HAS
BE5 9DICAT$4
  ,) REG>D 6ANG] AL "! IS AN EXCESS1 A
DEFICI5CY1 &A M1N4 ,AL? !Y C SC>CELY 2
SD 6H "NS1 YET S9CE WE CALL ! 9T]M$IATE
P]SON GD-TEMP]$ LET U CALL ! M1N GD
TEMP]2 (! P]SONS AT ! EXTREMES LET ! "O
:O EXCE$S 2 CALL$ IRASCI#1 & 8 VICE
IRASCIBIL;Y1 &! MAN :O FALLS %ORT AN
9IRASCI# SORT ( P]SON1 &! DEFICI5CY
9IRASCIBIL;Y4
  ,"! >E AL ?REE O!R M1NS1 : H A C]TA9
LIKE;S 6"O ANO!R1 B DI6] F "O ANO!R3 =
!Y >E ALL 3C]N$ ) 9T]C\RSE 9 ^WS &
AC;NS1 B DI6] 9 T "O IS 3C]N$ ) TRU? 9 ?
SPH]E1 ! O!R TWO ) PL1SANT;S2 &( ? "O
K9D IS EXHIBIT$ 9 GIV+ AMUSE;T1 ! O!R 9
ALL ! CIRCUM/.ES ( LIFE4 ,WE M/ "!=E
SP1K ( ^! TOO1 T WE MAY ! BETT] SEE T 9
ALL ?+S ! M1N IS PRAISE-WOR?Y1 &!
EXTREMES NEI PRAISEWOR?Y NOR "R1 B WOR?Y
( BLAME4 ,N[ MO/ ( ^! /ATES AL H NO "NS1
B WE M/ TRY1 Z 9 ! O!R CASES1 69V5T "NS
\RVS S T WE MAY 2 CLE> & EASY 6FOLL[4 ,)
REG>D 6TRU?1 !N1 ! 9T]M$IATE IS A TRU?;L
SORT ( P]SON &! M1N MAY 2 CALL$
TRU?;L;S1 :ILE ! PRET;E : EXA7]ATES IS
BOA/;L;S &! P]SON "*IZ$ 0X A BOA/]1 & T
: "U/ATES IS MOCK MODE/Y &! P]SON "*IZ$
0X MOCK-MODE/4 ,) REG>D 6PL1SANT;S 9 !
GIV+ ( AMUSE;T ! 9T]M$IATE P]SON IS
R1DY-WITT$ &! 4POSI;N R1DY WIT1 ! EXCESS
IS BU6OON]Y &! P]SON "*IZ$ 0X A BU6OON1
:ILE ! MAN :O FALLS %ORT IS A SORT (
BOOR & 8 /ATE IS BOORI%;S4 ,) REG>D 6!
REMA9+ K9D ( PL1SANT;S1 T : IS EXHIBIT$
9 LIFE 9 G5]AL1 ! MAN :O IS PL1SANT 9 !
"R WAY IS FRLY &! M1N IS FRLI;S1 :ILE !
MAN :O EXCE$S IS AN OBSEQUI\S P]SON IF
HE HAS NO 5D 9 VIEW1 A FLATT]] IF HE IS
AIM+ AT 8 [N ADVANTAGE1 &! MAN :O FALLS
%ORT & IS UNPL1SANT 9 ALL CIRCUM/.ES IS
A QU>REL"S & SURLY SORT ( P]SON4
  ,"! >E AL M1NS 9 ! PAS.NS & 3C]N$ )!
PAS.NS2 S9CE %AME IS N A VIRTUE1 & YET
PRAISE IS EXT5D$ 6! MODE/ MAN4 ,= EV5 9
^! MATT]S "O MAN IS SD 6BE 9T]M$IATE1 &
ANO!R 6EXCE$1 Z = 9/.E ! BA%;L MAN :O IS
A%AM$ ( "EY?+2 :ILE HE :O FALLS %ORT OR
IS N A%AM$ ( ANY?+ AT ALL IS %AME.S1 &!
9T]M$IATE P]SON IS MODE/4 ,"RE\S 9DIGN,N
IS A M1N 2T 5VY & SPITE1 & ^! /ATES >E
3C]N$ )! PA9 & PL1SURE T >E FELT AT !
=TUNES ( \R NEI<B\RS2 ! MAN :O IS "*IZ$
0"RE\S 9DIGN,N IS PA9$ AT UNDES]V$ GD
=TUNE1 ! 5VI\S MAN1 GO+ 2Y HM1 IS PA9$
AT ALL GD =TUNE1 &! SPITE;L MAN FALLS S
F> %ORT ( 2+ PA9$ T HE EV5 RJCS4 ,B ^!
/ATES "! W 2 AN OPPORTUN;Y ( DESCRIB+
ELSE":2 ) REG>D 6JU/ICE1 S9CE X HAS N "O
SIMPLE M1N+1 WE %1 AF DESCRIB+ ! O!R
/ATES1 4T+UI% XS TWO K9DS & SAY H[ EA* (
!M IS A M1N2 & SIMIL>LY WE % TR1T AL (!
R,NAL VIRTUES4
                   #H
  ,"! >E ?REE K9DS ( 4POSI;N1 !N1 TWO (
!M VICES1 9VOLV+ EXCESS & DEFICI5CY
RESPECTIVELY1 & "O A VIRTUE1 VIZ4 ! M1N1
& ALL >E 9 A S5SE OPPOS$ 6ALL2 =!
EXTREME /ATES >E 3TR>Y BO? 6! 9T]M$IATE
/ATE & 6EA* O!R1 &! 9T]M$IATE 6!
EXTREMES2 Z ! EQUAL IS GRT] RELATIVELY
6! LESS1 LESS RELATIVELY 6! GRT]1 S !
MI4LE /ATES >E EXCESSIVE RELATIVELY 6!
DEFICI5CIES1 DEFICI5T RELATIVELY 6!
EXCESSES1 BO? 9 PAS.NS & 9 AC;NS4 ,=!
BRAVE MAN APPE>S RA% RELATIVELY 6! C[>D1
& C[>DLY RELATIVELY 6! RA% MAN2 &
SIMIL>LY ! TEMP]ATE MAN APPE>S SELF-
9DULG5T RELATIVELY 6! 9S5SI# MAN1 9S5SI#
RELATIVELY 6! SELF-9DULG5T1 &! LIB]AL
MAN PRODIGAL RELATIVELY 6! M1N MAN1 M1N
RELATIVELY 6! PRODIGAL4 ,H;E AL ! P AT !
EXTREMES PU% ! 9T]M$IATE MAN EA* OV] 6!
O!R1 &! BRAVE MAN IS CALL$ RA% 0! C[>D1
C[>DLY 0! RA% MAN1 & CORRESPOND+LY 9 !
O!R CASES4
  ,^! /ATES 2+ ?US OPPOS$ 6"O ANO!R1 !
GRTE/ 3TR>IETY IS T (! EXTREMES 6EA*
O!R1 R ?AN 6! 9T]M$IATE2 = ^! >E FUR!R F
EA* O!R ?AN F ! 9T]M$IATE1 Z ! GRT IS
FUR!R F ! SMALL &! SMALL F ! GRT ?AN BO?
>E F ! EQUAL4 ,AG1 6! 9T]M$IATE "S
EXTREMES %[ A C]TA9 LIKE;S1 Z T ( RA%;S
6C\RAGE & T ( PRODIGAL;Y 6LIB]AL;Y2 B !
EXTREMES %[ ! GRTE/ UNLIKE;S 6EA* O!R2
N[ 3TR>IES >E DEF9$ Z ! ?+S T >E FUR!/ F
EA* O!R1 S T ?+S T >E FUR!R A"P >E M
3TR>Y4
  ,6! M1N 9 "S CASES ! DEFICI5CY1 9 "S !
EXCESS IS M OPPOS$2 E4G4 X IS N RA%;S1 :
IS AN EXCESS1 B C[>DICE1 : IS A
DEFICI5CY1 T IS M OPPOS$ 6C\RAGE1 & N
9S5SIBIL;Y1 : IS A DEFICI5CY1 B SELF-
9DULG;E1 : IS AN EXCESS1 T IS M OPPOS$
6TEMP].E4 ,? HAPP5S F TWO R1SONS1 "O 2+
DRAWN F ! ?+ XF2 = 2C "O EXTREME IS NE>]
& LIK] 6! 9T]M$IATE1 WE OPPOSE N ? B R
XS 3TR>Y 6! 9T]M$IATE4 ,E4G4 S9CE RA%;S
IS ?"\ LIK] & NE>] 6C\RAGE1 & C[>DICE M
UNLIKE1 WE OPPOSE R ! LATT] 6C\RAGE2 =
?+S T >E FUR!R F ! 9T]M$IATE >E ?"\ M
3TR>Y 6X4 ,?1 !N1 IS "O CAUSE1 DRAWN F !
?+ XF2 ANO!R IS DRAWN F \RVS2 =! ?+S 6:
WE \RVS M NATUR,Y T5D SEEM M 3TR>Y 6!
9T]M$IATE4 ,= 9/.E1 WE \RVS T5D M
NATUR,Y 6PL1SURES1 & H;E >E M EASILY
C>RI$ AWAY T[>DS SELF-9DULG;E ?AN T[>DS
PROPRIETY4 ,WE DESCRIBE Z 3TR>Y 6! M1N1
!N1 R ! DIREC;NS 9 : WE M (T5 G 6GRT
L5G?S2 & "!=E SELF-9DULG;E1 : IS AN
EXCESS1 IS ! M 3TR>Y 6TEMP].E4
                   #I
  ,T MORAL VIRTUE IS A M1N1 !N1 & 9 :AT
S5SE X IS S1 & T X IS A M1N 2T TWO
VICES1 ! "O 9VOLV+ EXCESS1 ! O!R
DEFICI5CY1 & T X IS S* 2C XS "* IS 6AIM
AT :AT IS 9T]M$IATE 9 PAS.NS & 9 AC;NS1
HAS BE5 SU6ICI5TLY /AT$4 ,H;E AL X IS NO
EASY TASK 6BE GD4 ,= 9 "EY?+ X IS NO
EASY TASK 6F9D ! MI4LE1 E4G4 6F9D !
MI4LE (A CIRCLE IS N = E "O B = HM :O
"KS2 S1 TOO1 ANY "O C GET ANGRY- T IS
EASY- OR GIVE OR SP5D M"OY2 B 6D ? 6! "R
P]SON1 6! "R EXT5T1 AT ! "R "T1 )! "R
MOTIVE1 & 9 ! "R WAY1 T IS N = E "O1 NOR
IS X EASY2 ":=E GD;S IS BO? R>E & LAUDA#
& NO#4
  ,H;E HE :O AIMS AT ! 9T]M$IATE M/ F/
DE"P F :AT IS ! M 3TR>Y 6X1 Z ,CALYPSO
ADVISES-
  ,HOLD ! %IP \ 2Y T SURF & SPRAY4
  ,=(! EXTREMES "O IS M ]RONE\S1 "O LESS
S2 "!=E1 S9CE 6HIT ! M1N IS H>D 9 !
EXTREME1 WE M/ Z A SECOND BE/1 Z P SAY1
TAKE ! L1/ (! EVILS2 & ? W 2 D"O BE/ 9 !
WAY WE DESCRIBE4 ,B WE M/ 3SID] ! ?+S
T[>DS : WE \RVS AL >E EASILY C>RI$ AWAY2
= "S ( U T5D 6"O ?+1 "S 6ANO!R2 & ? W 2
RECOGNIZA# F ! PL1SURE &! PA9 WE FEEL4
,WE M/ DRAG \RVS AWAY 6! 3TR>Y EXTREME2
= WE % GET 96! 9T]M$IATE /ATE 0DRAW+
WELL AWAY F ]ROR1 Z P D 9 /RAI<T5+ /ICKS
T >E B5T4
  ,N[ 9 "EY?+ ! PL1SANT OR PL1SURE IS
MO/ 6BE GU>D$ AG/2 = WE D N JUDGE X
IM"PI,Y4 ,WE "\1 !N1 6FEEL T[>DS PL1SURE
Z ! ELD]S (! P FELT T[>DS ,HEL51 & 9 ALL
CIRCUM/.ES REP1T _! SAY+2 = IF WE 4MISS
PL1SURE ?US WE >E LESS LIKELY 6G A/RAY4
,X IS 0DO+ ?1 !N1 76SUM ! MATT] UP7 T WE
% BE/ 2 A# 6HIT ! M1N4
  ,B ? IS NO D\BT DI6ICULT1 & ESPECI,Y 9
9DIVIDUAL CASES2 = OR IS N EASY 6DET]M9E
BO? H[ &) :OM & ON :AT PROVOC,N & H[ L;G
"O %D 2 ANGRY2 = WE TOO "S"TS PRAISE ^?
:O FALL %ORT & CALL !M GD-TEMP]$1 B
"S"TS WE PRAISE ^? :O GET ANGRY & CALL
!M MANLY4 ,! MAN1 H["E1 :O DEVIATES LL F
GD;S IS N BLAM$1 :E!R HE D S 9 ! DIREC;N
(! M OR (! LESS1 B ONLY ! MAN :O
DEVIATES M WIDELY2 = HE DOES N FAIL 6BE
NOTIC$4 ,B UP 6:AT PO9T & 6:AT EXT5T A
MAN M/ DEVIATE 2F HE 2COMES BLAMEWOR?Y X
IS N EASY 6DET]M9E 0R1SON+1 ANY M ?AN
ANY?+ ELSE T IS P]CVD 0! S5SES2 S* ?+S
DEP5D ON "PICUL> FACTS1 &! DECI.N RE/S )
P]CEP;N4 ,S M*1 !N1 IS PLA91 T !
9T]M$IATE /ATE IS 9 ALL ?+S 6BE PRAIS$1
B T WE M/ 9CL9E "S"TS T[>DS ! EXCESS1
"S"TS T[>DS ! DEFICI5CY2 = S % WE MO/
EASILY HIT ! M1N & :AT IS "R4

