               #CEJ ,,BC
         ,,PO/]IOR ,,ANALYTICS
               0,>I/OTLE
    TRANSLAT$ BY ;,G4 ,R4 ,G4 ,MURE
    ,TRANSLAT$ 0,MIKE ,KEI?LEY
                ,BOOK,I
                   #A
  ,,ALL 9/RUC;N GIV5 OR RCVD 0WAY (
>GU;T PROCE$S F PRE-EXI/5T K4 ,? 2COMES
EVID5T ^U A SURVEY ( ALL ! SPECIES ( S*
9/RUC;N4 ,! MA!MATICAL SCI;ES & ALL O!R
SPECULATIVE 4CIPL9ES >E ACQUIR$ 9 ? WAY1
& S >E ! TWO =MS ( DIALECTICAL R1SON+1
SYLLOGI/IC & 9DUCTIVE2 = EA* ( ^! LATT]
MAKE USE ( OLD K 6IM"P NEW1 ! SYLLOGISM
ASSUM+ AN AUDI;E T A3EPTS XS PREMISSES1
9DUC;N EXHIBIT+ ! UNIV]SAL Z IMPLICIT 9
! CLE>LY "KN "PICUL>4 ,AG1 ! P]SUA.N
EX]T$ 0RHETORICAL >GU;TS IS 9 PR9CIPLE !
SAME1 S9CE !Y USE EI EXAMPLE1 A K9D (
9DUC;N1 OR 5?YMEME1 A =M ( SYLLOGISM4
  ,! PRE-EXI/5T K REQUIR$ IS ( TWO K9DS4
,9 "S CASES ADMIS.N (! FACT M/ 2 ASSUM$1
9 O!RS -PREH5.N (! M1N+ (! T]M US$1 &
"S"TS BO? ASSUMP;NS >E ESS5TIAL4 ,?US1
WE ASSUME T E PR$ICATE C 2 EI TRULY
A6IRM$ OR TRULY D5I$ ( ANY SUBJECT1 & T
,8TRIANGLE0' M1NS S & S2 Z REG>DS
,8UNIT0' WE H 6MAKE ! D\# ASSUMP;N (!
M1N+ (! ^W &! EXI/;E (! ?+4 ,! R1SON IS
T ^! S"EAL OBJECTS >E N EQU,Y OBVI\S 6U4
,RECOGNI;N (A TRU? MAY 9 "S CASES 3TA9 Z
FACTORS BO? PREVI\S K & AL K ACQUIR$
SIMULTANE\SLY ) T RECOGNI;N-K1 ? LATT]1
(! "PICUL>S ACTU,Y FALL+ "U ! UNIV]SAL &
"!9 ALR VIRTU,Y "KN4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! /UD5T
KNEW 2FH& T ! ANGLES ( E TRIANGLE >E
EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES2 B X 0 ONLY AT !
ACTUAL MO;T AT : HE 0 2+ L$ ON
6RECOGNIZE ? Z TRUE 9 ! 9/.E 2F HM T HE
CAME 6"K ,8? FIGURE 9SCRIB$ 9 !
SEMICIRCLE0' 6BE A TRIANGLE4 ,= "S ?+S
7VIZ4 ! S+UL>S F9,Y R1*$ : >E N PR$ICA#
( ANY?+ ELSE Z SUBJECT7 >E ONLY LE>NT 9
? WAY1 I4E4 "! IS "H NO RECOGNI;N "? A
MI4LE (A M9OR T]M Z SUBJECT 6A MAJOR4
,2F HE 0 L$ ON 6RECOGNI;N OR 2F HE
ACTU,Y DREW A 3CLU.N1 WE %D P]H SAY T 9
A MANN] HE KNEW1 9 A MANN] N4
  ,IF HE DID N 9 AN UNQUALIFI$ S5SE (!
T]M "K ! EXI/;E ( ? TRIANGLE1 H[ CD HE
"K )\T QUALIFIC,N T XS ANGLES 7 EQUAL
6TWO "R ANGLES8 ,NO3 CLE>LY HE "KS N )\T
QUALIFIC,N B ONLY 9 ! S5SE T HE "KS
UNIV]S,Y4 ,IF ? 4T9C;N IS N DRAWN1 WE >E
FAC$ )! DILEMMA 9 ! ,M5O3 EI A MAN W
LE>N NO?+ OR :AT HE ALR "KS2 = WE _C
A3EPT ! SOLU;N : "S P (F]4 ,A MAN IS
ASK$1 ,8,D Y1 OR D Y N1 "K T E PAIR IS
EV580' ,HE SAYS HE DOES "K X4 ,! "Q] !N
PRODUCES A "PICUL> PAIR1 (! EXI/;E1 & S
A =TIORI (! EV5;S1 ( : HE 0 UNAW>E4 ,!
SOLU;N : "S P (F] IS 6ASS]T T !Y D N "K
T E PAIR IS EV51 B ONLY T "EY?+ : !Y "K
6BE A PAIR IS EV53 YET :AT !Y "K 6BE EV5
IS T ( : !Y H DEMON/RAT$ EV5;S1 I4E4 :AT
!Y MADE ! SUBJECT ( _! PREMISS1 VIZ4 N
M]ELY E TRIANGLE OR NUMB] : !Y "K 6BE
S*1 B ANY & E NUMB] OR TRIANGLE )\T
RES]V,N4 ,= NO PREMISS IS "E C\*$ 9 ! =M
,8E NUMB] : Y "K 6BE S*0'1 OR ,8E
RECTIL9E> FIGURE : Y "K 6BE S*0'3 !
PR$ICATE IS ALW 3/RU$ Z APPLICA# 6ANY &
E 9/.E (! ?+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I IMAG9E "!
IS NO?+ 6PREV5T A MAN 9 "O S5SE "K+ :AT
HE IS LE>N+1 9 ANO!R N "K+ X4 ,! /RANGE
?+ WD BE1 N IF 9 "S S5SE HE KNEW :AT HE
0 LE>N+1 B IF HE 7 6"K X 9 T PRECISE
S5SE & MANN] 9 : HE 0 LE>N+ X4
                   #B
  ,WE SUPPOSE \RVS 6POSSESS UNQUALIFI$
SCI5TIFIC K (A ?+1 Z OPPOS$ 6"K+ X 9 !
A3ID5TAL WAY 9 : ! SOPHI/ "KS1 :5 WE ?9K
T WE "K ! CAUSE ON : ! FACT DEP5DS1 Z !
CAUSE ( T FACT &( NO O!R1 &1 FUR!R1 T !
FACT CD N 2 O!R ?AN X IS4 ,N[ T
SCI5TIFIC "K+ IS "S?+ ( ? SORT IS
EVID5T-WIT;S BO? ^? :O FALSELY CLAIM X &
^? :O ACTU,Y POSSESS X1 S9CE ! =M] M]ELY
IMAG9E !MVS 6BE1 :ILE ! LATT] >E AL
ACTU,Y1 9 ! 3DI;N DESCRIB$4 ,3SEQU5TLY !
PROP] OBJECT ( UNQUALIFI$ SCI5TIFIC K IS
"S?+ : _C 2 O!R ?AN X IS4
  ,"! MAY 2 ANO!R MANN] ( "K+ Z WELL-T W
2 4CUSS$ LAT]4 ,:AT ,I N[ ASS]T IS T AT
ALL EV5TS WE D "K 0DEMON/R,N4
,0DEMON/R,N ,I M1N A SYLLOGISM
PRODUCTIVE ( SCI5TIFIC K1 A SYLLOGISM1 T
IS1 ! GRASP ( : IS EO IPSO S* K4 ,ASSUM+
!N T MY !SIS Z 6! NATURE ( SCI5TIFIC "K+
IS CORRECT1 ! PREMISSES ( DEMON/RAT$ K
M/ 2 TRUE1 PRIM>Y1 IMM1 BETT] "KN ?AN &
PRIOR 6! 3CLU.N1 : IS FUR!R RELAT$ 6!M Z
E6ECT 6CAUSE4 ,UN.S ^! 3DI;NS >E
SATISFI$1 ! BASIC TRU?S W N 2
,8APPROPRIATE0' 6! 3CLU.N4 ,SYLLOGISM "!
MAY 9DE$ 2 )\T ^! 3DI;NS1 B S*
SYLLOGISM1 N 2+ PRODUCTIVE ( SCI5TIFIC
K1 W N 2 DEMON/R,N4 ,! PREMISSES M/ 2
TRUE3 = T : IS NON-EXI/5T _C 2 "KN-WE _C
"K1 E4G4 T ! DIAGONAL (A SQU>E IS
-M5SURATE ) XS SIDE4 ,! PREMISSES M/ 2
PRIM>Y & 9DEMON/RA#2 O!RWISE !Y W
REQUIRE DEMON/R,N 9 ORD] 6BE "KN1 S9CE
6H K1 IF X 2 N A3ID5TAL K1 ( ?+S : >E
DEMON/RA#1 M1NS PRECISELY 6H A DEMON/R,N
( !M4 ,! PREMISSES M/ 2 ! CAUSES (!
3CLU.N1 BETT] "KN ?AN X1 & PRIOR 6X2 XS
CAUSES1 S9CE WE POSSESS SCI5TIFIC K (A
?+ ONLY :5 WE "K XS CAUSE2 PRIOR1 9 ORD]
6BE CAUSES2 ANTEC$5TLY "KN1 ? ANTEC$5T K
2+ N \R M]E "U/&+ (! M1N+1 B K (! FACT Z
WELL4 ,N[ ,8PRIOR0' & ,8BETT] "KN0' >E
AMBIGU\S T]MS1 = "! IS A DI6];E 2T :AT
IS PRIOR & BETT] "KN 9 ! ORD] ( 2+ & :AT
IS PRIOR & BETT] "KN 6MAN4 ,I M1N T
OBJECTS NE>] 6S5SE >E PRIOR & BETT] "KN
6MAN2 OBJECTS )\T QUALIFIC,N PRIOR &
BETT] "KN >E ^? FUR!R F S5SE4 ,N[ ! MO/
UNIV]SAL CAUSES >E FUR!/ F S5SE &
"PICUL> CAUSES >E NE>E/ 6S5SE1 & !Y >E
?US EXACTLY OPPOS$ 6"O ANO!R4 ,9 SAY+ T
! PREMISSES ( DEMON/RAT$ K M/ 2 PRIM>Y1
,I M1N T !Y M/ 2 ! ,8APPROPRIATE0' BASIC
TRU?S1 = ,I ID5TIFY PRIM>Y PREMISS &
BASIC TRU?4 ,A ,8BASIC TRU?0' 9 A
DEMON/R,N IS AN IMM PROPOSI;N4 ,AN IMM
PROPOSI;N IS "O : HAS NO O!R PROPOSI;N
PRIOR 6X4 ,A PROPOSI;N IS EI "P ( AN
ENUNCI,N1 I4E4 X PR$ICATES A S+LE
ATTRIBUTE (A S+LE SUBJECT4 ,IF A
PROPOSI;N IS DIALECTICAL1 X ASSUMES EI
"P 9DI6]5TLY2 IF X IS DEMON/RATIVE1 X
LAYS D[N "O "P 6! DEF9ITE EXCLU.N (! O!R
2C T "P IS TRUE4 ,! T]M ,8ENUNCI,N0'
DENOTES EI "P (A 3TRADIC;N 9DI6]5TLY4 ,A
3TRADIC;N IS AN OPPOSI;N : ( XS [N
NATURE EXCLUDES A MI4LE4 ,! "P (A
3TRADIC;N : 3JO9S A PR$ICATE )A SUBJECT
IS AN A6IRM,N2 ! "P 4JO9+ !M IS A NEG,N4
,I CALL AN IMM BASIC TRU? ( SYLLOGISM A
,8!SIS0' :51 ?\< X IS N SUSCEPTI# ( PRO(
0! T1*]1 YET IGNOR.E ( X DOES N 3/ITUTE
A TOTAL B> 6PROGRESS ON ! "P (! PUPIL3
"O : ! PUPIL M/ "K IF HE IS 6LE>N ANY?+
:AT"E IS AN AXIOM4 ,I CALL X AN AXIOM 2C
"! >E S* TRU?S & WE GIVE !M ! "N (
AXIOMS P> EXCELL;E4 ,IF A !SIS ASSUMES
"O "P OR ! O!R ( AN ENUNCI,N1 I4E4
ASS]TS EI ! EXI/;E OR ! NON-EXI/;E (A
SUBJECT1 X IS A HYPO!SIS2 IF X DOES N S
ASS]T1 X IS A DEF9I;N4 ,DEF9I;N IS A
,8!SIS0' OR A ,8LAY+ "S?+ D[N0'1 S9CE !
>I?METICIAN LAYS X D[N T 6BE A UNIT IS
6BE QUANTITATIVELY 9DIVISI#2 B X IS N A
HYPO!SIS1 = 6DEF9E :AT A UNIT IS IS N !
SAME Z 6A6IRM XS EXI/;E4
  ,N[ S9CE ! REQUIR$ GR.D ( \R K-I4E4 (
\R 3VIC;N-(A FACT IS ! POSSES.N ( S* A
SYLLOGISM Z WE CALL DEMON/R,N1 &! GR.D (
! SYLLOGISM IS ! FACTS 3/ITUT+ XS
PREMISSES1 WE M/ N ONLY "K ! PRIM>Y
PREMISSES-"S IF N ALL ( !M-2FH&1 B "K !M
BETT] ?AN ! 3CLU.N3 =! CAUSE ( AN
ATTRIBUTE'S 9H];E 9 A SUBJECT ALW XF
9"HS 9 ! SUBJECT M FIRMLY ?AN T
ATTRIBUTE2 E4G4 ! CAUSE ( \R LOV+ ANY?+
IS DE>] 6U ?AN ! OBJECT ( \R LOVE4 ,S
S9CE ! PRIM>Y PREMISSES >E ! CAUSE ( \R
K-I4E4 ( \R 3VIC;N-X FOLL[S T WE "K !M
BETT]-T IS1 >E M 3V9C$ ( !M-?AN _!
3SEQU;ES1 PRECISELY 2C ( \R K (! LATT]
IS ! E6ECT ( \R K (! PREMISSES4 ,N[ A
MAN _C 2LIEVE 9 ANY?+ M ?AN 9 ! ?+S HE
"KS1 UN.S HE HAS EI ACTUAL K ( X OR "S?+
BETT] ?AN ACTUAL K4 ,B WE >E FAC$ ) ?
P>ADOX IF A /UD5T ^: 2LIEF RE/S ON
DEMON/R,N HAS N PRIOR K2 A MAN M/ 2LIEVE
9 "S1 IF N 9 ALL1 (! BASIC TRU?S M ?AN 9
! 3CLU.N4 ,MOREOV]1 IF A MAN SETS \
6ACQUIRE ! SCI5TIFIC K T -ES "?
DEMON/R,N1 HE M/ N ONLY H A BETT] K (!
BASIC TRU?S &A FIRM] 3VIC;N ( !M ?AN (!
3NEXION : IS 2+ DEMON/RAT$3 M ?AN ?1
NO?+ M/ 2 M C]TA9 OR BETT] "KN 6HM ?AN
^! BASIC TRU?S 9 _! "* Z 3TRADICT+ !
FUNDA;TAL PREMISSES : L1D 6! OPPOS$ &
]RONE\S 3CLU.N4 ,= 9DE$ ! 3VIC;N ( PURE
SCI;E M/ 2 UN%AKA#4
                   #C
  ,"S HOLD T1 [+ 6! NECESS;Y ( "K+ !
PRIM>Y PREMISSES1 "! IS NO SCI5TIFIC K4
,O!RS ?9K "! IS1 B T ALL TRU?S >E
DEMON/RA#4 ,NEI DOCTR9E IS EI TRUE OR A
NEC DEDUC;N F ! PREMISSES4 ,! F/ S*OOL1
ASSUM+ T "! IS NO WAY ( "K+ O!R ?AN
0DEMON/R,N1 MA9TA9 T AN 9F9ITE REGRESS
IS 9VOLV$1 ON ! GR.D T IF 2H ! PRIOR /&S
NO PRIM>Y1 WE CD N "K ! PO/]IOR "? !
PRIOR 7":9 !Y >E "R1 = "O _C TRAV]SE AN
9F9ITE S]IES73 IF ON ! O!R H&-!Y SAY-!
S]IES T]M9ATES & "! >E PRIM>Y PREMISSES1
YET ^! >E UN"KA# 2C 9CAPA# ( DEMON/R,N1
: AC 6!M IS ! ONLY =M ( K4 ,& S9CE ?US
"O _C "K ! PRIM>Y PREMISSES1 K (!
3CLU.NS : FOLL[ F !M IS N PURE SCI5TIFIC
K NOR PROP]LY "K+ AT ALL1 B RE/S ON !
M]E SUPPOSI;N T ! PREMISSES >E TRUE4 ,!
O!R "PY AGREE ) !M Z REG>DS "K+1 HOLD+ T
X IS ONLY POSSI# 0DEMON/R,N1 B !Y SEE NO
DI6ICULTY 9 HOLD+ T ALL TRU?S >E
DEMON/RAT$1 ON ! GR.D T DEMON/R,N MAY 2
CIRCUL> & RECIPROCAL4
  ,\R [N DOCTR9E IS T N ALL K IS
DEMON/RATIVE3 ON ! 3TR>Y1 K (! IMM
PREMISSES IS 9DEP5D5T ( DEMON/R,N4 7,!
NECESS;Y ( ? IS OBVI\S2 = S9CE WE M/ "K
! PRIOR PREMISSES F : ! DEMON/R,N IS
DRAWN1 & S9CE ! REGRESS M/ 5D 9 IMM
TRU?S1 ^? TRU?S M/ 2 9DEMON/RA#47 ,S*1
!N1 IS \R DOCTR9E1 & 9 A4I;N WE MA9TA9 T
2SS SCI5TIFIC K "! IS XS ORIG9ATIVE
S\RCE : 5A#S U 6RECOGNIZE ! DEF9I;NS4
  ,N[ DEMON/R,N M/ 2 BAS$ ON PREMISSES
PRIOR 6& BETT] "KN ?AN ! 3CLU.N2 &! SAME
?+S _C SIMULTANE\SLY 2 BO? PRIOR &
PO/]IOR 6"O ANO!R3 S CIRCUL> DEMON/R,N
IS CLE>LY N POSSI# 9 ! UNQUALIFI$ S5SE (
,8DEMON/R,N0'1 B ONLY POSSI# IF
,8DEMON/R,N0' 2 EXT5D$ 69CLUDE T O!R
ME?OD ( >GU;T : RE/S ON A 4T9C;N 2T
TRU?S PRIOR 6U & TRU?S )\T QUALIFIC,N
PRIOR1 I4E4 ! ME?OD 0: 9DUC;N PRODUCES
K4 ,B IF WE A3EPT ? EXT5.N ( XS M1N+1 \R
DEF9I;N ( UNQUALIFI$ K W PROVE FAULTY2 =
"! SEEM 6BE TWO K9DS ( X4 ,P]H1 H["E1 !
SECOND =M ( DEMON/R,N1 T : PROCE$S F
TRU?S BETT] "KN 6U1 IS N DEMON/R,N 9 !
UNQUALIFI$ S5SE (! T]M4
  ,! ADVOCATES ( CIRCUL> DEMON/R,N >E N
ONLY FAC$ )! DI6ICULTY WE H J /AT$3 9
A4I;N _! !ORY REDUCES 6! M]E /ATE;T T IF
A ?+ EXI/S1 !N X DOES EXI/-AN EASY WAY (
PROV+ ANY?+4 ,T ? IS S C 2 CLE>LY %[N
0TAK+ ?REE T]MS1 = 63/ITUTE ! CIRCLE X
MAKES NO DI6];E :E!R _M T]MS OR FEW OR
EV5 ONLY TWO >E TAK54 ,?US 0DIRECT PRO(1
IF ,A IS1 ;,B M/ BE2 IF ;,B IS1 ;,C M/
BE2 "!=E IF ,A IS1 ;,C M/ BE4 ,S9CE !N-
BY ! CIRCUL> PRO(-IF ,A IS1 ;,B M/ BE1 &
IF ;,B IS1 ,A M/ BE1 ,A MAY 2 SUB/ITUT$
= ;,C ABV4 ,!N ,8IF ;,B IS1 ,A M/ BE0'
.K ,8IF ;,B IS1 ;,C M/ BE0'1 : ABV GAVE
! 3CLU.N ,8IF ,A IS1 ;,C M/ BE0'3 B ;,C
& ,A H BE5 ID5TIFI$4 ,3SEQU5TLY !
UPHOLD]S ( CIRCUL> DEMON/R,N >E 9 !
POSI;N ( SAY+ T IF ,A IS1 ,A M/ BE-A
SIMPLE WAY ( PROV+ ANY?+4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5
S* CIRCUL> DEMON/R,N IS IMPOSSI# EXCEPT
9 ! CASE ( ATTRIBUTES T IMPLY "O ANO!R1
VIZ4 ,8PECULI>0' PROP]TIES4
  ,N[1 X HAS BE5 %[N T ! POSIT+ ( "O ?+-
BE X "O T]M OR "O PREMISS-N"E 9VOLVES A
NEC 3SEQU5T3 TWO PREMISSES 3/ITUTE ! F/
& SMALLE/ F.D,N = DRAW+ A 3CLU.N AT ALL
& "!=E A =TIORI =! DEMON/RATIVE
SYLLOGISM ( SCI;E4 ,IF1 !N1 ,A IS IMPLI$
9 ;,B & ;,C1 & ;,B & ;,C >E RECIPROC,Y
IMPLI$ 9 "O ANO!R & 9 ;,A1 X IS POSSI#1
Z HAS BE5 %[N 9 MY WRIT+S ON !
SYLLOGISM1 6PROVE ALL ! ASSUMP;NS ON : !
ORIG9AL 3CLU.N RE/$1 0CIRCUL> DEMON/R,N
9 ! F/ FIGURE4 ,B X HAS AL BE5 %[N T 9 !
O!R FIGURES EI NO 3CLU.N IS POSSI#1 OR
AT L1/ N"O : PROVES BO? ! ORIG9AL
PREMISSES4 ,PROPOSI;NS ! T]MS ( : >E N
3V]TI# _C 2 CIRCUL>LY DEMON/RAT$ AT ALL1
& S9CE 3V]TI# T]MS O3UR R>ELY 9 ACTUAL
DEMON/R,NS1 X IS CLE>LY FRIVOL\S &
IMPOSSI# 6SAY T DEMON/R,N IS RECIPROCAL
& T "!=E "EY?+ C 2 DEMON/RAT$4

                   #D
  ,S9CE ! OBJECT ( PURE SCI5TIFIC K _C 2
O!R ?AN X IS1 ! TRU? OBTA9$
0DEMON/RATIVE K W 2 NEC4 ,& S9CE
DEMON/RATIVE K IS ONLY PRES5T :5 WE H A
DEMON/R,N1 X FOLL[S T DEMON/R,N IS AN
9F];E F NEC PREMISSES4 ,S WE M/ 3SID]
:AT >E ! PREMISSES ( DEMON/R,N-I4E4 :AT
IS _! "*3 & Z A PRELIM9>Y1 LET U DEF9E
:AT WE M1N 0AN ATTRIBUTE ,8TRUE 9 E 9/.E
( XS SUBJECT0'1 AN ,8ESS5TIAL0'
ATTRIBUTE1 &A ,8-M5SURATE & UNIV]SAL0'
ATTRIBUTE4 ,I CALL ,8TRUE 9 E 9/.E0' :AT
IS TRULY PR$ICA# ( ALL 9/.ES-N ( "O 6!
EXCLU.N ( O!RS-& AT ALL "TS1 N AT ? OR T
"T ONLY2 E4G4 IF ANIMAL IS TRULY PR$ICA#
( E 9/.E ( MAN1 !N IF X 2 TRUE 6SAY ,8?
IS A MAN0'1 ,8? IS AN ANIMAL0' IS AL
TRUE1 & IF ! "O 2 TRUE N[ ! O!R IS TRUE
N[4 ,A CORRESPOND+ A3.T HOLDS IF PO9T IS
9 E 9/.E PR$ICA# Z 3TA9$ 9 L9E4 ,"! IS
EVID;E = ? 9 ! FACT T ! OBJEC;N WE RAISE
AG/ A PROPOSI;N PUT 6U Z TRUE 9 E 9/.E
IS EI AN 9/.E 9 :1 OR AN O3A.N ON :1 X
IS N TRUE4 ,ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES >E 7#A7
S* Z 2L;G 6_! SUBJECT Z ELE;TS 9 XS
ESS5TIAL NATURE 7E4G4 L9E ?US 2L;GS
6TRIANGLE1 PO9T 6L9E2 =! V 2+ OR
,8SUB/.E0' ( TRIANGLE & L9E IS -POS$ (
^! ELE;TS1 : >E 3TA9$ 9 ! =MULAE DEF9+
TRIANGLE & L9E73 7#B7 S* T1 :ILE !Y 2L;G
6C]TA9 SUBJECTS1 ! SUBJECTS 6: !Y 2L;G
>E 3TA9$ 9 ! ATTRIBUTE'S [N DEF9+ =MULA4
,?US /RAI<T & CURV$ 2L;G 6L9E1 ODD &
EV51 PRIME & -P.D1 SQU>E & OBL;G1
6NUMB]2 & AL ! =MULA DEF9+ ANY "O ( ^!
ATTRIBUTES 3TA9S XS SUBJECT-E4G4 L9E OR
NUMB] Z ! CASE MAY BE4
  ,EXT5D+ ? CLASSIFIC,N 6ALL O!R
ATTRIBUTES1 ,I 4T+UI% ^? T ANSW] ! ABV
DESCRIP;N Z 2L;G+ ESS5TI,Y 6_!
RESPECTIVE SUBJECTS2 ":AS ATTRIBUTES
RELAT$ 9 NEI ( ^! TWO WAYS 6_! SUBJECTS
,I CALL A3ID5TS OR ,8CO9CID5TS0'2 E4G4
MUSICAL OR :ITE IS A ,8CO9CID5T0' (
ANIMAL4
  ,FUR!R 7A7 T IS ESS5TIAL : IS N
PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT O!R ?AN XF3 E4G4 ,8!
WALK+ ,7?+7'0' WALKS & IS :ITE 9 VIRTUE
( 2+ "S?+ ELSE 2SS2 ":AS SUB/.E1 9 !
S5SE ( :AT"E SIGNIFIES A ,8? "S:AT0'1 IS
N :AT X IS 9 VIRTUE ( 2+ "S?+ ELSE 2SS4
,?+S1 !N1 N PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT ,I CALL
ESS5TIAL2 ?+S PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT ,I
CALL A3ID5TAL OR ,8CO9CID5TAL0'4
  ,9 ANO!R S5SE AG 7B7 A ?+ 3SEQU5TI,Y
3NECT$ ) ANY?+ IS ESS5TIAL2 "O N S
3NECT$ IS ,8CO9CID5TAL0'4 ,AN EXAMPLE (!
LATT] IS ,8,:ILE HE 0 WALK+ X LI<T5$0'3
! LI<TN+ 0 N DUE 6HIS WALK+2 X WAS1 WE
%D SAY1 A CO9CID;E4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 "!
IS A 3SEQU5TIAL 3NEXION1 ! PR$IC,N IS
ESS5TIAL2 E4G4 IF A B1/ DIES :5 XS ?ROAT
IS 2+ CUT1 !N XS D1? IS AL ESS5TI,Y
3NECT$ )! CUTT+1 2C ! CUTT+ 0 ! CAUSE (
D1?1 N D1? A ,8CO9CID5T0' (! CUTT+4
  ,S F> !N Z 3C]NS ! SPH]E ( 3NEXIONS
SCI5TIFIC,Y "KN 9 ! UNQUALIFI$ S5SE ( T
T]M1 ALL ATTRIBUTES : 7)9 T SPH]E7 >E
ESS5TIAL EI 9 ! S5SE T _! SUBJECTS >E
3TA9$ 9 !M1 OR 9 ! S5SE T !Y >E 3TA9$ 9
_! SUBJECTS1 >E NEC Z WELL Z 3SEQU5TI,Y
3NECT$ ) _! SUBJECTS4 ,= X IS IMPOSSI# =
!M N 69"H 9 _! SUBJECTS EI SIMPLY OR 9 !
QUALIFI$ S5SE T "O OR O!R (A PAIR (
OPPOSITES M/ 9"H 9 ! SUBJECT2 E4G4 9 L9E
M/ 2 EI /RAI<T;S OR CURVATURE1 9 NUMB]
EI O4;S OR EV5;S4 ,= )9 A S+LE ID5TICAL
G5US ! 3TR>Y (A GIV5 ATTRIBUTE IS EI XS
PRIVATIVE OR XS 3TRADICTORY2 E4G4 )9
NUMB] :AT IS N ODD IS EV51 9ASM* Z )9 ?
SPH]E EV5 IS A NEC 3SEQU5T ( N-ODD4 ,S1
S9CE ANY GIV5 PR$ICATE M/ 2 EI A6IRM$ OR
D5I$ ( ANY SUBJECT1 ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES
M/ 9"H 9 _! SUBJECTS ( NECESS;Y4
  ,?US1 !N1 WE H E/ABLI%$ ! 4T9C;N 2T !
ATTRIBUTE : IS ,8TRUE 9 E 9/.E0' &!
,8ESS5TIAL0' ATTRIBUTE4
  ,I T]M ,8-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL0' AN
ATTRIBUTE : 2L;GS 6E 9/.E ( XS SUBJECT1
& 6E 9/.E ESS5TI,Y & Z S*2 F : X CLE>LY
FOLL[S T ALL -M5SURATE UNIV]SALS 9"H
NECESS>ILY 9 _! SUBJECTS4 ,! ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTE1 &! ATTRIBUTE T 2L;GS 6XS
SUBJECT Z S*1 >E ID5TICAL4 ,E4G4 PO9T &
/RAI<T 2L;G 6L9E ESS5TI,Y1 = !Y 2L;G
6L9E Z S*2 & TRIANGLE Z S* HAS TWO "R
ANGLES1 = X IS ESS5TI,Y EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES4
  ,AN ATTRIBUTE 2L;GS -M5SURATELY &
UNIV]S,Y 6A SUBJECT :5 X C 2 %[N 62L;G
6ANY R&OM 9/.E ( T SUBJECT & :5 !
SUBJECT IS ! F/ ?+ 6: X C 2 %[N 62L;G4
,?US1 E4G4 7#A7 ! EQUAL;Y ( XS ANGLES
6TWO "R ANGLES IS N A -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( FIGURE4 ,= ?\< X IS
POSSI# 6%[ T A FIGURE HAS XS ANGLES
EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1 ? ATTRIBUTE _C 2
DEMON/RAT$ ( ANY FIGURE SELECT$ AT
HAPHAZ>D1 NOR 9 DEMON/RAT+ DOES "O TAKE
A FIGURE AT R&OM-A SQU>E IS A FIGURE B
XS ANGLES >E N EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES4 ,ON
! O!R H&1 ANY ISOSCELES TRIANGLE HAS XS
ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1 YET
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE IS N ! PRIM>Y SUBJECT
( ? ATTRIBUTE B TRIANGLE IS PRIOR4 ,S
:AT"E C 2 %[N 6H XS ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES1 OR 6POSSESS ANY O!R ATTRIBUTE1 9
ANY R&OM 9/.E ( XF & PRIM>ILY-T IS ! F/
SUBJECT 6: ! PR$ICATE 9 "Q 2L;GS
-M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y1 &! DEMON/R,N1 9
! ESS5TIAL S5SE1 ( ANY PR$ICATE IS !
PRO( ( X Z 2L;G+ 6? F/ SUBJECT
-M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y3 :ILE ! PRO( ( X
Z 2L;G+ 6! O!R SUBJECTS 6: X ATTA*ES IS
DEMON/R,N ONLY 9 A SECOND>Y & UNESS5TIAL
S5SE4 ,NOR AG 7#B7 IS EQUAL;Y 6TWO "R
ANGLES A -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE
( ISOSCELES2 X IS ( WID] APPLIC,N4
                   #E
  ,WE M/ N FAIL 6OBS]VE T WE (T5 FALL
96]ROR 2C \R 3CLU.N IS N 9 FACT PRIM>Y &
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL 9 ! S5SE 9 : WE ?9K
WE PROVE X S4 ,WE MAKE ? MISTAKE 7#A7 :5
! SUBJECT IS AN 9DIVIDUAL OR 9DIVIDUALS
ABV : "! IS NO UNIV]SAL 6BE F.D3 7#B7 :5
! SUBJECTS 2L;G 6DI6]5T SPECIES & "! IS
A HI<] UNIV]SAL1 B X HAS NO "N3 7#C7 :5
! SUBJECT : ! DEMON/RATOR TAKES Z A :OLE
IS RE,Y ONLY A "P (A L>G] :OLE2 = !N !
DEMON/R,N W 2 TRUE (! 9DIVIDUAL 9/.ES )9
! "P & W HOLD 9 E 9/.E ( X1 YET !
DEMON/R,N W N 2 TRUE ( ? SUBJECT
PRIM>ILY & -M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y4 ,:5 A
DEMON/R,N IS TRUE (A SUBJECT PRIM>ILY &
-M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y1 T IS 6BE TAK5
6M1N T X IS TRUE (A GIV5 SUBJECT
PRIM>ILY & Z S*4 ,CASE 7#C7 MAY 2 ?US
EXEMPLIFI$4 ,IF A PRO( 7 GIV5 T
P]P5DICUL>S 6! SAME L9E >E P>ALLEL1 X
MI<T 2 SUPPOS$ T L9ES ?US P]P5DICUL> 7 !
PROP] SUBJECT (! DEMON/R,N 2C 2+ P>ALLEL
IS TRUE ( E 9/.E ( !M4 ,B X IS N S1 =!
P>ALLELISM DEP5DS N ON ^! ANGLES 2+
EQUAL 6"O ANO!R 2C EA* IS A "R ANGLE1 B
SIMPLY ON _! 2+ EQUAL 6"O ANO!R4 ,AN
EXAMPLE ( 7#A7 WD 2 Z FOLL[S3 IF
ISOSCELES 7 ! ONLY TRIANGLE1 X WD 2 ?"\
6H XS ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES QUA
ISOSCELES4 ,AN 9/.E ( 7#B7 WD 2 ! LAW T
PROPOR;NALS ALT]NATE4 ,ALT]N,N US$ 6BE
DEMON/RAT$ SEP>ATELY ( NUMB]S1 L9ES1
SOLIDS1 & DUR,NS1 ?\< X CD H BE5 PROV$ (
!M ALL 0A S+LE DEMON/R,N4 ,2C "! 0 NO
S+LE "N 6DENOTE T 9 : NUMB]S1 L5G?S1
DUR,NS1 & SOLIDS >E ID5TICAL1 & 2C !Y
DI6]$ SPECIFIC,Y F "O ANO!R1 ? PROP]TY 0
PROV$ ( EA* ( !M SEP>ATELY4 ,TO-"D1
H["E1 ! PRO( IS -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL1 =
!Y D N POSSESS ? ATTRIBUTE QUA L9ES OR
QUA NUMB]S1 B QUA MANIFE/+ ? G5]IC "* :
!Y >E PO/ULAT$ Z POSSESS+ UNIV]S,Y4
,H;E1 EV5 IF "O PROVE ( EA* K9D (
TRIANGLE T XS ANGLES >E EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES1 :E!R 0M1NS (! SAME OR DI6]5T
PRO(S2 /1 Z L;G Z "O TR1TS SEP>ATELY
EQUILAT]AL1 SCAL5E1 & ISOSCELES1 "O DOES
N YET "K1 EXCEPT SOPHI/IC,Y1 T TRIANGLE
HAS XS ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1 NOR
DOES "O YET "K T TRIANGLE HAS ? PROP]TY
-M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y1 EV5 IF "! IS NO
O!R SPECIES ( TRIANGLE B ^!4 ,= "O DOES
N "K T TRIANGLE Z S* HAS ? PROP]TY1 NOR
EV5 T ,8ALL0' TRIANGLES H X-UN.S ,8ALL0'
M1NS ,8EA* TAK5 S+LY0'3 IF ,8ALL0' M1NS
,8Z A :OLE CLASS0'1 !N1 ?\< "! 2 N"O 9 :
"O DOES N RECOGNIZE ? PROP]TY1 "O DOES N
"K X ( ,8ALL TRIANGLES0'4
  ,:51 !N1 DOES \R K FAIL ( -M5SURATE
UNIV]SAL;Y1 & :5 X IS UNQUALIFI$ K8 ,IF
TRIANGLE 2 ID5TICAL 9 ESS;E )
EQUILAT]AL1 I4E4 ) EA* OR ALL
EQUILAT]ALS1 !N CLE>LY WE H UNQUALIFI$
K3 IF ON ! O!R H& X 2 N1 &! ATTRIBUTE
2L;GS 6EQUILAT]AL QUA TRIANGLE2 !N \R K
FAILS ( -M5SURATE UNIV]SAL;Y4 ,8,B0'1 X
W 2 ASK$1 ,8DOES ? ATTRIBUTE 2L;G 6!
SUBJECT ( : X HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ QUA
TRIANGLE OR QUA ISOSCELES8 ,:AT IS !
PO9T AT : ! SUBJECT4 6: X 2L;GS IS
PRIM>Y8 7I4E4 6:AT SUBJECT C X 2
DEMON/RAT$ Z 2L;G+ -M5SURATELY &
UNIV]S,Y870' ,CLE>LY ? PO9T IS ! F/ T]M
9 : X IS F.D 69"H Z ! ELIM9,N ( 9F]IOR
DI6]5TIAE PROCE$S4 ,?US ! ANGLES (A
BRAZ5 ISOSCELES TRIANGLE >E EQUAL 6TWO
"R ANGLES3 B ELIM9ATE BRAZ5 & ISOSCELES
&! ATTRIBUTE REMA9S4 ,8,B'-Y MAY SAY-
,8ELIM9ATE FIGURE OR LIMIT1 &! ATTRIBUTE
VANI%ES40' ,TRUE1 B FIGURE & LIMIT >E N
! F/ DI6]5TIAE ^: ELIM9,N DE/ROYS !
ATTRIBUTE4 ,8,!N :AT IS ! F/80' ,IF X IS
TRIANGLE1 X W 2 9 VIRTUE ( TRIANGLE T !
ATTRIBUTE 2L;GS 6ALL ! O!R SUBJECTS ( :
X IS PR$ICA#1 & TRIANGLE IS ! SUBJECT 6:
X C 2 DEMON/RAT$ Z 2L;G+ -M5SURATELY &
UNIV]S,Y4
                   #F
  ,DEMON/RATIVE K M/ RE/ ON NEC BASIC
TRU?S2 =! OBJECT ( SCI5TIFIC K _C 2 O!R
?AN X IS4 ,N[ ATTRIBUTES ATTA*+ ESS5TI,Y
6_! SUBJECTS ATTA* NECESS>ILY 6!M3 =
ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES >E EI ELE;TS 9 !
ESS5TIAL NATURE ( _! SUBJECTS1 OR 3TA9
_! SUBJECTS Z ELE;TS 9 _! [N ESS5TIAL
NATURE4 7,! PAIRS ( OPPOSITES : ! LATT]
CLASS 9CLUDES >E NEC 2C "O MEMB] OR !
O!R NECESS>ILY 9"HS47 ,X FOLL[S F ? T
PREMISSES (! DEMON/RATIVE SYLLOGISM M/ 2
3NEXIONS ESS5TIAL 9 ! S5SE EXPLA9$3 =
ALL ATTRIBUTES M/ 9"H ESS5TI,Y OR ELSE 2
A3ID5TAL1 & A3ID5TAL ATTRIBUTES >E N NEC
6_! SUBJECTS4
  ,WE M/ EI /ATE ! CASE ?US1 OR ELSE
PREMISE T ! 3CLU.N ( DEMON/R,N IS NEC &
T A DEMON/RAT$ 3CLU.N _C 2 O!R ?AN X IS1
& !N 9F] T ! 3CLU.N M/ 2 DEVELOP$ F NEC
PREMISSES4 ,= ?\< Y MAY R1SON F TRUE
PREMISSES )\T DEMON/RAT+1 YET IF YR
PREMISSES >E NEC Y W ASSUR$LY
DEMON/RATE-IN S* NECESS;Y Y H AT ONCE A
4T9CTIVE "* ( DEMON/R,N4 ,T DEMON/R,N
PROCE$S F NEC PREMISSES IS AL 9DICAT$ 0!
FACT T ! OBJEC;N WE RAISE AG/ A PROFESS$
DEMON/R,N IS T A PREMISS ( X IS N A NEC
TRU?-:E!R WE ?9K X ALT DEVOID (
NECESS;Y1 OR AT ANY RATE S F> Z \R
OPPON5T'S PREVI\S >GU;T GOES4 ,? %[S H[
NAIVE X IS 6SUPPOSE "O'S BASIC TRU?S
"RLY *OS5 IF "O />TS )A PROPOSI;N : IS
7#A7 POPUL>LY A3EPT$ & 7#B7 TRUE1 S* Z !
SOPHI/S' ASSUMP;N T 6"K IS ! SAME Z
6POSSESS K4 ,= 7#A7 POPUL> A3EPT.E OR
REJEC;N IS NO CRIT]ION (A BASIC TRU?1 :
C ONLY 2 ! PRIM>Y LAW (! G5US 3/ITUT+ !
SUBJECT MATT] (! DEMON/R,N2 & 7#B7 N ALL
TRU? IS ,8APPROPRIATE0'4
  ,A FUR!R PRO( T ! 3CLU.N M/ 2 !
DEVELOP;T ( NEC PREMISSES IS Z FOLL[S4
,": DEMON/R,N IS POSSI#1 "O :O C GIVE NO
A3.T : 9CLUDES ! CAUSE HAS NO SCI5TIFIC
K4 ,IF1 !N1 WE SUPPOSE A SYLLOGISM 9 :1
?\< ,A NECESS>ILY 9"HS 9 ;,C1 YET ;,B1 !
MI4LE T]M (! DEMON/R,N1 IS N NECESS>ILY
3NECT$ ) ;,A & ;,C1 !N ! MAN :O >GUES
?US HAS NO R1SON$ K (! 3CLU.N1 S9CE ?
3CLU.N DOES N [E XS NECESS;Y 6! MI4LE
T]M2 = ?\< ! 3CLU.N IS NEC1 ! M$IAT+ L9K
IS A 3T+5T FACT4 ,OR AG1 IF A MAN IS )\T
K N[1 ?\< HE / RETA9S ! /EPS (! >GU;T1
?\< "! IS NO *ANGE 9 HMF OR 9 ! FACT &
NO LAPSE ( MEMORY ON 8 "P2 !N NEI _H HE
K PREVI\SLY4 ,B ! M$IAT+ L9K1 N 2+ NEC1
MAY H P]I%$ 9 ! 9T]VAL2 & IF S1 ?\< "! 2
NO *ANGE 9 HM NOR 9 ! FACT1 & ?\< HE W /
RETA9 ! /EPS (! >GU;T1 YET HE HAS N K1 &
"!=E _H N K 2F4 ,EV5 IF ! L9K HAS N
ACTU,Y P]I%$ B IS LIA# 6P]I%1 ? SITU,N
IS POSSI# & MI<T O3UR4 ,B S* A 3DI;N _C
2 K4
  ,:5 ! 3CLU.N IS NEC1 ! MI4LE "? : X 0
PROV$ MAY YET Q EASILY 2 NON-NEC4 ,Y C 9
FACT 9F] ! NEC EV5 F A NON-NEC PREMISS1
J Z Y C 9F] ! TRUE F ! N TRUE4 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 :5 ! MI4LE IS NEC ! 3CLU.N M/ 2 NEC2
J Z TRUE PREMISSES ALW GIVE A TRUE
3CLU.N4 ,?US1 IF ,A IS NECESS>ILY
PR$ICAT$ ( ;,B & ;,B ( ;,C1 !N ,A IS
NECESS>ILY PR$ICAT$ ( ,C4 ,B :5 ! 3CLU.N
IS NONNEC ! MI4LE _C 2 NEC EI4 ,?US3 LET
,A 2 PR$ICAT$ NON-NECESS>ILY ( ;,C B
NECESS>ILY ( ;,B1 & LET ;,B 2 A NEC
PR$ICATE ( ;,C2 !N ,A TOO W 2 A NEC
PR$ICATE ( ;,C1 : 0HYPO!SIS X IS N4
  ,6SUM UP1 !N3 DEMON/RATIVE K M/ 2 K (A
NEC NEXUS1 & "!=E M/ CLE>LY 2 OBTA9$ "?
A NEC MI4LE T]M2 O!RWISE XS POSSESSOR W
"K NEI ! CAUSE NOR ! FACT T 8 3CLU.N IS
A NEC 3NEXION4 ,EI HE W MISTAKE ! NON-
NEC =! NEC & 2LIEVE ! NECESS;Y (! 3CLU.N
)\T "K+ X1 OR ELSE HE W N EV5 2LIEVE X-
IN : CASE HE W 2 EQU,Y IGNORANT1 :E!R HE
ACTU,Y 9F]S ! M]E FACT "? MI4LE T]MS OR
! R1SON$ FACT & F IMM PREMISSES4
  ,( A3ID5TS T >E N ESS5TIAL AC 6\R
DEF9I;N ( ESS5TIAL "! IS NO DEMON/RATIVE
K2 = S9CE AN A3ID5T1 9 ! S5SE 9 : ,I "H
SP1K ( X1 MAY AL N 9"H1 X IS IMPOSSI#
6PROVE XS 9H];E Z A NEC 3CLU.N4 ,A
DI6ICULTY1 H["E1 MI<T 2 RAIS$ Z 6:Y 9
DIALECTIC1 IF ! 3CLU.N IS N A NEC
3NEXION1 S* & S* DET]M9ATE PREMISSES %D
2 PROPOS$ 9 ORD] 6D1L ) S* & S*
DET]M9ATE PRO#MS4 ,WD N ! RESULT 2 !
SAME IF "O ASK$ ANY "QS :AT"E & !N M]ELY
/AT$ "O'S 3CLU.N8 ,! SOLU;N IS T
DET]M9ATE "QS H 6BE PUT1 N 2C ! REPLIES
6!M A6IRM FACTS : NECESSITATE FACTS
A6IRM$ 0! 3CLU.N1 B 2C ^! ANSW]S >E
PROPOSI;NS : IF ! ANSW]] A6IRM1 HE M/
A6IRM ! 3CLU.N & A6IRM X ) TRU? IF !Y >E
TRUE4
  ,S9CE X IS J ^? ATTRIBUTES )9 E G5US :
>E ESS5TIAL & POSSESS$ 0_! RESPECTIVE
SUBJECTS Z S* T >E NEC X IS CLE> T BO? !
3CLU.NS &! PREMISSES ( DEMON/R,NS :
PRODUCE SCI5TIFIC K >E ESS5TIAL4 ,=
A3ID5TS >E N NEC3 &1 FUR!R1 S9CE A3ID5TS
>E N NEC "O DOES N NECESS>ILY H R1SON$ K
(A 3CLU.N DRAWN F !M 7? IS S EV5 IF !
A3ID5TAL PREMISSES >E 9V>IA# B N
ESS5TIAL1 Z 9 PRO(S "? SIGNS2 = ?\< !
3CLU.N 2 ACTU,Y ESS5TIAL1 "O W N "K X Z
ESS5TIAL NOR "K XS R1SON72 B 6H R1SON$ K
(A 3CLU.N IS 6"K X "? XS CAUSE4 ,WE MAY
3CLUDE T ! MI4LE M/ 2 3SEQU5TI,Y 3NECT$
)! M9OR1 &! MAJOR )! MI4LE4
                   #G
  ,X FOLL[S T WE _C 9 DEMON/RAT+ PASS F
"O G5US 6ANO!R4 ,WE _C1 = 9/.E1 PROVE
GEOMETRICAL TRU?S 0>I?METIC4 ,= "! >E
?REE ELE;TS 9 DEMON/R,N3 7#A7 :AT IS
PROV$1 ! 3CLU.N-AN ATTRIBUTE 9H]+
ESS5TI,Y 9 A G5US2 7#B7 ! AXIOMS1 I4E4
AXIOMS : >E PREMISSES ( DEMON/R,N2 7#C7
! SUBJECT-G5US ^: ATTRIBUTES1 I4E4
ESS5TIAL PROP]TIES1 >E REV1L$ 0!
DEMON/R,N4 ,! AXIOMS : >E PREMISSES (
DEMON/R,N MAY 2 ID5TICAL 9 TWO OR M
SCI;ES3 B 9 ! CASE ( TWO DI6]5T G5]A S*
Z >I?METIC & GEOMETRY Y _C APPLY
>I?METICAL DEMON/R,N 6! PROP]TIES (
MAGNITUDES UN.S ! MAGNITUDES 9 "Q >E
NUMB]S4 ,H[ 9 C]TA9 CASES TRANSF];E IS
POSSI# ,I W EXPLA9 LAT]4
  ,>I?METICAL DEMON/R,N &! O!R SCI;ES
LIKEWISE POSSESS1 EA* ( !M1 _! [N G5]A2
S T IF ! DEMON/R,N IS 6PASS F "O SPH]E
6ANO!R1 ! G5US M/ 2 EI ABSOLUTELY OR 6"S
EXT5T ! SAME4 ,IF ? IS N S1 TRANSF];E IS
CLE>LY IMPOSSI#1 2C ! EXTREME &! MI4LE
T]MS M/ 2 DRAWN F ! SAME G5US3 O!RWISE1
Z PR$ICAT$1 !Y W N 2 ESS5TIAL & W ?US 2
A3ID5TS4 ,T IS :Y X _C 2 PROV$ 0GEOMETRY
T OPPOSITES FALL "U "O SCI;E1 NOR EV5 T
! PRODUCT ( TWO CUBES IS A CUBE4 ,NOR C
! !OREM ( ANY "O SCI;E 2 DEMON/RAT$
0M1NS ( ANO!R SCI;E1 UN.S ^! !OREMS >E
RELAT$ Z SUBORD9ATE 6SUP]IOR 7E4G4 Z
OPTICAL !OREMS 6GEOMETRY OR H>MONIC
!OREMS 6>I?METIC74 ,GEOMETRY AG _C PROVE
( L9ES ANY PROP]TY : !Y D N POSSESS QUA
L9ES1 I4E4 9 VIRTUE (! FUNDA;TAL TRU?S (
_! PECULI> G5US3 X _C %[1 = EXAMPLE1 T !
/RAI<T L9E IS ! MO/ B1UTI;L ( L9ES OR !
3TR>Y (! CIRCLE2 = ^! QUALITIES D N 2L;G
6L9ES 9 VIRTUE ( _! PECULI> G5US1 B "?
"S PROP]TY : X %>ES ) O!R G5]A4
                   #H
  ,X IS AL CLE> T IF ! PREMISSES F : !
SYLLOGISM PROCE$S >E -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL1 ! 3CLU.N ( S* I4E4 9 !
UNQUALIFI$ S5SE-M/ AL 2 ET]NAL4 ,"!=E NO
ATTRIBUTE C 2 DEMON/RAT$ NOR "KN
0/RICTLY SCI5TIFIC K 69"H 9 P]I%A# ?+S4
,! PRO( C ONLY 2 A3ID5TAL1 2C !
ATTRIBUTE'S 3NEXION ) XS P]I%A# SUBJECT
IS N -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL B TEMPOR>Y &
SPECIAL4 ,IF S* A DEMON/R,N IS MADE1 "O
PREMISS M/ 2 P]I%A# & N -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL 7P]I%A# 2C ONLY IF X IS P]I%A#
W ! 3CLU.N 2 P]I%A#2 N -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL1 2C ! PR$ICATE W 2 PR$ICA# ( "S
9/.ES (! SUBJECT & N ( O!RS72 S T !
3CLU.N C ONLY 2 T A FACT IS TRUE AT !
MO;T-N -M5SURATELY & UNIV]S,Y4 ,! SAME
IS TRUE ( DEF9I;NS1 S9CE A DEF9I;N IS EI
A PRIM>Y PREMISS OR A 3CLU.N (A
DEMON/R,N1 OR ELSE ONLY DI6]S F A
DEMON/R,N 9 ! ORD] ( XS T]MS4 ,DEMON/R,N
& SCI;E ( M]ELY FREQU5T O3URR;ES-E4G4 (
ECLIPSE Z HAPP5+ 6! MOON->E1 Z S*1
CLE>LY ET]NAL3 ":AS S F> Z !Y >E N
ET]NAL !Y >E N FULLY -M5SURATE4 ,O!R
SUBJECTS TOO H PROP]TIES ATTA*+ 6!M 9 !
SAME WAY Z ECLIPSE ATTA*ES 6! MOON4
                   #I
  ,X IS CLE> T IF ! 3CLU.N IS 6%[ AN
ATTRIBUTE 9H]+ Z S*1 NO?+ C 2 DEMON/RAT$
EXCEPT F XS ,8APPROPRIATE0' BASIC TRU?S4
,3SEQU5TLY A PRO( EV5 F TRUE1
9DEMON/RA#1 & IMM PREMISSES DOES N
3/ITUTE K4 ,S* PRO(S >E L ,BRYSON'S
ME?OD ( SQU>+ ! CIRCLE2 = !Y OP]ATE
0TAK+ Z _! MI4LE A -MON "*-A "*1 "!=E1 :
! SUBJECT MAY %>E ) ANO!R-& 3SEQU5TLY !Y
APPLY EQU,Y 6SUBJECTS DI6]5T 9 K9D4 ,!Y
"!=E AF=D K ( AN ATTRIBUTE ONLY Z 9H]+
A3ID5T,Y1 N Z 2L;G+ 6XS SUBJECT Z S*3
O!RWISE !Y WD N H BE5 APPLICA# 6ANO!R
G5US4
  ,\R K ( ANY ATTRIBUTE'S 3NEXION )A
SUBJECT IS A3ID5TAL UN.S WE "K T 3NEXION
"? ! MI4LE T]M 9 VIRTUE ( : X 9"HS1 & Z
AN 9F];E F BASIC PREMISSES ESS5TIAL &
,8APPROPRIATE0' 6! SUBJECT-UN.S WE "K1
E4G4 ! PROP]TY ( POSSESS+ ANGLES EQUAL
6TWO "R ANGLES Z 2L;G+ 6T SUBJECT 9 : X
9"HS ESS5TI,Y1 & Z 9F]R$ F BASIC
PREMISSES ESS5TIAL & ,8APPROPRIATE0' 6T
SUBJECT3 S T IF T MI4LE T]M AL 2L;GS
ESS5TI,Y 6! M9OR1 ! MI4LE M/ 2L;G 6!
SAME K9D Z ! MAJOR & M9OR T]MS4 ,! ONLY
EXCEP;NS 6? RULE >E S* CASES Z !OREMS 9
H>MONICS : >E DEMON/RA# 0>I?METIC4 ,S*
!OREMS >E PROV$ 0! SAME MI4LE T]MS Z
>I?METICAL PROP]TIES1 B )A QUALIFIC,N-!
FACT FALLS "U A SEP>ATE SCI;E 7=!
SUBJECT G5US IS SEP>ATE71 B ! R1SON$
FACT 3C]NS ! SUP]IOR SCI;E1 6: !
ATTRIBUTES ESS5TI,Y 2L;G4 ,?US1 EV5 ^!
APP>5T EXCEP;NS %[ T NO ATTRIBUTE IS
/RICTLY DEMON/RA# EXCEPT F XS
,8APPROPRIATE0' BASIC TRU?S1 :1 H["E1 9
! CASE ( ^! SCI;ES H ! REQUISITE ID5T;Y
( "*4
  ,X IS NO LESS EVID5T T ! PECULI> BASIC
TRU?S ( EA* 9H]+ ATTRIBUTE >E
9DEMON/RA#2 = BASIC TRU?S F : !Y MI<T 2
DEDUC$ WD 2 BASIC TRU?S ( ALL T IS1 &!
SCI;E 6: !Y 2L;G$ WD POSSESS UNIV]SAL
SOV]EIGNTY4 ,? IS S 2C HE "KS BETT] ^: K
IS DEDUC$ F HI<] CAUSES1 = 8 K IS F
PRIOR PREMISSES :5 X DERIVES F CAUSES
!MVS UNCAUS$3 H;E1 IF HE "KS BETT] ?AN
O!RS OR BE/ ( ALL1 8 K WD 2 SCI;E 9 A
HI<] OR ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,B1 Z ?+S >E1
DEMON/R,N IS N TRANSF]A# 6ANO!R G5US1 )
S* EXCEP;NS Z WE H M5;N$ (! APPLIC,N (
GEOMETRICAL DEMON/R,NS 6!OREMS 9
ME*ANICS OR OPTICS1 OR ( >I?METICAL
DEMON/R,NS 6^? ( H>MONICS4
  ,X IS H>D 6BE SURE :E!R "O "KS OR N2 =
X IS H>D 6BE SURE :E!R "O'S K IS BAS$ ON
! BASIC TRU?S APPROPRIATE 6EA*
ATTRIBUTE-! DI6]5TIA ( TRUE K4 ,WE ?9K
WE H SCI5TIFIC K IF WE H R1SON$ F TRUE &
PRIM>Y PREMISSES4 ,B T IS N S3 ! 3CLU.N
M/ 2 HOMOG5E\S )! BASIC FACTS (! SCI;E4
                  #AJ
  ,I CALL ! BASIC TRU?S ( E G5US ^?
CLE;TS 9 X ! EXI/;E ( : _C 2 PROV$4 ,Z
REG>DS BO? ^! PRIM>Y TRU?S &! ATTRIBUTES
DEP5D5T ON !M ! M1N+ (! "N IS ASSUM$4 ,!
FACT ( _! EXI/;E Z REG>DS ! PRIM>Y TRU?S
M/ 2 ASSUM$2 B X HAS 6BE PROV$ (!
REMA9D]1 ! ATTRIBUTES4 ,?US WE ASSUME !
M1N+ ALIKE ( UN;Y1 /RAI<T1 & TRIANGUL>2
B :ILE Z REG>DS UN;Y & MAGNITUDE WE
ASSUME AL ! FACT ( _! EXI/;E1 9 ! CASE (
! REMA9D] PRO( IS REQUIR$4
  ,(! BASIC TRU?S US$ 9 ! DEMON/RATIVE
SCI;ES "S >E PECULI> 6EA* SCI;E1 & "S >E
-MON1 B -MON ONLY 9 ! S5SE ( ANALOG\S1
2+ ( USE ONLY 9 S F> Z !Y FALL )9 ! G5US
3/ITUT+ ! PROV9CE (! SCI;E 9 "Q4
  ,PECULI> TRU?S >E1 E4G4 ! DEF9I;NS (
L9E & /RAI<T2 -MON TRU?S >E S* Z ,8TAKE
EQUALS F EQUALS & EQUALS REMA9'4 ,ONLY S
M* ( ^! -MON TRU?S IS REQUIR$ Z FALLS )9
! G5US 9 "Q3 =A TRU? ( ? K9D W H ! SAME
=CE EV5 IF N US$ G5],Y B APPLI$ 0!
GEOMET] ONLY 6MAGNITUDES1 OR 0!
>I?METICIAN ONLY 6NUMB]S4 ,AL PECULI> 6A
SCI;E >E ! SUBJECTS ! EXI/;E Z WELL Z !
M1N+ ( : X ASSUMES1 &! ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTES ( : X 9VE/IGATES1 E4G4 9
>I?METIC UNITS1 9 GEOMETRY PO9TS & L9ES4
,BO? ! EXI/;E &! M1N+ (! SUBJECTS >E
ASSUM$ 0^! SCI;ES2 B ( _! ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTES ONLY ! M1N+ IS ASSUM$4 ,=
EXAMPLE >I?METIC ASSUMES ! M1N+ ( ODD &
EV51 SQU>E & CUBE1 GEOMETRY T (
9COMM5SURA#1 OR ( DEFLEC;N OR V]G+ (
L9ES1 ":AS ! EXI/;E ( ^! ATTRIBUTES IS
DEMON/RAT$ 0M1NS (! AXIOMS & F PREVI\S
3CLU.NS Z PREMISSES4 ,A/RONOMY TOO
PROCE$S 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,= 9DE$ E
DEMON/RATIVE SCI;E HAS ?REE ELE;TS3 7#A7
T : X POSITS1 ! SUBJECT G5US ^: ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTES X EXAM9ES2 7#B7 ! S-CALL$
AXIOMS1 : >E PRIM>Y PREMISSES ( XS
DEMON/R,N2 7#C7 ! ATTRIBUTES1 ! M1N+ ( :
X ASSUMES4 ,YET "S SCI;ES MAY V WELL
PASS OV] "S ( ^! ELE;TS2 E4G4 WE MI<T N
EXPRESSLY POSIT ! EXI/;E (! G5US IF XS
EXI/;E 7 OBVI\S 7= 9/.E1 ! EXI/;E ( HOT
& COLD IS M EVID5T ?AN T ( NUMB]72 OR WE
MI<T OMIT 6ASSUME EXPRESSLY ! M1N+ (!
ATTRIBUTES IF X 7 WELL "U/OOD4 ,9 ! WAY
! M1N+ ( AXIOMS1 S* Z ,8,TAKE EQUALS F
EQUALS & EQUALS REMA9'1 IS WELL "KN & S
N EXPRESSLY ASSUM$4 ,N"E!.S 9 ! NATURE (
! CASE ! ESS5TIAL ELE;TS ( DEMON/R,N >E
?REE3 ! SUBJECT1 ! ATTRIBUTES1 &! BASIC
PREMISSES4
  ,T : EXPRESSES NEC SELF-GR.D$ FACT1 &
: WE M/ NECESS>ILY 2LIEVE1 IS 4T9CT BO?
F ! HYPO!SES (A SCI;E & F ILLEGITIMATE
PO/ULATE-,I SAY ,8M/ 2LIEVE0'1 2C ALL
SYLLOGISM1 & "!=E A =TIORI DEMON/R,N1 IS
A4RESS$ N 6! SPOK5 ^W1 B 6! 4C\RSE )9 !
S\L1 & ?\< WE C ALW RAISE OBJEC;NS 6!
SPOK5 ^W1 6! 9W>D 4C\RSE WE _C ALW
OBJECT4 ,T : IS CAPA# ( PRO( B ASSUM$ 0!
T1*] )\T PRO( IS1 IF ! PUPIL 2LIEVES &
A3EPTS X1 HYPO!SIS1 ?\< ONLY 9 A LIMIT$
S5SE HYPO!SIS-T IS1 RELATIVELY 6! PUPIL2
IF ! PUPIL HAS NO OP9ION OR A 3TR>Y
OP9ION ON ! MATT]1 ! SAME ASSUMP;N IS AN
ILLEGITIMATE PO/ULATE4 ,"!9 LIES !
4T9C;N 2T HYPO!SIS & ILLEGITIMATE
PO/ULATE3 ! LATT] IS ! 3TR>Y (! PUPIL'S
OP9ION1 DEMON/RA#1 B ASSUM$ & US$ )\T
DEMON/R,N4
  ,! DEF9I;N-VIZ4 ^? : >E N EXPRESS$ Z
/ATE;TS T ANY?+ IS OR IS N->E N
HYPO!SES3 B X IS 9 ! PREMISSES (A SCI;E
T XS HYPO!SES >E 3TA9$4 ,DEF9I;NS
REQUIRE ONLY 6BE "U/OOD1 & ? IS N
HYPO!SIS-UN.S X 2 3T5D$ T ! PUPIL'S HE>+
IS AL AN HYPO!SIS REQUIR$ 0! T1*]4
,HYPO!SES1 ON ! 3TR>Y1 PO/ULATE FACTS ON
! 2+ ( : DEP5DS ! 2+ (! FACT 9F]R$4 ,NOR
>E ! GEOMET]'S HYPO!SES FALSE1 Z "S H
HELD1 URG+ T "O M/ N EMPLOY FALSEHOOD &
T ! GEOMET] IS UTT]+ FALSEHOOD 9 /AT+ T
! L9E : HE DRAWS IS A FOOT L;G OR
/RAI<T1 :5 X IS ACTU,Y NEI4 ,! TRU? IS T
! GEOMET] DOES N DRAW ANY 3CLU.N F ! 2+
(! "PICUL> L9E ( : HE SP1KS1 B F :AT 8
DIAGRAMS SYMBOLIZE4 ,A FUR!R 4T9C;N IS T
ALL HYPO!SES & ILLEGITIMATE PO/ULATES >E
EI UNIV]SAL OR "PICUL>1 ":AS A DEF9I;N
IS NEI4
                  #AA
  ,S DEMON/R,N DOES N NECESS>ILY IMPLY !
2+ ( ,=MS NOR A ,"O 2S A ,_M1 B X DOES
NECESS>ILY IMPLY ! POSSIBIL;Y ( TRULY
PR$ICAT+ "O ( _M2 S9CE )\T ? POSSIBIL;Y
WE _C SAVE ! UNIV]SAL1 & IF ! UNIV]SAL
GOES1 ! MI4LE T]M GOES WITB4 X1 & S
DEMON/R,N 2COMES IMPOSSI#4 ,WE 3CLUDE1
!N1 T "! M/ 2 A S+LE ID5TICAL T]M
UNEQUIVOC,Y PR$ICA# (A NUMB] (
9DIVIDUALS4
  ,! LAW T X IS IMPOSSI# 6A6IRM & D5Y
SIMULTANE\SLY ! SAME PR$ICATE (! SAME
SUBJECT IS N EXPRESSLY POSIT$ 0ANY
DEMON/R,N EXCEPT :5 ! 3CLU.N AL HAS 6BE
EXPRESS$ 9 T =M2 9 : CASE ! PRO( LAYS
D[N Z XS MAJOR PREMISS T ! MAJOR IS
TRULY A6IRM$ (! MI4LE B FALSELY D5I$4 ,X
MAKES NO DI6];E1 H["E1 IF WE ADD 6!
MI4LE1 OR AG 6! M9OR T]M1 ! CORRESPOND+
NEGATIVE4 ,= GRANT A M9OR T]M ( : X IS
TRUE 6PR$ICATE MAN-EV5 IF X 2 AL TRUE
6PR$ICATE N-MAN ( X--/ GRANT SIMPLY T
MAN IS ANIMAL & N N-ANIMAL1 &! 3CLU.N
FOLL[S3 = X W / 2 TRUE 6SAY T ,CALLIAS--
EV5 IF X 2 AL TRUE 6SAY T N-,CALLIAS--IS
ANIMAL & N N-ANIMAL4 ,! R1SON IS T !
MAJOR T]M IS PR$ICA# N ONLY (! MI4LE1 B
( "S?+ O!R ?AN ! MI4LE Z WELL1 2+ ( WID]
APPLIC,N2 S T ! 3CLU.N IS N A6ECT$ EV5
IF ! MI4LE IS EXT5D$ 6COV] ! ORIG9AL
MI4LE T]M & AL :AT IS N ! ORIG9AL MI4LE
T]M4
  ,! LAW T E PR$ICATE C 2 EI TRULY
A6IRM$ OR TRULY D5I$ ( E SUBJECT IS
POSIT$ 0S* DEMON/R,N Z USES REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSIBILE1 & !N N ALW UNIV]S,Y1 B S F>
Z X IS REQUISITE2 )9 ! LIMITS1 T IS1 (!
G5US-! G5US1 ,I M1N 7Z ,I H ALR
EXPLA9$71 6: ! MAN ( SCI;E APPLIES 8
DEMON/R,NS4 ,9 VIRTUE (! -MON ELE;TS (
DEMON/R,N-,I M1N ! -MON AXIOMS : >E US$
Z PREMISSES ( DEMON/R,N1 N ! SUBJECTS
NOR ! ATTRIBUTES DEMON/RAT$ Z 2L;G+ 6!M-
ALL ! SCI;ES H -MUNION ) "O ANO!R1 & 9
-MUNION ) !M ALL IS DIALECTIC & ANY
SCI;E : MI<T ATTEMPT A UNIV]SAL PRO( (
AXIOMS S* Z ! LAW ( EXCLUD$ MI4LE1 ! LAW
T ! SUBTRAC;N ( EQUALS F EQUALS L1VES
EQUAL REMA9D]S1 OR O!R AXIOMS (! SAME
K9D4 ,DIALECTIC HAS NO DEF9ITE SPH]E ( ?
K9D1 N 2+ 3F9$ 6A S+LE G5US4 ,O!RWISE XS
ME?OD WD N 2 9T]ROGATIVE2 =! 9T]ROGATIVE
ME?OD IS B>R$ 6! DEMON/RATOR1 :O _C USE
! OPPOSITE FACTS 6PROVE ! SAME NEXUS4 ,?
0 %[N 9 MY "W ON ! SYLLOGISM4
                  #AB
  ,IF A SYLLOGI/IC "Q IS EQUIVAL5T 6A
PROPOSI;N EMBODY+ "O (! TWO SIDES (A
3TRADIC;N1 & IF EA* SCI;E HAS XS PECULI>
PROPOSI;NS F : XS PECULI> 3CLU.N IS
DEVELOP$1 !N "! IS S* A ?+ Z A
4T9CTIVELY SCI5TIFIC "Q1 & X IS !
9T]ROGATIVE =M (! PREMISSES F : !
,8APPROPRIATE0' 3CLU.N ( EA* SCI;E IS
DEVELOP$4 ,H;E X IS CLE> T N E "Q W 2
RELEVANT 6GEOMETRY1 NOR 6M$IC9E1 NOR
6ANY O!R SCI;E3 ONLY ^? "QS W 2
GEOMETRICAL : =M PREMISSES =! PRO( (!
!OREMS ( GEOMETRY OR ( ANY O!R SCI;E1 S*
Z OPTICS1 : USES ! SAME BASIC TRU?S Z
GEOMETRY4 ,(! O!R SCI;ES ! L IS TRUE4 ,(
^! "QS ! GEOMET] IS B.D 6GIVE 8 A3.T1
US+ ! BASIC TRU?S ( GEOMETRY 9 3JUNC;N )
8 PREVI\S 3CLU.NS2 (! BASIC TRU?S !
GEOMET]1 Z S*1 IS N B.D 6GIVE ANY A3.T4
,! L IS TRUE (! O!R SCI;ES4 ,"! IS A
LIMIT1 !N1 6! "QS : WE MAY PUT 6EA* MAN
( SCI;E2 NOR IS EA* MAN ( SCI;E B.D
6ANSW] ALL 9QUIRIES ON EA* S"EAL
SUBJECT1 B ONLY S* Z FALL )9 ! DEF9$
FIELD ( 8 [N SCI;E4 ,IF1 !N1 9 3TROV]SY
)A GEOMET] QUA GEOMET] ! 4PUTANT 3F9ES
HMF 6GEOMETRY & PROVES ANY?+ F
GEOMETRICAL PREMISSES1 HE IS CLE>LY 6BE
APPLAUD$2 IF HE GOES \TSIDE ^! HE W 2 AT
FAULT1 & OBVI\SLY _C EV5 REFUTE !
GEOMET] EXCEPT A3ID5T,Y4 ,"O %D "!=E N
4CUSS GEOMETRY AM;G ^? :O >E N GEOMET]S1
= 9 S* A -PANY AN UNS.D >GU;T W PASS
UNNOTIC$4 ,? IS CORRESPOND+LY TRUE 9 !
O!R SCI;ES4
  ,S9CE "! >E ,8GEOMETRICAL0' "QS1 DOES
X FOLL[ T "! >E AL 4T9CTIVELY
,8UNGEOMETRICAL0' "QS8 ,FUR!R1 9 EA*
SPECIAL SCI;E-GEOMETRY = 9/.E-:AT K9D (
]ROR IS X T MAY VITIATE "QS1 & YET N
EXCLUDE !M F T SCI;E8 ,AG1 IS ! ]RONE\S
3CLU.N "O 3/RUCT$ F PREMISSES OPPOSITE
6! TRUE PREMISSES1 OR IS X =MAL FALLACY
?\< DRAWN F GEOMETRICAL PREMISSES8 ,OR1
P]H1 ! ]RONE\S 3CLU.N IS DUE 6! DRAW+ (
PREMISSES F ANO!R SCI;E2 E4G4 9 A
GEOMETRICAL 3TROV]SY A MUSICAL "Q IS
4T9CTIVELY UNGEOMETRICAL1 ":AS ! NO;N T
P>ALLELS MEET IS 9 "O S5SE GEOMETRICAL1
2+ UNGEOMETRICAL 9 A DI6]5T FA%ION3 !
R1SON 2+ T ,8UNGEOMETRICAL0'1 L
,8UNRHY?MICAL0'1 IS EQUIVOCAL1 M1N+ 9 !
"O CASE N GEOMETRY AT ALL1 9 ! O!R BAD
GEOMETRY8 ,X IS ? ]ROR1 I4E4 ]ROR BAS$
ON PREMISSES ( ? K9D-,8(0' ! SCI;E B
FALSE-T IS ! 3TR>Y ( SCI;E4 ,9 MA!MATICS
! =MAL FALLACY IS N S -MON1 2C X IS !
MI4LE T]M 9 : ! AMBIGU;Y LIES1 S9CE !
MAJOR IS PR$ICAT$ (! :OLE (! MI4LE &!
MI4LE (! :OLE (! M9OR 7! PR$ICATE (
C\RSE N"E HAS ! PREFIX ,8ALL0'72 & 9
MA!MATICS "O C1 S 6SP1K1 SEE ^! MI4LE
T]MS ) AN 9TELLECTUAL VI.N1 :ILE 9
DIALECTIC ! AMBIGU;Y MAY ESCAPE DETEC;N4
,E4G4 ,8,IS E CIRCLE A FIGURE80' ,A
DIAGRAM %[S T ? IS S1 B ! M9OR PREMISS
,8,>E EPICS CIRCLES80' IS %[N 0! DIAGRAM
6BE FALSE4
  ,IF A PRO( HAS AN 9DUCTIVE M9OR
PREMISS1 "O %D N BR+ AN ,8OBJEC;N0' AG/
X4 ,= S9CE E PREMISS M/ 2 APPLICA# 6A
NUMB] ( CASES 7O!RWISE X W N 2 TRUE 9 E
9/.E1 :1 S9CE ! SYLLOGISM PROCE$S F
UNIV]SALS1 X M/ BE71 !N ASSUR$LY ! SAME
IS TRUE ( AN ,8OBJEC;N0'2 S9CE PREMISSES
& ,8OBJEC;NS0' >E S F> ! SAME T ANY?+ :
C 2 VALIDLY ADV.ED Z AN ,8OBJEC;N0' M/ 2
S* T X CD TAKE ! =M (A PREMISS1 EI
DEMON/RATIVE OR DIALECTICAL4 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 >GU;TS =M,Y ILLOGICAL D "S"TS O3UR
"? TAK+ Z MI4LES M]E ATTRIBUTES (! MAJOR
& M9OR T]MS4 ,AN 9/.E ( ? IS ,CAENEUS'
PRO( T FIRE 9CR1SES 9 GEOMETRICAL
PROPOR;N3 ,8,FIRE0'1 HE >GUES1 ,89CR1SES
RAPIDLY1 & S DOES GEOMETRICAL
PROPOR;N0'4 ,"! IS NO SYLLOGISM S1 B "!
IS A SYLLOGISM IF ! MO/ RAPIDLY 9CR1S+
PROPOR;N IS GEOMETRICAL &! MO/ RAPIDLY
9CR1S+ PROPOR;N IS ATTRIBUTA# 6FIRE 9 XS
MO;N4 ,"S"TS1 NO D\BT1 X IS IMPOSSI#
6R1SON F PREMISSES PR$ICAT+ M]E
ATTRIBUTES3 B "S"TS X IS POSSI#1 ?\< !
POSSIBIL;Y IS OV]LOOK$4 ,IF FALSE
PREMISSES CD N"E GIVE TRUE 3CLU.NS
,8RESOLU;N0' WD 2 EASY1 = PREMISSES &
3CLU.N WD 9 T CASE 9EVITABLY
RECIPROCATE4 ,I MI<T !N >GUE ?US3 LET ,A
2 AN EXI/+ FACT2 LET ! EXI/;E ( ,A IMPLY
S* & S* FACTS ACTU,Y "KN 6ME 6EXI/1 : WE
MAY CALL ,B4 ,I C N[1 S9CE !Y
RECIPROCATE1 9F] ,A F ,B4
  ,RECIPROCATION ( PREMISSES & 3CLU.N IS
M FREQU5T 9 MA!MATICS1 2C MA!MATICS
TAKES DEF9I;NS1 B N"E AN A3ID5T1 = XS
PREMISSES-A SECOND "*I/IC 4T+UI%+
MA!MATICAL R1SON+ F DIALECTICAL 4PUT,NS4
  ,A SCI;E EXP&S N 0! 9T]POSI;N ( FRE%
MI4LE T]MS1 B 0! APPOSI;N ( FRE% EXTREME
T]MS4 ,E4G4 ,A IS PR$ICAT$ ( ;,B1 ;,B (
;,C1 ;,C ( ;,D1 & S 9DEF9ITELY4 ,OR !
EXPAN.N MAY 2 LAT]AL3 E4G4 "O MAJOR ;,A1
MAY 2 PROV$ ( TWO M9ORS1 ;,C & ,E4 ,?US
LET ,A REPRES5T NUMB]-A NUMB] OR NUMB]
TAK5 9DET]M9ATELY2 ;,B DET]M9ATE ODD
NUMB]2 ;,C ANY "PICUL> ODD NUMB]4 ,WE C
!N PR$ICATE ;,A ( ,C4 ,NEXT LET ;,D
REPRES5T DET]M9ATE EV5 NUMB]1 & ;,E EV5
NUMB]4 ,!N ,A IS PR$ICA# ( ,E4
                  #AC
  ,K (! FACT DI6]S F K (! R1SON$ FACT4
,62G9 )1 !Y DI6] )9 ! SAME SCI;E & 9 TWO
WAYS3 7#A7 :5 ! PREMISSES (! SYLLOGISM
>E N IMM 7= !N ! PROXIMATE CAUSE IS N
3TA9$ 9 !M-A NEC 3DI;N ( K (! R1SON$
FACT73 7#B7 :5 ! PREMISSES >E IMM1 B
9/1D (! CAUSE ! BETT] "KN (! TWO
RECIPROCALS IS TAK5 Z ! MI4LE2 =( TWO
RECIPROC,Y PR$ICA# T]MS ! "O : IS N !
CAUSE MAY Q EASILY 2 ! BETT] "KN & S
2COME ! MI4LE T]M (! DEMON/R,N4 ,?US
7#B7 7A7 Y MI<T PROVE Z FOLL[S T !
PLANETS >E NE> 2C !Y D N TW9KLE3 LET ;,C
2 ! PLANETS1 ;,B N TW9KL+1 ,A PROXIM;Y4
,!N ;,B IS PR$ICA# ( ;,C2 =! PLANETS D N
TW9KLE4 ,B ,A IS AL PR$ICA# ( ;,B1 S9CE
T : DOES N TW9KLE IS NE>--WE M/ TAKE ?
TRU? Z HAV+ BE5 R1*$ 09DUC;N OR S5SE-
P]CEP;N4 ,"!=E ,A IS A NEC PR$ICATE (
;,C2 S T WE H DEMON/RAT$ T ! PLANETS >E
NE>4 ,? SYLLOGISM1 !N1 PROVES N ! R1SON$
FACT B ONLY ! FACT2 S9CE !Y >E N NE> 2C
!Y D N TW9KLE1 B1 2C !Y >E NE>1 D N
TW9KLE4 ,! MAJOR & MI4LE (! PRO(1 H["E1
MAY 2 REV]S$1 & !N ! DEMON/R,N W 2 (!
R1SON$ FACT4 ,?US3 LET ;,C 2 ! PLANETS1
;,B PROXIM;Y1 ,A N TW9KL+4 ,!N ;,B IS AN
ATTRIBUTE ( ;,C1 & ,A-N TW9KL+-( ,B4
,3SEQU5TLY ,A IS PR$ICA# ( ;,C1 &!
SYLLOGISM PROVES ! R1SON$ FACT1 S9CE XS
MI4LE T]M IS ! PROXIMATE CAUSE4 ,ANO!R
EXAMPLE IS ! 9F];E T ! MOON IS SPH]ICAL
F XS MANN] ( WAX+4 ,?US3 S9CE T : S
WAXES IS SPH]ICAL1 & S9CE ! MOON S
WAXES1 CLE>LY ! MOON IS SPH]ICAL4 ,PUT 9
? =M1 ! SYLLOGISM TURNS \ 6BE PRO( (!
FACT1 B IF ! MI4LE & MAJOR 2 REV]S$ X IS
PRO( (! R1SON$ FACT2 S9CE ! MOON IS N
SPH]ICAL 2C X WAXES 9 A C]TA9 MANN]1 B
WAXES 9 S* A MANN] 2C X IS SPH]ICAL4
7,LET ;,C 2 ! MOON1 ;,B SPH]ICAL1 & ,A
WAX+47 ,AG 7B71 9 CASES ": ! CAUSE &!
E6ECT >E N RECIPROCAL &! E6ECT IS !
BETT] "KN1 ! FACT IS DEMON/RAT$ B N !
R1SON$ FACT4 ,? AL O3URS 7#A7 :5 ! MI4LE
FALLS \TSIDE ! MAJOR & M9OR1 = "H TOO !
/RICT CAUSE IS N GIV51 & S ! DEMON/R,N
IS (! FACT1 N (! R1SON$ FACT4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 ! "Q ,8,:Y DOES N A WALL
BR1!80' MI<T 2 ANSW]$1 ,8,2C X IS N AN
ANIMAL0'2 B T ANSW] WD N GIVE ! /RICT
CAUSE1 2C IF N 2+ AN ANIMAL CAUSES !
ABS;E ( RESPIR,N1 !N 2+ AN ANIMAL %D 2 !
CAUSE ( RESPIR,N1 AC 6! RULE T IF !
NEG,N ( CAUSES ! NON-9H];E ( ;Y1 !
A6IRM,N ( ;X CAUSES ! 9H];E ( ;Y2 E4G4
IF ! 4PROPOR;N (! HOT & COLD ELE;TS IS !
CAUSE ( ILL H1L?1 _! PROPOR;N IS ! CAUSE
( H1L?2 & 3V]SELY1 IF ! ASS];N ( ;X
CAUSES ! 9H];E ( ;Y1 ! NEG,N ( ;X M/
CAUSE ;Y'S NON-9H];E4 ,B 9 ! CASE GIV5 ?
3SEQU;E DOES N RESULT2 = N E ANIMAL
BR1!S4 ,A SYLLOGISM ) ? K9D ( CAUSE
TAKES PLACE 9 ! SECOND FIGURE4 ,?US3 LET
,A 2 ANIMAL1 ;,B RESPIR,N1 ;,C WALL4 ,!N
,A IS PR$ICA# ( ALL ;,B 7= ALL T BR1!S
IS ANIMAL71 B ( NO ;,C2 & 3SEQU5TLY ;,B
IS PR$ICA# ( NO ;,C2 T IS1 ! WALL DOES N
BR1!4 ,S* CAUSES >E L F>-FET*$
EXPLAN,NS1 : PRECISELY 3SI/ 9 MAK+ !
CAUSE TOO REMOTE1 Z 9 ,ANA*>SIS0' A3.T (
:Y ! ,SCY?IANS H NO FLUTE-PLAY]S2 "NLY
2C !Y H NO V9ES4
  ,?US1 !N1 D ! SYLLOGISM (! FACT &!
SYLLOGISM (! R1SON$ FACT DI6] )9 "O
SCI;E & AC 6! POSI;N (! MI4LE T]MS4 ,B
"! IS ANO!R WAY TOO 9 : ! FACT &! R1SON$
FACT DI6]1 & T IS :5 !Y >E 9VE/IGAT$
RESPECTIVELY 0DI6]5T SCI;ES4 ,? O3URS 9
! CASE ( PRO#MS RELAT$ 6"O ANO!R Z
SUBORD9ATE & SUP]IOR1 Z :5 OPTICAL
PRO#MS >E SUBORD9AT$ 6GEOMETRY1
ME*ANICAL PRO#MS 6/]EOMETRY1 H>MONIC
PRO#MS 6>I?METIC1 ! DATA ( OBS]V,N
6A/RONOMY4 7,"S ( ^! SCI;ES BE> ALM !
SAME "N2 E4G4 MA!MATICAL & NAUTICAL
A/RONOMY1 MA!MATICAL & AC\/ICAL
H>MONICS47 ,"H X IS ! BUSI;S (!
EMPIRICAL OBS]V]S 6"K ! FACT1 (!
MA!MATICIANS 6"K ! R1SON$ FACT2 =! LATT]
>E 9 POSSES.N (! DEMON/R,NS GIV+ !
CAUSES1 & >E (T5 IGNORANT (! FACT3 J Z
WE H (T5 A CLE> 9SI<T 96A UNIV]SAL1 B "?
LACK ( OBS]V,N >E IGNORANT ( "S ( XS
"PICUL> 9/.ES4 ,^! 3NEXIONS H A P]CEPTI#
EXI/;E ?\< !Y >E MANIFE/,NS ( =MS4 ,=!
MA!MATICAL SCI;ES 3C]N =MS3 !Y D N
DEMON/RATE PROP]TIES (A SUB/RATUM1 S9CE1
EV5 ?\< ! GEOMETRICAL SUBJECTS >E
PR$ICA# Z PROP]TIES (A P]CEPTI#
SUB/RATUM1 X IS N Z ?US PR$ICA# T !
MA!MATICIAN DEMON/RATES PROP]TIES ( !M4
,Z OPTICS IS RELAT$ 6GEOMETRY1 S ANO!R
SCI;E IS RELAT$ 6OPTICS1 "NLY ! !ORY (!
RA9B[4 ,"H K (! FACT IS )9 ! PROV9CE (!
NATURAL PHILOSOPH]1 K (! R1SON$ FACT )9
T (! OPTICIAN1 EI QUA OPTICIAN OR QUA
MA!MATICAL OPTICIAN4 ,_M SCI;ES N /&+ 9
? MUTUAL REL,N 5T] 96X AT PO9TS2 E4G4
M$IC9E & GEOMETRY3 X IS ! PHYSICIAN'S
BUSI;S 6"K T CIRCUL> W.DS H1L M SL[LY1 !
GEOMET]'S 6"K ! R1SON :Y4

                  #AD
  ,( ALL ! FIGURES ! MO/ SCI5TIFIC IS !
F/4 ,?US1 X IS ! VEHICLE (! DEMON/R,NS (
ALL ! MA!MATICAL SCI;ES1 S* Z >I?METIC1
GEOMETRY1 & OPTICS1 & PRACTIC,Y ALL (
ALL SCI;ES T 9VE/IGATE CAUSES3 =!
SYLLOGISM (! R1SON$ FACT IS EI
EXCLUSIVELY OR G5],Y SP1K+ & 9 MO/ CASES
9 ? FIGURE-A SECOND PRO( T ? FIGURE IS !
MO/ SCI5TIFIC2 = GRASP (A R1SON$ 3CLU.N
IS ! PRIM>Y 3DI;N ( K4 ,?IRDLY1 ! F/ IS
! ONLY FIGURE : 5A#S U 6PURSUE K (!
ESS;E (A ?+4 ,9 ! SECOND FIGURE NO
A6IRMATIVE 3CLU.N IS POSSI#1 & K (A ?+'S
ESS;E M/ 2 A6IRMATIVE2 :ILE 9 ! ?IRD
FIGURE ! 3CLU.N C 2 A6IRMATIVE1 B _C 2
UNIV]SAL1 & ESS;E M/ H A UNIV]SAL "*3
E4G4 MAN IS N TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL 9 ANY
QUALIFI$ S5SE1 B UNIV]S,Y4 ,F9,Y1 ! F/
FIGURE HAS NO NE$ (! O!RS1 :ILE X IS
0M1NS (! F/ T ! O!R TWO FIGURES >E
DEVELOP$1 & H _! 9T]VALS CLOSEPACK$
UNTIL IMM PREMISSES >E R1*$4
  ,CLE>LY1 "!=E1 ! F/ FIGURE IS ! PRIM>Y
3DI;N ( K4
                  #AE
  ,J Z AN ATTRIBUTE ,A MAY 7Z WE SAW7 2
ATOMIC,Y 3NECT$ )A SUBJECT ;,B1 S XS
4CONNEXION MAY 2 ATOMIC4 ,I CALL
,8ATOMIC0' 3NEXIONS OR 4CONNEXIONS :
9VOLVE NO 9T]M$IATE T]M2 S9CE 9 T CASE !
3NEXION OR 4CONNEXION W N 2 M$IAT$ 0"S?+
O!R ?AN ! T]MS !MVS4 ,X FOLL[S T IF EI
,A OR ;,B1 OR BO? ;,A & ;,B1 H A G5US1
_! 4CONNEXION _C 2 PRIM>Y4 ,?US3 LET ;,C
2 ! G5US ( ,A4 ,!N1 IF ;,C IS N ! G5US (
;,B-= ,A MAY WELL H A G5US : IS N ! G5US
( ;,B-"! W 2 A SYLLOGISM PROV+ ;,A'S
4CONNEXION F ;,B ?US3
  ALL ,A IS ;,C1
  NO ;,B IS ;,C1
  "!=E NO ;,B IS ,A4
  ,OR IF X IS ;,B : HAS A G5US ;,D1 WE H
  ALL ;,B IS ;,D1
  NO ;,D IS ;,A1
  "!=E NO ;,B IS ;,A1 0SYLLOGISM2
  &! PRO( W 2 SIMIL> IF BO? ;,A & ;,B H
A G5US4 ,T ! G5US ( ,A NE$ N 2 ! G5US (
;,B & VICE V]SA1 IS %[N 0! EXI/;E (
MUTU,Y EXCLUSIVE COORD9ATE S]IES (
PR$IC,N4 ,IF NO T]M 9 ! S]IES ,,ACD '''
IS PR$ICA# ( ANY T]M 9 ! S]IES ,,BEF
'''1& IF ;,G-;A T]M 9 ! =M] S]IES-IS !
G5US ( ;,A1 CLE>LY ;,G W N 2 ! G5US (
;,B2 S9CE1 IF X W]E1 ! S]IES WD N 2
MUTU,Y EXCLUSIVE4 ,S AL IF ;,B HAS A
G5US1 X W N 2 ! G5US ( ,A4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R
H&1 NEI ,A NOR ;,B HAS A G5US & ,A DOES
N 9"H 9 ;,B1 ? 4CONNEXION M/ 2 ATOMIC4
,IF "! 2 A MI4LE T]M1 "O OR O!R ( !M IS
B.D 6H A G5US1 =! SYLLOGISM W 2 EI 9 !
F/ OR ! SECOND FIGURE4 ,IF X IS 9 ! F/1
;,B W H A G5US-=! PREMISS 3TA9+ X M/ 2
A6IRMATIVE3 IF 9 ! SECOND1 EI ,A OR ;,B
9DI6]5TLY1 S9CE SYLLOGISM IS POSSI# IF
EI IS 3TA9$ 9 A NEGATIVE PREMISS1 B N IF
BO? PREMISSES >E NEGATIVE4
  ,H;E X IS CLE> T "O ?+ MAY 2 ATOMIC,Y
4CONNECT$ F ANO!R1 & WE H /AT$ :5 & H[ ?
IS POSSI#4

                  #AF
  ,IGNOR.E-DEF9$ N Z ! NEG,N ( K B Z A
POSITIVE /ATE ( M9D-IS ]ROR PRODUC$
09F];E4
  7#A7 ,LET U F/ 3SID] PROPOSI;NS ASS]T+
A PR$ICATE'S IMM 3NEXION ) OR 4CONNEXION
F A SUBJECT4 ,"H1 X IS TRUE1 POSITIVE
]ROR MAY 2FALL "O 9 ALT]NATIVE WAYS2 = X
MAY >ISE ": "O DIRECTLY 2LIEVES A
3NEXION OR 4CONNEXION Z WELL Z ": "O'S
2LIEF IS ACQUIR$ 09F];E4 ,! ]ROR1 H["E1
T 3SI/S 9 A DIRECT 2LIEF IS )\T -PLIC,N2
B ! ]ROR RESULT+ F 9F];E-: "H 3C]NS U-
TAKES _M =MS4 ,?US1 LET ,A 2 ATOMIC,Y
4CONNECT$ F ALL ;,B3 !N ! 3CLU.N 9F]R$
"? A MI4LE T]M ;,C1 T ALL ;,B IS ;,A1 W
2 A CASE ( ]ROR PRODUC$ 0SYLLOGISM4 ,N[1
TWO CASES >E POSSI#4 ,EI 7A7 BO?
PREMISSES1 OR 7B7 "O PREMISS ONLY1 MAY 2
FALSE4
  7A7 ,IF NEI ,A IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ANY
;,C NOR ;,C ( ANY ;,B1 ":AS ! 3TR>Y 0
POSIT$ 9 BO? CASES1 BO? PREMISSES W 2
FALSE4 7;,C MAY Q WELL 2 S RELAT$ TO ;,A
& ;,B T ;,C IS NEI SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A NOR
A UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( ;,B3 = ;,B1 S9CE
,A 0 SD 6BE PRIM>ILY 4CONNECT$ F ;,B1 _C
H A G5US1 & ,A NE$ N NECESS>ILY 2 A
UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ?+S4 ,3SEQU5TLY
BO? PREMISSES MAY 2 FALSE47 ,ON ! O!R
H&1 7B7 "O (! PREMISSES MAY 2 TRUE1 ?\<
N EI 9DI6]5TLY B ONLY ! MAJOR ;,A-;,C
S9CE1 ;,B HAV+ NO G5US1 ! PREMISS ;,C-
;,B W ALW 2 FALSE1 :ILE ;,A-;,C MAY 2
TRUE4 ,? IS ! CASE IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ,A IS
RELAT$ ATOMIC,Y 6BO? ;,C & ;,B2 2C :5 !
SAME T]M IS RELAT$ ATOMIC,Y 6M T]MS ?AN
"O1 NEI ( ^? T]MS W 2L;G 6! O!R4 ,X IS1
( C\RSE1 EQU,Y ! CASE IF ;,A-;,C IS N
ATOMIC4
  ,]ROR ( ATTRIBU;N1 !N1 O3URS "? ^!
CAUSES & 9 ? =M ONLY-= WE F.D T NO
SYLLOGISM ( UNIV]SAL ATTRIBU;N 0 POSSI#
9 ANY FIGURE B ! F/4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN
]ROR ( NON-ATTRIBU;N MAY O3UR EI 9 ! F/
OR 9 ! SECOND FIGURE4 ,LET U "!=E F/
EXPLA9 ! V>I\S =MS X TAKES 9 ! F/ FIGURE
&! "* (! PREMISSES 9 EA* CASE4
  7C7 ,X MAY O3UR :5 BO? PREMISSES >E
FALSE2 E4G4 SUPPOS+ ,A ATOMIC,Y 3NECT$ )
BO? ;,C & ;,B1 IF X 2 !N ASSUM$ T NO ;,C
IS & ALL ;,B IS ;,C1 BO? PREMISSES >E
FALSE4
  7D7 ,X IS AL POSSI# :5 "O IS FALSE4 ,?
MAY 2 EI PREMISS 9DI6]5TLY4 ;,A-;,C MAY
2 TRUE1 ;,C-;,B FALSE-;,A-;,C TRUE 2C ,A
IS N AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ?+S1 ;,C-;,B
FALSE 2C ;,C1 : N"E HAS ! ATTRIBUTE ;,A1
_C 2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( ;,B2 = IF ;,C-;,B 7
TRUE1 ! PREMISS ;,A-;,C WD NO L;G] 2
TRUE1 & 2SS IF BO? PREMISSES 7 TRUE1 !
3CLU.N WD 2 TRUE4 ,OR AG1 ;,C-;,B MAY 2
TRUE & ;,A-;,C FALSE2 E4G4 IF BO? ;,C &
,A 3TA9 ;,B Z G5]A1 "O ( !M M/ 2
SUBORD9ATE 6! O!R1 S T IF ! PREMISS
TAKES ! =M ,NO ;,C IS ;,A1 X W 2 FALSE4
,? MAKES X CLE> T :E!R EI OR BO?
PREMISSES >E FALSE1 ! 3CLU.N W EQU,Y 2
FALSE4
  ,9 ! SECOND FIGURE ! PREMISSES _C BO?
2 :OLLY FALSE2 = IF ALL ;,B IS ;,A1 NO
MI4LE T]M C 2 ) TRU? UNIV]S,Y A6IRM$ (
"O EXTREME & UNIV]S,Y D5I$ (! O!R3 B
PREMISSES 9 : ! MI4LE IS A6IRM$ ( "O
EXTREME & D5I$ (! O!R >E ! NEC 3DI;N IF
"O IS 6GET A VALID 9F];E AT ALL4 ,"!=E
IF1 TAK5 9 ? WAY1 !Y >E :OLLY FALSE1 _!
3TR>IES 3V]SELY %D 2 :OLLY TRUE4 ,B ? IS
IMPOSSI#4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 "! IS NO?+
6PREV5T BO? PREMISSES 2+ "PI,Y FALSE2
E4G4 IF ACTU,Y "S ,A IS ;,C & "S ;,B IS
;,C1 !N IF X IS PREMIS$ T ALL ,A IS ;,C
& NO ;,B IS ;,C1 BO? PREMISSES >E FALSE1
YET "PI,Y1 N :OLLY1 FALSE4 ,! SAME IS
TRUE IF ! MAJOR IS MADE NEGATIVE 9/1D (!
M9OR4 ,OR "O PREMISS MAY 2 :OLLY FALSE1
& X MAY 2 EI ( !M4 ,?US1 SUPPOS+ T
ACTU,Y AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ,A M/ AL 2 AN
ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ;,B1 !N IF ;,C IS YET
TAK5 6BE A UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( ALL B
UNIV]S,Y NON-ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,B1 ;,C-;,A
W 2 TRUE B ;,C-;,B FALSE4 ,AG1 ACTU,Y T
: IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( NO ;,B W N 2 AN
ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ,A EI2 = IF X 2 AN
ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ;,A1 X W AL 2 AN
ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ;,B1 : IS 3TR>Y
6SUPPOSI;N2 B IF ;,C 2 N"E!.S ASSUM$ 6BE
A UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( ;,A1 B AN
ATTRIBUTE ( NO ;,B1 !N ! PREMISS ;,C-;,B
IS TRUE B ! MAJOR IS FALSE4 ,! CASE IS
SIMIL> IF ! MAJOR IS MADE ! NEGATIVE
PREMISS4 ,= 9 FACT :AT IS AN ATTRIBUTE (
NO ,A W N 2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( ANY ;,B EI2 &
IF X 2 YET ASSUM$ T ;,C IS UNIV]S,Y NON-
ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,A1 B A UNIV]SAL
ATTRIBUTE ( ;,B1 ! PREMISS ;,C-;,A IS
TRUE B ! M9OR :OLLY FALSE4 ,AG1 9 FACT X
IS FALSE 6ASSUME T T : IS AN ATTRIBUTE (
ALL ;,B IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( NO ;,A1 = IF X
2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ;,B1 X M/ 2 AN
ATTRIBUTE ( "S ,A4 ,IF !N ;,C IS N"E!.S
ASSUM$ 6BE AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ;,B B ( NO
;,A1 ;,C-;,B W 2 TRUE B ;,C-;,A FALSE4
  ,X IS ?US CLE> T 9 ! CASE ( ATOMIC
PROPOSI;NS ]RONE\S 9F];E W 2 POSSI# N
ONLY :5 BO? PREMISSES >E FALSE B AL :5
ONLY "O IS FALSE4
                  #AG
  ,9 ! CASE ( ATTRIBUTES N ATOMIC,Y
3NECT$ ) OR 4CONNECT$ F _! SUBJECTS1 7A7
7I7 Z L;G Z ! FALSE 3CLU.N IS 9F]R$ "? !
,8APPROPRIATE0' MI4LE1 ONLY ! MAJOR & N
BO? PREMISSES C 2 FALSE4 ,BY
,8APPROPRIATE MI4LE0' ,I M1N ! MI4LE T]M
"? : ! 3TRADICTORY-I4E4 ! TRUE-3CLU.N IS
9F]RI#4 ,?US1 LET ,A 2 ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,B
"? A MI4LE T]M ;,C3 !N1 S9CE 6PRODUCE A
3CLU.N ! PREMISS ;,C-;,B M/ 2 TAK5
A6IRMATIVELY1 X IS CLE> T ? PREMISS M/
ALW 2 TRUE1 = XS QUAL;Y IS N *ANG$4 ,B !
MAJOR ;,A-;,C IS FALSE1 = X IS 0A *ANGE
9 ! QUAL;Y ( ;,A-;,C T ! 3CLU.N 2COMES
XS 3TRADICTORY-I4E4 TRUE4 ,SIMIL>LY
7;II7 IF ! MI4LE IS TAK5 F ANO!R S]IES (
PR$IC,N2 E4G4 SUPPOSE ;,D 6BE N ONLY
3TA9$ )9 ,A Z A "P )9 XS :OLE B AL
PR$ICA# ( ALL ,B4 ,!N ! PREMISS ;,D-;,B
M/ REMA9 UN*ANG$1 B ! QUAL;Y ( ;,A-;,D
M/ 2 *ANG$2 S T ;,D-;,B IS ALW TRUE1
;,A-;,D ALW FALSE4 ,S* ]ROR IS PRACTIC,Y
ID5TICAL ) T : IS 9F]R$ "? !
,8APPROPRIATE0' MI4LE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 7B7
IF ! 3CLU.N IS N 9F]R$ "? !
,8APPROPRIATE0' MI4LE-7I7 :5 ! MI4LE IS
SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A B IS PR$ICA# ( NO ;,B1
BO? PREMISSES M/ 2 FALSE1 2C IF "! IS
6BE A 3CLU.N BO? M/ 2 POSIT$ Z ASS]T+ !
3TR>Y ( :AT IS ACTU,Y ! FACT1 & S POSIT$
BO? 2COME FALSE3 E4G4 SUPPOSE T ACTU,Y
ALL ;,D IS ,A B NO ;,B IS ;,D2 !N IF ^!
PREMISSES >E *ANG$ 9 QUAL;Y1 A 3CLU.N W
FOLL[ & BO? (! NEW PREMISSES W 2 FALSE4
,:51 H["E1 7;II7 ! MI4LE ;,D IS N
SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A1 ;,A-;,D W 2 TRUE1
;,D-;,B FALSE-;,A-;,D TRUE 2C ,A 0 N
SUBORD9ATE TO ;,D1 ;,D-;,B FALSE 2C IF X
_H BE5 TRUE1 ! 3CLU.N TOO WD H BE5 TRUE2
B X IS EX HYPO!SI FALSE4
  ,:5 ! ]RONE\S 9F];E IS 9 ! SECOND
FIGURE1 BO? PREMISSES _C 2 5TIRELY
FALSE2 S9CE IF ;,B IS SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A1
"! C 2 NO MI4LE PR$ICA# ( ALL ( "O
EXTREME &( N"O (! O!R1 Z 0 /AT$ 2F4 ,"O
PREMISS1 H["E1 MAY 2 FALSE1 & X MAY 2 EI
( !M4 ,?US1 IF ;,C IS ACTU,Y AN
ATTRIBUTE ( BO? ;,A & ;,B1 B IS ASSUM$
6BE AN ATTRIBUTE ( ,A ONLY & N ( ;,B1
;,C-;,A W 2 TRUE1 ;,C-;,B FALSE3 OR AG
IF ;,C 2 ASSUM$ 6BE ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,B B
6NO ;,A1 ;,C-;,B W 2 TRUE1 ;,C-;,A
FALSE4
  ,WE H /AT$ :5 & "? :AT K9DS (
PREMISSES ]ROR W RESULT 9 CASES ": !
]RONE\S 3CLU.N IS NEGATIVE4 ,IF ! 3CLU.N
IS A6IRMATIVE1 7A7 7I7 X MAY 2 9F]R$ "?
! ,8APPROPRIATE0' MI4LE T]M4 ,9 ? CASE
BO? PREMISSES _C 2 FALSE S9CE1 Z WE SD
2F1 ;,C-;,B M/ REMA9 UN*ANG$ IF "! IS
6BE A 3CLU.N1 & 3SEQU5TLY ;,A-;,C1 !
QUAL;Y ( : IS *ANG$1 W ALW 2 FALSE4 ,?
IS EQU,Y TRUE IF 7;II7 ! MI4LE IS TAK5 F
ANO!R S]IES ( PR$IC,N1 Z 0 /AT$ 6BE !
CASE AL ) REG>D 6NEGATIVE ]ROR2 = ;,D-
;,B M/ REMA9 UN*ANG$1 :ILE ! QUAL;Y (
;,A-;,D M/ 2 3V]T$1 &! TYPE ( ]ROR IS !
SAME Z 2F4
  7B7 ,! MI4LE MAY 2 9APPROPRIATE4 ,!N
7I7 IF ;,D IS SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A1 ;,A-;,D
W 2 TRUE1 B ;,D-;,B FALSE2 S9CE ,A MAY Q
WELL 2 PR$ICA# ( S"EAL T]MS NO "O ( : C
2 SUBORD9AT$ 6ANO!R4 ,IF1 H["E1 7;II7
;,D IS N SUBORD9ATE TO ;,A1 OBVI\SLY
;,A-;,D1 S9CE X IS A6IRM$1 W ALW 2
FALSE1 :ILE ;,D-;,B MAY 2 EI TRUE OR
FALSE2 = ,A MAY V WELL 2 AN ATTRIBUTE (
NO ;,D1 ":AS ALL ;,B IS ;,D1 E4G4 NO
SCI;E IS ANIMAL1 ALL MUSIC IS SCI;E4
,EQU,Y WELL ,A MAY 2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( NO
;,D1 & ;,D ( NO ,B4 ,X EM]GES1 !N1 T IF
! MI4LE T]M IS N SUBORD9ATE 6! MAJOR1 N
ONLY BO? PREMISSES B EI S+LY MAY 2
FALSE4
  ,?US WE H MADE X CLE> H[ _M V>IETIES (
]RONE\S 9F];E >E LIA# 6HAPP5 & "? :AT
K9DS ( PREMISSES !Y O3UR1 9 ! CASE BO? (
IMM &( DEMON/RA# TRU?S4
                  #AH
  ,X IS AL CLE> T ! LOSS ( ANY "O (!
S5SES 5TAILS ! LOSS (A CORRESPOND+ POR;N
( K1 & T1 S9CE WE LE>N EI 09DUC;N OR
0DEMON/R,N1 ? K _C 2 ACQUIR$4 ,?US
DEMON/R,N DEVELOPS F UNIV]SALS1 9DUC;N F
"PICUL>S2 B S9CE X IS POSSI# 6FAMILI>IZE
! PUPIL ) EV5 ! S-CALL$ MA!MATICAL
AB/RAC;NS ONLY "? 9DUC;N-I4E4 ONLY 2C
EA* SUBJECT G5US POSSESSES1 9 VIRTUE (A
DET]M9ATE MA!MATICAL "*1 C]TA9 PROP]TIES
: C 2 TR1T$ Z SEP>ATE EV5 ?\< !Y D N
EXI/ 9 ISOL,N-X IS 3SEQU5TLY IMPOSSI#
6-E 6GRASP UNIV]SALS EXCEPT "? 9DUC;N4
,B 9DUC;N IS IMPOSSI# = ^? :O H N S5SE-
P]CEP;N4 ,= X IS S5SE-P]CEP;N AL"O : IS
ADEQUATE = GRASP+ ! "PICUL>S3 !Y _C 2
OBJECTS ( SCI5TIFIC K1 2C NEI C
UNIV]SALS GIVE U K ( !M )\T 9DUC;N1 NOR
C WE GET X "? 9DUC;N )\T S5SE-P]CEP;N4
                  #AI
  ,E SYLLOGISM IS E6ECT$ 0M1NS ( ?REE
T]MS4 ,"O K9D ( SYLLOGISM S]VES 6PROVE T
,A 9"HS 9 ;,C 0%[+ T ,A 9"HS 9 ;,B & ;,B
9 ;,C2 ! O!R IS NEGATIVE & "O ( XS
PREMISSES ASS]TS "O T]M ( ANO!R1 :ILE !
O!R D5IES "O T]M ( ANO!R4 ,X IS CLE>1
!N1 T ^! >E ! FUNDA;TALS & S-CALL$
HYPO!SES ( SYLLOGISM4 ,ASSUME !M Z !Y H
BE5 /AT$1 & PRO( IS B.D 6FOLL[-PRO( T ,A
9"HS 9 ;,C "? ;,B1 & AG T ,A 9"HS 9 ;,B
"? "S O!R MI4LE T]M1 & SIMIL>LY T ;,B
9"HS 9 ,C4 ,IF \R R1SON+ AIMS AT GA9+
CR$;E & S IS M]ELY DIALECTICAL1 X IS
OBVI\S T WE H ONLY 6SEE T \R 9F];E IS
BAS$ ON PREMISSES Z CR$I# Z POSSI#3 S T
IF A MI4LE T]M 2T ;,A & ;,B IS CR$I# ?\<
N R1L1 "O C R1SON "? X & -PLETE A
DIALECTICAL SYLLOGISM4 ,IF1 H["E1 "O IS
AIM+ AT TRU?1 "O M/ 2 GUID$ 0! R1L
3NEXIONS ( SUBJECTS & ATTRIBUTES4 ,?US3
S9CE "! >E ATTRIBUTES : >E PR$ICAT$ (A
SUBJECT ESS5TI,Y OR NATUR,Y & N
CO9CID5T,Y-N1 T IS1 9 ! S5SE 9 : WE SAY
,8,T :ITE 7?+7 IS A MAN0'1 : IS N ! SAME
MODE ( PR$IC,N Z :5 WE SAY ,8,! MAN IS
:ITE0'3 ! MAN IS :ITE N 2C HE IS "S?+
ELSE B 2C HE IS MAN1 B ! :ITE IS MAN 2C
,82+ :ITE0' CO9CIDES ) ,8HUMAN;Y0' )9 "O
SUB/RATUM-"!=E "! >E T]MS S* Z >E
NATUR,Y SUBJECTS ( PR$ICATES4 ,SUPPOSE1
!N1 ;,C S* A T]M N XF ATTRIBUTA# 6ANY?+
ELSE Z 6A SUBJECT1 B ! PROXIMATE SUBJECT
(! ATTRIBUTE ;,B--I4E4 S T ;,B-;,C IS
IMM2 SUPPOSE FUR!R ;,E RELAT$ IMMLY TO
;,F1 & ;,F TO ;,B4 ,! F/ "Q IS1 M/ ?
S]IES T]M9ATE1 OR C X PROCE$ 69F9;Y8 ,!
SECOND "Q IS Z FOLL[S3 ,SUPPOSE NO?+ IS
ESS5TI,Y PR$ICAT$ ( ;,A1 B ,A IS
PR$ICAT$ PRIM>ILY ( ;,H &( NO 9T]M$IATE
PRIOR T]M1 & SUPPOSE ;,H SIMIL>LY RELAT$
TO ;,G & ;,G TO ;,B2 !N M/ ? S]IES AL
T]M9ATE1 OR C X TOO PROCE$ 69F9;Y8 ,"!
IS ? M* DI6];E 2T ! "QS3 ! F/ IS1 IS X
POSSI# 6/>T F T : IS N XF ATTRIBUTA#
6ANY?+ ELSE B IS ! SUBJECT ( ATTRIBUTES1
& ASC5D 69F9;Y8 ,! SECOND IS ! PRO#M
:E!R "O C />T F T : IS A PR$ICATE B N XF
A SUBJECT ( PR$ICATES1 & DESC5D 69F9;Y8
,A ?IRD "Q IS1 IF ! EXTREME T]MS >E
FIX$1 C "! 2 AN 9F9;Y ( MI4LES8 ,I M1N
?3 SUPPOSE = EXAMPLE T ,A 9"HS 9 ;,C &
;,B IS 9T]M$IATE 2T !M1 B 2T ;,B & ,A "!
>E O!R MI4LES1 & 2T ^! AG FRE% MI4LES2 C
^! PROCE$ 69F9;Y OR C !Y N8 ,? IS !
EQUIVAL5T ( 9QUIR+1 D DEMON/R,NS PROCE$
69F9;Y1 I4E4 IS "EY?+ DEMON/RA#8 ,OR D
ULTIMATE SUBJECT & PRIM>Y ATTRIBUTE
LIMIT "O ANO!R8
  ,I HOLD T ! SAME "QS >ISE ) REG>D
6NEGATIVE 3CLU.NS & PREMISSES3 VIZ4 IF
,A IS ATTRIBUTA# 6NO ;,B1 !N EI ?
PR$IC,N W 2 PRIM>Y1 OR "! W 2 AN
9T]M$IATE T]M PRIOR TO ;,B 6: A IS N
ATTRIBUTA#-;,G1 LET U SAY1 : IS
ATTRIBUTA# 6ALL ;,B-& "! MAY / 2 ANO!R
T]M ;,H PRIOR TO ;,G1 : IS ATTRIBUTA#
6ALL ,G4 ,! SAME "QS >ISE1 ,I SAY1 2C 9
^! CASES TOO EI ! S]IES ( PRIOR T]MS 6:
A IS N ATTRIBUTA# IS 9F9ITE OR X
T]M9ATES4
  ,"O _C ASK ! SAME "QS 9 ! CASE (
RECIPROCAT+ T]MS1 S9CE :5 SUBJECT &
PR$ICATE >E 3V]TI# "! IS NEI PRIM>Y NOR
ULTIMATE SUBJECT1 SEE+ T ALL !
RECIPROCALS QUA SUBJECTS /& 9 ! SAME
REL,N 6"O ANO!R1 :E!R WE SAY T ! SUBJECT
HAS AN 9F9;Y ( ATTRIBUTES OR T BO?
SUBJECTS & ATTRIBUTES-& WE RAIS$ ! "Q 9
BO? CASES->E 9F9ITE 9 NUMB]4 ,^! "QS !N
_C 2 ASK$-UN.S1 9DE$1 ! T]MS C
RECIPROCATE 0TWO DI6]5T MODES1 0A3ID5TAL
PR$IC,N 9 "O REL,N & NATURAL PR$IC,N 9 !
O!R4
                  #BJ
  ,N[1 X IS CLE> T IF ! PR$IC,NS T]M9ATE
9 BO? ! UPW>D &! D[NW>D DIREC;N 7BY
,8UPW>D0' ,I M1N ! ASC5T 6! M UNIV]SAL1
BY ,8D[NW>D0' ! DESC5T 6! M "PICUL>71 !
MI4LE T]MS _C 2 9F9ITE 9 NUMB]4 ,=
SUPPOSE T ,A IS PR$ICAT$ ( ;,F1 & T !
9T]M$IATES-CALL !M ,,BB'B0 '''->E
9F9ITE1 !N CLE>LY Y MI<T DESC5D F & F9D
"O T]M PR$ICAT$ ( ANO!R AD 9F9ITUM1 S9CE
Y H AN 9F9;Y ( T]MS 2T Y & ;,F2 & EQU,Y1
IF Y ASC5D F ;,F1 "! >E 9F9ITE T]MS 2T Y
& ,A4 ,X FOLL[S T IF ^! PROCESSES >E
IMPOSSI# "! _C 2 AN 9F9;Y ( 9T]M$IATES
2T ;,A & ,F4 ,NOR IS X ( ANY E6ECT 6URGE
T "S T]MS (! S]IES ;,,AB ''' ;,F >E
3TIGU\S S Z 6EXCLUDE 9T]M$IATES1 :ILE
O!RS _C 2 TAK5 96! >GU;T AT ALL3 :I*"E
T]MS (! S]IES ,B ''' ,I TAKE1 ! NUMB] (
9T]M$IATES 9 ! DIREC;N EI ( ,A OR ( ;,F
M/ 2 F9ITE OR 9F9ITE3 ": ! 9F9ITE S]IES
/>TS1 :E!R F ! F/ T]M OR F A LAT] "O1 IS
( NO MO;T1 =! SU3E$+ T]MS 9 ANY CASE >E
9F9ITE 9 NUMB]4
                  #BA
  ,FUR!R1 IF 9 A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N !
S]IES T]M9ATES 9 BO? DIREC;NS1 CLE>LY X
W T]M9ATE TOO 9 NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N4 ,LET
U ASSUME T WE _C PROCE$ 69F9;Y EI
0ASC5D+ F ! ULTIMATE T]M 7BY ,8ULTIMATE
T]M0' ,I M1N A T]M S* Z WAS1 N XF
ATTRIBUTA# 6A SUBJECT B XF ! SUBJECT (
ATTRIBUTES71 OR 0DESC5D+ T[>DS AN
ULTIMATE F ! PRIM>Y T]M 7BY ,8PRIM>Y
T]M0' ,I M1N A T]M PR$ICA# (A SUBJECT B
N XF A SUBJECT74 ,IF ? ASSUMP;N IS
JU/IFI$1 ! S]IES W AL T]M9ATE 9 ! CASE (
NEG,N4 ,=A NEGATIVE 3CLU.N C 2 PROV$ 9
ALL ?REE FIGURES4 ,9 ! F/ FIGURE X IS
PROV$ ?US3 NO ;,B IS ;,A1 ALL ;,C IS ,B4
,9 PACK+ ! 9T]VAL ;,B-;,C WE M/ R1* IMM
PROPOSI;NS--Z IS ALW ! CASE )! M9OR
PREMISS--S9CE ;,B-;,C IS A6IRMATIVE4 ,Z
REG>DS ! O!R PREMISS X IS PLA9 T IF !
MAJOR T]M IS D5I$ (A T]M ;,D PRIOR TO
;,B1 ;,D W H 6BE PR$ICA# ( ALL ;,B1 & IF
! MAJOR IS D5I$ ( YET ANO!R T]M PRIOR TO
;,D1 ? T]M M/ 2 PR$ICA# ( ALL ,D4
,3SEQU5TLY1 S9CE ! ASC5D+ S]IES IS
F9ITE1 ! DESC5T W AL T]M9ATE & "! W 2 A
SUBJECT ( : ,A IS PRIM>ILY NON-PR$ICA#4
,9 ! SECOND FIGURE ! SYLLOGISM IS1 ALL
,A IS ;,B1 NO ;,C IS ;,B144NO ;,C IS ,A4
,IF PRO( ( ? IS REQUIR$1 PLA9LY X MAY 2
%[N EI 9 ! F/ FIGURE Z ABV1 9 ! SECOND Z
"H1 OR 9 ! ?IRD4 ,! F/ FIGURE HAS BE5
4CUSS$1 & WE W PROCE$ 64PLAY ! SECOND1
PRO( 0: W 2 Z FOLL[S3 ALL ;,B IS ;,D1 NO
;,C IS ,D '''1 S9CE X IS REQUIR$ T ;,B
%D 2 A SUBJECT ( : A PR$ICATE IS A6IRM$4
,NEXT1 S9CE ;,D IS 6BE PROV$ N 62L;G TO
;,C1 !N ;,D HAS A FUR!R PR$ICATE : IS
D5I$ ( ,C4 ,"!=E1 S9CE ! SU3ES.N (
PR$ICATES A6IRM$ ( AN "E HI<] UNIV]SAL
T]M9ATES1 ! SU3ES.N ( PR$ICATES D5I$
T]M9ATES TOO4
  ,! ?IRD FIGURE %[S X Z FOLL[S3 ALL ;,B
IS ;,A1 "S ;,B IS N ,C4 ,"!=E "S ,A IS N
,C4 ,? PREMISS1 I4E4 ;,C-;,B1 W 2 PROV$
EI 9 ! SAME FIGURE OR 9 "O (! TWO
FIGURES 4CUSS$ ABV4 ,9 ! F/ & SECOND
FIGURES ! S]IES T]M9ATES4 ,IF WE USE !
?IRD FIGURE1 WE % TAKE Z PREMISSES1 ALL
;,E IS ;,B1 "S ;,E IS N ;,C1 & ? PREMISS
AG W 2 PROV$ 0A SIMIL> PROSYLLOGISM4 ,B
S9CE X IS ASSUM$ T ! S]IES ( DESC5D+
SUBJECTS AL T]M9ATES1 PLA9LY ! S]IES ( M
UNIV]SAL NON-PR$ICA#S W T]M9ATE AL4 ,EV5
SUPPOS+ T ! PRO( IS N 3F9$ 6"O ME?OD1 B
EMPLOYS !M ALL & IS N[ 9 ! F/ FIGURE1 N[
9 ! SECOND OR ?IRD-EV5 S ! REGRESS W
T]M9ATE1 =! ME?ODS >E F9ITE 9 NUMB]1 &
IF F9ITE ?+S >E -B9$ 9 A F9ITE NUMB] (
WAYS1 ! RESULT M/ 2 F9ITE4
  ,?US X IS PLA9 T ! REGRESS ( MI4LES
T]M9ATES 9 ! CASE ( NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N1
IF X DOES S AL 9 ! CASE ( A6IRMATIVE
DEMON/R,N4 ,T 9 FACT ! REGRESS T]M9ATES
9 BO? ^! CASES MAY 2 MADE CLE> 0! FOLL[+
DIALECTICAL 3SID],NS4
                  #BB
  ,9 ! CASE ( PR$ICATES 3/ITUT+ !
ESS5TIAL NATURE (A ?+1 X CLE>LY
T]M9ATES1 SEE+ T IF DEF9I;N IS POSSI#1
OR 9 O!R ^WS1 IF ESS5TIAL =M IS "KA#1 &
AN 9F9ITE S]IES _C 2 TRAV]S$1 PR$ICATES
3/ITUT+ A ?+'S ESS5TIAL NATURE M/ 2
F9ITE 9 NUMB]4 ,B Z REG>DS PR$ICATES
G5],Y WE H ! FOLL[+ PREFATORY REM>KS
6MAKE4 7#A7 ,WE C A6IRM )\T FALSEHOOD
,8! :ITE 7?+7 IS WALK+0'1 & T BIG 7?+7
IS A LOG0'2 OR AG1 ,8! LOG IS BIG0'1 &
,8! MAN WALKS0'4 ,B ! A6IRM,N DI6]S 9 !
TWO CASES4 ,:5 ,I A6IRM ,8! :ITE IS A
LOG0'1 ,I M1N T "S?+ : HAPP5S 6BE :ITE
IS A LOG-N T :ITE IS ! SUB/RATUM 9 : LOG
9"HS1 = X 0 N QUA :ITE OR QUA A SPECIES
( :ITE T ! :ITE 7?+7 CAME 6BE A LOG1 &!
:ITE 7?+7 IS 3SEQU5TLY N A LOG EXCEPT
9CID5T,Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 ,I A6IRM ,8!
LOG IS :ITE0'1 ,I D N M1N T "S?+ ELSE1 :
HAPP5S AL 6BE A LOG1 IS :ITE 7Z ,I %D IF
,I SD ,8! MUSICIAN IS :ITE10' : WD M1N
,8! MAN :O HAPP5S AL 6BE A MUSICIAN IS
:ITE0'72 ON ! 3TR>Y1 LOG IS "H !
SUB/RATUM-! SUB/RATUM : ACTU,Y CAME 6BE
:ITE1 & DID S QUA WOOD OR QUA A SPECIES
( WOOD & QUA NO?+ ELSE4
  ,IF WE M/ LAY D[N A RULE1 LET U 5TITLE
! LATT] K9D ( /ATE;T PR$IC,N1 &! =M] N
PR$IC,N AT ALL1 OR N /RICT B A3ID5TAL
PR$IC,N4 ,8,:ITE0' & ,8LOG0' W ?US S]VE
Z TYPES RESPECTIVELY ( PR$ICATE &
SUBJECT4
  ,WE % ASSUME1 !N1 T ! PR$ICATE IS
9V>IABLY PR$ICAT$ /RICTLY & N A3ID5T,Y (
! SUBJECT1 = ON S* PR$IC,N DEMON/R,NS
DEP5D = _! =CE4 ,X FOLL[S F ? T :5 A
S+LE ATTRIBUTE IS PR$ICAT$ (A S+LE
SUBJECT1 ! PR$ICATE M/ A6IRM (! SUBJECT
EI "S ELE;T 3/ITUT+ XS ESS5TIAL NATURE1
OR T X IS 9 "S WAY QUALIFI$1 QUANTIFI$1
ESS5TI,Y RELAT$1 ACTIVE1 PASSIVE1 PLAC$1
OR DAT$4
  7#B7 ,PR$ICATES : SIGNIFY SUB/.E
SIGNIFY T ! SUBJECT IS ID5TICAL )!
PR$ICATE OR )A SPECIES (! PR$ICATE4
,PR$ICATES N SIGNIFY+ SUB/.E : >E
PR$ICAT$ (A SUBJECT N ID5TICAL ) !MVS OR
)A SPECIES ( !MVS >E A3ID5TAL OR
CO9CID5TAL2 E4G4 :ITE IS A CO9CID5T (
MAN1 SEE+ T MAN IS N ID5TICAL ) :ITE OR
A SPECIES ( :ITE1 B R ) ANIMAL1 S9CE MAN
IS ID5TICAL )A SPECIES ( ANIMAL4 ,^!
PR$ICATES : D N SIGNIFY SUB/.E M/ 2
PR$ICATES ( "S O!R SUBJECT1 & NO?+ C 2
:ITE : IS N AL O!R ?AN :ITE4 ,! ,=MS WE
C 4P5SE )1 = !Y >E M]E S.D )\T S5SE2 &
EV5 IF "! >E S* ?+S1 !Y >E N RELEVANT
6\R 4CUS.N1 S9CE DEMON/R,NS >E 3C]N$ )
PR$ICATES S* Z WE H DEF9$4
  7#C7 ,IF ,A IS A QUAL;Y ( ;,B1 ;,B _C
2 A QUAL;Y ( ;,A-;A QUAL;Y (A QUAL;Y4
,"!=E ;,A & ;,B _C 2 PR$ICAT$ RECIPROC,Y
( "O ANO!R 9 /RICT PR$IC,N3 !Y C 2
A6IRM$ )\T FALSEHOOD ( "O ANO!R1 B N
G5U9ELY PR$ICAT$ ( EA* O!R4 ,= "O
ALT]NATIVE IS T !Y %D 2 SUB/ANTI,Y
PR$ICAT$ ( "O ANO!R1 I4E4 ;,B WD 2COME !
G5US OR DI6]5TIA ( ,A-! PR$ICATE N[
2COME SUBJECT4 ,B X HAS BE5 %[N T 9 ^!
SUB/ANTIAL PR$IC,NS NEI ! ASC5D+
PR$ICATES NOR ! DESC5D+ SUBJECTS =M AN
9F9ITE S]IES2 E4G4 NEI ! S]IES1 MAN IS
BIP$1 BIP$ IS ANIMAL1 &C41 NOR ! S]IES
PR$ICAT+ ANIMAL ( MAN1 MAN ( ,CALLIAS1
,CALLIAS (A FUR!R4 SUBJECT Z AN ELE;T (
XS ESS5TIAL NATURE1 IS 9F9ITE4 ,= ALL S*
SUB/.E IS DEF9A#1 & AN 9F9ITE S]IES _C 2
TRAV]S$ 9 ?"\3 3SEQU5TLY NEI ! ASC5T NOR
! DESC5T IS 9F9ITE1 S9CE A SUB/.E ^:
PR$ICATES 7 9F9ITE WD N 2 DEF9A#4 ,H;E
!Y W N 2 PR$ICAT$ EA* Z ! G5US (! O!R2 =
? WD EQUATE A G5US ) "O ( XS [N SPECIES4
,NOR 7! O!R ALT]NATIVE7 C A QUALE 2
RECIPROC,Y PR$ICAT$ (A QUALE1 NOR ANY
T]M 2L;G+ 6AN ADJECTIVAL CATEGORY (
ANO!R S* T]M1 EXCEPT 0A3ID5TAL PR$IC,N2
= ALL S* PR$ICATES >E CO9CID5TS & >E
PR$ICAT$ ( SUB/.ES4 ,ON ! O!R H&-IN PRO(
(! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( AN 9F9ITE ASC5D+
S]IES-E PR$IC,N 4PLAYS ! SUBJECT Z "SH[
QUALIFI$ OR QUANTIFI$ OR Z "*IZ$ "U "O (
! O!R ADJECTIVAL CATEGORIES1 OR ELSE IS
AN ELE;T 9 XS SUB/ANTIAL NATURE3 ^!
LATT] >E LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]1 &! NUMB] (!
WIDE/ K9DS "U : PR$IC,NS FALL IS AL
LIMIT$1 = E PR$IC,N M/ EXHIBIT XS
SUBJECT Z "SH[ QUALIFI$1 QUANTIFI$1
ESS5TI,Y RELAT$1 ACT+ OR SU6]+1 OR 9 "S
PLACE OR AT "S "T4
  ,I ASSUME F/ T PR$IC,N IMPLIES A S+LE
SUBJECT &A S+LE ATTRIBUTE1 & SECONDLY T
PR$ICATES : >E N SUB/ANTIAL >E N
PR$ICAT$ ( "O ANO!R4 ,WE ASSUME ? 2C S*
PR$ICATES >E ALL CO9CID5TS1 & ?\< "S >E
ESS5TIAL CO9CID5TS1 O!RS (A DI6]5T TYPE1
YET WE MA9TA9 T ALL ( !M ALIKE >E
PR$ICAT$ ( "S SUB/RATUM & T A CO9CID5T
IS N"E A SUB/RATUM-S9CE WE D N CLASS Z A
CO9CID5T ANY?+ : DOES N [E XS DESIGN,N
6XS 2+ "S?+ O!R ?AN XF1 B ALW HOLD T ANY
CO9CID5T IS PR$ICAT$ ( "S SUB/RATUM O!R
?AN XF1 & T ANO!R GR\P ( CO9CID5TS MAY H
A DI6]5T SUB/RATUM4 ,SUBJECT 6^!
ASSUMP;NS !N1 NEI ! ASC5D+ NOR ! DESC5D+
S]IES ( PR$IC,N 9 : A S+LE ATTRIBUTE IS
PR$ICAT$ (A S+LE SUBJECT IS 9F9ITE4 ,=!
SUBJECTS ( : CO9CID5TS >E PR$ICAT$ >E Z
_M Z ! 3/ITUTIVE ELE;TS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL
SUB/.E1 & ^! WE H SE5 >E N 9F9ITE 9
NUMB]1 :ILE 9 ! ASC5D+ S]IES >E 3TA9$ ^?
3/ITUTIVE ELE;TS ) _! CO9CID5TS-BO? ( :
>E F9ITE4 ,WE 3CLUDE T "! IS A GIV5
SUBJECT 7,D7 ( : "S ATTRIBUTE 7,C7 IS
PRIM>ILY PR$ICA#2 T "! M/ 2 AN ATTRIBUTE
7,B7 PRIM>ILY PR$ICA# (! F/ ATTRIBUTE1 &
T ! S]IES M/ 5D )A T]M 7,A7 N PR$ICA# (
ANY T]M PRIOR 6! LA/ SUBJECT ( : X 0
PR$ICAT$ 7,B71 &( : NO T]M PRIOR 6X IS
PR$ICA#4
  ,! >GU;T WE H GIV5 IS "O (! S-CALL$
PRO(S2 AN ALT]NATIVE PRO( FOLL[S4
,PR$ICATES S RELAT$ 6_! SUBJECTS T "! >E
O!R PR$ICATES PRIOR 6!M PR$ICA# ( ^?
SUBJECTS >E DEMON/RA#2 B ( DEMON/RA#
PROPOSI;NS "O _C H "S?+ BETT] ?AN K1 NOR
C "O "K !M )\T DEMON/R,N4 ,SECONDLY1 IF
A 3SEQU5T IS ONLY "KN "? AN ANTEC$5T
7VIZ4 PREMISSES PRIOR 6X7 & WE NEI "K ?
ANTEC$5T NOR H "S?+ BETT] ?AN K ( X1 !N
WE % N H SCI5TIFIC K (! 3SEQU5T4 ,"!=E1
IF X IS POSSI# "? DEMON/R,N 6"K ANY?+
)\T QUALIFIC,N & N M]ELY Z DEP5D5T ON !
A3EPT.E ( C]TA9 PREMISSES-I4E4
HYPO!TIC,Y-! S]IES ( 9T]M$IATE PR$IC,NS
M/ T]M9ATE4 ,IF X DOES N T]M9ATE1 & 2Y
ANY PR$ICATE TAK5 Z HI<] ?AN ANO!R "!
REMA9S ANO!R / HI<]1 !N E PR$ICATE IS
DEMON/RA#4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 S9CE ^! DEMON/RA#
PR$ICATES >E 9F9ITE 9 NUMB] & "!=E _C 2
TRAV]S$1 WE % N "K !M 0DEMON/R,N4 ,IF1
"!=E1 WE H N "S?+ BETT] ?AN K ( !M1 WE
_C "? DEMON/R,N H UNQUALIFI$ B ONLY
HYPO!TICAL SCI;E ( ANY?+4
  ,Z DIALECTICAL PRO(S ( \R 3T5;N ^! MAY
C>RY 3VIC;N1 B AN ANALYTIC PROCESS W %[
M BRIEFLY T NEI ! ASC5T NOR ! DESC5T (
PR$IC,N C 2 9F9ITE 9 ! DEMON/RATIVE
SCI;ES : >E ! OBJECT ( \R 9VE/IG,N4
,DEMON/R,N PROVES ! 9H];E ( ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTES 9 ?+S4 ,N[ ATTRIBUTES MAY 2
ESS5TIAL = TWO R1SONS3 EI 2C !Y >E
ELE;TS 9 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( _!
SUBJECTS1 OR 2C _! SUBJECTS >E ELE;TS 9
_! ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,AN EXAMPLE (! LATT]
IS ODD Z AN ATTRIBUTE ( NUMB]-?\< X IS
NUMB]'S ATTRIBUTE1 YET NUMB] XF IS AN
ELE;T 9 ! DEF9I;N ( ODD2 (! =M]1
MULTIPLIC;Y OR ! 9DIVISI#1 : >E ELE;TS 9
! DEF9I;N ( NUMB]4 ,9 NEI K9D (
ATTRIBU;N C ! T]MS 2 9F9ITE4 ,!Y >E N
9F9ITE ": EA* IS RELAT$ 6! T]M 2L X Z
ODD IS 6NUMB]1 = ? WD M1N ! 9H];E 9 ODD
( ANO!R ATTRIBUTE ( ODD 9 ^: NATURE ODD
0 AN ESS5TIAL ELE;T3 B !N NUMB] W 2 AN
ULTIMATE SUBJECT (! :OLE 9F9ITE *A9 (
ATTRIBUTES1 & 2 AN ELE;T 9 ! DEF9I;N (
EA* ( !M4 ,H;E1 S9CE AN 9F9;Y (
ATTRIBUTES S* Z 3TA9 _! SUBJECT 9 _!
DEF9I;N _C 9"H 9 A S+LE ?+1 ! ASC5D+
S]IES IS EQU,Y F9ITE4 ,NOTE1 MOREOV]1 T
ALL S* ATTRIBUTES M/ S 9"H 9 ! ULTIMATE
SUBJECT-E4G4 XS ATTRIBUTES 9 NUMB] &
NUMB] 9 !M-Z 6BE -M5SURATE )! SUBJECT &
N ( WID] EXT5T4 ,ATTRIBUTES : >E
ESS5TIAL ELE;TS 9 ! NATURE ( _! SUBJECTS
>E EQU,Y F9ITE3 O!RWISE DEF9I;N WD 2
IMPOSSI#4 ,H;E1 IF ALL ! ATTRIBUTES
PR$ICAT$ >E ESS5TIAL & ^! _C 2 9F9ITE1 !
ASC5D+ S]IES W T]M9ATE1 & 3SEQU5TLY !
DESC5D+ S]IES TOO4
  ,IF ? IS S1 X FOLL[S T ! 9T]M$IATES 2T
ANY TWO T]MS >E AL ALW LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]4
,AN IMMLY OBVI\S 3SEQU;E ( ? IS T
DEMON/R,NS NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE BASIC
TRU?S1 & T ! 3T5;N ( "S-REF]R$ 6AT !
\TSET-T ALL TRU?S >E DEMON/RA# IS
MISTAK54 ,= IF "! >E BASIC TRU?S1 7A7 N
ALL TRU?S >E DEMON/RA#1 & 7B7 AN 9F9ITE
REGRESS IS IMPOSSI#2 S9CE IF EI 7A7 OR
7B7 7 N A FACT1 X WD M1N T NO 9T]VAL 0
IMM & 9DIVISI#1 B T ALL 9T]VALS 7
DIVISI#4 ,? IS TRUE 2C A 3CLU.N IS
DEMON/RAT$ 0! 9T]POSI;N1 N ! APPOSI;N1 (
A FRE% T]M4 ,IF S* 9T]POSI;N CD 3T9UE
69F9;Y "! MI<T 2 AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( T]MS
2T ANY TWO T]MS2 B ? IS IMPOSSI# IF BO?
! ASC5D+ & DESC5D+ S]IES ( PR$IC,N
T]M9ATE2 &( ? FACT1 : 2F 0 %[N
DIALECTIC,Y1 ANALYTIC PRO( HAS N[ BE5
GIV54
                  #BC
  ,X IS AN EVID5T COROLL>Y ( ^! 3CLU.NS
T IF ! SAME ATTRIBUTE ,A 9"HS 9 TWO T]MS
;,C & ;,D PR$ICA# EI N AT ALL1 OR N (
ALL 9/.ES1 ( "O ANO!R1 X DOES N ALW 2L;G
6!M 9 VIRTUE (A -MON MI4LE T]M4
,ISOSCELES & SCAL5E POSSESS ! ATTRIBUTE
( HAV+ _! ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES 9
VIRTUE (A -MON MI4LE2 = !Y POSSESS X 9 S
F> Z !Y >E BO? A C]TA9 K9D ( FIGURE1 & N
9 S F> Z !Y DI6] F "O ANO!R4 ,B ? IS N
ALW ! CASE3 =1 7 X S1 IF WE TAKE ;,B Z !
-MON MI4LE 9 VIRTUE ( : ,A 9"HS 9 ;,C &
;,D1 CLE>LY ;,B WD 9"H 9 ;,C & ;,D "? A
SECOND -MON MI4LE1 & ? 9 TURN WD 9"H 9
;,C & ;,D "? A ?IRD1 S T 2T TWO T]MS AN
9F9;Y ( 9T]M$IATES WD FALL-AN
IMPOSSIBIL;Y4 ,?US X NE$ N ALW 2 9
VIRTUE (A -MON MI4LE T]M T A S+LE
ATTRIBUTE 9"HS 9 S"EAL SUBJECTS1 S9CE "!
M/ 2 IMM 9T]VALS4 ,YET IF ! ATTRIBUTE
6BE PROV$ -MON 6TWO SUBJECTS IS 6BE "O (
_! ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTES1 ! MI4LE T]MS
9VOLV$ M/ 2 )9 "O SUBJECT G5US & 2
DERIV$ F ! SAME GR\P ( IMM PREMISSES2 =
WE H SE5 T PROCESSES ( PRO( _C PASS F "O
G5US 6ANO!R4
  ,X IS AL CLE> T :5 ,A 9"HS 9 ;,B1 ? C
2 DEMON/RAT$ IF "! IS A MI4LE T]M4
,FUR!R1 ! ,8ELE;TS0' ( S* A 3CLU.N >E !
PREMISSES 3TA9+ ! MI4LE 9 "Q1 & !Y >E
ID5TICAL 9 NUMB] )! MI4LE T]MS1 SEE+ T !
IMM PROPOSI;NS-OR AT L1/ S* IMM
PROPOSI;NS Z >E UNIV]SAL->E !
,8ELE;TS0'4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 "! IS NO
MI4LE T]M1 DEMON/R,N C1SES 6BE POSSI#3
WE >E ON ! WAY 6! BASIC TRU?S4 ,SIMIL>LY
IF ,A DOES N 9"H 9 ;,B1 ? C 2 DEMON/RAT$
IF "! IS A MI4LE T]M OR A T]M PRIOR TO
;,B 9 : ,A DOES N 9"H3 O!RWISE "! IS NO
DEMON/R,N &A BASIC TRU? IS R1*$4 ,"! >E1
MOREOV]1 Z _M ,8ELE;TS0' (! DEMON/RAT$
3CLU.N Z "! >E MI4LE T]MS1 S9CE X IS
PROPOSI;NS 3TA9+ ^! MI4LE T]MS T >E !
BASIC PREMISSES ON : ! DEMON/R,N RE/S2 &
Z "! >E "S 9DEMON/RA# BASIC TRU?S ASS]T+
T ,8? IS T0' OR T ,8? 9"HS 9 T0'1 S "!
>E O!RS D5Y+ T ,8? IS T0' OR T ,8? 9"HS
9 T'-IN FACT "S BASIC TRU?S W A6IRM & "S
W D5Y 2+4
  ,:5 WE >E 6PROVE A 3CLU.N1 WE M/ TAKE
A PRIM>Y ESS5TIAL PR$ICATE-SUPPOSE X
;,C-(! SUBJECT ;,B1 & !N SUPPOSE ,A
SIMIL>LY PR$ICA# ( ,C4 ,IF WE PROCE$ 9 ?
MANN]1 NO PROPOSI;N OR ATTRIBUTE : FALLS
2Y ,A IS ADMITT$ 9 ! PRO(3 ! 9T]VAL IS
3/ANTLY 3D5S$ UNTIL SUBJECT & PR$ICATE
2COME 9DIVISI#1 I4E4 "O4 ,WE H \R UNIT
:5 ! PREMISS 2COMES IMM1 S9CE ! IMM
PREMISS AL"O IS A S+LE PREMISS 9 !
UNQUALIFI$ S5SE ( ,8S+LE0'4 ,& Z 9 O!R
SPH]ES ! BASIC ELE;T IS SIMPLE B N
ID5TICAL 9 ALL-IN A SY/EM ( WEI<T X IS !
M9A1 9 MUSIC ! QU>T]-T"O1 & S ON--S 9
SYLLOGISM ! UNIT IS AN IMM PREMISS1 & 9
! K T DEMON/R,N GIVES X IS AN 9TUI;N4 ,9
SYLLOGISMS1 !N1 : PROVE ! 9H];E ( AN
ATTRIBUTE1 NO?+ FALLS \TSIDE ! MAJOR
T]M4 ,9 ! CASE ( NEGATIVE SYLLOGISMS ON
! O!R H&1 7#A7 9 ! F/ FIGURE NO?+ FALLS
\TSIDE ! MAJOR T]M ^: 9H];E IS 9 "Q2
E4G4 6PROVE "? A MI4LE ;,C T ,A DOES N
9"H 9 ;,B ! PREMISSES REQUIR$ >E1 ALL
;,B IS ;,C1 NO ;,C IS ,A4 ,!N IF X HAS
6BE PROV$ T NO ;,C IS ;,A1 A MI4LE M/ 2
F.D 2T & ;,C2 & ? PROC$URE W N"E V>Y4
  7#B7 ,IF WE H 6%[ T ;,E IS N ;,D 0M1NS
(! PREMISSES1 ALL ;,D IS ;,C2 NO ;,E1 OR
N ALL ;,E1 IS ;,C2 !N ! MI4LE W N"E FALL
2Y ;,E1 & ;,E IS ! SUBJECT ( : ;,D IS
6BE D5I$ 9 ! 3CLU.N4
  7#C7 ,9 ! ?IRD FIGURE ! MI4LE W N"E
FALL 2Y ! LIMITS (! SUBJECT &! ATTRIBUTE
D5I$ ( X4
                  #BD
  ,S9CE DEMON/R,NS MAY 2 EI -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL OR "PICUL>1 & EI A6IRMATIVE OR
NEGATIVE2 ! "Q >ISES1 : =M IS ! BETT]8
,&! SAME "Q MAY 2 PUT 9 REG>D 6S-CALL$
,8DIRECT0' DEMON/R,N & REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSIBILE4 ,LET U F/ EXAM9E !
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL &! "PICUL> =MS1 &
:5 WE H CLE>$ UP ? PRO#M PROCE$ 64CUSS
,8DIRECT0' DEMON/R,N & REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSIBILE4
  ,! FOLL[+ 3SID],NS MI<T L1D "S M9DS
6PREF] "PICUL> DEMON/R,N4
  7#A7 ,! SUP]IOR DEMON/R,N IS !
DEMON/R,N : GIVES U GRT] K 7= ? IS !
ID1L ( DEMON/R,N71 & WE H GRT] K (A
"PICUL> 9DIVIDUAL :5 WE "K X 9 XF ?AN :5
WE "K X "? "S?+ ELSE2 E4G4 WE "K
,CORISCUS ! MUSICIAN BETT] :5 WE "K T
,CORISCUS IS MUSICAL ?AN :5 WE "K ONLY T
MAN IS MUSICAL1 &A L >GU;T HOLDS 9 ALL
O!R CASES4 ,B -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL
DEMON/R,N1 9/1D ( PROV+ T ! SUBJECT XF
ACTU,Y IS ;X1 PROVES ONLY T "S?+ ELSE IS
;X- E4G4 9 ATTEMPT+ 6PROVE T ISOSCELES
IS ;X1 X PROVES N T ISOSCELES B ONLY T
TRIANGLE IS ;X- ":AS "PICUL> DEMON/R,N
PROVES T ! SUBJECT XF IS X4 ,!
DEMON/R,N1 !N1 T A SUBJECT1 Z S*1
POSSESSES AN ATTRIBUTE IS SUP]IOR4 ,IF ?
IS S1 & IF ! "PICUL> R ?AN ! -M5SURATELY
UNIV]SAL =MS DEMON/RATES1 "PICUL>
DEMON/R,N IS SUP]IOR4
  7#B7 ,! UNIV]SAL HAS N A SEP>ATE 2+
OV] AG/ GR\PS ( S+UL>S4 ,DEMON/R,N
N"E!.S CR1TES ! OP9ION T XS FUNC;N IS
3DI;N$ 0"S?+ L ?-"S SEP>ATE 5T;Y 2L;G+
6! R1L _W2 T1 = 9/.E1 ( TRIANGLE OR (
FIGURE OR NUMB]1 OV] AG/ "PICUL>
TRIANGLES1 FIGURES1 & NUMB]S4 ,B
DEMON/R,N : T\*ES ! R1L & W N MISL1D IS
SUP]IOR 6T : MOVES AM;G UNR1LITIES & IS
DELUSORY4 ,N[ -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL
DEMON/R,N IS (! LATT] K9D3 IF WE 5GAGE 9
X WE F9D \RVS R1SON+ AF A FA%ION WELL
ILLU/RAT$ 0! >GU;T T ! PROPOR;NATE IS
:AT ANSW]S 6! DEF9I;N ( "S 5T;Y : IS NEI
L9E1 NUMB]1 SOLID1 NOR PLANE1 B A
PROPOR;NATE A"P F ALL ^!4 ,S9CE1 !N1 S*
A PRO( IS "*I/IC,Y -M5SURATE & UNIV]SAL1
& LESS T\*ES R1L;Y ?AN DOES "PICUL>
DEMON/R,N1 & CR1TES A FALSE OP9ION1 X W
FOLL[ T -M5SURATE & UNIV]SAL IS 9F]IOR
6"PICUL> DEMON/R,N4
  ,WE MAY RETORT ?US4 7#A7 ,! F/ >GU;T
APPLIES NO M 6-M5SURATE & UNIV]SAL ?AN
6"PICUL> DEMON/R,N4 ,IF EQUAL;Y 6TWO "R
ANGLES IS ATTRIBUTA# 6XS SUBJECT N QUA
ISOSCELES B QUA TRIANGLE1 HE :O "KS T
ISOSCELES POSSESSES T ATTRIBUTE "KS !
SUBJECT Z QUA XF POSSESS+ ! ATTRIBUTE1
6A LESS DEGREE ?AN HE :O "KS T TRIANGLE
HAS T ATTRIBUTE4 ,6SUM UP ! :OLE MATT]3
IF A SUBJECT IS PROV$ 6POSSESS QUA
TRIANGLE AN ATTRIBUTE : X DOES N 9 FACT
POSSESS QUA TRIANGLE1 T IS N DEMON/R,N3
B IF X DOES POSSESS X QUA TRIANGLE !
RULE APPLIES T ! GRT] K IS 8 :O "KS !
SUBJECT Z POSSESS+ XS ATTRIBUTE QUA T 9
VIRTUE ( : X ACTU,Y DOES POSSESS X4
,S9CE1 !N1 TRIANGLE IS ! WID] T]M1 & "!
IS "O ID5TICAL DEF9I;N ( TRIANGLE-I4E4 !
T]M IS N EQUIVOCAL-& S9CE EQUAL;Y 6TWO
"R ANGLES 2L;GS 6ALL TRIANGLES1 X IS
ISOSCELES QUA TRIANGLE & N TRIANGLE QUA
ISOSCELES : HAS XS ANGLES S RELAT$4 ,X
FOLL[S T HE :O "KS A 3NEXION UNIV]S,Y
HAS GRT] K ( X Z X 9 FACT IS ?AN HE :O
"KS ! "PICUL>2 &! 9F];E IS T -M5SURATE &
UNIV]SAL IS SUP]IOR 6"PICUL> DEMON/R,N4
  7#B7 ,IF "! IS A S+LE ID5TICAL DEF9I;N
I4E4 IF ! -M5SURATE UNIV]SAL IS
UNEQUIVOCAL-!N ! UNIV]SAL W POSSESS 2+ N
LESS B M ?AN "S (! "PICUL>S1 9ASM* Z X
IS UNIV]SALS : -PRISE ! IMP]I%A#1
"PICUL>S T T5D 6P]I%4
  7#C7 ,2C ! UNIV]SAL HAS A S+LE M1N+1
WE >E N "!=E -PELL$ 6SUPPOSE T 9 ^!
EXAMPLES X HAS 2+ Z A SUB/.E A"P F XS
"PICUL>S-ANY M ?AN WE NE$ MAKE A SIMIL>
SUPPOSI;N 9 ! O!R CASES ( UNEQUIVOCAL
UNIV]SAL PR$IC,N1 VIZ4 ": ! PR$ICATE
SIGNIFIES N SUB/.E B QUAL;Y1 ESS5TIAL
RELAT$;S1 OR AC;N4 ,IF S* A SUPPOSI;N IS
5T]TA9$1 ! BLAME RE/S N )! DEMON/R,N B )
! HE>]4
  7#D7 ,DEMON/R,N IS SYLLOGISM T PROVES
! CAUSE1 I4E4 ! R1SON$ FACT1 & X IS R !
-M5SURATE UNIV]SAL ?AN ! "PICUL> : IS
CAUSATIVE 7Z MAY 2 %[N ?US3 T :
POSSESSES AN ATTRIBUTE "? XS [N ESS5TIAL
NATURE IS XF ! CAUSE (! 9H];E1 &!
-M5SURATE UNIV]SAL IS PRIM>Y2 H;E !
-M5SURATE UNIV]SAL IS ! CAUSE74
,3SEQU5TLY -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL
DEMON/R,N IS SUP]IOR Z M ESPECI,Y PROV+
! CAUSE1 T IS ! R1SON$ FACT4
  7#E7 ,\R SE>* =! R1SON C1SES1 & WE ?9K
T WE "K1 :5 ! -+ 6BE OR EXI/;E (! FACT
2F U IS N DUE 6! -+ 6BE OR EXI/;E ( "S
O!R FACT1 =! LA/ /EP (A SE>* ?US 3DUCT$
IS EO IPSO ! 5D & LIMIT (! PRO#M4 ,?US3
,8,:Y DID HE -E80' ,8,6GET ! M"OY-":)
6PAY A DEBT-T HE MI<T "!BY D :AT 0 "R40'
,:5 9 ? REGRESS WE C NO L;G] F9D AN
E6ICI5T OR F9AL CAUSE1 WE REG>D ! LA/
/EP ( X Z ! 5D (! -+-OR 2+ OR -+ 6BE-&
WE REG>D \RVS Z !N ONLY HAV+ FULL K (!
R1SON :Y HE CAME4
  ,IF1 !N1 ALL CAUSES & R1SONS >E ALIKE
9 ? RESPECT1 & IF ? IS ! M1NS 6FULL K 9
! CASE ( F9AL CAUSES S* Z WE H
EXEMPLIFI$1 X FOLL[S T 9 ! CASE (! O!R
CAUSES AL FULL K IS ATTA9$ :5 AN
ATTRIBUTE NO L;G] 9"HS 2C ( "S?+ ELSE4
,?US1 :5 WE LE>N T EXT]IOR ANGLES >E
EQUAL 6F\R "R ANGLES 2C !Y >E ! EXT]IOR
ANGLES ( AN ISOSCELES1 "! / REMA9S ! "Q
,8,:Y HAS ISOSCELES ? ATTRIBUTE80' & XS
ANSW] ,8,2C X IS A TRIANGLE1 &A TRIANGLE
HAS X 2C A TRIANGLE IS A RECTIL9E>
FIGURE40' ,IF RECTIL9E> FIGURE POSSESSES
! PROP]TY = NO FUR!R R1SON1 AT ? PO9T WE
H FULL K-B AT ? PO9T \R K HAS 2COME
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL1 & S WE 3CLUDE T
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N IS
SUP]IOR4
  7#F7 ,! M DEMON/R,N 2COMES "PICUL> ! M
X S9KS 96AN 9DET]M9ATE MANIFOLD1 :ILE
UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N T5DS 6! SIMPLE &
DET]M9ATE4 ,B OBJECTS S F> Z !Y >E AN
9DET]M9ATE MANIFOLD >E UN9TELLIGI#1 S F>
Z !Y >E DET]M9ATE1 9TELLIGI#3 !Y >E "!=E
9TELLIGI# R 9 S F> Z !Y >E UNIV]SAL ?AN
9 S F> Z !Y >E "PICUL>4 ,F ? X FOLL[S T
UNIV]SALS >E M DEMON/RA#3 B S9CE
RELATIVE & CORRELATIVE 9CR1SE
3COMITANTLY1 (! M DEMON/RA# "! W 2 FULL]
DEMON/R,N4 ,H;E ! -M5SURATE & UNIV]SAL
=M1 2+ M TRULY DEMON/R,N1 IS ! SUP]IOR4
  7#G7 ,DEMON/R,N : T1*ES TWO ?+S IS
PREF]A# 6DEMON/R,N : T1*ES ONLY "O4 ,HE
:O POSSESSES -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL
DEMON/R,N "KS ! "PICUL> Z WELL1 B HE :O
POSSESSES "PICUL> DEMON/R,N DOES N "K !
UNIV]SAL4 ,S T ? IS AN A4I;NAL R1SON =
PREF]R+ -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N4
,& "! IS YET ? FUR!R >GU;T3
  7#H7 ,PRO( 2COMES M & M PRO( (!
-M5SURATE UNIV]SAL Z XS MI4LE T]M
APPROA*ES NE>] 6! BASIC TRU?1 & NO?+ IS
S NE> Z ! IMM PREMISS : IS XF ! BASIC
TRU?4 ,IF1 !N1 PRO( F ! BASIC TRU? IS M
A3URATE ?AN PRO( N S DERIV$1 DEMON/R,N :
DEP5DS M CLOSELY ON X IS M A3URATE ?AN
DEMON/R,N : IS LESS CLOSELY DEP5D5T4 ,B
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N IS "*IZ$
0? CLOS] DEP5D;E1 & IS "!=E SUP]IOR4
,?US1 IF ,A _H 6BE PROV$ 69"H 9 ;,D1 &!
MI4LES 7 ;,B & ;,C1 ;,B 2+ ! HI<] T]M WD
R5D] ! DEMON/R,N : X M$IAT$ ! M
UNIV]SAL4
  ,"S ( ^! >GU;TS1 H["E1 >E DIALECTICAL4
,! CLE>E/ 9DIC,N (! PREC$;E (
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N IS Z
FOLL[S3 IF ( TWO PROPOSI;NS1 A PRIOR &A
PO/]IOR1 WE H A GRASP (! PRIOR1 WE H A
K9D ( K-A POT5TIAL GRASP-(! PO/]IOR Z
WELL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF "O "KS T ! ANGLES (
ALL TRIANGLES >E EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1
"O "KS 9 A S5SE-POT5TI,Y-T ! ISOSCELES'
ANGLES AL >E EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1 EV5
IF "O DOES N "K T ! ISOSCELES IS A
TRIANGLE2 B 6GRASP ? PO/]IOR PROPOSI;N
IS 0NO M1NS 6"K ! -M5SURATE UNIV]SAL EI
POT5TI,Y OR ACTU,Y4 ,MOREOV]1
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL DEMON/R,N IS "? &
"? 9TELLIGI#2 "PICUL> DEMON/R,N ISSUES 9
S5SE-P]CEP;N4
                  #BE
  ,! PREC$+ >GU;TS 3/ITUTE \R DEF;E (!
SUP]IOR;Y ( -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL
6"PICUL> DEMON/R,N4 ,T A6IRMATIVE
DEMON/R,N EXCELS NEGATIVE MAY 2 %[N Z
FOLL[S4
  7#A7 ,WE MAY ASSUME ! SUP]IOR;Y CET]IS
P>IBUS (! DEMON/R,N : DERIVES F FEW]
PO/ULATES OR HYPO!SES-IN %ORT F FEW]
PREMISSES2 =1 GIV5 T ALL ^! >E EQU,Y
WELL "KN1 ": !Y >E FEW] K W 2 M SPE$ILY
ACQUIR$1 & T IS A DESID]ATUM4 ,! >GU;T
IMPLI$ 9 \R 3T5;N T DEMON/R,N F FEW]
ASSUMP;NS IS SUP]IOR MAY 2 SET \ 9
UNIV]SAL =M Z FOLL[S4 ,ASSUM+ T 9 BO?
CASES ALIKE ! MI4LE T]MS >E "KN1 & T
MI4LES : >E PRIOR >E BETT] "KN ?AN S* Z
>E PO/]IOR1 WE MAY SUPPOSE TWO
DEMON/R,NS (! 9H];E ( ,A 9 ;,E1 ! "O
PROV+ X "? ! MI4LES ;,B1 ;,C & ;,D1 !
O!R "? ;,F & ,G4 ,!N ;,A-;,D IS "KN 6!
SAME DEGREE Z ;,A-;,E 7IN ! SECOND
PRO(71 B ;,A-;,D IS BETT] "KN ?AN &
PRIOR TO ;,A-;,E 7IN ! F/ PRO(72 S9CE
;,A-;,E IS PROV$ "? ;,A-;,D1 &! GR.D IS
M C]TA9 ?AN ! 3CLU.N4
  ,H;E DEMON/R,N 0FEW] PREMISSES IS
CET]IS P>IBUS SUP]IOR4 ,N[ BO?
A6IRMATIVE & NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N OP]ATE
"? ?REE T]MS & TWO PREMISSES1 B ":AS !
=M] ASSUMES ONLY T "S?+ IS1 ! LATT]
ASSUMES BO? T "S?+ IS & T "S?+ ELSE IS
N1 & ?US OP]AT+ "? M K9DS ( PREMISS IS
9F]IOR4
  7#B7 ,X HAS BE5 PROV$ T NO 3CLU.N
FOLL[S IF BO? PREMISSES >E NEGATIVE1 B T
"O M/ 2 NEGATIVE1 ! O!R A6IRMATIVE4 ,S
WE >E -PELL$ 6LAY D[N ! FOLL[+ A4I;NAL
RULE3 Z ! DEMON/R,N EXP&S1 ! A6IRMATIVE
PREMISSES M/ 9CR1SE 9 NUMB]1 B "! _C 2 M
?AN "O NEGATIVE PREMISS 9 EA* -PLETE
PRO(4 ,?US1 SUPPOSE NO ;,B IS ;,A1 & ALL
;,C IS ,B4 ,!N IF BO? ! PREMISSES >E 6BE
AG EXP&$1 A MI4LE M/ 2 9T]POS$4 ,LET U
9T]POSE ;,D 2T ;,A & ;,B1 & ;,E 2T ;,B &
,C4 ,!N CLE>LY ;,E IS A6IRMATIVELY
RELAT$ TO ;,B & ;,C1 :ILE ;,D IS
A6IRMATIVELY RELAT$ TO ;,B B NEGATIVELY
TO ;,A2 = ALL ;,B IS ;,D1 B "! M/ 2 NO
;,D : IS ,A4 ,?US "! PROVES 6BE A S+LE
NEGATIVE PREMISS1 ;,A-;,D4 ,9 ! FUR!R
PROSYLLOGISMS TOO X IS ! SAME1 2C 9 !
T]MS ( AN A6IRMATIVE SYLLOGISM ! MI4LE
IS ALW RELAT$ A6IRMATIVELY 6BO?
EXTREMES2 9 A NEGATIVE SYLLOGISM X M/ 2
NEGATIVELY RELAT$ ONLY 6"O ( !M1 & S ?
NEG,N -ES 6BE A S+LE NEGATIVE PREMISS1 !
O!R PREMISSES 2+ A6IRMATIVE4 ,IF1 !N1 T
"? : A TRU? IS PROV$ IS A BETT] "KN & M
C]TA9 TRU?1 & IF ! NEGATIVE PROPOSI;N IS
PROV$ "? ! A6IRMATIVE & N VICE V]SA1
A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N1 2+ PRIOR & BETT]
"KN & M C]TA91 W 2 SUP]IOR4
  7#C7 ,! BASIC TRU? ( DEMON/RATIVE
SYLLOGISM IS ! UNIV]SAL IMM PREMISS1 &!
UNIV]SAL PREMISS ASS]TS 9 A6IRMATIVE
DEMON/R,N & 9 NEGATIVE D5IES3 &!
A6IRMATIVE PROPOSI;N IS PRIOR 6& BETT]
"KN ?AN ! NEGATIVE 7S9CE A6IRM,N EXPLA9S
D5IAL & IS PRIOR 6D5IAL1 J Z 2+ IS PRIOR
6N-2+74 ,X FOLL[S T ! BASIC PREMISS (
A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N IS SUP]IOR 6T (
NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N1 &! DEMON/R,N : USES
SUP]IOR BASIC PREMISSES IS SUP]IOR4
  7#D7 ,A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N IS M (!
NATURE (A BASIC =M ( PRO(1 2C X IS A S9E
QUA NON ( NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N4
                  #BF
  ,S9CE A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N IS SUP]IOR
6NEGATIVE1 X IS CLE>LY SUP]IOR AL
6REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE4 ,WE M/ F/ MAKE
C]TA9 :AT IS ! DI6];E 2T NEGATIVE
DEMON/R,N & REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE4
,LET U SUPPOSE T NO ;,B IS ;,A1 & T ALL
;,C IS ;,B3 ! 3CLU.N NECESS>ILY FOLL[S T
NO ;,C IS ,A4 ,IF ^! PREMISSES >E
ASSUM$1 "!=E1 ! NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N T NO
;,C IS ,A IS DIRECT4 ,REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSIBILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 PROCE$S Z
FOLL[S4 ,SUPPOS+ WE >E 6PROVE T DOES N
9"H 9 ;,B1 WE H 6ASSUME T X DOES 9"H1 &
FUR!R T ;,B 9"HS 9 ;,C1 )! RESULT+ 9F];E
T ,A 9"HS 9 ,C4 ,? WE H 6SUPPOSE A "KN &
ADMITT$ IMPOSSIBIL;Y2 & WE !N 9F] T ,A
_C 9"H 9 ,B4 ,?US IF ! 9H];E ( ;,B 9 ;,C
IS N "Q$1 ;,A'S 9H];E 9 ;,B IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,! ORD] (! T]MS IS ! SAME 9 BO? PRO(S3
!Y DI6] AC 6: (! NEGATIVE PROPOSI;NS IS
! BETT] "KN1 ! "O D5Y+ ;,A ( ;,B OR ! "O
D5Y+ ;,A ( ,C4 ,:5 ! FALS;Y (! 3CLU.N IS
! BETT] "KN1 WE USE REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSI#2 :5 ! MAJOR PREMISS (!
SYLLOGISM IS ! M OBVI\S1 WE USE DIRECT
DEMON/R,N4 ,ALL ! SAME ! PROPOSI;N D5Y+
;,A ( ;,B IS1 9 ! ORD] ( 2+1 PRIOR 6T
D5Y+ ;,A ( ;,C2 = PREMISSES >E PRIOR 6!
3CLU.N : FOLL[S F !M1 & ,8NO ;,C IS ,A0'
IS ! 3CLU.N1 ,8NO ;,B IS ,A0' "O ( XS
PREMISSES4 ,=! DE/RUCTIVE RESULT (
REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE IS N A PROP]
3CLU.N1 NOR >E XS ANTEC$5TS PROP]
PREMISSES4 ,ON ! 3TR>Y3 ! 3/ITU5TS (
SYLLOGISM >E PREMISSES RELAT$ 6"O ANO!R
Z :OLE 6"P OR "P 6:OLE1 ":AS ! PREMISSES
;,A-;,C & ;,A-;,B >E N ?US RELAT$ 6"O
ANO!R4 ,N[ ! SUP]IOR DEMON/R,N IS T :
PROCE$S F BETT] "KN & PRIOR PREMISSES1 &
:ILE BO? ^! =MS DEP5D = CR$;E ON ! N-2+
( "S?+1 YET ! S\RCE (! "O IS PRIOR 6T (!
O!R4 ,"!=E NEGATIVE DEMON/R,N W H AN
UNQUALIFI$ SUP]IOR;Y 6REDUCTIO AD
IMPOSSIBILE1 & A6IRMATIVE DEMON/R,N1 2+
SUP]IOR 6NEGATIVE1 W 3SEQU5TLY 2 SUP]IOR
AL 6REDUCTIO AD IMPOSSIBILE4
                  #BG
  ,! SCI;E : IS K AT ONCE (! FACT &(!
R1SON$ FACT1 N (! FACT 0XF )\T ! R1SON$
FACT1 IS ! M EXACT &! PRIOR SCI;E4
  ,A SCI;E S* Z >I?METIC1 : IS N A SCI;E
( PROP]TIES QUA 9H]+ 9 A SUB/RATUM1 IS M
EXACT ?AN & PRIOR 6A SCI;E L H>MONICS1 :
IS A SCI;E ( PR1OP]TIES 9H]+ 9 A
SUB/RATUM2 & SIMIL>LY A SCI;E L
>I?METIC1 : IS 3/ITUT$ ( FEW] BASIC
ELE;TS1 IS M EXACT ?AN & PRIOR
6GEOMETRY1 : REQUIRES A4I;NAL ELE;TS4
,:AT ,I M1N BY ,8A4I;NAL ELE;TS0' IS ?3
A UNIT IS SUB/.E )\T POSI;N1 :ILE A PO9T
IS SUB/.E ) POSI;N2 ! LATT] 3TA9S AN
A4I;NAL ELE;T4

                  #BH
  ,A S+LE SCI;E IS "O ^: DOMA9 IS A S+LE
G5US1 VIZ4 ALL ! SUBJECTS 3/ITUT$ \ (!
PRIM>Y 5TITIES (! G5US-I4E4 ! "PS ( ?
TOTAL SUBJECT-& _! ESS5TIAL PROP]TIES4
  ,"O SCI;E DI6]S F ANO!R :5 _! BASIC
TRU?S H NEI A -MON S\RCE NOR >E DERIV$
^? (! "O SCI;E F ^? ! O!R4 ,? IS V]IFI$
:5 WE R1* ! 9DEMON/RA# PREMISSES (A
SCI;E1 = !Y M/ 2 )9 "O G5US ) XS
3CLU.NS3 & ? AG IS V]IFI$ IF ! 3CLU.NS
PROV$ 0M1NS ( !M FALL )9 "O G5US-I4E4 >E
HOMOG5E\S4
                  #BI
  ,"O C H S"EAL DEMON/R,NS (! SAME
3NEXION N ONLY 0TAK+ F ! SAME S]IES (
PR$IC,N MI4LES : >E O!R ?AN ! IMMLY
COH]+ T]M E4G4 0TAK+ ;,C1 ;,D1 & ;,F
S"E,Y 6PROVE ;,A-;,B--B AL 0TAK+ A MI4LE
F ANO!R S]IES4 ,?US LET ,A 2 *ANGE1 ;,D
ALT],N (A PROP]TY1 ;,B FEEL+ PL1SURE1 &
;,G RELAX,N4 ,WE C !N )\T FALSEHOOD
PR$ICATE ;,D ( ;,B & ;,A ( ;,D1 = HE :O
IS PL1S$ SU6]S ALT],N (A PROP]TY1 & T :
ALT]S A PROP]TY *ANGES4 ,AG1 WE C
PR$ICATE ;,A ( ;,G )\T FALSEHOOD1 & ;,G
( ;,B2 = 6FEEL PL1SURE IS 6RELAX1 &
6RELAX IS 6*ANGE4 ,S ! 3CLU.N C 2 DRAWN
"? MI4LES : >E DI6]5T1 I4E4 N 9 ! SAME
S]IES-YET N S T NEI ( ^! MI4LES IS
PR$ICA# (! O!R1 = !Y M/ BO? 2 ATTRIBUTA#
6"S "O SUBJECT4
  ,A FUR!R PO9T WOR? 9VE/IGAT+ IS H[ _M
WAYS ( PROV+ ! SAME 3CLU.N C 2 OBTA9$
0V>Y+ ! FIGURE1
                  #CJ
  ,"! IS NO K 0DEMON/R,N ( *.E 3JUNC;NS2
= *.E 3JUNC;NS EXI/ NEI 0NECESS;Y NOR Z
G5]AL 3NEXIONS B -PRISE :AT -ES 6BE Z
"S?+ 4T9CT F ^!4 ,N[ DEMON/R,N IS 3C]N$
ONLY ) "O OR O!R ( ^! TWO2 = ALL R1SON+
PROCE$S F NEC OR G5]AL PREMISSES1 !
3CLU.N 2+ NEC IF ! PREMISSES >E NEC &
G5]AL IF ! PREMISSES >E G5]AL4
,3SEQU5TLY1 IF *.E 3JUNC;NS >E NEI G5]AL
NOR NEC1 !Y >E N DEMON/RA#4
                  #CA
  ,SCI5TIFIC K IS N POSSI# "? ! ACT (
P]CEP;N4 ,EV5 IF P]CEP;N Z A FACULTY IS
( ,8! S*0' & N M]ELY (A ,8? "S:AT0'1 YET
"O M/ AT ANY RATE ACTU,Y P]CV A ,8?
"S:AT0'1 & AT A DEF9ITE PRES5T PLACE &
"T3 B T : IS -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL & TRUE
9 ALL CASES "O _C P]CV1 S9CE X IS N
,8?0' & X IS N ,8N[0'2 IF X W]E1 X WD N
2 -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL-! T]M WE APPLY
6:AT IS ALW & "EY":4 ,SEE+1 "!=E1 T
DEMON/R,NS >E -M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL &
UNIV]SALS IMP]CEPTI#1 WE CLE>LY _C OBTA9
SCI5TIFIC K 0! ACT ( P]CEP;N3 NAY1 X IS
OBVI\S T EV5 IF X 7 POSSI# 6P]CV T A
TRIANGLE HAS XS ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES1 WE %D / 2 LOOK+ =A DEMON/R,N-WE
%D N 7Z "S SAY7 POSSESS K ( X2 = P]CEP;N
M/ 2 (A "PICUL>1 ":AS SCI5TIFIC K
9VOLVES ! RECOGNI;N (! -M5SURATE
UNIV]SAL4 ,S IF WE 7 ON ! MOON1 & SAW !
E>? %UTT+ \ ! SUN'S LI<T1 WE %D N "K !
CAUSE (! ECLIPSE3 WE %D P]CV ! PRES5T
FACT (! ECLIPSE1 B N ! R1SON$ FACT AT
ALL1 S9CE ! ACT ( P]CEP;N IS N (!
-M5SURATE UNIV]SAL4 ,I D N1 ( C\RSE1 D5Y
T 0WAT*+ ! FREQU5T RECURR;E ( ? EV5T WE
MI<T1 AF TRACK+ ! -M5SURATE UNIV]SAL1
POSSESS A DEMON/R,N1 =! -M5SURATE
UNIV]SAL IS ELICIT$ F ! S"EAL GR\PS (
S+UL>S4
  ,! -M5SURATE UNIV]SAL IS PRECI\S 2C X
MAKES CLE> ! CAUSE2 S T 9 ! CASE ( FACTS
L ^! : H A CAUSE O!R ?AN !MVS UNIV]SAL K
IS M PRECI\S ?AN S5SE-P]CEP;NS & ?AN
9TUI;N4 7,Z REG>DS PRIM>Y TRU?S "! IS (
C\RSE A DI6]5T A3.T 6BE GIV547 ,H;E X IS
CLE> T K ( ?+S DEMON/RA# _C 2 ACQUIR$
0P]CEP;N1 UN.S ! T]M P]CEP;N IS APPLI$
6! POSSES.N ( SCI5TIFIC K "? DEMON/R,N4
,N"E!.S C]TA9 PO9TS D >ISE ) REG>D
63NEXIONS 6BE PROV$ : >E REF]R$ = _!
EXPLAN,N 6A FAILURE 9 S5SE-P]CEP;N3 "!
>E CASES :5 AN ACT ( VI.N WD T]M9ATE \R
9QUIRY1 N 2C 9 SEE+ WE %D 2 "K+1 B 2C WE
%D H ELICIT$ ! UNIV]SAL F SEE+2 IF1 =
EXAMPLE1 WE SAW ! PORES 9 ! GLASS &!
LI<T PASS+ "?1 ! R1SON (! K9DL+ WD 2
CLE> 6U 2C WE %D AT ! SAME "T SEE X 9
EA* 9/.E & 9TUIT T X M/ 2 S 9 ALL 9/.ES4
                  #CB
  ,ALL SYLLOGISMS _C H ! SAME BASIC
TRU?S4 ,? MAY 2 %[N F/ ( ALL 0! FOLL[+
DIALECTICAL 3SID],NS4 7#A7 ,"S
SYLLOGISMS >E TRUE & "S FALSE3 = ?\< A
TRUE 9F];E IS POSSI# F FALSE PREMISSES1
YET ? O3URS ONCE ONLY-,I M1N IF ;,A =
9/.E1 IS TRULY PR$ICA# ( ;,C1 B ;,B1 !
MI4LE1 IS FALSE1 BO? ;,A-;,B & ;,B-;,C
2+ FALSE2 N"E!.S1 IF MI4LES >E TAK5
6PROVE ^! PREMISSES1 !Y W 2 FALSE 2C E
3CLU.N : IS A FALSEHOOD HAS FALSE
PREMISSES1 :ILE TRUE 3CLU.NS H TRUE
PREMISSES1 & FALSE & TRUE DI6] 9 K9D4
,!N AG1 7#B7 FALSEHOODS >E N ALL DERIV$
F A S+LE ID5TICAL SET ( PR9CIPLES3 "! >E
FALSEHOODS : >E ! 3TR>IES ( "O ANO!R &
_C COEXI/1 E4G4 ,8JU/ICE IS 9JU/ICE0'1 &
,8JU/ICE IS C[>DICE0'2 ,8MAN IS HORSE0'1
& ,8MAN IS OX0'2 ,8! EQUAL IS GRT]0'1 &
,8! EQUAL IS LESS40' ,F E/ABLI%$
PR9CIPLES WE MAY >GUE ! CASE Z FOLL[S1
3F9+-\RVS "!=E 6TRUE 3CLU.NS4 ,N EV5 ALL
^! >E 9F]R$ F ! SAME BASIC TRU?S2 _M (
!M 9 FACT H BASIC TRU?S : DI6] G5]IC,Y &
>E N TRANSF]A#2 UNITS1 = 9/.E1 : >E )\T
POSI;N1 _C TAKE ! PLACE ( PO9TS1 : H
POSI;N4 ,! TRANSF]R$ T]MS CD ONLY FIT 9
Z MI4LE T]MS OR Z MAJOR OR M9OR T]MS1 OR
ELSE H "S (! O!R T]MS 2T !M1 O!RS \TSIDE
!M4
  ,NOR C ANY (! -MON AXIOMS-S*1 ,I M1N1
Z ! LAW ( EXCLUD$ MI4LE-S]VE Z PREMISSES
=! PRO( ( ALL 3CLU.NS4 ,=! K9DS ( 2+ >E
DI6]5T1 & "S ATTRIBUTES ATTA* 6QUANTA &
"S 6QUALIA ONLY2 & PRO( IS A*IEV$ 0M1NS
(! -MON AXIOMS TAK5 9 3JUNC;N ) ^! S"EAL
K9DS & _! ATTRIBUTES4
  ,AG1 X IS N TRUE T ! BASIC TRU?S >E M*
FEW] ?AN ! 3CLU.NS1 =! BASIC TRU?S >E !
PREMISSES1 &! PREMISSES >E =M$ 0!
APPOSI;N (A FRE% EXTREME T]M OR !
9T]POSI;N (A FRE% MI4LE4 ,MOREOV]1 !
NUMB] ( 3CLU.NS IS 9DEF9ITE1 ?\< ! NUMB]
( MI4LE T]MS IS F9ITE2 & LA/LY "S (!
BASIC TRU?S >E NEC1 O!RS V>IA#4
  ,LOOK+ AT X 9 ? WAY WE SEE T1 S9CE !
NUMB] ( 3CLU.NS IS 9DEF9ITE1 ! BASIC
TRU?S _C 2 ID5TICAL OR LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]4
,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ID5T;Y IS US$ 9 ANO!R
S5SE1 & X IS SD1 E4G4 ,8^! & NO O!R >E !
FUNDA;TAL TRU?S ( GEOMETRY1 ^! !
FUNDA;TALS ( CALCUL,N1 ^! AG ( M$IC9E0'2
WD ! /ATE;T M1N ANY?+ EXCEPT T ! SCI;ES
H BASIC TRU?S8 ,6CALL !M ID5TICAL 2C !Y
>E SELF-ID5TICAL IS ABSURD1 S9CE "EY?+ C
2 ID5TIFI$ ) "EY?+ 9 T S5SE ( ID5T;Y4
,NOR AG C ! 3T5;N T ALL 3CLU.NS H ! SAME
BASIC TRU?S M1N T F ! MASS ( ALL POSSI#
PREMISSES ANY 3CLU.N MAY 2 DRAWN4 ,T WD
2 EXCE$+LY NAIVE1 = X IS N ! CASE 9 !
CLE>LY EVID5T MA!MATICAL SCI;ES1 NOR IS
X POSSI# 9 ANALYSIS1 S9CE X IS ! IMM
PREMISSES : >E ! BASIC TRU?S1 &A FRE%
3CLU.N IS ONLY =M$ 0! A4I;N (A NEW IMM
PREMISS3 B IF X 2 ADMITT$ T X IS ^!
PRIM>Y IMM PREMISSES : >E BASIC TRU?S1
EA* SUBJECT-G5US W PROVIDE "O BASIC
TRU?4 ,IF1 H["E1 X IS N >GU$ T F ! MASS
( ALL POSSI# PREMISSES ANY 3CLU.N MAY 2
PROV$1 NOR YET ADMITT$ T BASIC TRU?S
DI6] S Z 6BE G5]IC,Y DI6]5T = EA* SCI;E1
X REMA9S 63SID] ! POSSIBIL;Y T1 :ILE !
BASIC TRU?S ( ALL K >E )9 "O G5US1
SPECIAL PREMISSES >E REQUIR$ 6PROVE
SPECIAL 3CLU.NS4 ,B T ? _C 2 ! CASE HAS
BE5 %[N 0\R PRO( T ! BASIC TRU?S ( ?+S
G5]IC,Y DI6]5T !MVS DI6] G5]IC,Y4 ,=
FUNDA;TAL TRU?S >E ( TWO K9DS1 ^? : >E
PREMISSES ( DEMON/R,N &! SUBJECT-G5US2 &
?\< ! =M] >E -MON1 ! LATT]-NUMB]1 =
9/.E1 & MAGNITUDE->E PECULI>4
                  #CC
  ,SCI5TIFIC K & XS OBJECT DI6] F OP9ION
&! OBJECT ( OP9ION 9 T SCI5TIFIC K IS
-M5SURATELY UNIV]SAL & PROCE$S 0NEC
3NEXIONS1 & T : IS NEC _C 2 O!RWISE4 ,S
?\< "! >E ?+S : >E TRUE & R1L & YET C 2
O!RWISE1 SCI5TIFIC K CLE>LY DOES N 3C]N
!M3 IF X DID1 ?+S : C 2 O!RWISE WD 2
9CAPA# ( 2+ O!RWISE4 ,NOR >E !Y ANY 3C]N
( R,NAL 9TUI;N-BY R,NAL 9TUI;N ,I M1N AN
ORIG9ATIVE S\RCE ( SCI5TIFIC K-NOR (
9DEMON/RA# K1 : IS ! GRASP+ (! IMM
PREMISS4 ,S9CE !N R,NAL 9TUI;N1 SCI;E1 &
OP9ION1 & :AT IS REV1L$ 0^! T]MS1 >E !
ONLY ?+S T C 2 ,8TRUE0'1 X FOLL[S T X IS
OP9ION T IS 3C]N$ ) T : MAY 2 TRUE OR
FALSE1 & C 2 O!RWISE3 OP9ION 9 FACT IS !
GRASP (A PREMISS : IS IMM B N NEC4 ,?
VIEW AL FITS ! OBS]V$ FACTS1 = OP9ION IS
UN/A#1 & S IS ! K9D ( 2+ WE H DESCRIB$ Z
XS OBJECT4 ,2SS1 :5 A MAN ?9KS A TRU?
9CAPA# ( 2+ O!RWISE HE ALW ?9KS T HE "KS
X1 N"E T HE OP9ES X4 ,HE ?9KS T HE OP9ES
:5 HE ?9KS T A 3NEXION1 ?\< ACTU,Y S1
MAY Q EASILY 2 O!RWISE2 = HE 2LIEVES T
S* IS ! PROP] OBJECT ( OP9ION1 :ILE !
NEC IS ! OBJECT ( K4
  ,9 :AT S5SE1 !N1 C ! SAME ?+ 2 !
OBJECT ( BO? OP9ION & K8 ,& IF ANY "O
*OOSES 6MA9TA9 T ALL T HE "KS HE C AL
OP9E1 :Y %D N OP9ION 2 K8 ,= HE T "KS &
HE T OP9ES W FOLL[ ! SAME TRA9 ( ?"\ "?
! SAME MI4LE T]MS UNTIL ! IMM PREMISSES
>E R1*$2 2C X IS POSSI# 6OP9E N ONLY !
FACT B AL ! R1SON$ FACT1 &! R1SON IS !
MI4LE T]M2 S T1 S9CE ! =M] "KS1 HE T
OP9ES AL HAS K4
  ,! TRU? P]H IS T IF A MAN GRASP TRU?S
T _C 2 O!R ?AN !Y >E1 9 ! WAY 9 : HE
GRASPS ! DEF9I;NS "? : DEMON/R,NS TAKE
PLACE1 HE W H N OP9ION B K3 IF ON ! O!R
H& HE APPREH5DS ^! ATTRIBUTES Z 9H]+ 9
_! SUBJECTS1 B N 9 VIRTUE (! SUBJECTS'
SUB/.E & ESS5TIAL NATURE POSSESSES
OP9ION & N G5U9E K2 & 8 OP9ION1 IF
OBTA9$ "? IMM PREMISSES1 W 2 BO? (! FACT
&(! R1SON$ FACT2 IF N S OBTA9$1 (! FACT
AL"O4 ,! OBJECT ( OP9ION & K IS N Q
ID5TICAL2 X IS ONLY 9 A S5SE ID5TICAL1 J
Z ! OBJECT ( TRUE & FALSE OP9ION IS 9 A
S5SE ID5TICAL4 ,! S5SE 9 : "S MA9TA9 T
TRUE & FALSE OP9ION C H ! SAME OBJECT
L1DS !M 6EMBRACE _M /RANGE DOCTR9ES1
"PICUL>LY ! DOCTR9E T :AT A MAN OP9ES
FALSELY HE DOES N OP9E AT ALL4 ,"! >E
RE,Y _M S5SES ( ,8ID5TICAL0'1 & 9 "O
S5SE ! OBJECT ( TRUE & FALSE OP9ION C 2
! SAME1 9 ANO!R X _C4 ,?US1 6H A TRUE
OP9ION T ! DIAGONAL IS -M5SURATE )! SIDE
WD 2 ABSURD3 B 2C ! DIAGONAL ) : !Y >E
BO? 3C]N$ IS ! SAME1 ! TWO OP9IONS H
OBJECTS S F> ! SAME3 ON ! O!R H&1 Z
REG>DS _! ESS5TIAL DEF9A# NATURE ^!
OBJECTS DI6]4 ,! ID5T;Y (! OBJECTS ( K &
OP9ION IS SIMIL>4 ,K IS ! APPREH5.N (1
E4G4 ! ATTRIBUTE ,8ANIMAL0' Z 9CAPA# (
2+ O!RWISE1 OP9ION ! APPREH5.N (
,8ANIMAL0' Z CAPA# ( 2+ O!RWISE-E4G4 !
APPREH5.N T ANIMAL IS AN ELE;T 9 !
ESS5TIAL NATURE ( MAN IS K2 ! APPREH5.N
( ANIMAL Z PR$ICA# ( MAN B N Z AN ELE;T
9 MAN'S ESS5TIAL NATURE IS OP9ION3 MAN
IS ! SUBJECT 9 BO? JUDGE;TS1 B ! MODE (
9H];E DI6]S4
  ,? AL %[S T "O _C OP9E & "K ! SAME ?+
SIMULTANE\SLY2 = !N "O WD APPREH5D !
SAME ?+ Z BO? CAPA# & 9CAPA# ( 2+
O!RWISE-AN IMPOSSIBIL;Y4 ,K & OP9ION (!
SAME ?+ C CO-EXI/ 9 TWO DI6]5T P 9 !
S5SE WE H EXPLA9$1 B N SIMULTANE\SLY 9 !
SAME P]SON4 ,T WD 9VOLVE A MAN'S
SIMULTANE\SLY APPREH5D+1 E4G4 7#A7 T MAN
IS ESS5TI,Y ANIMAL-I4E4 _C 2 O!R ?AN
ANIMAL-& 7#B7 T MAN IS N ESS5TI,Y
ANIMAL1 T IS1 WE MAY ASSUME1 MAY 2 O!R
?AN ANIMAL4
  ,FUR!R 3SID],N ( MODES ( ?9K+ & _!
4TRIBU;N "U ! H1DS ( 4CURSIVE ?"\1
9TUI;N1 SCI;E1 >T1 PRACTICAL WISDOM1 &
METAPHYSICAL ?9K+1 2L;GS R "PLY 6NATURAL
SCI;E1 "PLY 6MORAL PHILOSOPHY4
                  #CD
  ,QK WIT IS A FACULTY ( HITT+ ^U !
MI4LE T]M 9/ANTANE\SLY4 ,X WD 2
EXEMPLIFI$ 0A MAN :O SAW T ! MOON HAS H]
B"R SIDE ALW TURN$ T[>DS ! SUN1 & QKLY
GRASP$ ! CAUSE ( ?1 "NLY T %E BORR[S H]
LI<T F HM2 OR OBS]V$ "SBODY 9 3V]S,N )A
MAN ( W1L? & DIV9$ T HE 0 BORR[+ M"OY1
OR T ! FR%IP ( ^! P SPRANG F A -MON
5M;Y4 ,9 ALL ^! 9/.ES HE HAS SE5 ! MAJOR
& M9OR T]MS & !N GRASP$ ! CAUSES1 !
MI4LE T]MS4
  ,LET ,A REPRES5T ,8B"R SIDE TURN$
SUNW>D0'1 ;,B ,8LI<T$ F ! SUN0'1 ;,C !
MOON4 ,!N ;,B1 ,8LI<T$ F ! SUN0' IS
PR$ICA# ( ;,C1 ! MOON1 & ;,A1 ,8HAV+ H]
B"R SIDE T[>DS ! S\RCE ( H] LI<T0'1 IS
PR$ICA# ( ,B4 ,S ,A IS PR$ICA# ( ;,C "?
,B4
               ,BOOK ,,II
                   #A
  ,,! K9DS ( "Q WE ASK >E Z _M Z ! K9DS
( ?+S : WE "K4 ,!Y >E 9 FACT F\R3-7#A7
:E!R ! 3NEXION ( AN ATTRIBUTE )A ?+ IS A
FACT1 7#B7 :AT IS ! R1SON (! 3NEXION1
7#C7 :E!R A ?+ EXI/S1 7#D7 ,:AT IS !
NATURE (! ?+4 ,?US1 :5 \R "Q 3C]NS A
-PLEX ( ?+ & ATTRIBUTE & WE ASK :E!R !
?+ IS ?US OR O!RWISE QUALIFI$-:E!R1 E4G4
! SUN SU6]S ECLIPSE OR N-!N WE >E ASK+ Z
6! FACT (A 3NEXION4 ,T \R 9QUIRY C1SES )
! 4COV]Y T ! SUN DOES SU6] ECLIPSE IS AN
9DIC,N ( ?2 & IF WE "K F ! />T T ! SUN
SU6]S ECLIPSE1 WE D N 9QUIRE :E!R X DOES
S OR N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 WE "K ! FACT WE
ASK ! R1SON2 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 WE "K T !
SUN IS 2+ ECLIPS$ & T AN E>?QUAKE IS 9
PROGRESS1 X IS ! R1SON ( ECLIPSE OR
E>?QUAKE 96: WE 9QUIRE4
  ,": A -PLEX IS 3C]N$1 !N1 ^? >E ! TWO
"QS WE ASK2 B = "S OBJECTS ( 9QUIRY WE H
A DI6]5T K9D ( "Q 6ASK1 S* Z :E!R "! IS
OR IS N A C5TAUR OR A ,GOD4 7,BY ,8IS OR
IS N0' ,I M1N ,8IS OR IS N1 )\T FUR!R
QUALIFIC,N0'2 Z OPPOS$ TO ,8IS OR IS N
,7E4G47' :ITE0'47 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 WE H
ASC]TA9$ ! ?+'S EXI/;E1 WE 9QUIRE Z 6XS
NATURE1 ASK+1 = 9/.E1 ,8:AT1 !N1 IS
,GOD80' OR ,8:AT IS MAN80'4
                   #B
  ,^!1 !N1 >E ! F\R K9DS ( "Q WE ASK1 &
X IS 9 ! ANSW]S 6^! "QS T \R K 3SI/S4
  ,N[ :5 WE ASK :E!R A 3NEXION IS A
FACT1 OR :E!R A ?+ )\T QUALIFIC,N IS1 WE
>E RE,Y ASK+ :E!R ! 3NEXION OR ! ?+ HAS
A ,8MI4LE0'2 & :5 WE H ASC]TA9$ EI T !
3NEXION IS A FACT OR T ! ?+ IS-I4E4
ASC]TA9$ EI ! "PIAL OR ! UNQUALIFI$ 2+ (
! ?+-& >E PROCE$+ 6ASK ! R1SON (!
3NEXION OR ! NATURE (! ?+1 !N WE >E ASK+
:AT ! ,8MI4LE0' IS4
  7,04T+UI%+ ! FACT (! 3NEXION &! EXI/;E
(! ?+ Z RESPECTIVELY ! "PIAL &!
UNQUALIFI$ 2+ (! ?+1 ,I M1N T IF WE ASK
,8DOES ! MOON SU6] ECLIPSE80'1 OR ,8DOES
! MOON WAX80'1 ! "Q 3C]NS A "P (! ?+'S
2+2 = :AT WE >E ASK+ 9 S* "QS IS :E!R A
?+ IS ? OR T1 I4E4 HAS OR HAS N ? OR T
ATTRIBUTE3 ":AS1 IF WE ASK :E!R ! MOON
OR NI<T EXI/S1 ! "Q 3C]NS ! UNQUALIFI$
2+ (A ?+47
  ,WE 3CLUDE T 9 ALL \R 9QUIRIES WE >E
ASK+ EI :E!R "! IS A ,8MI4LE0' OR :AT !
,8MI4LE0' IS3 =! ,8MI4LE0' "H IS
PRECISELY ! CAUSE1 & X IS ! CAUSE T WE
SEEK 9 ALL \R 9QUIRIES4 ,?US1 ,8,DOES !
MOON SU6] ECLIPSE80' M1NS ,8,IS "! OR IS
"! N A CAUSE PRODUC+ ECLIPSE (! MOON80'1
& :5 WE H LE>NT T "! IS1 \R NEXT "Q IS1
,8,:AT1 !N1 IS ? CAUSE8 =! CAUSE "? : A
?+ IS-N IS ? OR T1 I4E4 HAS ? OR T
ATTRIBUTE1 B )\T QUALIFIC,N IS-&! CAUSE
"? : X IS-N IS )\T QUALIFIC,N1 B IS ? OR
T Z HAV+ "S ESS5TIAL ATTRIBUTE OR "S
A3ID5T->E BO? ALIKE ! MI4LE0'4 ,0T : IS
)\T QUALIFIC,N ,I M1N ! SUBJECT1 E4G4
MOON OR E>? OR SUN OR TRIANGLE2 0T : A
SUBJECT IS 7IN ! "PIAL S5SE7 ,I M1N A
PROP]TY1 E4G4 ECLIPSE1 EQUAL;Y OR
9EQUAL;Y1 9T]POSI;N OR NON-9T]POSI;N4 ,=
9 ALL ^! EXAMPLES X IS CLE> T ! NATURE (
! ?+ &! R1SON (! FACT >E ID5TICAL3 ! "Q
,8,:AT IS ECLIPSE80' & XS ANSW] ,8,!
PRIV,N (! MOON'S LI<T 0! 9T]POSI;N (!
E>?0' >E ID5TICAL )! "Q ,8,:AT IS !
R1SON ( ECLIPSE80' OR ,8,:Y DOES ! MOON
SU6] ECLIPSE80' &! REPLY ,8,2C (!
FAILURE ( LI<T "? ! E>?'S %UTT+ X \0'4
,AG1 = ,8,:AT IS A 3CORD8 ,A -M5SURATE
NUM]ICAL RATIO (A HI< &A L[ NOTE0'1 WE
MAY SUB/ITUTE ,8,:AT RATIO MAKES A HI< &
A L[ NOTE 3CORDANT8 ,_! REL,N AC 6A
-M5SURATE NUM]ICAL RATIO40' ,8,>E ! HI<
&! L[ NOTE 3CORDANT80' IS EQUIVAL5T TO
,8,IS _! RATIO -M5SURATE80'2 & :5 WE F9D
T X IS -M5SURATE1 WE ASK ,8,:AT1 !N1 IS
_! RATIO80'4
  ,CASES 9 : ! ,8MI4LE0' IS S5SI# %[ T !
OBJECT ( \R 9QUIRY IS ALW ! ,8MI4LE0'3
WE 9QUIRE1 2C WE H N P]CVD X1 :E!R "! IS
OR IS N A ,8MI4LE0' CAUS+1 E4G4 AN
ECLIPSE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF WE 7 ON ! MOON
WE %D N 2 9QUIR+ EI Z 6! FACT OR !
R1SON1 B BO? FACT & R1SON WD 2 OBVI\S
SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,=! ACT ( P]CEP;N WD H
5A#D U 6"K ! UNIV]SAL TOO2 S9CE1 !
PRES5T FACT ( AN ECLIPSE 2+ EVID5T1
P]CEP;N WD !N AT ! SAME "T GIVE U !
PRES5T FACT (! E>?'S SCRE5+ ! SUN'S
LI<T1 & F ? WD >ISE ! UNIV]SAL4
  ,?US1 Z WE MA9TA91 6"K A ?+'S NATURE
IS 6"K ! R1SON :Y X IS2 & ? IS EQU,Y
TRUE ( ?+S 9 S F> Z !Y >E SD )\T
QUALIFIC,N 6HE Z OPPOS$ 62+ POSSESS$ (
"S ATTRIBUTE1 & 9 S F> Z !Y >E SD 6BE
POSSESS$ ( "S ATTRIBUTE S* Z EQUAL 6"R
ANGLES1 OR GRT] OR LESS4
                   #C
  ,X IS CLE>1 !N1 T ALL "QS >E A SE>* =A
,8MI4LE0'4 ,LET U N[ /ATE H[ ESS5TIAL
NATURE IS REV1L$ & 9 :AT WAY X C 2
REDUC$ 6DEMON/R,N2 :AT DEF9I;N IS1 & :AT
?+S >E DEF9A#4 ,& LET U F/ 4CUSS C]TA9
DI6ICULTIES : ^! "QS RAISE1 2G9N+ :AT WE
H 6SAY )A PO9T MO/ 9TIMATELY 3NECT$ ) \R
IMMLY PREC$+ REM>KS1 "NLY ! D\BT T MI<T
2 FELT Z 6:E!R OR N X IS POSSI# 6"K !
SAME ?+ 9 ! SAME REL,N1 BO? 0DEF9I;N &
0DEMON/R,N4 ,X MI<T1 ,I M1N1 2 URG$ T
DEF9I;N IS HELD 63C]N ESS5TIAL NATURE &
IS 9 E CASE UNIV]SAL & A6IRMATIVE2 ":AS1
ON ! O!R H&1 "S 3CLU.NS >E NEGATIVE & "S
>E N UNIV]SAL2 E4G4 ALL 9 ! SECOND
FIGURE >E NEGATIVE1 N"O 9 ! ?IRD >E
UNIV]SAL4 ,& AG1 N EV5 ALL A6IRMATIVE
3CLU.NS 9 ! F/ FIGURE >E DEF9A#1 E4G4
,8E TRIANGLE HAS XS ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES0'4 ,AN >GU;T PROV+ ? DI6];E 2T
DEMON/R,N & DEF9I;N IS T 6H SCI5TIFIC K
(! DEMON/RA# IS ID5TICAL ) POSSESS+ A
DEMON/R,N ( X3 H;E IF DEMON/R,N ( S*
3CLU.NS Z ^! IS POSSI#1 "! CLE>LY _C AL
2 DEF9I;N ( !M4 ,IF "! CD1 "O MI<T "K S*
A 3CLU.N AL 9 VIRTUE ( XS DEF9I;N )\T
POSSESS+ ! DEMON/R,N ( X2 = "! IS NO?+
6/OP \R HAV+ ! "O )\T ! O!R4
  ,9DUC;N TOO W SU6ICI5TLY 3V9CE U ( ?
DI6];E2 = N"E YET 0DEF9+ ANY?+-ESS5TIAL
ATTRIBUTE OR A3ID5T-DID WE GET K ( X4
,AG1 IF 6DEF9E IS 6ACQUIRE K (A SUB/.E1
AT ANY RATE S* ATTRIBUTES >E N SUB/.ES4
  ,X IS EVID5T1 !N1 T N "EY?+ DEMON/RA#
C 2 DEF9$4 ,:AT !N8 ,C "EY?+ DEF9A# 2
DEMON/RAT$1 OR N8 ,"! IS "O ( \R PREVI\S
>GU;TS : COV]S ? TOO4 ,(A S+LE ?+ QUA
S+LE "! IS A S+LE SCI5TIFIC K4 ,H;E1
S9CE 6"K ! DEMON/RA# SCI5TIFIC,Y IS
6POSSESS ! DEMON/R,N ( X1 AN IMPOSSI#
3SEQU;E W FOLL[3-POSSES.N ( XS DEF9I;N
)\T XS DEMON/R,N W GIVE K (! DEMON/RA#4
  ,MOREOV]1 ! BASIC PREMISSES (
DEMON/R,NS >E DEF9I;NS1 & X HAS ALR BE5
%[N T ^! W 2 F.D 9DEMON/RA#2 EI ! BASIC
PREMISSES W 2 DEMON/RA# & W DEP5D ON
PRIOR PREMISSES1 &! REGRESS W 2 5D.S2 OR
! PRIM>Y TRU?S W 2 9DEMON/RA# DEF9I;NS4
  ,B IF ! DEF9A# &! DEMON/RA# >E N :OLLY
! SAME1 MAY !Y YET 2 "PI,Y ! SAME8 ,OR
IS T IMPOSSI#1 2C "! C 2 NO DEMON/R,N (!
DEF9A#8 ,"! C 2 N"O1 2C DEF9I;N IS (!
ESS5TIAL NATURE OR 2+ ( "S?+1 & ALL
DEMON/R,NS EVID5TLY POSIT & ASSUME !
ESS5TIAL NATURE-MA!MATICAL DEMON/R,NS1 =
EXAMPLE1 ! NATURE ( UN;Y &! ODD1 & ALL !
O!R SCI;ES LIKEWISE4 ,MOREOV]1 E
DEMON/R,N PROVES A PR$ICATE (A SUBJECT Z
ATTA*+ OR Z N ATTA*+ 6X1 B 9 DEF9I;N "O
?+ IS N PR$ICAT$ ( ANO!R2 WE D N1 E4G4
PR$ICATE ANIMAL ( BIP$ NOR BIP$ (
ANIMAL1 NOR YET FIGURE ( PLANE-PLANE N
2+ FIGURE NOR FIGURE PLANE4 ,AG1 6PROVE
ESS5TIAL NATURE IS N ! SAME Z 6PROVE !
FACT (A 3NEXION4 ,N[ DEF9I;N REV1LS
ESS5TIAL NATURE1 DEMON/R,N REV1LS T A
GIV5 ATTRIBUTE ATTA*ES OR DOES N ATTA*
6A GIV5 SUBJECT2 B DI6]5T ?+S REQUIRE
DI6]5T DEMON/R,NS-UN.S ! "O DEMON/R,N IS
RELAT$ 6! O!R Z "P 6:OLE4 ,I ADD ? 2C IF
ALL TRIANGLES H BE5 PROV$ 6POSSESS
ANGLES EQUAL 6TWO "R ANGLES1 !N ?
ATTRIBUTE HAS BE5 PROV$ 6ATTA*
6ISOSCELES2 = ISOSCELES IS A "P ( : ALL
TRIANGLES 3/ITUTE ! :OLE4 ,B 9 ! CASE 2F
U ! FACT &! ESS5TIAL NATURE >E N S
RELAT$ 6"O ANO!R1 S9CE ! "O IS N A "P (!
O!R4
  ,S X EM]GES T N ALL ! DEF9A# IS
DEMON/RA# NOR ALL ! DEMON/RA# DEF9A#2 &
WE MAY DRAW ! G5]AL 3CLU.N T "! IS NO
ID5TICAL OBJECT ( : X IS POSSI# 6POSSESS
BO? A DEF9I;N &A DEMON/R,N4 ,X FOLL[S
OBVI\SLY T DEF9I;N & DEMON/R,N >E NEI
ID5TICAL NOR 3TA9$ EI )9 ! O!R3 IF !Y
W]E1 _! OBJECTS WD 2 RELAT$ EI Z
ID5TICAL OR Z :OLE & "P4
                   #D
  ,S M*1 !N1 =! F/ /AGE ( \R PRO#M4 ,!
NEXT /EP IS 6RAISE ! "Q :E!R SYLLOGISM-
I4E4 DEMON/R,N-(! DEF9A# NATURE IS
POSSI# OR1 Z \R REC5T >GU;T ASSUM$1
IMPOSSI#4
  ,WE MI<T >GUE X IMPOSSI# ON ! FOLL[+
GR.DS3-7A7 SYLLOGISM PROVES AN ATTRIBUTE
(A SUBJECT "? ! MI4LE T]M2 ON ! O!R H&
7B7 XS DEF9A# NATURE IS BO? ,8PECULI>0'
6A SUBJECT & PR$ICAT$ ( X Z 2L;G+ 6XS
ESS;E4 ,B 9 T CASE 7#A7 ! SUBJECT1 XS
DEF9I;N1 &! MI4LE T]M 3NECT+ !M M/ 2
RECIPROC,Y PR$ICA# ( "O ANO!R2 = IF ,A
IS TO ;,C1 OBVI\SLY ,A IS ,8PECULI>0' TO
;,B & ;,B TO ;,C-IN FACT ALL ?REE T]MS
>E ,8PECULI>0' 6"O ANO!R3 & FUR!R 7#B7
IF ,A 9"HS 9 ! ESS;E ( ALL ;,B & ;,B IS
PR$ICAT$ UNIV]S,Y ( ALL ;,C Z 2L;G+ TO
;,C'S ESS;E1 ,A AL M/ 2 PR$ICAT$ ( ;,C Z
2L;G+ 6XS ESS;E4
  ,IF "O DOES N TAKE ? REL,N Z ?US
DUPLICAT$-IF1 T IS1 ,A IS PR$ICAT$ Z 2+
(! ESS;E ( ;,B1 B ;,B IS N (! ESS;E (!
SUBJECTS ( : X IS PR$ICAT$-,A W N
NECESS>ILY 2 PR$ICAT$ ( ;,C Z 2L;G+ 6XS
ESS;E4 ,S BO? PREMISSES W PR$ICATE
ESS;E1 & 3SEQU5TLY ;,B AL W 2 PR$ICAT$ (
;,C Z XS ESS;E4 ,S9CE1 "!=E1 BO?
PREMISSES D PR$ICATE ESS;E-I4E4 DEF9A#
=M-;,C'S DEF9A# =M W APPE> 9 ! MI4LE T]M
2F ! 3CLU.N IS DRAWN4
  ,WE MAY G5]ALIZE 0SUPPOS+ T X IS
POSSI# 6PROVE ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( MAN4
,LET ;,C 2 MAN1 ,A MAN'S ESS5TIAL NATURE
--TWO-FOOT$ ANIMAL1 OR AU<T ELSE X MAY
BE4 ,!N1 IF WE >E 6SYLLOGIZE1 ,A M/ 2
PR$ICAT$ ( ALL ,B4 ,B ? PREMISS W 2
M$IAT$ 0A FRE% DEF9I;N1 : 3SEQU5TLY W AL
2 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( MAN4 ,"!=E ! >GU;T
ASSUMES :AT X HAS 6PROVE1 S9CE ;,B TOO
IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( MAN4 ,X IS1 H["E1
! CASE 9 : "! >E ONLY ! TWO PREMISSES-
I4E4 9 : ! PREMISSES >E PRIM>Y & IMM-:
WE "\ 69VE/IGATE1 2C X BE/ ILLU/RATES !
PO9T "U 4CUS.N4
  ,?US !Y :O PROVE ! ESS5TIAL NATURE (
S\L OR MAN OR ANY?+ ELSE "? RECIPROCAT+
T]MS BEG ! "Q4 ,X WD 2 BE7+ ! "Q1 =
EXAMPLE1 63T5D T ! S\L IS T : CAUSES XS
[N LIFE1 & T :AT CAUSES XS [N LIFE IS A
SELF-MOV+ NUMB]2 = "O WD H 6PO/ULATE T !
S\L IS A SELF-MOV+ NUMB] 9 ! S5SE ( 2+
ID5TICAL ) X4 ,= IF ,A IS PR$ICA# Z A
M]E 3SEQU5T ( ;,B & ;,B ( ;,C1 ,A W N ON
T A3.T 2 ! DEF9A# =M ( ;,C3 ,A W M]ELY 2
:AT X 0 TRUE 6SAY ( ,C4 ,EV5 IF ,A IS
PR$ICAT$ ( ALL ;,B 9ASM* Z ;,B IS
ID5TICAL )A SPECIES ( ;,A1 / X W N
FOLL[3 2+ AN ANIMAL IS PR$ICAT$ ( 2+ A
MAN-S9CE X IS TRUE T 9 ALL 9/.ES 6BE
HUMAN IS 6BE ANIMAL1 J Z X IS AL TRUE T
E MAN IS AN ANIMAL-B N Z ID5TICAL ) 2+
MAN4
  ,WE 3CLUDE1 !N1 T UN.S "O TAKES BO? !
PREMISSES Z PR$ICAT+ ESS;E1 "O _C 9F] T
,A IS ! DEF9A# =M & ESS;E ( ;,C3 B IF "O
DOES S TAKE !M1 9 ASSUM+ ;,B "O W H
ASSUM$1 2F DRAW+ ! 3CLU.N1 :AT ! DEF9A#
=M ( ;,C IS2 S T "! HAS BE5 NO 9F];E1 =
"O HAS BE7$ ! "Q4
                   #E
  ,NOR1 Z 0 SD 9 MY =MAL LOGIC1 IS !
ME?OD ( DIVI.N A PROCESS ( 9F];E AT ALL1
S9CE AT NO PO9T DOES ! "*IZ,N (! SUBJECT
FOLL[ NECESS>ILY F ! PREMIS+ ( C]TA9 O!R
FACTS3 DIVI.N DEMON/RATES Z LL Z DOES
9DUC;N4 ,= 9 A G5U9E DEMON/R,N ! 3CLU.N
M/ N 2 PUT Z A "Q NOR DEP5D ON A 3CES.N1
B M/ FOLL[ NECESS>ILY F XS PREMISSES1
EV5 IF ! RESPOND5T D5Y X4 ,! DEF9] ASKS
,8,IS MAN ANIMAL OR 9ANIMATE80' & !N
ASSUMES-HE HAS N 9F]R$-T MAN IS ANIMAL4
,NEXT1 :5 PRES5T$ ) AN EXHAU/IVE DIVI.N
( ANIMAL 96T]RE/RIAL & AQUATIC1 HE
ASSUMES T MAN IS T]RE/RIAL4 ,MOREOV]1 T
MAN IS ! -PLETE =MULA1 T]RE/RIAL-ANIMAL1
DOES N FOLL[ NECESS>ILY F ! PREMISSES3 ?
TOO IS AN ASSUMP;N1 & EQU,Y AN ASSUMP;N
:E!R ! DIVI.N -PRISES _M DI6]5TIAE OR
FEW4 7,9DE$ Z ? ME?OD ( DIVI.N IS US$
0^? :O PROCE$ 0X1 EV5 TRU?S T C 2 9F]R$
ACTU,Y FAIL 6APPE> Z S*47 ,= :Y %D N !
:OLE ( ? =MULA 2 TRUE ( MAN1 & YET N
EXHIBIT 8 ESS5TIAL NATURE OR DEF9A# =M8
,AG1 :AT GU>ANTEE IS "! AG/ AN
UNESS5TIAL A4I;N1 OR AG/ ! OMIS.N (!
F9AL OR ( AN 9T]M$IATE DET]M9ANT (!
SUB/ANTIAL 2+8
  ,! *AMPION ( DIVI.N MI<T "H URGE T ?\<
^! LAPSES D O3UR1 YET WE C SOLVE T
DI6ICULTY IF ALL ! ATTRIBUTES WE ASSUME
>E 3/ITU5TS (! DEF9A# =M1 & IF1 PO/ULAT+
! G5US1 WE PRODUCE 0DIVI.N ! REQUISITE
UN9T]RUPT$ SEQU;E ( T]MS1 & OMIT NO?+2 &
T 9DE$ WE _C FAIL 6FULFIL ^! 3DI;NS IF
:AT IS 6BE DIVID$ FALLS :OLE 96! DIVI.N
AT EA* /AGE1 & N"O ( X IS OMITT$2 & T ?-
! DIVID5DUM-M/ )\T FUR!R "Q 2
7ULTIMATELY7 9CAPA# ( FRE% SPECIFIC
DIVI.N4 ,N"E!.S1 WE REPLY1 DIVI.N DOES N
9VOLVE 9F];E2 IF X GIVES K1 X GIVES X 9
ANO!R WAY4 ,NOR IS "! ANY ABSURD;Y 9 ?3
9DUC;N1 P]H1 IS N DEMON/R,N ANY M ?AN IS
DIVI.N1 ET X DOES MAKE EVID5T "S TRU?4
,YET 6/ATE A DEF9I;N R1*$ 0DIVI.N IS N
6/ATE A 3CLU.N3 Z1 :5 3CLU.NS >E DRAWN
)\T _! APPROPRIATE MI4LES1 ! ALLEG$
NECESS;Y 0: ! 9F];E FOLL[S F ! PREMISSES
IS OP5 6A "Q Z 6! R1SON = X1 S DEF9I;NS
R1*$ 0DIVI.N 9VITE ! SAME "Q4
  ,?US 6! "Q ,8,:AT IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE
( MAN80' ! DIVID] REPLIES ,8,ANIMAL1
MORTAL1 FOOT$1 BIP$1 W+.S0'2 & :5 AT EA*
/EP HE IS ASK$ ,8,:Y80'1 HE W SAY1 &1 Z
HE ?9KS1 PROVES 0DIVI.N1 T ALL ANIMAL IS
MORTAL OR IMMORTAL3 B S* A =MULA TAK5 9
XS 5TIRETY IS N DEF9I;N2 S T EV5 IF
DIVI.N DOES DEMON/RATE XS =MULA1 DEF9I;N
AT ANY RATE DOES N TURN \ 6BE A 3CLU.N (
9F];E4
                   #F
  ,C WE N"E!.S ACTU,Y DEMON/RATE :AT A
?+ ESS5TI,Y & SUB/ANTI,Y IS1 B
HYPO!TIC,Y1 I4E4 0PREMIS+ 7#A7 T XS
DEF9A# =M IS 3/ITUT$ 0! ,8PECULI>0'
ATTRIBUTES ( XS ESS5TIAL NATURE2 7#B7 T
S* & S* >E ! ONLY ATTRIBUTES ( XS
ESS5TIAL NATURE1 & T ! -PLETE SYN!SIS (
!M IS PECULI> 6! ?+2 & ?US-S9CE 9 ?
SYN!SIS 3SI/S ! 2+ (! ?+-OBTA9+ \R
3CLU.N8 ,OR IS ! TRU? T1 S9CE PRO( M/ 2
"? ! MI4LE T]M1 ! DEF9A# =M IS ONCE M
ASSUM$ 9 ? M9OR PREMISS TOO8
  ,FUR!R1 J Z 9 SYLLOGIZ+ WE D N PREMISE
:AT SYLLOGI/IC 9F];E IS 7S9CE !
PREMISSES F : WE 3CLUDE M/ 2 RELAT$ Z
:OLE & "P71 S ! DEF9A# =M M/ N FALL )9 !
SYLLOGISM B REMA9 \TSIDE ! PREMISSES
POSIT$4 ,X IS ONLY AG/ A D\BT Z 6XS HAV+
BE5 A SYLLOGI/IC 9F];E AT ALL T WE H
6DEF5D \R >GU;T Z 3=M+ 6! DEF9I;N (
SYLLOGISM4 ,X IS ONLY :5 "S "O D\BTS
:E!R ! 3CLU.N PROV$ IS ! DEF9A# =M T WE
H 6DEF5D X Z 3=M+ 6! DEF9I;N ( DEF9A# =M
: WE ASSUM$4 ,H;E SYLLOGI/IC 9F];E M/ 2
POSSI# EV5 )\T ! EXPRESS /ATE;T ( :AT
SYLLOGISM IS OR :AT DEF9A# =M IS4
  ,! FOLL[+ TYPE ( HYPO!TICAL PRO( AL
BEGS ! "Q4 ,IF EVIL IS DEF9A# Z !
DIVISI#1 &! DEF9I;N (A ?+'S 3TR>Y-IF X
HAS "O ! 3TR>Y (! ?+'S DEF9I;N2 !N1 IF
GD IS ! 3TR>Y ( EVIL &! 9DIVISI# (!
DIVISI#1 WE 3CLUDE T 6BE GD IS ESS5TI,Y
6BE 9DIVISI#4 ,! "Q IS BE7$ 2C DEF9A# =M
IS ASSUM$ Z A PREMISS1 & Z A PREMISS :
IS 6PROVE DEF9A# =M4 ,8,B N ! SAME
DEF9A# =M0'1 Y MAY OBJECT4 ,T ,I ADMIT1
= 9 DEMON/R,NS AL WE PREMISE T ,8?0' IS
PR$ICA# ( ,8T0'2 B 9 ? PREMISS ! T]M WE
ASS]T (! M9OR IS NEI ! MAJOR XF NOR A
T]M ID5TICAL 9 DEF9I;N1 OR 3V]TI#1 )!
MAJOR4
  ,AG1 BO? PRO( 0DIVI.N &! SYLLOGISM J
DESCRIB$ >E OP5 6! "Q :Y MAN %D 2
ANIMAL-BIP$-T]RE/RIAL & N M]ELY ANIMAL &
T]RE/RIAL1 S9CE :AT !Y PREMISE DOES N
5SURE T ! PR$ICATES % 3/ITUTE A G5U9E
UN;Y & N M]ELY 2L;G 6A S+LE SUBJECT Z D
MUSICAL & GRAMMATICAL :5 PR$ICAT$ (!
SAME MAN4
                   #G
  ,H[ !N 0DEF9I;N % WE PROVE SUB/.E OR
ESS5TIAL NATURE8 ,WE _C %[ X Z A FRE%
FACT NECESS>ILY FOLL[+ F ! ASSUMP;N (
PREMISSES ADMITT$ 6BE FACTS-! ME?OD (
DEMON/R,N3 WE MAY N PROCE$ Z 09DUC;N
6E/ABLI% A UNIV]SAL ON ! EVID;E ( GR\PS
( "PICUL>S : (F] NO EXCEP;N1 2C 9DUC;N
PROVES N :AT ! ESS5TIAL NATURE (A ?+ IS
B T X HAS OR HAS N "S ATTRIBUTE4 ,"!=E1
S9CE PRESUMABLY "O _C PROVE ESS5TIAL
NATURE 0AN APP1L 6S5SE P]CEP;N OR 0PO9T+
)! F+]1 :AT O!R ME?OD REMA9S8
  ,6PUT X ANO!R WAY3 H[ % WE 0DEF9I;N
PROVE ESS5TIAL NATURE8 ,HE :O "KS :AT
HUMAN-OR ANY O!R-NATURE IS1 M/ "K AL T
MAN EXI/S2 = NO "O "KS ! NATURE ( :AT
DOES N EXI/-"O C "K ! M1N+ (! PHRASE OR
"N ,8GOAT-/AG0' B N :AT ! ESS5TIAL
NATURE (A GOAT-/AG IS4 ,B FUR!R1 IF
DEF9I;N C PROVE :AT IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE
(A ?+1 C X AL PROVE T X EXI/S8 ,& H[ W X
PROVE !M BO? 0! SAME PROCESS1 S9CE
DEF9I;N EXHIBITS "O S+LE ?+ & DEMON/R,N
ANO!R S+LE ?+1 & :AT HUMAN NATURE IS &!
FACT T MAN EXI/S >E N ! SAME ?+8 ,!N TOO
WE HOLD T X IS 0DEMON/R,N T ! 2+ ( "EY?+
M/ 2 PROV$-UN.S 9DE$ 6BE 7 XS ESS;E2 &1
S9CE 2+ IS N A G5US1 X IS N ! ESS;E (
ANY?+4 ,H;E ! 2+ ( ANY?+ Z FACT IS MATT]
= DEMON/R,N2 & ? IS ! ACTUAL PROC$URE (!
SCI;ES1 =! GEOMET] ASSUMES ! M1N+ (! ^W
TRIANGLE1 B T X IS POSSESS$ ( "S
ATTRIBUTE HE PROVES4 ,:AT IS X1 !N1 T WE
% PROVE 9 DEF9+ ESS5TIAL NATURE8
,TRIANGLE8 ,9 T CASE A MAN W "K 0DEF9I;N
:AT A ?+'S NATURE IS )\T "K+ :E!R X
EXI/S4 ,B T IS IMPOSSI#4
  ,MOREOV] X IS CLE>1 IF WE 3SID] !
ME?ODS ( DEF9+ ACTU,Y 9 USE1 T DEF9I;N
DOES N PROVE T ! ?+ DEF9$ EXI/S3 S9CE
EV5 IF "! DOES ACTU,Y EXI/ "S?+ : IS
EQUIDISTANT F A C5TRE1 YET :Y %D ! ?+
"ND 9 ! DEF9I;N EXI/8 ,:Y1 9 O!R ^WS1 %D
? 2 ! =MULA DEF9+ CIRCLE8 ,"O MI<T EQU,Y
WELL CALL X ! DEF9I;N ( M.TA9 COPP]4 ,=
DEF9I;NS D N C>RY A FUR!R GU>ANTEE T !
?+ DEF9$ C EXI/ OR T X IS :AT !Y CLAIM
6DEF9E3 "O C ALW ASK :Y4
  ,S9CE1 "!=E1 6DEF9E IS 6PROVE EI A
?+'S ESS5TIAL NATURE OR ! M1N+ ( XS "N1
WE MAY 3CLUDE T DEF9I;N1 IF X 9 NO S5SE
PROVES ESS5TIAL NATURE1 IS A SET ( ^WS
SIGNIFY+ PRECISELY :AT A "N SIGNIFIES4
,B T 7 A /RANGE 3SEQU;E2 = 7#A7 BO? :AT
IS N SUB/.E & :AT DOES N EXI/ AT ALL WD
2 DEF9A#1 S9CE EV5 NON-EXI/5TS C 2
SIGNIFI$ 0A "N3 7#B7 ALL SETS ( ^WS OR
S5T;ES WD 2 DEF9I;NS1 S9CE ANY K9D (
S5T;E CD 2 GIV5 A "N2 S T WE %D ALL 2
TALK+ 9 DEF9I;NS1 & EV5 ! ,ILIAD WD 2 A
DEF9I;N3 7#C7 NO DEMON/R,N C PROVE T ANY
"PICUL> "N M1NS ANY "PICUL> ?+3 NEI1
"!=E1 D DEF9I;NS1 9 A4I;N 6REV1L+ ! M1N+
(A "N1 AL REV1L T ! "N HAS ? M1N+4 ,X
APPE>S !N F ^! 3SID],NS T NEI DEF9I;N &
SYLLOGISM NOR _! OBJECTS >E ID5TICAL1 &
FUR!R T DEF9I;N NEI DEMON/RATES NOR
PROVES ANY?+1 & T K ( ESS5TIAL NATURE IS
N 6BE OBTA9$ EI 0DEF9I;N OR 0DEMON/R,N4
                   #H
  ,WE M/ N[ />T AFRE% & 3SID] : ( ^!
3CLU.NS >E S.D & : >E N1 & :AT IS !
NATURE ( DEF9I;N1 & :E!R ESS5TIAL NATURE
IS 9 ANY S5SE DEMON/RA# & DEF9A# OR 9
N"O4
  ,N[ 6"K XS ESS5TIAL NATURE IS1 Z WE
SD1 ! SAME Z 6"K ! CAUSE (A ?+'S EXI/;E1
&! PRO( ( ? DEP5DS ON ! FACT T A ?+ M/ H
A CAUSE4 ,MOREOV]1 ? CAUSE IS EI
ID5TICAL )! ESS5TIAL NATURE (! ?+ OR
4T9CT F X2 & IF XS CAUSE IS 4T9CT F X1 !
ESS5TIAL NATURE (! ?+ IS EI DEMON/RA# OR
9DEMON/RA#4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 IF ! CAUSE IS
4T9CT F ! ?+'S ESS5TIAL NATURE &
DEMON/R,N IS POSSI#1 ! CAUSE M/ 2 !
MI4LE T]M1 &1 ! 3CLU.N PROV$ 2+ UNIV]SAL
& A6IRMATIVE1 ! PRO( IS 9 ! F/ FIGURE4
,S ! ME?OD J EXAM9$ ( PROV+ X "? ANO!R
ESS5TIAL NATURE WD 2 "O WAY ( PROV+
ESS5TIAL NATURE1 2C A 3CLU.N 3TA9+
ESS5TIAL NATURE M/ 2 9F]R$ "? A MI4LE :
IS AN ESS5TIAL NATURE J Z A ,8PECULI>0'
PROP]TY M/ 2 9F]R$ "? A MI4LE : IS A
,8PECULI>0' PROP]TY2 S T (! TWO DEF9A#
NATURES (A S+LE ?+ ? ME?OD W PROVE "O &
N ! O!R4
  ,N[ X 0 SD 2F T ? ME?OD CD N AM.T
6DEMON/R,N ( ESS5TIAL NATURE-X IS ACTU,Y
A DIALECTICAL PRO( ( X-S LET U 2G9 AG &
EXPLA9 0:AT ME?OD X C 2 DEMON/RAT$4 ,:5
WE >E AW>E (A FACT WE SEEK XS R1SON1 &
?\< "S"TS ! FACT &! R1SON DAWN ON U
SIMULTANE\SLY1 YET WE _C APPREH5D !
R1SON A MO;T SOON] ?AN ! FACT2 & CLE>LY
9 J ! SAME WAY WE _C APPREH5D A ?+'S
DEF9A# =M )\T APPREH5D+ T X EXI/S1 S9CE
:ILE WE >E IGNORANT :E!R X EXI/S WE _C
"K XS ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,MOREOV] WE >E
AW>E :E!R A ?+ EXI/S OR N "S"TS "?
APPREH5D+ AN ELE;T 9 XS "*1 & "S"TS
A3ID5T,Y1 Z1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 WE >E AW>E (
?"U Z A NOISE 9 ! CL\DS1 ( ECLIPSE Z A
PRIV,N ( LI<T1 OR ( MAN Z "S SPECIES (
ANIMAL1 OR (! S\L Z A SELF-MOV+ ?+4 ,Z
(T5 Z WE H A3ID5TAL K T ! ?+ EXI/S1 WE
M/ 2 9 A :OLLY NEGATIVE /ATE Z REG>DS
AW>E;S ( XS ESS5TIAL NATURE2 = WE H N
GOT G5U9E K EV5 ( XS EXI/;E1 & 6SE>* =A
?+'S ESS5TIAL NATURE :5 WE >E UNAW>E T X
EXI/S IS 6SE>* = NO?+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1
:5"E WE APPREH5D AN ELE;T 9 ! ?+'S "* "!
IS LESS DI6ICULTY4 ,?US X FOLL[S T !
DEGREE ( \R K (A ?+'S ESS5TIAL NATURE IS
DET]M9$ 0! S5SE 9 : WE >E AW>E T X
EXI/S4 ,LET U !N TAKE ! FOLL[+ Z \R F/
9/.E ( 2+ AW>E ( AN ELE;T 9 ! ESS5TIAL
NATURE4 ,LET ,A 2 ECLIPSE1 ;,C ! MOON1
;,B ! E>?'S ACT+ Z A SCRE54 ,N[ 6ASK
:E!R ! MOON IS ECLIPS$ OR N IS 6ASK :E!R
OR N ;,B HAS O3URR$4 ,B T IS PRECISELY !
SAME Z ASK+ :E!R ,A HAS A DEF9+ 3DI;N2 &
IF ? 3DI;N ACTU,Y EXI/S1 WE ASS]T T ,A
AL ACTU,Y EXI/S4 ,OR AG WE MAY ASK :
SIDE (A 3TRADIC;N ! DEF9+ 3DI;N
NECESSITATES3 DOES X MAKE ! ANGLES (A
TRIANGLE EQUAL OR N EQUAL 6TWO "R
ANGLES8 ,:5 WE H F.D ! ANSW]1 IF !
PREMISSES >E IMM1 WE "K FACT & R1SON
TGR2 IF !Y >E N IMM1 WE "K ! FACT )\T !
R1SON1 Z 9 ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE3 LET ;,C 2 !
MOON1 ,A ECLIPSE1 ;,B ! FACT T ! MOON
FAILS 6PRODUCE %AD[S ?\< %E IS FULL &
?\< NO VISI# BODY 9T]V5ES 2T U & H]4 ,!N
IF ;,B1 FAILURE 6PRODUCE %AD[S 9 SPITE (
! ABS;E ( AN 9T]V5+ BODY1 IS ATTRIBUTA#
,A TO ;,C1 & ECLIPSE1 IS ATTRIBUTA# TO
;,B1 X IS CLE> T ! MOON IS ECLIPS$1 B !
R1SON :Y IS N YET CLE>1 & WE "K T
ECLIPSE EXI/S1 B WE D N "K :AT XS
ESS5TIAL NATURE IS4 ,B :5 X IS CLE> T ,A
IS ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,C & WE PROCE$ 6ASK !
R1SON ( ? FACT1 WE >E 9QUIR+ :AT IS !
NATURE ( ;,B3 IS X ! E>?'S ACT+ Z A
SCRE51 OR ! MOON'S ROT,N OR H] EXT9C;N8
,B ;,B IS ! DEF9I;N (! O!R T]M1 VIZ4 9
^! EXAMPLES1 (! MAJOR T]M ,A2 = ECLIPSE
IS 3/ITUT$ 0! E>? ACT+ Z A SCRE54 ,?US1
7#A7 ,8,:AT IS ?"U80' ,8,! QU5*+ ( FIRE
9 CL\D0'1 & 7#B7 ,8,:Y DOES X ?"U80'
,8,2C FIRE IS QU5*$ 9 ! CL\D0'1 >E
EQUIVAL5T4 ,LET ;,C 2 CL\D1 ,A ?"U1 ;,B
! QU5*+ ( FIRE4 ,!N ;,B IS ATTRIBUTA# TO
;,C1 CL\D1 S9CE FIRE IS QU5*$ 9 X2 &
;,A1 NOISE1 IS ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,B2 & ;,B
IS ASSUR$LY ! DEF9I;N (! MAJOR T]M ,A4
,IF "! 2 A FUR!R M$IAT+ CAUSE ( ;,B1 X W
2 "O (! REMA9+ "PIAL DEF9I;NS ( ,A4
  ,WE H /AT$ !N H[ ESS5TIAL NATURE IS
4COV]$ & 2COMES "KN1 & WE SEE T1 :ILE "!
IS NO SYLLOGISM-I4E4 NO DEMON/RATIVE
SYLLOGISM-( ESS5TIAL NATURE1 YET X IS "?
SYLLOGISM1 VIZ4 DEMON/RATIVE SYLLOGISM1
T ESS5TIAL NATURE IS EXHIBIT$4 ,S WE
3CLUDE T NEI C ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ANY?+
: HAS A CAUSE 4T9CT F XF 2 "KN )\T
DEMON/R,N1 NOR C X 2 DEMON/RAT$2 & ? IS
:AT WE 3T5D$ 9 \R PRELIM9>Y 4CUS.NS4

                   #I
  ,N[ :ILE "S ?+S H A CAUSE 4T9CT F
!MVS1 O!RS H N4 ,H;E X IS EVID5T T "! >E
ESS5TIAL NATURES : >E IMM1 T IS >E BASIC
PREMISSES2 &( ^! N ONLY T !Y >E B AL :AT
!Y >E M/ 2 ASSUM$ OR REV1L$ 9 "S O!R
WAY4 ,? TOO IS ! ACTUAL PROC$URE (!
>I?METICIAN1 :O ASSUMES BO? ! NATURE &!
EXI/;E ( UNIT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 X IS POSSI#
7IN ! MANN] EXPLA9$7 6EXHIBIT "?
DEMON/R,N ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ?+S : H A
,8MI4LE0'1 I4E4 A CAUSE ( _! SUB/ANTIAL
2+ O!R ?AN T 2+ XF2 B WE D N "!BY
DEMON/RATE X4
                  #AJ
  ,S9CE DEF9I;N IS SD 6BE ! /ATE;T (A
?+'S NATURE1 OBVI\SLY "O K9D ( DEF9I;N W
2 A /ATE;T (! M1N+ (! "N1 OR ( AN
EQUIVAL5T NOM9AL =MULA4 ,A DEF9I;N 9 ?
S5SE TELLS Y1 E4G4 ! M1N+ (! PHRASE
,8TRIANGUL> "*0'4 ,:5 WE >E AW>E T
TRIANGLE EXI/S1 WE 9QUIRE ! R1SON :Y X
EXI/S4 ,B X IS DI6ICULT ?US 6LE>N !
DEF9I;N ( ?+S ! EXI/;E ( : WE D N
G5U9ELY "K-! CAUSE ( ? DI6ICULTY 2+1 Z
WE SD 2F1 T WE ONLY "K A3ID5T,Y :E!R OR
N ! ?+ EXI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 A /ATE;T MAY 2 A
UN;Y 9 EI ( TWO WAYS1 03JUNC;N1 L !
,ILIAD1 OR 2C X EXHIBITS A S+LE PR$ICATE
Z 9H]+ N A3ID5T,Y 9 A S+LE SUBJECT4
  ,T !N IS "O WAY ( DEF9+ DEF9I;N4
,ANO!R K9D ( DEF9I;N IS A =MULA EXHIBIT+
! CAUSE (A ?+'S EXI/;E4 ,?US ! =M]
SIGNIFIES )\T PROV+1 B ! LATT] W CLE>LY
2 A QUASI-DEMON/R,N ( ESS5TIAL NATURE1
DI6]+ F DEMON/R,N 9 ! >RANGE;T ( XS
T]MS4 ,= "! IS A DI6];E 2T /AT+ :Y X
?"US1 & /AT+ :AT IS ! ESS5TIAL NATURE (
?"U2 S9CE ! F/ /ATE;T W 2 ,8,2C FIRE IS
QU5*$ 9 ! CL\DS0'1 :ILE ! /ATE;T ( :AT !
NATURE ( ?"U IS W 2 ,8,! NOISE ( FIRE 2+
QU5*$ 9 ! CL\DS0'4 ,?US ! SAME /ATE;T
TAKES A DI6]5T =M3 9 "O =M X IS 3T9U\S
DEMON/R,N1 9 ! O!R DEF9I;N4 ,AG1 ?"U C 2
DEF9$ Z NOISE 9 ! CL\DS1 : IS ! 3CLU.N (
! DEMON/R,N EMBODY+ ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,ON
! O!R H& ! DEF9I;N ( IMMS IS AN
9DEMON/RA# POSIT+ ( ESS5TIAL NATURE4
  ,WE 3CLUDE !N T DEF9I;N IS 7A7 AN
9DEMON/RA# /ATE;T ( ESS5TIAL NATURE1 OR
7B7 A SYLLOGISM ( ESS5TIAL NATURE DI6]+
F DEMON/R,N 9 GRAMMATICAL =M1 OR 7C7 !
3CLU.N (A DEMON/R,N GIV+ ESS5TIAL
NATURE4
  ,\R 4CUS.N HAS "!=E MADE PLA9 7#A7 9
:AT S5SE &( :AT ?+S ! ESS5TIAL NATURE IS
DEMON/RA#1 & 9 :AT S5SE &( :AT ?+S X IS
N2 7#B7 :AT >E ! V>I\S M1N+S (! T]M
DEF9I;N1 & 9 :AT S5SE &( :AT ?+S X
PROVES ! ESS5TIAL NATURE1 & 9 :AT S5SE &
( :AT ?+S X DOES N2 7#C7 :AT IS ! REL,N
( DEF9I;N 6DEMON/R,N1 & H[ F> ! SAME ?+
IS BO? DEF9A# & DEMON/RA# & H[ F> X IS
N4
                  #AA
  ,WE ?9K WE H SCI5TIFIC K :5 WE "K !
CAUSE1 & "! >E F\R CAUSES3 7#A7 ! DEF9A#
=M1 7#B7 AN ANTEC$5T : NECESSITATES A
3SEQU5T1 7#C7 ! E6ICI5T CAUSE1 7#D7 !
F9AL CAUSE4 ,H;E EA* ( ^! C 2 ! MI4LE
T]M (A PRO(1 = 7A7 ?\< ! 9F];E F
ANTEC$5T 6NEC 3SEQU5T DOES N HOLD IF
ONLY "O PREMISS IS ASSUM$-TWO IS !
M9IMUM-/ :5 "! >E TWO X HOLDS ON 3DI;N T
!Y H A S+LE -MON MI4LE T]M4 ,S X IS F !
ASSUMP;N ( ? S+LE MI4LE T]M T ! 3CLU.N
FOLL[S NECESS>ILY4 ,! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE W
AL %[ ?4 ,:Y IS ! ANGLE 9 A SEMICIRCLE A
"R ANGLE8-OR F :AT ASSUMP;N DOES X FOLL[
T X IS A "R ANGLE8 ,?US1 LET ,A 2 "R
ANGLE1 ;,B ! HALF ( TWO "R ANGLES1 ;,C !
ANGLE 9 A SEMICIRCLE4 ,!N ;,B IS ! CAUSE
9 VIRTUE ( : ;,A1 "R ANGLE1 IS
ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,C1 ! ANGLE 9 A
SEMICIRCLE1 S9CE ;,B .K ;,A &! O!R1 VIZ4
;,C1 .K ;,B1 = ;,C IS HALF ( TWO "R
ANGLES4 ,"!=E X IS ! ASSUMP;N ( ;,B1 !
HALF ( TWO "R ANGLES1 F : X FOLL[S T ,A
IS ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,C1 I4E4 T ! ANGLE 9 A
SEMICIRCLE IS A "R ANGLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ;,B
IS ID5TICAL ) 7B7 ! DEF9+ =M ( ;,A1 S9CE
X IS :AT ;,A'S DEF9I;N SIGNIFIES4
,MOREOV]1 ! =MAL CAUSE HAS ALR BE5 %[N
6BE ! MI4LE4 7C7 ,8,:Y DID ! ,A!NIANS
2COME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,P]SIAN W>80' M1NS
,8,:AT CAUSE ORIG9AT$ ! WAG+ ( W> AG/ !
,A!NIANS80' &! ANSW] IS1 ,8,2C !Y RAID$
,S>DIS )! ,]ETRIANS0'1 S9CE ? ORIG9AT$ !
W>4 ,LET ,A 2 W>1 ;,B UNPROVOK$ RAID+1
;,C ! ,A!NIANS4 ,!N ;,B1 UNPROVOK$
RAID+1 IS TRUE ( ;,C1 ! ,A!NIANS1 & ,A
IS TRUE ( ;,B1 S9CE M5 MAKE W> ON !
UNJU/ A7RESSOR4 ,S ;,A1 HAV+ W> WAG$ ^U
!M1 IS TRUE ( ;,B1 ! 9ITIAL A7RESSORS1 &
;,B IS TRUE ( ;,C1 ! ,A!NIANS1 :O 7 !
A7RESSORS4 ,H;E "H TOO ! CAUSE-IN ? CASE
! E6ICI5T CAUSE-IS ! MI4LE T]M4 7D7 ,?
IS NO LESS TRUE ": ! CAUSE IS ! F9AL
CAUSE4 ,E4G4 :Y DOES "O TAKE A WALK AF
SUPP]8 ,=! SAKE ( "O'S H1L?4 ,:Y DOES A
H\SE EXI/8 ,=! PRES]V,N ( "O'S GDS4 ,!
5D 9 VIEW IS 9 ! "O CASE H1L?1 9 ! O!R
PRES]V,N4 ,6ASK ! R1SON :Y "O M/ WALK AF
SUPP] IS PRECISELY 6ASK 6:AT 5D "O M/ D
X4 ,LET ;,C 2 WALK+ AF SUPP]1 ;,B ! NON-
REGURGIT,N ( FOOD1 ,A H1L?4 ,!N LET
WALK+ AF SUPP] POSSESS ! PROP]TY (
PREV5T+ FOOD F RIS+ 6! ORIFICE (! /OMA*1
& LET ? 3DI;N 2 H1L?Y2 S9CE X SEEMS T
;,B1 ! NON-REGURGIT,N ( FOOD1 IS
ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,C1 TAK+ A WALK1 & T ;,A1
H1L?1 IS ATTRIBUTA# TO ;,B4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS
! CAUSE "? : ;,A1 ! F9AL CAUSE1 9"HS 9
;,C8 ,X IS ;,B1 ! NON-REGURGIT,N ( FOOD2
B ;,B IS A K9D ( DEF9I;N ( ;,A1 = ,A W 2
EXPLA9$ 0X4 ,:Y IS ;,B ! CAUSE ( ;,A'S
2L;G+ TO ;,C8 ,2C 6BE 9 A 3DI;N S* Z ;,B
IS 6BE 9 H1L?4 ,! DEF9I;NS M/ 2
TRANSPOS$1 & !N ! DETAIL W 2COME CLE>]4
,9CID5T,Y1 "H ! ORD] ( -+ 6BE IS !
REV]SE ( :AT X IS 9 PRO( "? ! E6ICI5T
CAUSE3 9 ! E6ICI5T ORD] ! MI4LE T]M M/
-E 6BE F/1 ":AS 9 ! TELEOLOGICAL ORD] !
M9OR1 ;,C1 M/ F/ TAKE PLACE1 &! 5D 9
VIEW -ES LA/ 9 "T4
  ,! SAME ?+ MAY EXI/ = AN 5D & 2
NECESSITAT$ Z WELL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 LI<T
%9ES "? A LANT]N 7#A7 2C T : 3SI/S (
RELATIVELY SMALL "PICLES NECESS>ILY
PASSES "? PORES L>G] ?AN ^? "PICLES-
ASSUM+ T LI<T DOES ISSUE 0P5ETR,N- &
7#B7 = AN 5D1 "NLY 6SAVE U F /UMBL+4 ,IF
!N1 A ?+ C EXI/ "? TWO CAUSES1 C X -E
6BE "? TWO CAUSES-Z = 9/.E IF ?"U 2 A
HISS &A RO> NECESS>ILY PRODUC$ 0! QU5*+
( FIRE1 & AL DESIGN$1 Z ! ,PY?AGOR1NS
SAY1 =A ?R1T 6T]RIFY ^? T LIE 9 ,T>T>US8
,9DE$1 "! >E V _M S* CASES1 MO/LY AM;G !
PROCESSES & PRODUCTS (! NATURAL _W2 =
NATURE1 9 DI6]5T S5SES (! T]M
,8NATURE0'1 PRODUCES N[ = AN 5D1 N[
0NECESS;Y4
  ,NECESS;Y TOO IS ( TWO K9DS4 ,X MAY "W
9 A3ORD.E )A ?+'S NATURAL T5D5CY1 OR
03/RA9T & 9 OPPOSI;N 6X2 Z1 = 9/.E1
0NECESS;Y A /"O IS BORNE BO? UPW>DS &
D[NW>DS1 B N 0! SAME NECESS;Y4
  ,(! PRODUCTS ( MAN'S 9TELLIG;E "S >E
N"E DUE 6*.E OR NECESS;Y B ALW 6AN 5D1 Z
= EXAMPLE A H\SE OR A /ATUE2 O!RS1 S* Z
H1L? OR SAFETY1 MAY RESULT F *.E Z WELL4
  ,X IS MO/LY 9 CASES ": ! ISSUE IS
9DET]M9ATE 7?\< ONLY ": ! PRODUC;N DOES
N ORIG9ATE 9 *.E1 &! 5D IS 3SEQU5TLY
GD71 T A RESULT IS DUE 6AN 5D1 & ? IS
TRUE ALIKE 9 NATURE OR 9 >T4 ,0*.E1 ON !
O!R H&1 NO?+ -ES 6BE = AN 5D4

                  #AB
  ,! E6ECT MAY 2 / -+ 6BE1 OR XS O3URR;E
MAY 2 PA/ OR FUTURE1 YET ! CAUSE W 2 !
SAME Z :5 X IS ACTU,Y EXI/5T-= X IS !
MI4LE : IS ! CAUSE-EXCEPT T IF ! E6ECT
ACTU,Y EXI/S ! CAUSE IS ACTU,Y EXI/5T1
IF X IS -+ 6BE S IS ! CAUSE1 IF XS
O3URR;E IS PA/ ! CAUSE IS PA/1 IF FUTURE
! CAUSE IS FUTURE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! MOON 0
ECLIPS$ 2C ! E>? 9T]V5$1 IS 2COM+
ECLIPS$ 2C ! E>? IS 9 PROCESS ( 9T]V5+1
W 2 ECLIPS$ 2C ! E>? W 9T]V5E1 IS
ECLIPS$ 2C ! E>? 9T]V5ES4
  ,6TAKE A SECOND EXAMPLE3 ASSUM+ T !
DEF9I;N ( ICE IS SOLIDIFI$ WAT]1 LET ;,C
2 WAT]1 ,A SOLIDIFI$1 ;,B ! MI4LE1 : IS
! CAUSE1 "NLY TOTAL FAILURE ( H1T4 ,!N
;,B IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ;,C1 & ;,A1
SOLIDIFIC,N1 TO ;,B3 ICE :5 ;,B IS
O3URR+1 HAS =M$ :5 ;,B HAS O3URR$1 & W
=M :5 ;,B % O3UR4
  ,? SORT ( CAUSE1 !N1 & XS E6ECT -E 6BE
SIMULTANE\SLY :5 !Y >E 9 PROCESS (
2COM+1 & EXI/ SIMULTANE\SLY :5 !Y ACTU,Y
EXI/2 &! SAME HOLDS GD :5 !Y >E PA/ & :5
!Y >E FUTURE4 ,B :AT ( CASES ": !Y >E N
SIMULTANE\S8 ,C CAUSES & E6ECTS DI6]5T F
"O ANO!R =M1 Z !Y SEEM 6U 6=M1 A 3T9U\S
SU3ES.N1 A PA/ E6ECT RESULT+ F A PA/
CAUSE DI6]5T F XF1 A FUTURE E6ECT F A
FUTURE CAUSE DI6]5T F X1 & AN E6ECT : IS
-+-TO-BE F A CAUSE DI6]5T F & PRIOR 6X8
,N[ ON ? !ORY X IS F ! PO/]IOR EV5T T WE
R1SON 7& ? ?\< ^! LAT] EV5TS ACTU,Y H _!
S\RCE ( ORIG9 9 PREVI\S EV5TS--A FACT :
%[S T AL :5 ! E6ECT IS -+-TO-BE WE /
R1SON F ! PO/]IOR EV5T71 & F ! EV5T WE
_C R1SON 7WE _C >GUE T 2C AN EV5T ,A HAS
O3URR$1 "!=E AN EV5T ;,B HAS O3URR$
SUBSEQU5TLY TO ;,A B / 9 ! PA/-&! SAME
HOLDS GD IF ! O3URR;E IS FUTURE7-_C
R1SON 2C1 2 ! "T 9T]VAL DEF9ITE OR
9DEF9ITE1 X W N"E 2 POSSI# 69F] T 2C X
IS TRUE 6SAY T ,A O3URR$1 "!=E X IS TRUE
6SAY T ;,B1 ! SUBSEQU5T EV5T1 O3URR$2 =
9 ! 9T]VAL 2T ! EV5TS1 ?\< ,A HAS ALR
O3URR$1 ! LATT] /ATE;T W 2 FALSE4 ,&!
SAME >GU;T APPLIES AL 6FUTURE EV5TS2
I4E4 "O _C 9F] F AN EV5T : O3URR$ 9 !
PA/ T A FUTURE EV5T W O3UR4 ,! R1SON ( ?
IS T ! MI4LE M/ 2 HOMOG5E\S1 PA/ :5 !
EXTREMES >E PA/1 FUTURE :5 !Y >E FUTURE1
-+ 6BE :5 !Y >E -+-TO-BE1 ACTU,Y EXI/5T
:5 !Y >E ACTU,Y EXI/5T2 & "! _C 2 A
MI4LE T]M HOMOG5E\S ) EXTREMES
RESPECTIVELY PA/ & FUTURE4 ,& X IS A
FUR!R DI6ICULTY 9 ? !ORY T ! "T 9T]VAL C
2 NEI 9DEF9ITE NOR DEF9ITE1 S9CE DUR+ X
! 9F];E W 2 FALSE4 ,WE H AL 69QUIRE :AT
X IS T HOLDS EV5TS TGR S T ! -+-TO-BE N[
O3URR+ 9 ACTUAL ?+S FOLL[S ^U A PA/
EV5T4 ,X IS EVID5T1 WE MAY SU7E/1 T A
PA/ EV5T &A PRES5T PROCESS _C 2
,83TIGU\S0'1 = N EV5 TWO PA/ EV5TS C 2
,83TIGU\S0'4 ,= PA/ EV5TS >E LIMITS &
ATOMIC2 S J Z PO9TS >E N ,83TIGU\S0' NEI
>E PA/ EV5TS1 S9CE BO? >E 9DIVISI#4 ,=!
SAME R1SON A PA/ EV5T &A PRES5T PROCESS
_C 2 ,83TIGU\S0'1 =! PROCESS IS DIVISI#1
! EV5T 9DIVISI#4 ,?US ! REL,N ( PRES5T
PROCESS 6PA/ EV5T IS ANALOG\S 6T ( L9E
6PO9T1 S9CE A PROCESS 3TA9S AN 9F9;Y (
PA/ EV5TS4 ,^! "QS1 H["E1 M/ RCV A M
EXPLICIT TR1T;T 9 \R G5]AL !ORY ( *ANGE4
  ,! FOLL[+ M/ SU6ICE Z AN A3.T (! MANN]
9 : ! MI4LE WD 2 ID5TICAL )! CAUSE ON !
SUPPOSI;N T -+-TO-BE IS A S]IES (
3SECUTIVE EV5TS3 = 9 ! T]MS ( S* A S]IES
TOO ! MI4LE & MAJOR T]MS M/ =M AN IMM
PREMISS2 E4G4 WE >GUE T1 S9CE ;,C HAS
O3URR$1 "!=E ,A O3URR$3 & ;,C'S O3URR;E
0 PO/]IOR1 ;,A'S PRIOR2 B ;,C IS ! S\RCE
(! 9F];E 2C X IS NE>] 6! PRES5T MO;T1 &!
/>T+-PO9T ( "T IS ! PRES5T4 ,WE NEXT
>GUE T1 S9CE ;,D HAS O3URR$1 "!=E ;,C
O3URR$4 ,!N WE 3CLUDE T1 S9CE ;,D HAS
O3URR$1 "!=E ,A M/ H O3URR$2 &! CAUSE IS
;,C1 = S9CE ;,D HAS O3URR$ ;,C M/ H
O3URR$1 & S9CE ;,C HAS O3URR$ ,A M/
PREVI\SLY H O3URR$4
  ,IF WE GET \R MI4LE T]M 9 ? WAY1 W !
S]IES T]M9ATE 9 AN IMM PREMISS1 OR S9CE1
Z WE SD1 NO TWO EV5TS >E ,83TIGU\S0'1 W
A FRE% MI4LE T]M ALW 9T]V5E 2C "! IS AN
9F9;Y ( MI4LES8 ,NO3 ?\< NO TWO EV5TS >E
,83TIGU\S0'1 YET WE M/ />T F A PREMISS
3SI/+ (A MI4LE &! PRES5T EV5T Z MAJOR4
,! L IS TRUE ( FUTURE EV5TS TOO1 S9CE IF
X IS TRUE 6SAY T ;,D W EXI/1 X M/ 2 A
PRIOR TRU? 6SAY T ,A W EXI/1 &! CAUSE (
? 3CLU.N IS ;,C2 = IF ;,D W EXI/1 ;,C W
EXI/ PRIOR TO ;,D1 & IF ;,C W EXI/1 ,A W
EXI/ PRIOR 6X4 ,& "H TOO ! SAME 9F9ITE
DIVISIBIL;Y MI<T 2 URG$1 S9CE FUTURE
EV5TS >E N ,83TIGU\S0'4 ,B "H TOO AN IMM
BASIC PREMISS M/ 2 ASSUM$4 ,& 9 ! _W (
FACT ? IS S3 IF A H\SE HAS BE5 BUILT1 !N
BLOCKS M/ H BE5 QU>RI$ & %AP$4 ,! R1SON
IS T A H\SE HAV+ BE5 BUILT NECESSITATES
A F.D,N HAV+ BE5 LAID1 & IF A F.D,N HAS
BE5 LAID BLOCKS M/ H BE5 %AP$ 2FH&4 ,AG1
IF A H\SE W 2 BUILT1 BLOCKS W SIMIL>LY 2
%AP$ 2FH&2 & PRO( IS "? ! MI4LE 9 ! SAME
WAY1 =! F.D,N W EXI/ 2F ! H\SE4
  ,N[ WE OBS]VE 9 ,NATURE A C]TA9 K9D (
CIRCUL> PROCESS ( -+-TO-BE2 & ? IS
POSSI# ONLY IF ! MI4LE & EXTREME T]MS >E
RECIPROCAL1 S9CE 3V].N IS 3DI;N$
0RECIPROC;Y 9 ! T]MS (! PRO(4 ,?-!
3V]TIBIL;Y ( 3CLU.NS & PREMISSES-HAS BE5
PROV$ 9 \R E>LY *APT]S1 &! CIRCUL>
PROCESS IS AN 9/.E ( ?4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT X
IS EXEMPLIFI$ ?US3 :5 ! E>? _H BE5
MOI/5$ AN EXHAL,N 0 B.D 6RISE1 & :5 AN
EXHAL,N _H RIS5 CL\D 0 B.D 6=M1 & F !
=M,N ( CL\D RA9 NECESS>ILY RESULT$ & 0!
FALL ( RA9 ! E>? 0 NECESS>ILY MOI/5$3 B
? 0 ! />T+-PO9T1 S T A CIRCLE IS -PLET$2
= POSIT ANY "O (! T]MS & ANO!R FOLL[S F
X1 & F T ANO!R1 & F T AG ! F/4
  ,"S O3URR;ES >E UNIV]SAL 7= !Y >E1 OR
-E-TO-BE :AT !Y >E1 ALW & 9 "E CASE72
O!RS AG >E N ALW :AT !Y >E B ONLY Z A
G5]AL RULE3 = 9/.E1 N E MAN C GR[ A
BE>D1 B X IS ! G5]AL RULE4 ,9 ! CASE (
S* 3NEXIONS ! MI4LE T]M TOO M/ 2 A G5]AL
RULE4 ,= IF ,A IS PR$ICAT$ UNIV]S,Y (
;,B & ;,B ( ;,C1 ,A TOO M/ 2 PR$ICAT$
ALW & 9 E 9/.E ( ;,C1 S9CE 6HOLD 9 E
9/.E & ALW IS (! NATURE (! UNIV]SAL4 ,B
WE H ASSUM$ A 3NEXION : IS A G5]AL RULE2
3SEQU5TLY ! MI4LE T]M ;,B M/ AL 2 A
G5]AL RULE4 ,S 3NEXIONS : EMBODY A G5]AL
RULE-I4E4 : EXI/ OR -E 6BE Z A G5]AL
RULE-W AL DERIVE F IMM BASIC PREMISSES4

                  #AC
  ,WE H ALR EXPLA9$ H[ ESS5TIAL NATURE
IS SET \ 9 ! T]MS (A DEMON/R,N1 &! S5SE
9 : X IS OR IS N DEMON/RA# OR DEF9A#2 S
LET U N[ 4CUSS ! ME?OD 6BE ADOPT$ 9
TRAC+ ! ELE;TS PR$ICAT$ Z 3/ITUT+ !
DEF9A# =M4
  ,N[ (! ATTRIBUTES : 9"H ALW 9 EA*
S"EAL ?+ "! >E "S : >E WID] 9 EXT5T ?AN
X B N WID] ?AN XS G5US 70ATTRIBUTES (
WID] EXT5T M1N ALL S* Z >E UNIV]SAL
ATTRIBUTES ( EA* S"EAL SUBJECT1 B 9 _!
APPLIC,N >E N 3F9$ 6T SUBJECT74 :ILE AN
ATTRIBUTE MAY 9"H 9 E TRIAD1 YET AL 9 A
SUBJECT N A TRIAD-Z 2+ 9"HS 9 TRIAD B AL
9 SUBJECTS N NUMB]S AT ALL-ODD ON ! O!R
H& IS AN ATTRIBUTE 9H]+ 9 E TRIAD &(
WID] APPLIC,N 79H]+ Z X DOES AL 9
P5TAD71 B : DOES N EXT5D 2Y ! G5US (
TRIAD2 = P5TAD IS A NUMB]1 B NO?+ \TSIDE
NUMB] IS ODD4 ,X IS S* ATTRIBUTES : WE H
6SELECT1 UP 6! EXACT PO9T AT : !Y >E
S"E,Y ( WID] EXT5T ?AN ! SUBJECT B
COLLECTIVELY COEXT5SIVE ) X2 = ? SYN!SIS
M/ 2 ! SUB/.E (! ?+4 ,= EXAMPLE E TRIAD
POSSESSES ! ATTRIBUTES NUMB]1 ODD1 &
PRIME 9 BO? S5SES1 I4E4 N ONLY Z
POSSESS+ NO DIVISORS1 B AL Z N 2+ A SUM
( NUMB]S4 ,?1 !N1 IS PRECISELY :AT TRIAD
IS1 VIZ4 A NUMB]1 ODD1 & PRIME 9 ! =M] &
AL ! LATT] S5SE (! T]M3 = ^! ATTRIBUTES
TAK5 S"E,Y APPLY1 ! F/ TWO 6ALL ODD
NUMB]S1 ! LA/ 6! DYAD AL Z WELL Z 6!
TRIAD1 B1 TAK5 COLLECTIVELY1 6NO O!R
SUBJECT4 ,N[ S9CE WE H %[N ABV0' T
ATTRIBUTES PR$ICAT$ Z 2L;G+ 6! ESS5TIAL
NATURE >E NEC & T UNIV]SALS >E NEC1 &
S9CE ! ATTRIBUTES : WE SELECT Z 9H]+ 9
TRIAD1 OR 9 ANY O!R SUBJECT ^:
ATTRIBUTES WE SELECT 9 ? WAY1 >E
PR$ICAT$ Z 2L;G+ 6XS ESS5TIAL NATURE1
TRIAD W ?US POSSESS ^! ATTRIBUTES
NECESS>ILY4 ,FUR!R1 T ! SYN!SIS ( !M
3/ITUTES ! SUB/.E ( TRIAD IS %[N 0!
FOLL[+ >GU;T4 ,IF X IS N ID5TICAL )! 2+
( TRIAD1 X M/ 2 RELAT$ 6TRIAD Z A G5US
"ND OR "N.S4 ,X W !N 2 ( WID] EXT5T ?AN
TRIAD-ASSUM+ T WID] POT5TIAL EXT5T IS !
"* (A G5US4 ,IF ON ! O!R H& ? SYN!SIS IS
APPLICA# 6NO SUBJECT O!R ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL
TRIADS1 X W 2 ID5TICAL )! 2+ ( TRIAD1 2C
WE MAKE ! FUR!R ASSUMP;N T ! SUB/.E (
EA* SUBJECT IS ! PR$IC,N ( ELE;TS 9 XS
ESS5TIAL NATURE D[N 6! LA/ DI6]5TIA
"*IZ+ ! 9DIVIDUALS4 ,X FOLL[S T ANY O!R
SYN!SIS ?US EXHIBIT$ W LIKEWISE 2
ID5TICAL )! 2+ (! SUBJECT4
  ,! AU?OR (A H&-BOOK ON A SUBJECT T IS
A G5]IC :OLE %D DIVIDE ! G5US 96XS F/
9FIMAE SPECIES-NUMB] E4G4 96TRIAD &
DYAD-& !N 5D1V\R 6SEIZE _! DEF9I;NS 0!
ME?OD WE H DESCRIB$-! DEF9I;N1 =
EXAMPLE1 ( /RAI<T L9E OR CIRCLE OR "R
ANGLE4 ,AF T1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ :AT !
CATEGORY IS 6: ! SUBALT]N G5US 2L;GS-
QUANT;Y OR QUAL;Y1 = 9/.E-HE %D EXAM9E !
PROP]TIES ,8PECULI>0' 6! SPECIES1 "W+ "?
! PROXIMATE -MON DI6]5TIAE4 ,HE %D
PROCE$ ?US 2C ! ATTRIBUTES (! G5]A -P.D$
(! 9FIMAE SPECIES W 2 CLE>LY GIV5 0!
DEF9I;NS (! SPECIES2 S9CE ! BASIC ELE;T
( !M ALL IS ! DEF9I;N1 I4E4 ! SIMPLE
9FIRMA SPECIES1 &! ATTRIBUTES 9"H
ESS5TI,Y 9 ! SIMPLE 9FIMAE SPECIES1 9 !
G5]A ONLY 9 VIRTUE ( ^!4
  ,DIVI.NS AC 6DI6]5TIAE >E A USE;L
A3ESSORY 6? ME?OD4 ,:AT =CE !Y H Z PRO(S
WE DID1 9DE$1 EXPLA9 ABV1 B T M]ELY
T[>DS COLLECT+ ! ESS5TIAL NATURE !Y MAY
2 ( USE WE W PROCE$ 6%[4 ,!Y MI<T1 9DE$1
SEEM 6BE ( NO USE AT ALL1 B R 6ASSUME
"EY?+ AT ! />T & 6BE NO BETT] ?AN AN
9ITIAL ASSUMP;N MADE )\T DIVI.N4 ,B1 9
FACT1 ! ORD] 9 : ! ATTRIBUTES >E
PR$ICAT$ DOES MAKE A DI6];E--X MATT]S
:E!R WE SAY ANIMAL-TAME-BIP$1 OR BIP$-
ANIMAL-TAME4 ,= IF E DEF9A# ?+ 3SI/S (
TWO ELE;TS & ,8ANIMAL-TAME0' =MS A UN;Y1
& AG \ ( ? &! FUR!R DI6]5TIA MAN 7OR
:AT"E ELSE IS ! UN;Y "U 3/RUC;N7 IS
3/ITUT$1 !N ! ELE;TS WE ASSUME H
NECESS>ILY BE5 R1*$ 0DIVI.N4 ,AG1 DIVI.N
IS ! ONLY POSSI# ME?OD ( AVOID+ ! OMIS.N
( ANY ELE;T (! ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,?US1 IF
! PRIM>Y G5US IS ASSUM$ & WE !N TAKE "O
(! L[] DIVI.NS1 ! DIVID5DUM W N FALL
:OLE 96? DIVI.N3 E4G4 X IS N ALL ANIMAL
: IS EI :OLE-W+$ OR SPLIT-W+$ B ALL W+$
ANIMAL1 = X IS W+$ ANIMAL 6: ? DI6]5TI,N
2L;GS4 ,! PRIM>Y DI6]5TI,N ( ANIMAL IS T
)9 : ALL ANIMAL FALLS4 ,! L IS TRUE ( E
O!R G5US1 :E!R \TSIDE ANIMAL OR A
SUBALT]N G5US ( ANIMAL2 E4G4 ! PRIM>Y
DI6]5TI,N ( BIRD IS T )9 : FALLS E BIRD1
( FI% T )9 : FALLS E FI%4 ,S1 IF WE
PROCE$ 9 ? WAY1 WE C 2 SURE T NO?+ HAS
BE5 OMITT$3 0ANY O!R ME?OD "O IS B.D
6OMIT "S?+ )\T "K+ X4
  ,6DEF9E & DIVIDE "O NE$ N "K ! :OLE (
EXI/;E4 ,YET "S HOLD X IMPOSSI# 6"K !
DI6]5TIAE 4T+UI%+ EA* ?+ F E S+LE O!R ?+
)\T "K+ E S+LE O!R ?+2 & "O _C1 !Y SAY1
"K EA* ?+ )\T "K+ XS DI6]5TIAE1 S9CE
"EY?+ IS ID5TICAL ) T F : X DOES N DI6]1
& O!R ?AN T F : X DI6]S4 ,N[ F/ ( ALL ?
IS A FALLACY3 N E DI6]5TIA PRECLUDES
ID5T;Y1 S9CE _M DI6]5TIAE 9"H 9 ?+S
SPECIFIC,Y ID5TICAL1 ?\< N 9 ! SUB/.E (
^! NOR ESS5TI,Y4 ,SECONDLY1 :5 "O HAS
TAK5 "O'S DI6]+ PAIR ( OPPOSITES &
ASSUM$ T ! TWO SIDES EXHAU/ ! G5US1 & T
! SUBJECT "O SEEKS 6DEF9E IS PRES5T 9 "O
OR O!R ( !M1 & "O HAS FUR!R V]IFI$ XS
PRES;E 9 "O ( !M2 !N X DOES N MATT] :E!R
OR N "O "KS ALL ! O!R SUBJECTS ( : !
DI6]5TIAE >E AL PR$ICAT$4 ,= X IS OBVI\S
T :5 0? PROCESS "O R1*ES SUBJECTS 9CAPA#
( FUR!R DI6]5TI,N "O W POSSESS ! =MULA
DEF9+ ! SUB/.E4 ,MOREOV]1 6PO/ULATE T !
DIVI.N EXHAU/S ! G5US IS N ILLEGITIMATE
IF ! OPPOSITES EXCLUDE A MI4LE2 S9CE IF
X IS ! DI6]5TIA ( T G5US1 ANY?+ 3TA9$ 9
! G5US M/ LIE ON "O (! TWO SIDES4
  ,9 E/ABLI%+ A DEF9I;N 0DIVI.N "O %D
KEEP ?REE OBJECTS 9 VIEW3 7#A7 ! ADMIS.N
ONLY ( ELE;TS 9 ! DEF9A# =M1 7#B7 !
>RANGE;T ( ^! 9 ! "R ORD]1 7#C7 ! OMIS.N
( NO S* ELE;TS4 ,! F/ IS F1SI# 2C "O C
E/ABLI% G5US & DI6]5TIA "? ! TOPIC (!
G5US1 J Z "O C 3CLUDE ! 9H];E ( AN
A3ID5T "? ! TOPIC (! A3ID5T4 ,! "R ORD]
W 2 A*IEV$ IF ! "R T]M IS ASSUM$ Z
PRIM>Y1 & ? W 2 5SUR$ IF ! T]M SELECT$
IS PR$ICA# ( ALL ! O!RS B N ALL !Y ( X2
S9CE "! M/ 2 "O S* T]M4 ,HAV+ ASSUM$ ?
WE AT ONCE PROCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY )! L[]
T]MS2 = \R SECOND T]M W 2 ! F/ (!
REMA9D]1 \R ?IRD ! F/ ( ^? : FOLL[ !
SECOND 9 A ,83TIGU\S0' S]IES1 S9CE :5 !
HI<] T]M IS EXCLUD$1 T T]M (! REMA9D] :
IS ,83TIGU\S0' 6X W 2 PRIM>Y1 & S ON4
,\R PROC$URE MAKES X CLE> T NO ELE;TS 9
! DEF9A# =M H BE5 OMITT$3 WE H TAK5 !
DI6]5TIA T -ES F/ 9 ! ORD] ( DIVI.N1
PO9T+ \ T ANIMAL1 E4G4 IS DIVISI#
EXHAU/IVELY 9TO ;,A & ;,B1 & T ! SUBJECT
A3EPTS "O (! TWO Z XS PR$ICATE4 ,NEXT WE
H TAK5 ! DI6]5TIA (! :OLE ?US R1*$1 &
%[N T ! :OLE WE F9,Y R1* IS N FUR!R
DIVISI#-I4E4 T Z SOON Z WE H TAK5 ! LA/
DI6]5TIA 6=M ! 3CRETE TOTAL;Y1 ? TOTAL;Y
ADMITS ( NO DIVI.N 96SPECIES4 ,= X IS
CLE> T "! IS NO SUP]FLU\S A4I;N1 S9CE
ALL ^! T]MS WE H SELECT$ >E ELE;TS 9 !
DEF9A# =M2 & NO?+ LACK+1 S9CE ANY OMIS.N
WD H 6BE A G5US OR A DI6]5TIA4 ,N[ !
PRIM>Y T]M IS A G5US1 & ? T]M TAK5 9
3JUNC;N ) XS DI6]5TIAE IS A G5US3
MOREOV] ! DI6]5TIAE >E ALL 9CLUD$1 2C "!
IS N[ NO FUR!R DI6]5TIA2 IF "! W]E1 !
F9AL 3CRETE WD ADMIT ( DIVI.N 96SPECIES1
:1 WE SD1 IS N ! CASE4
  ,6RESUME \R A3.T (! "R ME?OD (
9VE/IG,N3 ,WE M/ />T 0OBS]V+ A SET (
SIMIL>-I4E4 SPECIFIC,Y ID5TICAL-
9DIVIDUALS1 & 3SID] :AT ELE;T !Y H 9
-MON4 ,WE M/ !N APPLY ! SAME PROCESS
6ANO!R SET ( 9DIVIDUALS : 2L;G 6"O
SPECIES & >E G5]IC,Y B N SPECIFIC,Y
ID5TICAL )! =M] SET4 ,:5 WE H E/ABLI%$
:AT ! -MON ELE;T IS 9 ALL MEMB]S ( ?
SECOND SPECIES1 & LIKEWISE 9 MEMB]S (
FUR!R SPECIES1 WE %D AG 3SID] :E!R !
RESULTS E/ABLI%$ POSSESS ANY ID5T;Y1 &
P]SEV]E UNTIL WE R1* A S+LE =MULA1 S9CE
? W 2 ! DEF9I;N (! ?+4 ,B IF WE R1* N "O
=MULA B TWO OR M1 EVID5TLY ! DEF9I5DUM
_C 2 "O ?+ B M/ 2 M ?AN "O4 ,I MAY
ILLU/RATE MY M1N+ Z FOLL[S4 ,IF WE 7
9QUIR+ :AT ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( PRIDE IS1
WE %D EXAM9E 9/.ES ( PR\D M5 WE "K (
6SEE :AT1 Z S*1 !Y H 9 -MON2 E4G4 IF
,ALCIBIADES 0 PR\D1 OR ,A*ILLES & ,AJAX
7 PR\D1 WE %D F9D ON 9QUIR+ :AT !Y ALL
_H 9 -MON1 T X 0 9TOL].E ( 9SULT2 X 0 ?
: DROVE ,ALCIBIADES 6W>1 ,A*ILLES WRA?1
& ,AJAX 6SUICIDE4 ,WE %D NEXT EXAM9E O!R
CASES1 ,LYS&]1 = EXAMPLE1 OR ,SOCRATES1
& !N IF ^! H 9 -MON 9DI6];E ALIKE 6GD &
ILL =TUNE1 ,I TAKE ^! TWO RESULTS &
9QUIRE :AT -MON ELE;T H EQUANIM;Y AMID !
VICISSITUDES ( LIFE & IMPATI;E ( 4HON\R4
,IF !Y H N"O1 "! W 2 TWO G5]A ( PRIDE4
,2SS1 E DEF9I;N IS ALW UNIV]SAL &
-M5SURATE3 ! PHYSICIAN DOES N PRESCRIBE
:AT IS H1L?Y =A S+LE EYE1 B = ALL EYES
OR =A DET]M9ATE SPECIES ( EYE4 ,X IS AL
EASI] 0? ME?OD 6DEF9E ! S+LE SPECIES ?AN
! UNIV]SAL1 & T IS :Y \R PROC$URE %D 2 F
! S"EAL SPECIES 6! UNIV]SAL G5]A-? =!
FUR!R R1SON TOO T EQUIVOC,N IS LESS
R1DILY DETECT$ 9 G5]A ?AN 9 9FIMAE
SPECIES4 ,9DE$1 P]SPICU;Y IS ESS5TIAL 9
DEF9I;NS1 J Z 9F]5TIAL MOVE;T IS !
M9IMUM REQUIR$ 9 DEMON/R,NS2 & WE %
ATTA9 P]SPICU;Y IF WE C COLLECT
SEP>ATELY ! DEF9I;N ( EA* SPECIES "? !
GR\P ( S+UL>S : WE H E/ABLI%$ E4G4 !
DEF9I;N ( SIMIL>;Y N UNQUALIFI$ B
RE/RICT$ 6COL\RS & 6FIGURES2 ! DEF9I;N (
ACUTE;S1 B ONLY ( S.D-& S PROCE$ 6! -MON
UNIV]SAL )A C>E;L AVOID.E ( EQUIVOC,N4
,WE MAY ADD T IF DIALECTICAL 4PUT,N M/ N
EMPLOY METAPHORS1 CLE>LY METAPHORS &
METAPHORICAL EXPRES.NS >E PRECLUD$ 9
DEF9I;N3 O!RWISE DIALECTIC WD 9VOLVE
METAPHORS4
                  #AD
  ,9 ORD] 6=MULATE ! 3NEXIONS WE WI%
6PROVE WE H 6SELECT \R ANALYSES &
DIVI.NS4 ,! ME?OD ( SELEC;N 3SI/S 9 LAY+
D[N ! -MON G5US ( ALL \R SUBJECTS (
9VE/IG,N-IF E4G4 !Y >E ANIMALS1 WE LAY
D[N :AT ! PROP]TIES >E : 9"H 9 E ANIMAL4
,^! E/ABLI%$1 WE NEXT LAY D[N !
PROP]TIES ESS5TI,Y 3NECT$ )! F/ (!
REMA9+ CLASSES-E4G4 IF ? F/ SUBG5US IS
BIRD1 ! ESS5TIAL PROP]TIES ( E BIRD-& S
ON1 ALW "*IZ+ ! PROXIMATE SUBG5US4 ,? W
CLE>LY AT ONCE 5A# U 6SAY 9 VIRTUE ( :AT
"* ! SUBG5]A-MAN1 E4G4 OR HORSE-POSSESS
_! PROP]TIES4 ,LET ,A 2 ANIMAL1 ;,B !
PROP]TIES ( E ANIMAL1 ;,C ;,D ;,E V>I\S
SPECIES ( ANIMAL4 ,!N X IS CLE> 9 VIRTUE
( :AT "* ;,B 9"HS 9 ;,D-"NLY ,A-& T X
9"HS 9 ;,C & ;,E =! SAME R1SON3 & "?\T !
REMA9+ SUBG5]A ALW ! SAME RULE APPLIES4
  ,WE >E N[ TAK+ \R EXAMPLES F !
TRADI;NAL CLASS-"NS1 B WE M/ N 3F9E \RVS
63SID]+ ^!4 ,WE M/ COLLECT ANY O!R -MON
"* : WE OBS]VE1 & !N 3SID] ) :AT SPECIES
X IS 3NECT$ & :AT4PROP]TIES 2L;G 6X4 ,=
EXAMPLE1 Z ! -MON PROP]TIES ( HORN$
ANIMALS WE COLLECT ! POSSES.N (A ?IRD
/OMA* & ONLY "O R[ ( TEE?4 ,!N S9CE X IS
CLE> 9 VIRTUE ( :AT "* !Y POSSESS ^!
ATTRIBUTES-"NLY _! HORN$ "*-! NEXT "Q
IS1 6:AT SPECIES DOES ! POSSES.N ( HORNS
ATTA*8
  ,YET A FUR!R ME?OD ( SELEC;N IS
0ANALOGY3 = WE _C F9D A S+LE ID5TICAL "N
6GIVE 6A SQUID'S P\NCE1 A FI%'S SP9E1 &
AN ANIMAL'S B"O1 AL? ^! TOO POSSESS -MON
PROP]TIES Z IF "! 7 A S+LE OSSE\S
NATURE4
                  #AE
  ,"S 3NEXIONS T REQUIRE PRO( >E
ID5TICAL 9 T !Y POSSESS AN ID5TICAL
,8MI4LE0' E4G4 A :OLE GR\P MI<T 2 PROV$
"? ,8RECIPROCAL REPLACE;T'-&( ^! "O
CLASS >E ID5TICAL 9 G5US1 "NLY ALL ^? ^:
DI6];E 3SI/S 9 _! 3C]N+ DI6]5T SUBJECTS
OR 9 _! MODE ( MANIFE/,N4 ,? LATT] CLASS
MAY 2 EXEMPLIFI$ 0! "QS Z 6! CAUSES
RESPECTIVELY ( E*O1 ( REFLEC;N1 &(!
RA9B[3 ! 3NEXIONS 6BE PROV$ : ^! "QS
EMBODY >E ID5TICAL G5]IC,Y1 2C ALL ?REE
>E =MS ( REP]CUS.N2 B SPECIFIC,Y !Y >E
DI6]5T4
  ,O!R 3NEXIONS T REQUIRE PRO( ONLY DI6]
9 T ! ,8MI4LE0' (! "O IS SUBORD9ATE 6!
,8MI4LE0' (! O!R4 ,= EXAMPLE3 ,:Y DOES !
,NILE RISE T[>DS ! 5D (! MON?8 ,2C T[>DS
XS CLOSE ! MON? IS M /ORMY4 ,:Y IS !
MON? M /ORMY T[>DS XS CLOSE8 ,2C ! MOON
IS WAN+4 ,"H ! "O CAUSE IS SUBORD9ATE 6!
O!R4
                  #AF
  ,! "Q MI<T 2 RAIS$ ) REG>D 6CAUSE &
E6ECT :E!R :5 ! E6ECT IS PRES5T ! CAUSE
AL IS PRES5T2 :E!R1 = 9/.E1 IF A PLANT
%$S XS L1VES OR ! MOON IS ECLIPS$1 "! IS
PRES5T AL ! CAUSE (! ECLIPSE OR (! FALL
(! L1VES-! POSSES.N ( BROAD L1VES1 LET U
SAY1 9 ! LATT] CASE1 9 ! =M] ! E>?'S
9T]POSI;N4 ,=1 "O MI<T >GUE1 IF ? CAUSE
IS N PRES5T1 ^! PH5OM5A W H "S O!R
CAUSE3 IF X IS PRES5T1 XS E6ECT W 2 AT
ONCE IMPLI$ 0X-! ECLIPSE 0! E>?'S
9T]POSI;N1 ! FALL (! L1VES 0! POSSES.N (
BROAD L1VES2 B IF S1 !Y W 2 LOGIC,Y
CO9CID5T & EA* CAPA# ( PRO( "? ! O!R4
,LET ME ILLU/RATE3 ,LET ,A 2 DECIDU\S
"*1 ;,B ! POSSES.N ( BROAD L1VES1 ;,C
V9E4 ,N[ IF ,A 9"HS 9 ;,B 7= E BROAD-
L1V$ PLANT IS DECIDU\S71 & ;,B 9 ;,C 7E
V9E POSSESS+ BROAD L1VES72 !N ,A 9"HS 9
;,C 7E V9E IS DECIDU\S71 &! MI4LE T]M
;,B IS ! CAUSE4 ,B WE C AL DEMON/RATE T
! V9E HAS BROAD L1VES 2C X IS DECIDU\S4
,?US1 LET ;,D 2 BROAD-L1V$1 ;,E
DECIDU\S1 ;,F V9E4 ,!N ;,E 9"HS 9 ;,F
7S9CE E V9E IS DECIDU\S71 & ;,D 9 ;,E 7=
E DECIDU\S PLANT HAS BROAD L1VES73 "!=E
E V9E HAS BROAD L1VES1 &! CAUSE IS XS
DECIDU\S "*4 ,IF1 H["E1 !Y _C EA* 2 !
CAUSE (! O!R 7= CAUSE IS PRIOR 6E6ECT1 &
! E>?'S 9T]POSI;N IS ! CAUSE (! MOON'S
ECLIPSE & N ! ECLIPSE (! 9T]POSI;N7-IF1
!N1 DEMON/R,N "? ! CAUSE IS (! R1SON$
FACT & DEMON/R,N N "? ! CAUSE IS (! B>E
FACT1 "O :O "KS X "? ! ECLIPSE "KS !
FACT (! E>?'S 9T]POSI;N B N ! R1SON$
FACT4 ,MOREOV]1 T ! ECLIPSE IS N ! CAUSE
(! 9T]POSI;N1 B ! 9T]POSI;N (! ECLIPSE1
IS OBVI\S 2C ! 9T]POSI;N IS AN ELE;T 9 !
DEF9I;N ( ECLIPSE1 : %[S T ! ECLIPSE IS
"KN "? ! 9T]POSI;N & N VICE V]SA4
  ,ON ! O!R H&1 C A S+LE E6ECT H M ?AN
"O CAUSE8 ,"O MI<T >GUE Z FOLL[S3 IF !
SAME ATTRIBUTE IS PR$ICA# ( M ?AN "O ?+
Z XS PRIM>Y SUBJECT1 LET ;,B 2 A PRIM>Y
SUBJECT 9 : ,A 9"HS1 & ;,C ANO!R PRIM>Y
SUBJECT ( ;,A1 & ;,D & ;,E PRIM>Y
SUBJECTS ( ;,B & ;,C RESPECTIVELY4 ,A W
!N 9"H 9 ;,D & ;,E1 & ;,B W 2 ! CAUSE (
;,A'S 9H];E 9 ;,D1 ;,C ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9
,E4 ,! PRES;E (! CAUSE ?US NECESSITATES
T (! E6ECT1 B ! PRES;E (! E6ECT
NECESSITATES ! PRES;E N ( ALL T MAY
CAUSE X B ONLY (A CAUSE : YET NE$ N 2 !
:OLE CAUSE4 ,WE MAY1 H["E1 SU7E/ T IF !
3NEXION 6BE PROV$ IS ALW UNIV]SAL &
-M5SURATE1 N ONLY W ! CAUSE 2 A :OLE B
AL ! E6ECT W 2 UNIV]SAL & -M5SURATE4 ,=
9/.E1 DECIDU\S "* W 2L;G EXCLUSIVELY 6A
SUBJECT : IS A :OLE1 &1 IF ? :OLE HAS
SPECIES1 UNIV]S,Y & -M5SURATELY 6^?
SPECIES-I4E4 EI 6ALL SPECIES ( PLANT OR
6A S+LE SPECIES4 ,S 9 ^! UNIV]SAL &
-M5SURATE 3NEXIONS ! ,8MI4LE0' & XS
E6ECT M/ RECIPROCATE1 I4E4 2 3V]TI#4
,SUPPOS+1 = EXAMPLE1 T ! R1SON :Y TREES
>E DECIDU\S IS ! COAGUL,N ( SAP1 !N IF A
TREE IS DECIDU\S1 COAGUL,N M/ 2 PRES5T1
& IF COAGUL,N IS PRES5T-N 9 ANY SUBJECT
B 9 A TREE-!N T TREE M/ 2 DECIDU\S4
                  #AG
  ,C ! CAUSE ( AN ID5TICAL E6ECT 2 N
ID5TICAL 9 E 9/.E (! E6ECT B DI6]5T8 ,OR
IS T IMPOSSI#8 ,P]H X IS IMPOSSI# IF !
E6ECT IS DEMON/RAT$ Z ESS5TIAL & N Z
9H]+ 9 VIRTUE (A SYMPTOM OR AN A3ID5T-2C
! MI4LE IS !N ! DEF9I;N (! MAJOR T]M-?\<
POSSI# IF ! DEMON/R,N IS N ESS5TIAL4 ,N[
X IS POSSI# 63SID] ! E6ECT & XS SUBJECT
Z AN A3ID5TAL 3JUNC;N1 ?\< S* 3JUNC;NS
WD N 2 REG>D$ Z 3NEXIONS DEM&+ SCI5TIFIC
PRO(4 ,B IF !Y >E A3EPT$ Z S*1 ! MI4LE W
CORRESPOND 6! EXTREMES1 & 2 EQUIVOCAL IF
!Y >E EQUIVOCAL1 G5]IC,Y "O IF !Y >E
G5]IC,Y "O4 ,TAKE ! "Q :Y PROPOR;NALS
ALT]NATE4 ,! CAUSE :5 !Y >E L9ES1 & :5
!Y >E NUMB]S1 IS BO? DI6]5T & ID5TICAL2
DI6]5T 9 S F> Z L9ES >E L9ES & N NUMB]S1
ID5TICAL Z 9VOLV+ A GIV5 DET]M9ATE
9CRE;T4 ,9 ALL PROPOR;NALS ? IS S4 ,AG1
! CAUSE ( LIKE;S 2T COL\R & COL\R IS O!R
?AN T 2T FIGURE & FIGURE2 = LIKE;S "H IS
EQUIVOCAL1 M1N+ P]H 9 ! LATT] CASE
EQUAL;Y (! RATIOS (! SIDES & EQUAL;Y (!
ANGLES1 9 ! CASE ( COL\RS ID5T;Y (! ACT
( P]CVG !M1 OR "S?+ ELSE (! SORT4 ,AG1
3NEXIONS REQUIR+ PRO( : >E ID5TICAL
0ANALOGY MI4LES AL ANALOG\S4
  ,! TRU? IS T CAUSE1 E6ECT1 & SUBJECT
>E RECIPROC,Y PR$ICA# 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4
,IF ! SPECIES >E TAK5 S"E,Y1 ! E6ECT IS
WID] ?AN ! SUBJECT 7E4G4 ! POSSES.N (
EXT]NAL ANGLES EQUAL 6F\R "R ANGLES IS
AN ATTRIBUTE WID] ?AN TRIANGLE OR >E71 B
X IS COEXT5SIVE )! SPECIES TAK5
COLLECTIVELY 7IN ? 9/.E ) ALL FIGURES ^:
EXT]NAL ANGLES >E EQUAL 6F\R "R ANGLES74
,&! MI4LE LIKEWISE RECIPROCATES1 =!
MI4LE IS A DEF9I;N (! MAJOR2 : IS
9CID5T,Y ! R1SON :Y ALL ! SCI;ES >E
BUILT UP "? DEF9I;N4
  ,WE MAY ILLU/RATE Z FOLL[S4 ,DECIDU\S
IS A UNIV]SAL ATTRIBUTE ( V9E1 & IS AT !
SAME "T ( WID] EXT5T ?AN V9E2 &( FIG1 &
IS ( WID] EXT5T ?AN FIG3 B X IS N WID]
?AN B COEXT5SIVE )! TOTAL;Y (! SPECIES4
,!N IF Y TAKE ! MI4LE : IS PROXIMATE1 X
IS A DEF9I;N ( DECIDU\S4 ,I SAY T1 2C Y
W F/ R1* A MI4LE NEXT ! SUBJECT1 &A
PREMISS ASS]T+ X (! :OLE SUBJECT1 & AF T
A MI4LE-! COAGUL,N ( SAP OR "S?+ (!
SORT-PROV+ ! 3NEXION (! F/ MI4LE )!
MAJOR3 B X IS ! COAGUL,N ( SAP AT !
JUNC;N ( L1F-/ALK & /EM : DEF9ES
DECIDU\S4
  ,IF AN EXPLAN,N 9 =MAL T]MS (! 9T]-
REL,N ( CAUSE & E6ECT IS DEM&$1 WE % (F]
! FOLL[+4 ,LET ,A 2 AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL
;,B1 & ;,B ( E SPECIES ( ;,D1 B S T BO?
;,A & ;,B >E WID] ?AN _! RESPECTIVE
SUBJECTS4 ,!N ;,B W 2 A UNIV]SAL
ATTRIBUTE ( EA* SPECIES ( ;,D 7S9CE ,I
CALL S* AN ATTRIBUTE UNIV]SAL EV5 IF X
IS N -M5SURATE1 & ,I CALL AN ATTRIBUTE
PRIM>Y UNIV]SAL IF X IS -M5SURATE1 N )
EA* SPECIES S"E,Y B ) _! TOTAL;Y71 & X
EXT5DS 2Y EA* ( !M TAK5 SEP>ATELY4
  ,?US1 ;,B IS ! CAUSE ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9 !
SPECIES ( ;,D3 3SEQU5TLY ,A M/ 2 ( WID]
EXT5T ?AN ;,B2 O!RWISE :Y %D ;,B 2 !
CAUSE ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9 ;,D ANY M ?AN ;,A
! CAUSE ( ;,B'S 9H];E 9 ;,D8 ,N[ IF ,A
IS AN ATTRIBUTE ( ALL ! SPECIES ( ;,E1
ALL ! SPECIES ( ;,E W 2 UNIT$ 0POSSESS+
"S -MON CAUSE O!R ?AN ;,B3 O!RWISE H[ %
WE 2 A# 6SAY T ,A IS PR$ICA# ( ALL ( :
;,E IS PR$ICA#1 :ILE ;,E IS N PR$ICA# (
ALL ( : ,A C 2 PR$ICAT$8 ,I M1N H[ C "!
FAIL 6BE "S SPECIAL CAUSE ( ;,A'S 9H];E
9 ;,E1 Z "! 0 ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9 ALL !
SPECIES ( ;,D8 ,!N >E ! SPECIES ( ;,E1
TOO1 UNIT$ 0POSSESS+ "S -MON CAUSE8 ,?
CAUSE WE M/ LOOK =4 ,LET U CALL X ,C4
  ,WE 3CLUDE1 !N1 T ! SAME E6ECT MAY H M
?AN "O CAUSE1 B N 9 SUBJECTS SPECIFIC,Y
ID5TICAL4 ,= 9/.E1 ! CAUSE ( L;GEV;Y 9
QUADRUP$S IS LACK ( BILE1 9 BIRDS A DRY
3/ITU;N-OR C]TA9LY "S?+ DI6]5T4
                  #AH
  ,IF IMM PREMISSES >E N R1*$ AT ONCE1 &
"! IS N M]ELY "O MI4LE B S"EAL MI4LES1
I4E4 S"EAL CAUSES2 IS ! CAUSE (!
PROP]TY'S 9H];E 9 ! S"EAL SPECIES !
MI4LE : IS PROXIMATE 6! PRIM>Y UNIV]SAL1
OR ! MI4LE : IS PROXIMATE 6! SPECIES8
,CLE>LY ! CAUSE IS T NE>E/ 6EA* SPECIES
S"E,Y 9 : X IS MANIFE/$1 = T IS ! CAUSE
(! SUBJECT'S FALL+ "U ! UNIV]SAL4
,6ILLU/RATE =M,Y3 ;,C IS ! CAUSE ( ;,B'S
9H];E 9 ;,D2 H;E ;,C IS ! CAUSE ( ;,A'S
9H];E 9 ;,D1 ;,B ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9 ;,C1
:ILE ! CAUSE ( ;,A'S 9H];E 9 ;,B IS ;,B
XF4

                  #AI
  ,Z REG>DS SYLLOGISM & DEMON/R,N1 !
DEF9I;N (1 &! 3DI;NS REQUIR$ 6PRODUCE
EA* ( !M1 >E N[ CLE>1 &) T AL ! DEF9I;N
(1 &! 3DI;NS REQUIR$ 6PRODUCE1
DEMON/RATIVE K1 S9CE X IS ! SAME Z
DEMON/R,N4 ,Z 6! BASIC PREMISSES1 H[ !Y
2COME "KN & :AT IS ! DEVELOP$ /ATE ( K (
!M IS MADE CLE> 0RAIS+ "S PRELIM9>Y
PRO#MS4
  ,WE H ALR SD T SCI5TIFIC K "?
DEMON/R,N IS IMPOSSI# UN.S A MAN "KS !
PRIM>Y IMM PREMISSES4 ,B "! >E "QS :
MI<T 2 RAIS$ 9 RESPECT (! APPREH5.N ( ^!
IMM PREMISSES3 "O MI<T N ONLY ASK :E!R X
IS (! SAME K9D Z ! APPREH5.N (! 3CLU.NS1
B AL :E!R "! IS OR IS N SCI5TIFIC K (
BO?2 OR SCI5TIFIC K (! LATT]1 &(! =M] A
DI6]5T K9D ( K2 &1 FUR!R1 :E!R !
DEVELOP$ /ATES ( K >E N 9NATE B -E 6BE 9
U1 OR >E 9NATE B AT F/ UNNOTIC$4 ,N[ X
IS /RANGE IF WE POSSESS !M F BIR?2 = X
M1NS T WE POSSESS APPREH5.NS M A3URATE
?AN DEMON/R,N & FAIL 6NOTICE !M4 ,IF ON
! O!R H& WE ACQUIRE !M & D N PREVI\SLY
POSSESS !M1 H[ CD WE APPREH5D & LE>N )\T
A BASIS ( PRE-EXI/5T K8 ,= T IS
IMPOSSI#1 Z WE US$ 6F9D 9 ! CASE (
DEMON/R,N4 ,S X EM]GES T NEI C WE
POSSESS !M F BIR?1 NOR C !Y -E 6BE 9 U
IF WE >E )\T K ( !M 6! EXT5T ( HAV+ NO
S* DEVELOP$ /ATE AT ALL4 ,"!=E WE M/
POSSESS A CAPAC;Y ( "S SORT1 B N S* Z
6RANK HI<] 9 A3URACY ?AN ^! DEVELOP$
/ATES4 ,& ? AT L1/ IS AN OBVI\S "*I/IC (
ALL ANIMALS1 = !Y POSSESS A 3G5ITAL
4CRIM9ATIVE CAPAC;Y : IS CALL$ S5SE-
P]CEP;N4 ,B ?\< S5SE-P]CEP;N IS 9NATE 9
ALL ANIMALS1 9 "S ! S5SE-IMPRES.N -ES
6P]SI/1 9 O!RS X DOES N4 ,S ANIMALS 9 :
? P]SI/;E DOES N -E 6BE H EI NO K AT ALL
\TSIDE ! ACT ( P]CVG1 OR NO K ( OBJECTS
( : NO IMPRES.N P]SI/S2 ANIMALS 9 : X
DOES -E 962+ H P]CEP;N & C 3T9UE 6RETA9
! S5SE-IMPRES.N 9 ! S\L3 & :5 S* P]SI/;E
IS FREQU5TLY REP1T$ A FUR!R 4T9C;N AT
ONCE >ISES 2T ^? : \ (! P]SI/;E ( S*
S5SE-IMPRES.NS DEVELOP A P[] (
SY/EMATIZ+ !M & ^? : D N4 ,S \ ( S5SE-
P]CEP;N -ES 6BE :AT WE CALL MEMORY1 & \
( FREQU5TLY REP1T$ MEMORIES (! SAME ?+
DEVELOPS EXP]I;E2 =A NUMB] ( MEMORIES
3/ITUTE A S+LE EXP]I;E4 ,F EXP]I;E AG-
I4E4 F ! UNIV]SAL N[ /ABILIZ$ 9 XS
5TIRETY )9 ! S\L1 ! "O 2S ! _M : IS A
S+LE ID5T;Y )9 !M ALL-ORIG9ATE ! SKILL (
! CRAFTSMAN &! K (! MAN ( SCI;E1 SKILL 9
! SPH]E ( -+ 6BE & SCI;E 9 ! SPH]E ( 2+4
  ,WE 3CLUDE T ^! /ATES ( K >E NEI 9NATE
9 A DET]M9ATE =M1 NOR DEVELOP$ F O!R
HI<] /ATES ( K1 B F S5SE-P]CEP;N4 ,X IS
L A R\T 9 BATTLE /OPP$ 0F/ "O MAN MAK+ A
/& & !N ANO!R1 UNTIL ! ORIG9AL =M,N HAS
BE5 RE/OR$4 ,! S\L IS S 3/ITUT$ Z 6BE
CAPA# ( ? PROCESS4
  ,LET U N[ RE/ATE ! A3.T GIV5 ALR1 ?\<
) 9SU6ICI5T CLE>;S4 ,:5 "O (A NUMB] (
LOGIC,Y 9DISCRIM9A# "PICUL>S HAS MADE A
/&1 ! E>LIE/ UNIV]SAL IS PRES5T 9 ! S\L3
= ?\< ! ACT ( S5SE-P]CEP;N IS (!
"PICUL>1 XS 3T5T IS UNIV]SAL-IS MAN1 =
EXAMPLE1 N ! MAN ,CALLIAS4 ,A FRE% /& IS
MADE AM;G ^! RUDI;T>Y UNIV]SALS1 &!
PROCESS DOES N C1SE UNTIL ! 9DIVISI#
3CEPTS1 ! TRUE UNIV]SALS1 >E E/ABLI%$3
E4G4 S* & S* A SPECIES ( ANIMAL IS A /EP
T[>DS ! G5US ANIMAL1 : 0! SAME PROCESS
IS A /EP T[>DS A FUR!R G5]ALIZ,N4
  ,?US X IS CLE> T WE M/ GET 6"K !
PRIM>Y PREMISSES 09DUC;N2 =! ME?OD 0:
EV5 S5SE-P]CEP;N IMPLANTS ! UNIV]SAL IS
9DUCTIVE4 ,N[ (! ?9K+ /ATES 0: WE GRASP
TRU?1 "S >E UNFAIL+LY TRUE1 O!RS ADMIT (
]ROR-OP9ION1 = 9/.E1 & CALCUL,N1 ":AS
SCI5TIFIC "K+ & 9TUI;N >E ALW TRUE3
FUR!R1 NO O!R K9D ( ?"\ EXCEPT 9TUI;N IS
M A3URATE ?AN SCI5TIFIC K1 ":AS PRIM>Y
PREMISSES >E M "KA# ?AN DEMON/R,NS1 &
ALL SCI5TIFIC K IS 4CURSIVE4 ,F ^!
3SID],NS X FOLL[S T "! W 2 NO SCI5TIFIC
K (! PRIM>Y PREMISSES1 & S9CE EXCEPT
9TUI;N NO?+ C 2 TRU] ?AN SCI5TIFIC K1 X
W 2 9TUI;N T APPREH5DS ! PRIM>Y
PREMISSES-A RESULT : AL FOLL[S F ! FACT
T DEMON/R,N _C 2 ! ORIG9ATIVE S\RCE (
DEMON/R,N1 NOR1 3SEQU5TLY1 SCI5TIFIC K (
SCI5TIFIC K4,IF1 "!=E1 X IS ! ONLY O!R
K9D ( TRUE ?9K+ EXCEPT SCI5TIFIC "K+1
9TUI;N W 2 ! ORIG9ATIVE S\RCE (
SCI5TIFIC K4 ,&! ORIG9ATIVE S\RCE (
SCI;E GRASPS ! ORIG9AL BASIC PREMISS1
:ILE SCI;E Z A :OLE IS SIMIL>LY RELAT$ Z
ORIG9ATIVE S\RCE 6! :OLE BODY ( FACT4

