               ,BOOK ,,II
                   #A

  ,WE H N[ 3SID]$ ! MAT]IALS 6BE US$ 9
SUPPORT+ OR OPPOS+ A POLITICAL M1SURE1 9
PRON\NC+ EULOGIES OR C5SURES1 &=
PROSECU;N & DEF;E 9 ! LAW C\RTS4 ,WE H
3SID]$ ! RCVD OP9IONS ON : WE MAY BE/
BASE \R >GU;TS S Z 63V9CE \R HE>]S-^?
OP9IONS ) : \R 5?YMEMES D1L1 & \ ( : !Y
>E BUILT1 9 EA* (! ?REE K9DS ( ORATORY1
AC 6:AT MAY 2 CALL$ ! SPECIAL NE$S (
EA*4
  ,B S9CE RHETORIC EXI/S 6A6ECT ! GIV+ (
DECI.NS-! HE>]S DECIDE 2T "O POLITICAL
SP1K] & ANO!R1 &A LEGAL V]DICT IS A
DECI.N-! ORATOR M/ N ONLY TRY 6MAKE !
>GU;T ( 8 SPEE* DEMON/RATIVE & WOR?Y (
2LIEF2 HE M/ AL MAKE 8 [N "* LOOK "R &
PUT 8 HE>]S1 :O >E 6DECIDE1 96! "R FRAME
( M9D4 ,"PICUL>LY 9 POLITICAL ORATORY1 B
AL 9 LAWSUITS1 X A4S M* 6AN ORATOR'S
9FLU;E T 8 [N "* %D LOOK "R & T HE %D 2
?"\ 65T]TA9 ! "R FEEL+S T[>DS 8 HE>]S2 &
AL T 8 HE>]S !MVS %D 2 9 J ! "R FRAME (
M9D4 ,T ! ORATOR'S [N "* %D LOOK "R IS
"PICUL>LY IMPORTANT 9 POLITICAL SP1K+3 T
! AUDI;E %D 2 9 ! "R FRAME ( M9D1 9
LAWSUITS4 ,:5 P >E FEEL+ FRLY & PLACA#1
!Y ?9K "O SORT ( ?+2 :5 !Y >E FEEL+
ANGRY OR HO/ILE1 !Y ?9K EI "S?+ TOT,Y
DI6]5T OR ! SAME ?+ )A DI6]5T 9T5S;Y3 :5
!Y FEEL FRLY 6! MAN :O -ES 2F !M =
JUDGE;T1 !Y REG>D HM Z HAV+ D"O LL WR;G1
IF ANY2 :5 !Y FEEL HO/ILE1 !Y TAKE !
OPPOSITE VIEW4 ,AG1 IF !Y >E EAG] =1 & H
GD HOPES (1 A ?+ T W 2 PL1SANT IF X
HAPP5S1 !Y ?9K T X C]TA9LY W HAPP5 & 2
GD = !M3 ":AS IF !Y >E 9DI6]5T OR
ANNOY$1 !Y D N ?9K S4
  ,"! >E ?REE ?+S : 9SPIRE 3FID;E 9 !
ORATOR'S [N "*-! ?REE1 "NLY1 T 9DUCE U
62LIEVE A ?+ A"P F ANY PRO( ( X3 GD
S5SE1 GD MORAL "*1 & GDWILL4 ,FALSE
/ATE;TS & BAD ADVICE >E DUE 6"O OR M (!
FOLL[+ ?REE CAUSES4 ,M5 EI =M A FALSE
OP9ION "? WANT ( GD S5SE2 OR !Y =M A
TRUE OP9ION1 B 2C ( _! MORAL BAD;S D N
SAY :AT !Y RE,Y ?9K2 OR F9,Y1 !Y >E BO?
S5SI# & UP"R1 B N WELL 4POS$ 6_! HE>]S1
& MAY FAIL 9 3SEQU;E 6RECOMM5D :AT !Y "K
6BE ! BE/ C\RSE4 ,^! >E ! ONLY POSSI#
CASES4 ,X FOLL[S T ANY "O :O IS ?"\ 6H
ALL ?REE ( ^! GD QUALITIES W 9SPIRE TRU/
9 8 AUDI;E4 ,! WAY 6MAKE \RVS ?"\ 6BE
S5SI# & MOR,Y GD M/ 2 GA!R$ F ! ANALYSIS
( GD;S ALR GIV53 ! WAY 6E/ABLI% YR [N
GD;S IS ! SAME Z ! WAY 6E/ABLI% T (
O!RS4 ,GD W & FRLI;S ( 4POSI;N W =M "P (
\R 4CUS.N (! EMO;NS1 6: WE M/ N[ TURN4
  ,! ,EMO;NS >E ALL ^? FEEL+S T S *ANGE
M5 Z 6A6ECT _! JUDGE;TS1 & T >E AL
ATT5D$ 0PA9 OR PL1SURE4 ,S* >E ANG]1
P;Y1 FE> &! L1 ) _! OPPOSITES4 ,WE M/
>RANGE :AT WE H 6SAY AB EA* ( !M "U ?REE
H1DS4 ,TAKE1 = 9/.E1 ! EMO;N ( ANG]3 "H
WE M/ 4COV] 7#A7 :AT ! /ATE ( M9D (
ANGRY P IS1 7#B7 :O ! P >E ) :OM !Y
USU,Y GET ANGRY1 & 7#C7 ON :AT GR.DS !Y
GET ANGRY ) !M4 ,X IS N 5 6"K "O OR EV5
TWO ( ^! PO9TS2 UN.S WE "K ALL ?REE1 WE
% 2 UNA# 6>\SE ANG] 9 ANY "O4 ,! SAME IS
TRUE (! O!R EMO;NS4 ,S J Z E>LI] 9 ? "W
WE DREW UP A LI/ ( USE;L PROPOSI;NS =!
ORATOR1 LET U N[ PROCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY
6ANALYSE ! SUBJECT 2F U4
  #B
  ,ANG] MAY 2 DEF9$ Z AN IMPULSE1
A3OMPANI$ 0PA91 6A 3SPICU\S REV5GE =A
3SPICU\S SLI<T DIRECT$ )\T JU/IFIC,N
T[>DS :AT 3C]NS "OF OR T[>DS :AT 3C]NS
"O'S FRS4 ,IF ? IS A PROP] DEF9I;N (
ANG]1 X M/ ALW 2 FELT T[>DS "S "PICUL>
9DIVIDUAL1 E4G4 ,CLEON1 & N ,8MAN0' 9
G5]AL4 ,X M/ 2 FELT 2C ! O!R HAS D"O OR
9T5D$ 6D "S?+ 6HM OR "O ( 8 FRS4 ,X M/
ALW 2 ATT5D$ 0A C]TA9 PL1SURE-T : >ISES
F ! EXPECT,N ( REV5GE4 ,= S9CE NOBODY
AIMS AT :AT HE ?9KS HE _C ATTA91 ! ANGRY
MAN IS AIM+ AT :AT HE C ATTA91 &! 2LIEF
T Y W ATTA9 YR AIM IS PL1SANT4 ,H;E X
HAS BE5 WELL SD AB WRA?1

,SWEET] X IS 0F> ?AN ! H"OYCOMB
DRIPP+ ) SWEET;S1
,& SPR1DS "? ! HE>TS ( M54

  ,X IS AL ATT5D$ 0A C]TA9 PL1SURE 2C !
?"\S DWELL ^U ! ACT ( V5GE.E1 &! IMAGES
!N CALL$ UP CAUSE PL1SURE1 L ! IMAGES
CALL$ UP 9 DR1MS4
  ,N[ SLI<T+ IS ! ACTIVELY 5T]TA9$
OP9ION ( "S?+ Z OBVI\SLY ( NO IMPORT.E4
,WE ?9K BAD ?+S1 Z WELL Z GD "OS1 H
S]I\S IMPORT.E2 & WE ?9K ! SAME ( ANY?+
T T5DS 6PRODUCE S* ?+S1 :ILE ^? : H LL
OR NO S* T5D5CY WE 3SID] UNIMPORTANT4
  ,"! >E ?REE K9DS ( SLI<T+-3TEMPT1
SPITE1 & 9SOL;E4
  7#A7 ,3TEMPT IS "O K9D ( SLI<T+3 Y
FEEL 3TEMPT = :AT Y 3SID] UNIMPORTANT1 &
X IS J S* ?+S T Y SLI<T4
  7#B7 ,SPITE IS ANO!R K9D2 X IS A ?W>T+
ANO!R MAN'S WI%ES1 N 6GET "S?+ YRF B
6PREV5T 8 GETT+ X4 ,! SLI<T >ISES J F !
FACT T Y D N AIM AT "S?+ = YRF3 CLE>LY Y
D N ?9K T HE C D Y H>M1 = !N Y WD 2
AFRAID ( HM 9/1D ( SLI<T+ HM1 NOR YET T
HE C D Y ANY GD WOR? M5;N+1 = !N Y WD 2
ANXI\S 6MAKE FRS ) HM4
  7#C7 ,9SOL;E IS AL A =M ( SLI<T+1 S9CE
X 3SI/S 9 DO+ & SAY+ ?+S T CAUSE %AME 6!
VICTIM1 N 9 ORD] T ANY?+ MAY HAPP5 6YRF1
OR 2C ANY?+ HAS HAPP5$ 6YRF1 B SIMPLY =!
PL1SURE 9VOLV$4 7,RETALI,N IS N
,89SOL;E0'1 B V5GE.E47 ,! CAUSE (!
PL1SURE ?US 5JOY$ 0! 9SOL5T MAN IS T HE
?9KS HMF GRTLY SUP]IOR 6O!RS :5 ILL-
TR1T+ !M4 ,T IS :Y Y\?S & RI* M5 >E
9SOL5T2 !Y ?9K !MVS SUP]IOR :5 !Y %[
9SOL;E4 ,"O SORT ( 9SOL;E IS 6ROB P (!
HON\R DUE 6!M2 Y C]TA9LY SLI<T !M ?US2 =
X IS ! UNIMPORTANT1 = GD OR EVIL1 T HAS
NO HON\R PD 6X4 ,S ,A*ILLES SAYS 9 ANG]3

  ,HE HA? TAK5 MY PRIZE = HMF
  & HA? D"O ME 4HON\R1

&

  ,L AN ALI5 HON\R$ 0N"O1

M1N+ T ? IS :Y HE IS ANGRY4 ,A MAN
EXPECTS 6BE SPECI,Y RESPECT$ 0HIS
9F]IORS 9 BIR?1 9 CAPAC;Y1 9 GD;S1 &
G5],Y 9 ANY?+ 9 : HE IS M* _! SUP]IOR3 Z
": M"OY IS 3C]N$ A W1L?Y MAN LOOKS =
RESPECT F A POOR MAN2 ": SP1K+ IS 3C]N$1
! MAN )A TURN = ORATORY LOOKS = RESPECT
F "O :O _C SP1K2 ! RUL] DEM&S ! RESPECT
(! RUL$1 &! MAN :O ?9KS HE "\ 6BE A RUL]
DEM&S ! RESPECT (! MAN :OM HE ?9KS HE "\
6BE RUL+4 ,H;E X HAS BE5 SD
  ,GRT IS ! WRA? ( K+S1 ^: "F IS ,ZEUS
ALMI<TY1
  &
  ,YEA1 B 8 RANC\R ABIDE? L;G AFW AL1
  _! GRT RES5T;T 2+ DUE 6_! GRT
SUP]IOR;Y4 ,!N AG A MAN LOOKS = RESPECT
F ^? :O HE ?9KS [E HM GD TR1T;T1 & ^! >E
! P :OM HE HAS TR1T$ OR IS TR1T+ WELL1
OR M1NS OR HAS M1NT 6TR1T WELL1 EI HMF1
OR "? 8 FRS1 OR "? O!RS AT 8 REQUE/4
  ,X W 2 PLA9 0N[1 F :AT HAS BE5 SD1
7#A7 9 :AT FRAME ( M9D1 7#B7 ) :AT
P]SONS1 & 7#C7 ON :AT GR.DS P GR[ ANGRY4

  7#A7 ,! FRAME ( M9D IS T ( "O 9 : ANY
PA9 IS 2+ FELT4 ,9 T 3DI;N1 A MAN IS ALW
AIM+ AT "S?+4 ,:E!R1 !N1 ANO!R MAN
OPPOSES HM EI DIRECTLY 9 ANY WAY1 Z
0PREV5T+ HM F DR9K+ :5 HE IS ?IR/Y1 OR
9DIRECTLY1 ! ACT APPE>S 6HM J ! SAME2
:E!R "S "O "WS AG/ HM1 OR FAILS 6"W )
HM1 OR O!RWISE VEXES HM :ILE HE IS 9 ?
MOOD1 HE IS EQU,Y ANGRY 9 ALL ^! CASES4
,H;E P :O >E A6LICT$ 0SICK;S OR POV]TY
OR LOVE OR ?IR/ OR ANY O!R UNSATISFI$
DESIRES >E PR"O 6ANG] & EASILY R\S$3
ESPECI,Y AG/ ^? :O SLI<T _! PRES5T
4TRESS4 ,?US A SICK MAN IS ANG]$ 04REG>D
( 8 ILL;S1 A POOR MAN 04REG>D ( 8
POV]TY1 A MAN AG+ W> 04REG>D (! W> HE IS
WAG+1 A LOV] 04REG>D ( 8 LOVE1 & S "?\T1
ANY O!R SORT ( SLI<T 2+ 5 IF SPECIAL
SLI<TS >E WANT+4 ,EA* MAN IS PREDISPOS$1
0! EMO;N N[ 3TROLL+ HM1 6HIS [N "PICUL>
ANG]4 ,FUR!R1 WE >E ANG]$ IF WE HAPP5
6BE EXPECT+ A 3TR>Y RESULT3 =A Q
UNEXPECT$ EVIL IS SPECI,Y PA9;L1 J Z ! Q
UNEXPECT$ FULFIL;T ( \R WI%ES IS SPECI,Y
PL1SANT4 ,H;E X IS PLA9 :AT S1SONS1 "TS1
3DI;NS1 & P]IODS ( LIFE T5D 6/IR M5
EASILY 6ANG]1 & ": & :5 ? W HAPP52 & X
IS PLA9 T ! M WE >E "U ^! 3DI;NS ! M
EASILY WE >E /IRR$4
  ,^!1 !N1 >E ! FRAMES ( M9D 9 : M5 >E
EASILY /IRR$ 6ANG]4 ,! P]SONS ) :OM WE
GET ANGRY >E ^? :O LAU<1 MOCK1 OR JE] AT
U1 = S* 3DUCT IS 9SOL5T4 ,AL ^? :O
9FLICT 9JURIES ^U U T >E M>KS ( 9SOL;E4
,^! 9JURIES M/ 2 S* Z >E NEI RETALIATORY
NOR PR(ITA# 6! DO]S3 = ONLY !N W !Y 2
FELT 6BE DUE 69SOL;E4 ,AL ^? :O SP1K ILL
( U1 & %[ 3TEMPT = U1 9 3NEXION )! ?+S
WE \RVS MO/ C>E AB3 ?US ^? :O >E EAG]
6W9 FAME Z PHILOSOPH]S GET ANGRY ) ^? :O
%[ 3TEMPT = _! PHILOSOPHY2 ^? :O PRIDE
!MVS ^U _! APPE>.E GET ANGRY ) ^? :O %[
3TEMPT = _! APPE>.E & S ON 9 O!R CASES4
,WE FEEL "PICUL>LY ANGRY ON ? A3.T IF WE
SUSPECT T WE >E 9 FACT1 OR T P ?9K WE
>E1 LACK+ -PLETELY OR 6ANY E6ECTIVE
EXT5T 9 ! QUALITIES 9 "Q4 ,= :5 WE >E
3V9C$ T WE EXCEL 9 ! QUALITIES = : WE >E
JE]$ AT1 WE C IGNORE ! JE]+4 ,AG1 WE >E
ANGRI] ) \R FRS ?AN ) O!R P1 S9CE WE
FEEL T \R FRS "\ 6TR1T U WELL & N BADLY4
,WE >E ANGRY ) ^? :O H USU,Y TR1T$ U )
HON\R OR REG>D1 IF A *ANGE -ES & !Y
2HAVE 6U O!RWISE3 = WE ?9K T !Y FEEL
3TEMPT = U1 OR !Y WD / 2 2HAV+ Z !Y DID
2F4 ,&) ^? :O D N RETURN \R K9D;SES OR
FAIL 6RETURN !M ADEQUATELY1 &) ^? :O
OPPOSE U ?\< !Y >E \R 9F]IORS3 = ALL S*
P]SONS SEEM 6FEEL 3TEMPT = U2 ^? :O
OPPOSE U SEEM 6?9K U 9F]IOR 6!MVS1 & ^?
:O D N RETURN \R K9D;SES SEEM 6?9K T ^?
K9D;SES 7 3F]R$ 09F]IORS4 ,& WE FEEL
"PICUL>LY ANGRY ) M5 ( NO A3.T AT ALL1
IF !Y SLI<T U4 ,=1 0\R HYPO!SIS1 ! ANG]
CAUS$ 0! SLI<T IS FELT T[>DS P :O >E N
JU/IFI$ 9 SLI<T+ U1 & \R 9F]IORS >E N
?US JU/IFI$4 ,AG1 WE FEEL ANGRY ) FRS IF
!Y D N SP1K WELL ( U OR TR1T U WELL2 & /
M1 IF !Y D ! 3TR>Y2 OR IF !Y D N P]CV \R
NE$S1 : IS :Y ,PLEXIPPUS IS ANGRY )
,MEL1G] 9 ,ANTIPHON'S PLAY2 = ? WANT (
P]CEP;N %[S T !Y >E SLI<T+ U-WE D N FAIL
6P]CV ! NE$S ( ^? = :OM WE C>E4 ,AG WE
>E ANGRY ) ^? :O RJC AT \R MIS=TUNES OR
SIMPLY KEEP *E];L 9 ! MID/ ( \R
MIS=TUNES1 S9CE ? %[S T !Y EI HATE U OR
>E SLI<T+ U4 ,AL ) ^? :O >E 9DI6]5T 6!
PA9 !Y GIVE U3 ? IS :Y WE GET ANGRY )
BR+]S ( BAD NEWS4 ,&) ^? :O LI/5 6/ORIES
AB U OR KEEP ON LOOK+ AT \R W1K;SES2 ?
SEEMS L EI SLI<T+ U OR HAT+ U2 = ^? :O
LOVE U %>E 9 ALL \R 4TRESSES & X M/
4TRESS ANY "O 6KEEP ON LOOK+ AT 8 [N
W1K;SES4 ,FUR!R1 ) ^? :O SLI<T U 2F FIVE
CLASSES ( P3 "NLY1 7#A7 \R RIVALS1 7#B7
^? :OM WE ADMIRE1 7#C7 ^? :OM WE WI%
6ADMIRE U1 7#D7 ^? = :OM WE FEEL R"E;E1
7#E7 ^? :O FEEL R"E;E = U3 IF ANY "O
SLI<TS U 2F S* P]SONS1 WE FEEL "PICUL>LY
ANGRY4 ,AG1 WE FEEL ANGRY ) ^? :O SLI<T
U 9 3NEXION ) :AT WE >E Z HON\RA# M5 B.D
6*AMPION-\R P>5TS1 *N1 WIVES1 OR
SUBJECTS4 ,&) ^? :O D N RETURN A FAV\R1
S9CE S* A SLI<T IS UNJU/IFIA#4 ,AL ) ^?
:O REPLY ) HUMOR\S LEV;Y :5 WE >E SP1K+
S]I\SLY1 = S* 2HAVI\R 9DICATES 3TEMPT4
,&) ^? :O TR1T U LESS WELL ?AN !Y TR1T
"EYBODY ELSE2 X IS ANO!R M>K ( 3TEMPT T
!Y %D ?9K WE D N DES]VE :AT E "O ELSE
DES]VES4 ,=GET;L;S1 TOO1 CAUSES ANG]1 Z
:5 \R [N "NS >E =GOTT51 TRIFL+ Z ? MAY
BE2 S9CE =GET;L;S IS FELT 6BE ANO!R SIGN
T WE >E 2+ SLI<T$2 X IS DUE 6NEGLIG;E1 &
6NEGLECT U IS 6SLI<T U4
  ,! P]SONS ) :OM WE FEEL ANG]1 ! FRAME
( M9D 9 : WE FEEL X1 &! R1SONS :Y WE
FEEL X1 H N[ ALL BE5 SET =?4 ,CLE>LY !
ORATOR W H 6SP1K S Z 6BR+ 8 HE>]S 96A
FRAME ( M9D T W 4POSE !M 6ANG]1 &
6REPRES5T 8 ADV]S>IES Z OP5 6S* *>GES &
POSSESS$ ( S* QUALITIES Z D MAKE P
ANGRY4

                   #C

  ,S9CE GR[+ CALM IS ! OPPOSITE ( GR[+
ANGRY1 & CALM;S ! OPPOSITE ( ANG]1 WE M/
ASC]TA9 9 :AT FRAMES ( M9D M5 >E CALM1
T[>DS :OM !Y FEEL CALM1 & 0:AT M1NS !Y
>E MADE S4 ,GR[+ CALM MAY 2 DEF9$ Z A
SETTL+ D[N OR QUIET+ ( ANG]4 ,N[ WE GET
ANGRY ) ^? :O SLI<T U2 & S9CE SLI<T+ IS
A VOLUNT>Y ACT1 X IS PLA9 T WE FEEL CALM
T[>DS ^? :O D NO?+ (! K9D1 OR :O D OR
SEEM 6D X 9VOLUNT>ILY4 ,AL T[>DS ^? :O
9T5D$ 6D ! OPPOSITE ( :AT !Y DID D4 ,AL
T[>DS ^? :O TR1T !MVS Z !Y H TR1T$ U3
S9CE NO "O C 2 SUPPOS$ 6SLI<T HMF4 ,AL
T[>DS ^? :O ADMIT _! FAULT & >E SORRY3
S9CE WE A3EPT _! GRIEF AT :AT !Y H D"O Z
SATISFAC;N1 & C1SE 6BE ANGRY4 ,! PUNI%;T
( S]VANTS %[S ?3 ^? :O 3TRADICT U & D5Y
_! (F;E WE PUNI% ALL ! M1 B WE C1SE 6BE
9C5S$ AG/ ^? :O AGREE T !Y DES]V$ _!
PUNI%;T4 ,! R1SON IS T X IS %AME.S 6D5Y
:AT IS OBVI\S1 & ^? :O >E %AME.S T[>DS U
SLI<T U & %[ 3TEMPT = U3 ANYH[1 WE D N
FEEL %AME 2F ^? ( :OM WE >E ?OR\<LY
3TEMPTU\S4 ,AL WE FEEL CALM T[>DS ^? :O
HUM# !MVS 2F U & D N GA9SAY U2 WE FEEL T
!Y ?US ADMIT !MVS \R 9F]IORS1 & 9F]IORS
FEEL FE>1 & NOBODY C SLI<T ANY "O S L;G
Z HE FEELS AFRAID ( HM4 ,T \R ANG] C1SES
T[>DS ^? :O HUM# !MVS 2F U IS %[N EV5
0DOGS1 :O D N BITE P :5 !Y SIT D[N4 ,WE
AL FEEL CALM T[>DS ^? :O >E S]I\S :5 WE
>E S]I\S1 2C !N WE FEEL T WE >E TR1T$
S]I\SLY & N 3TEMPTU\SLY4 ,AL T[>DS ^? :O
H D"O U M K9D;SES ?AN WE H D"O !M4 ,AL
T[>DS ^? :O PRAY 6U & BEG = M]CY1 S9CE
!Y HUM# !MVS 0DO+ S4 ,AL T[>DS ^? :O D N
9SULT OR MOCK AT OR SLI<T ANY "O AT ALL1
OR N ANY WOR?Y P]SON OR ANY "O L \RVS4
,9 G5]AL1 ! ?+S T MAKE U CALM MAY 2
9F]R$ 0SEE+ :AT ! OPPOSITES >E ( ^? T
MAKE U ANGRY4 ,WE >E N ANGRY ) P WE FE>
OR RESPECT1 Z L;G Z WE FE> OR RESPECT
!M2 Y _C 2 AFRAID (A P]SON & AL AT !
SAME "T ANGRY ) HM4 ,AG1 WE FEEL NO
ANG]1 OR -P>ATIVELY LL1 ) ^? :O H D"O
:AT !Y DID "? ANG]3 WE D N FEEL T !Y H
D"O X F A WI% 6SLI<T U1 = NO "O SLI<TS P
:5 ANGRY ) !M1 S9CE SLI<T+ IS PA9.S1 &
ANG] IS PA9;L4 ,NOR D WE GR[ ANGRY ) ^?
:O R"E;E U4
  ,Z 6! FRAME ( M9D T MAKES P CALM1 X IS
PLA9LY ! OPPOSITE 6T : MAKES !M ANGRY1 Z
:5 !Y >E AMUS+ !MVS OR LAU<+ OR F1/+2 :5
!Y >E FEEL+ PROSP]\S OR SU3ESS;L OR
SATISFI$2 :51 9 F9E1 !Y >E 5JOY+ FREEDOM
F PA91 OR 9(F5SIVE PL1SURE1 OR JU/IFIA#
HOPE4 ,AL :5 "T HAS PASS$ & _! ANG] IS
NO L;G] FRE%1 = "T PUTS AN 5D 6ANG]4 ,&
V5GE.E PREVI\SLY TAK5 ON "O P]SON PUTS
AN 5D 6EV5 GRT] ANG] FELT AG/ ANO!R
P]SON4 ,H;E ,PHILOCRATES1 2+ ASK$ 0"S
"O1 AT A "T :5 ! PUBLIC 0 ANGRY ) HM1
,8,:Y DON'T Y DEF5D YRF80' DID "R
6REPLY1 ,8,! "T IS N YET40' ,8,:Y1 :5 IS
! "T80' ,8,:5 ,I SEE "S"O ELSE
CALUMNIAT$40' ,= M5 2COME CALM :5 !Y H
SP5T _! ANG] ON "SBODY ELSE4 ,? HAPP5$ 9
! CASE ( ,]GOPHILUS3 ?\< ! P 7 M
IRRITAT$ AG/ HM ?AN AG/ ,CALLIS!NES1 !Y
ACQUITT$ HM 2C !Y _H 3DEMN$ ,CALLIS!NES
6D1? ! "D 2F4 ,AG1 M5 2COME CALM IF !Y H
3VICT$ ! (F5D]2 OR IF HE HAS ALR SU6]$
WORSE ?+S ?AN !Y 9 _! ANG] WD H !MVS
9FLICT$ ^U HM2 = !Y FEEL Z IF !Y 7 ALR
AV5G$4 ,OR IF !Y FEEL T !Y !MVS >E 9 !
WR;G & >E SU6]+ JU/LY 7= ANG] IS N
EXCIT$ 0:AT IS J71 S9CE M5 NO L;G] ?9K
!N T !Y >E SU6]+ )\T JU/IFIC,N2 & ANG]1
Z WE H SE51 M1NS ?4 ,H;E WE "\ ALW
69FLICT A PRELIM9>Y PUNI%;T 9 ^WS3 IF T
IS D"O1 EV5 SLAVES >E LESS A7RIEV$ 0!
ACTUAL PUNI%;T4 ,WE AL FEEL CALM IF WE
?9K T ! (F5D] W N SEE T HE IS PUNI%$ ON
\R A3.T & 2C (! WAY HE HAS TR1T$ U4 ,=
ANG] HAS 6D ) 9DIVIDUALS4 ,? IS PLA9 F !
DEF9I;N4 ,H;E ! POET HAS WELL WRITT53
  ,SAY T X 0 ,ODYSSEUS1 SACK] ( CITIES1
  IMPLY+ T ,ODYSSEUS WD N H 3SID]$ HMF
AV5G$ UN.S ! ,CYCLOPS P]CVD BO? 0:OM &=
:AT HE _H BE5 BL9D$4 ,3SEQU5TLY WE D N
GET ANGRY ) ANY "O :O _C 2 AW>E ( \R
ANG]1 & 9 "PICUL> WE C1SE 6BE ANGRY ) P
ONCE !Y >E D1D1 = WE FEEL T ! WOR/ HAS
BE5 D"O 6!M1 & T !Y W NEI FEEL PA9 NOR
ANY?+ ELSE T WE 9 \R ANG] AIM AT MAK+ !M
FEEL4 ,& "!=E ! POET HAS WELL MADE
,APOLLO SAY1 9 ORD] 6PUT A /OP 6! ANG] (
,A*ILLES AG/ ! D1D ,HECTOR1
  ,= 2HOLD 9 8 FURY HE DOE? DESPITE 6!
S5SE.S CLAY4
  ,X IS N[ PLA9 T :5 Y WI% 6CALM O!RS Y
M/ DRAW ^U ^! L9ES ( >GU;T2 Y M/ PUT YR
HE>]S 96! CORRESPOND+ FRAME ( M9D1 &
REPRES5T ^? ) :OM !Y >E ANGRY Z =MIDA#1
OR Z WOR?Y ( R"E;E1 OR Z B5EFACTORS1 OR
Z 9VOLUNT>Y AG5TS1 OR Z M* 4TRESS$ AT
:AT !Y H D"O4

                   #D

  ,LET U N[ TURN 6,FR%IP & ,5M;Y1 & ASK
T[>DS :OM ^! FEEL+S >E 5T]TA9$1 & :Y4
,WE W 2G9 0DEF9+ & FRLY FEEL+4 ,WE MAY
DESCRIBE FRLY FEEL+ T[>DS ANY "O Z WI%+
= HM :AT Y 2LIEVE 6BE GD ?+S1 N = YR [N
SAKE B = HIS1 & 2+ 9CL9$1 S F> Z Y C1
6BR+ ^! ?+S AB4 ,A FR IS "O :O FEELS ?US
& EXCITES ^! FEEL+S 9 RETURN3 ^? :O ?9K
!Y FEEL ?US T[>DS EA* O!R ?9K !MVS FRS4
,? 2+ ASSUM$1 X FOLL[S T YR FR IS ! SORT
( MAN :O %>ES YR PL1SURE 9 :AT IS GD &
YR PA9 9 :AT IS UNPL1SANT1 = YR SAKE &=
NO O!R R1SON4 ,? PL1SURE & PA9 ( 8 W 2 !
TOK5 ( 8 GD WI%ES = Y1 S9CE WE ALL FEEL
GLAD AT GETT+ :AT WE WI% =1 & PA9$ AT
GETT+ :AT WE D N4 ,^?1 !N1 >E FRS 6:OM !
SAME ?+S >E GD & EVIL2 & ^? :O >E1
MOREOV]1 FRLY OR UNFRLY 6! SAME P2 = 9 T
CASE !Y M/ H ! SAME WI%ES1 & ?US 0WI%+ =
EA* O!R :AT !Y WI% = !MVS1 !Y %[ !MVS
EA* O!R'S FRS4 ,AG1 WE FEEL FRLY 6^? :O
H TR1T$ U WELL1 EI \RVS OR ^? WE C>E =1
:E!R ON A L>GE SCALE1 OR R1DILY1 OR AT
"S "PICUL> CRISIS2 PROVID$ X 0 = \R [N
SAKE4 ,& AL 6^? :O WE ?9K WI% 6TR1T U
WELL4 ,& AL 6\R FRS' FRS1 & 6^? :O L1 OR
>E LIK$ BY1 ^? :OM WE L \RVS4 ,& AL 6^?
:O >E 5EMIES 6^? ^: 5EMIES WE >E1 &
4LIKE1 OR >E 4LIK$ BY1 ^? :OM WE 4LIKE4
,= ALL S* P]SONS ?9K ! ?+S GD : WE ?9K
GD1 S T !Y WI% :AT IS GD = U2 & ?1 Z WE
SAW1 IS :AT FRS M/ D4 ,& AL 6^? :O >E
WILL+ 6TR1T U WELL ": M"OY OR \R P]SONAL
SAFETY IS 3C]N$3 & "!=E WE VALUE ^? :O
>E LIB]AL1 BRAVE1 OR J4 ,! J WE 3SID]
6BE ^? :O D N LIVE ON O!RS2 : M1NS ^? :O
"W = _! LIV+1 ESPECI,Y F>M]S & O!RS :O
"W ) _! [N H&S4 ,WE AL L TEMP]ATE M51 2C
!Y >E N UNJU/ 6O!RS2 &1 =! SAME R1SON1
^? :O M9D _! [N BUSI;S4 ,& AL ^? ^: FRS
WE WI% 6BE1 IF X IS PLA9 T !Y WI% 6BE \R
FRS3 S* >E ! MOR,Y GD1 & ^? WELL ?"\ (
0E "O1 0! BE/ M51 OR 0^? :OM WE ADMIRE
OR :O ADMIRE U4 ,& AL ^? ) :OM X IS
PL1SANT 6LIVE & SP5D \R "DS3 S* >E ! GD-
TEMP]$1 & ^? :O >E N TOO R1DY 6%[ U \R
MISTAKES1 & ^? :O >E N CANTANK]\S OR
QU>REL"S-S* P >E ALW WANT+ 6FI<T U1 & ^?
:O FI<T U WE FEEL WI% =! OPPOSITE ( :AT
WE WI% = \RVS-& ^? :O H ! TACT 6MAKE &
TAKE A JOKE2 "H BO? "PIES H ! SAME
OBJECT 9 VIEW1 :5 !Y C /& 2+ MADE FUN (
Z WELL Z D X PRETTILY !MVS4 ,& WE AL
FEEL FRLY T[>DS ^? :O PRAISE S* GD
QUALITIES Z WE POSSESS1 & ESPECI,Y IF !Y
PRAISE ! GD QUALITIES T WE >E N TOO SURE
WE D POSSESS4 ,& T[>DS ^? :O >E CL1NLY 9
_! P]SON1 _! DRESS1 & ALL _! WAY ( LIFE4
,& T[>DS ^? :O D N REPROA* U ) :AT WE H
D"O AMISS 6!M OR !Y H D"O 6HELP U1 = BO?
AC;NS %[ A T5D5CY 6CRITICIZE U4 ,& T[>DS
^? :O D N NURSE GRUDGES OR /ORE UP
GRIEV.ES1 B >E ALW R1DY 6MAKE FRS AG2 =
WE TAKE X T !Y W 2HAVE 6U J Z WE F9D !M
2HAV+ 6E "O ELSE4 ,& T[>DS ^? :O >E N
EVIL SP1K]S & :O >E AW>E ( NEI _!
NEI<B\RS' BAD PO9TS NOR \R [N1 B ( \R GD
"OS ONLY1 Z A GD MAN ALW W BE4 ,& T[>DS
^? :O D N TRY 6?W>T U :5 WE >E ANGRY OR
9 E>NE/1 : WD M1N 2+ R1DY 6FI<T U4 ,&
T[>DS ^? :O H "S S]I\S FEEL+ T[>DS U1 S*
Z ADMIR,N = U1 OR 2LIEF 9 \R GD;S1 OR
PL1SURE 9 \R -PANY2 ESPECI,Y IF !Y FEEL
L ? AB QUALITIES 9 U = : WE ESPECI,Y WI%
6BE ADMIR$1 E/EEM$1 OR LIK$4 ,& T[>DS ^?
:O >E L \RVS 9 "* & O3UP,N1 PROVID$ !Y D
N GET 9 \R WAY OR GA9 _! LIV+ F ! SAME
S\RCE Z WE D-= !N X W 2 A CASE ( ,8POTT]
AG/ POTT]0'3
  ,POTT] 6POTT] & BUILD] 6BUILD] 2GRUDGE
_! REW>D4
  ,& ^? :O DESIRE ! SAME ?+S Z WE
DESIRE1 IF X IS POSSI# = U BO? 6%>E !M
TGR2 O!RWISE ! SAME TR\# >ISES "H TOO4
,& T[>DS ^? ) :OM WE >E ON S* T]MS T1
:ILE WE RESPECT _! OP9IONS1 WE NE$ N
BLU% 2F !M = DO+ :AT IS 3V5;N,Y WR;G3 Z
WELL Z T[>DS ^? 2F :OM WE %D 2 A%AM$ 6D
ANY?+ RE,Y WR;G4 ,AG1 \R RIVALS1 & ^?
:OM WE %D L 65VY U--?\< )\T ILL-FEEL+--
EI WE L ^! P OR AT L1/ WE WI% !M 6L U4
,& WE FEEL FRLY T[>DS ^? :OM WE HELP
6SECURE GD = !MVS1 PROVID$ WE >E N
LIKELY 6SU6] H1VILY 0X \RVS4 ,& ^? :O
FEEL Z FRLY 6U :5 WE >E N ) !M Z :5 WE
>E-: IS :Y ALL M5 FEEL FRLY T[>DS ^? :O
>E FAI?;L 6_! D1D FRS4 ,&1 SP1K+ G5],Y1
T[>DS ^? :O >E RE,Y FOND ( _! FRS & D N
DES]T !M 9 TR\#2 ( ALL GD M51 WE FEEL
MO/ FRLY 6^? :O %[ _! GD;S Z FRS4 ,AL
T[>DS ^? :O >E H"O/ ) U1 9CLUD+ ^? :O W
TELL U ( _! [N W1K PO9TS3 X HAS J SD T )
\R FRS WE >E N A%AM$ ( :AT IS 3V5;N,Y
WR;G1 & IF WE D H ? FEEL+1 WE D N LOVE
!M2 IF "!=E WE D N H X1 X LOOKS Z IF WE
DID LOVE !M4 ,WE AL L ^? ) :OM WE D N
FEEL F"R5$ OR UNCOM=TA#-NOBODY C L A MAN
( :OM HE FEELS F"R5$4 ,FR%IP HAS V>I\S
=MS-COMRADE%IP1 9TIMACY1 K9%IP1 & S ON4
  ,?+S T CAUSE FR%IP >E3 DO+ K9D;SES2
DO+ !M UNASK$2 & N PROCLAIM+ ! FACT :5
!Y >E D"O1 : %[S T !Y 7 D"O = \R [N SAKE
& N = "S O!R R1SON4
  ,5M;Y & ,HATR$ %D CLE>LY 2 /UDI$
0REF];E 6_! OPPOSITES4 ,5M;Y MAY 2
PRODUC$ 0ANG] OR SPITE OR CALUMNY4 ,N[
":AS ANG] >ISES F (F;ES AG/ "OF1 5M;Y
MAY >ISE EV5 )\T T2 WE MAY HATE P M]ELY
2C ( :AT WE TAKE 6BE _! "*4 ,ANG] IS ALW
3C]N$ ) 9DIVIDUALS-A ,CALLIAS OR A
,SOCRATES-":AS HATR$ IS DIRECT$ AL AG/
CLASSES3 WE ALL HATE ANY ?IEF & ANY
9=M]4 ,MOREOV]1 ANG] C 2 CUR$ 0"T2 B
HATR$ _C4 ,! "O AIMS AT GIV+ PA9 6XS
OBJECT1 ! O!R AT DO+ HM H>M2 ! ANGRY MAN
WANTS 8 VICTIMS 6FEEL2 ! HAT] DOES N M9D
:E!R !Y FEEL OR N4 ,ALL PA9;L ?+S >E
FELT2 B ! GRTE/ EVILS1 9JU/ICE & FOLLY1
>E ! L1/ FELT1 S9CE _! PRES;E CAUSES NO
PA94 ,& ANG] IS A3OMPANI$ 0PA91 HATR$ IS
N2 ! ANGRY MAN FEELS PA91 B ! HAT] DOES
N4 ,M* MAY HAPP5 6MAKE ! ANGRY MAN P;Y
^? :O (F5D HM1 B ! HAT] "U NO CIRCUM/.ES
WI%ES 6P;Y A MAN :OM HE HAS ONCE HAT$3 =
! "O WD H ! (F5D]S SU6] = :AT !Y H D"O2
! O!R WD H !M C1SE 6EXI/4
  ,X IS PLA9 F ALL ? T WE C PROVE P 6BE
FRS OR 5EMIES2 IF !Y >E N1 WE C MAKE !M
\ 6BE S2 IF !Y CLAIM 6BE S1 WE C REFUTE
_! CLAIM2 & IF X IS 4PUT$ :E!R AN AC;N 0
DUE 6ANG] OR 6HATR$1 WE C ATTRIBUTE X
6:I*"E ( ^! WE PREF]4

                   #E

  ,6TURN NEXT 6,FE>1 :AT FOLL[S W %[ ?+S
& P]SONS ( :1 &! /ATES ( M9D 9 :1 WE
FEEL AFRAID4 ,FE> MAY 2 DEF9$ Z A PA9 OR
4TURB.E DUE 6A M5TAL PICTURE ( "S
DE/RUCTIVE OR PA9;L EVIL 9 ! FUTURE4 ,(
DE/RUCTIVE OR PA9;L EVILS ONLY2 = "! >E
"S EVILS1 E4G4 WICK$;S OR /UPID;Y1 !
PROSPECT ( : DOES N F"R5 U3 ,I M1N ONLY
S* Z AM.T 6GRT PA9S OR LOSSES4 ,& EV5 ^!
ONLY IF !Y APPE> N REMOTE B S NE> Z 6BE
IMM95T3 WE D N FE> ?+S T >E A V L;G WAY
(F3 = 9/.E1 WE ALL "K WE % DIE1 B WE >E
N TR\#D "!BY1 2C D1? IS N CLOSE AT H&4
,F ? DEF9I;N X W FOLL[ T FE> IS CAUS$
0:AT"E WE FEEL HAS GRT P[] ( DE/ROY+ OR
( H>M+ U 9 WAYS T T5D 6CAUSE U GRT PA94
,H;E ! V 9DIC,NS ( S* ?+S >E T]RI#1 MAK+
U FEEL T ! T]RI# ?+ XF IS CLOSE AT H&2 !
APPROA* ( :AT IS T]RI# IS J :AT WE M1N
BY ,8DANG]0'4 ,S* 9DIC,NS >E ! 5M;Y &
ANG] ( P :O H P[] 6D "S?+ 6U2 = X IS
PLA9 T !Y H ! W 6D X1 & S !Y >E ON !
PO9T ( DO+ X4 ,AL 9JU/ICE 9 POSSES.N (
P[]2 = X IS ! UNJU/ MAN'S W 6D EVIL T
MAKES HM UNJU/4 ,AL \TRAG$ VIRTUE 9
POSSES.N ( P[]2 = X IS PLA9 T1 :5
\TRAG$1 X ALW HAS ! W 6RETALIATE1 & N[ X
HAS ! P[] 6D S4 ,AL FE> FELT 0^? :O H !
P[] 6D "S?+ 6U1 S9CE S* P]SONS >E SURE
6BE R1DY 6D X4 ,& S9CE MO/ M5 T5D 6BE
BAD-SLAVES 6GRE$1 & C[>DS 9 DANG]-X IS1
Z A RULE1 A T]RI# ?+ 6BE AT ANO!R MAN'S
M]CY2 & "!=E1 IF WE H D"O ANY?+ HORRI#1
^? 9 ! SECRET T]RIFY U )! ?"\ T !Y MAY
2TRAY OR DES]T U4 ,& ^? :O C D U WR;G >E
T]RI# 6U :5 WE >E LIA# 6BE WR;G$2 = Z A
RULE M5 D WR;G 6O!RS :5"E !Y H ! P[] 6D
X4 ,& ^? :O H BE5 WR;G$1 OR 2LIEVE !MVS
6BE WR;G$1 >E T]RI#2 = !Y >E ALW LOOK+ \
= _! OPPORTUN;Y4 ,AL ^? :O H D"O P WR;G1
IF !Y POSSESS P[]1 S9CE !Y /& 9 FE> (
RETALI,N3 WE H ALR SD T WICK$;S POSSESS+
P[] IS T]RI#4 ,AG1 \R RIVALS =A ?+ CAUSE
U FE> :5 WE _C BO? H X AT ONCE2 = WE >E
ALW AT W> ) S* M54 ,WE AL FE> ^? :O >E
6BE FE>$ 0/R;G] P ?AN \RVS3 IF !Y C HURT
^? /R;G] P1 / M C !Y HURT U2 &1 =! SAME
R1SON1 WE FE> ^? :OM ^? /R;G] P >E
ACTU,Y AFRAID (4 ,AL ^? :O H DE/ROY$ P
/R;G] ?AN WE >E4 ,AL ^? :O >E ATTACK+ P
W1K] ?AN WE >E3 EI !Y >E ALR =MIDA#1 OR
!Y W 2 S :5 !Y H ?US GR[N /R;G]4 ,( ^?
WE H WR;G$1 &( \R 5EMIES OR RIVALS1 X IS
N ! PAS.NATE & \TSPOK5 :OM WE H 6FE>1 B
! QUIET1 4SEMBL+1 UNSCRUPUL\S2 S9CE WE
N"E "K :5 !Y >E ^U U1 WE C N"E 2 SURE !Y
>E AT A SAFE 4T.E4 ,ALL T]RI# ?+S >E M
T]RI# IF !Y GIVE U NO *.E ( RETRIEV+ A
BL"U EI NO *.E AT ALL1 OR ONLY "O T
DEP5DS ON \R 5EMIES & N \RVS4 ,^? ?+S >E
AL WORSE : WE _C1 OR _C EASILY1 HELP4
,SP1K+ G5],Y1 ANY?+ CAUSES U 6FEEL FE> T
:5 X HAPP5S TO1 OR ?R1T5S1 O!RS CAUSE U
6FEEL P;Y4
  ,! ABV >E1 R\<LY1 ! *IEF ?+S T >E
T]RI# & >E FE>$4 ,LET U N[ DESCRIBE !
3DI;NS "U : WE \RVS FEEL FE>4 ,IF FE> IS
ASSOCIAT$ )! EXPECT,N T "S?+ DE/RUCTIVE
W HAPP5 6U1 PLA9LY NOBODY W 2 AFRAID :O
2LIEVES NO?+ C HAPP5 6HM2 WE % N FE> ?+S
T WE 2LIEVE _C HAPP5 6U1 NOR P :O WE
2LIEVE _C 9FLICT !M ^U U2 NOR % WE 2
AFRAID AT "TS :5 WE ?9K \RVS SAFE F !M4
,X FOLL[S "!=E T FE> IS FELT 0^? :O
2LIEVE "S?+ 6BE LIKELY 6HAPP5 6!M1 AT !
H&S ( "PICUL> P]SONS1 9 A "PICUL> =M1 &
AT A "PICUL> "T4 ,P D N 2LIEVE ? :5 !Y
>E1 OR ?9K !Y A >E1 9 ! MID/ ( GRT
PROSP];Y1 & >E 9 3SEQU;E 9SOL5T1
3TEMPTU\S1 & RECK.S-! K9D ( "* PRODUC$
0W1L?1 PHYSICAL /R5G?1 ABUND.E ( FRS1
P[]3 NOR YET :5 !Y FEEL !Y H EXP]I;ED E
K9D ( HORROR ALR & H GR[N CALL\S AB !
FUTURE1 L M5 :O >E 2+ FLO7$ & >E ALR
NE>LY D1D-IF !Y >E 6FEEL ! ANGUI% (
UNC]TA9TY1 "! M/ 2 "S FA9T EXPECT,N (
ESCAPE4 ,? APPE>S F ! FACT T FE> SETS U
?9K+ :AT C 2 D"O1 : ( C\RSE NOBODY DOES
:5 ?+S >E HOPE.S4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 :5 X IS
ADVISA# T ! AUDI;E %D 2 F"R5$1 ! ORATOR
M/ MAKE !M FEEL T !Y RE,Y >E 9 DANG] (
"S?+1 PO9T+ \ T X HAS HAPP5$ 6O!RS :O 7
/R;G] ?AN !Y >E1 & IS HAPP5+1 OR HAS
HAPP5$1 6P L !MVS1 AT ! H&S ( UNEXPECT$
P1 9 AN UNEXPECT$ =M1 & AT AN UNEXPECT$
"T4
  ,HAV+ N[ SE5 ! NATURE ( FE>1 &(! ?+S T
CAUSE X1 &! V>I\S /ATES ( M9D 9 : X IS
FELT1 WE C AL SEE :AT ,3FID;E IS1 AB :AT
?+S WE FEEL X1 & "U :AT 3DI;NS4 ,X IS !
OPPOSITE ( FE>1 & :AT CAUSES X IS !
OPPOSITE ( :AT CAUSES FE>2 X IS1 "!=E1 !
EXPECT,N ASSOCIAT$ )A M5TAL PICTURE (!
NE>;S ( :AT KEEPS U SAFE &! ABS;E OR
REMOTE;S ( :AT IS T]RI#3 X MAY 2 DUE EI
6! NE> PRES;E ( :AT 9SPIRES 3FID;E OR 6!
ABS;E ( :AT CAUSES AL>M4 ,WE FEEL X IF
WE C TAKE /EPS-_M1 OR IMPORTANT1 OR BO?-
TO CURE OR PREV5T TR\#2 IF WE H NEI
WR;G$ O!RS NOR BE5 WR;G$ 0!M2 IF WE H EI
NO RIVALS AT ALL OR NO /R;G "OS2 IF \R
RIVALS :O >E /R;G >E \R FRS OR H TR1T$ U
WELL OR BE5 TR1T$ WELL 0U2 OR IF ^? ^:
9T]E/ IS ! SAME Z \RS >E ! M NUM]\S "PY1
OR ! /R;G]1 OR BO?4
  ,Z = \R [N /ATE ( M9D1 WE FEEL 3FID;E
IF WE 2LIEVE WE H (T5 SU3E$$ & N"E SU6]$
REV]SES1 OR H (T5 MET DANG] & ESCAP$ X
SAFELY4 ,= "! >E TWO R1SONS :Y HUMAN 2+S
FACE DANG] CALMLY3 !Y MAY H NO EXP]I;E (
X1 OR !Y MAY H M1NS 6D1L ) X3 ?US :5 9
DANG] AT SEA P MAY FEEL 3FID5T AB :AT W
HAPP5 EI 2C !Y H NO EXP]I;E ( BAD W1!R1
OR 2C _! EXP]I;E GIVES !M ! M1NS ( D1L+
) X4 ,WE AL FEEL 3FID5T :5"E "! IS NO?+
6T]RIFY O!R P L \RVS1 OR P W1K] ?AN
\RVS1 OR P ?AN :OM WE 2LIEVE \RVS 6BE
/R;G]-& WE 2LIEVE ? IF WE H 3QU]$ !M1 OR
3QU]$ O!RS :O >E Z /R;G Z !Y >E1 OR
/R;G]4 ,AL IF WE 2LIEVE \RVS SUP]IOR 6\R
RIVALS 9 ! NUMB] & IMPORT.E (!
ADVANTAGES T MAKE M5 =MIDA#-W1L?1
PHYSICAL /R5G?1 /R;G BODIES ( SUPPORT]S1
EXT5SIVE T]RITORY1 &! POSSES.N ( ALL1 OR
! MO/ IMPORTANT1 APPLI.ES ( W>4 ,AL IF
WE H WR;G$ NO "O1 OR N _M1 OR N ^? ( :OM
WE >E AFRAID2 & G5],Y1 IF \R REL,NS )!
GODS >E SATISFACTORY1 Z W 2 %[N ESPECI,Y
0SIGNS & ORACLES4 ,! FACT IS T ANG]
MAKES U 3FID5T-T ANG] IS EXCIT$ 0\R K T
WE >E N ! WR;G]S B ! WR;G$1 & T ! DIV9E
P[] IS ALW SUPPOS$ 6BE ON ! SIDE (!
WR;G$4 ,AL :51 AT ! \TSET ( AN 5T]PRISE1
WE 2LIEVE T WE _C & % N FAIL1 OR T WE %
SU3E$ -PLETELY4-,S M* =! CAUSES ( FE> &
3FID;E4

                   #F

  ,WE N[ TURN 6,%AME & ,%AME.S;S2 :AT
FOLL[S W EXPLA9 ! ?+S T CAUSE ^! FEEL+S1
&! P]SONS 2F :OM1 &! /ATES ( M9D "U :1
!Y >E FELT4 ,%AME MAY 2 DEF9$ Z PA9 OR
4TURB.E 9 REG>D 6BAD ?+S1 :E!R PRES5T1
PA/1 OR FUTURE1 : SEEM LIKELY 69VOLVE U
9 4CR$IT2 & %AME.S;S Z 3TEMPT OR 9DI6];E
9 REG>D 6^! SAME BAD ?+S4 ,IF ? DEF9I;N
2 GRANT$1 X FOLL[S T WE FEEL %AME AT S*
BAD ?+S Z WE ?9K >E 4GRACE;L 6\RVS OR
6^? WE C>E =4 ,^! EVILS >E1 9 ! F/
PLACE1 ^? DUE 6MORAL BAD;S4 ,S* >E ?R[+
AWAY "O'S %IELD OR TAK+ 6FLI<T2 = ^! BAD
?+S >E DUE 6C[>DICE4 ,AL1 )HOLD+ A
DEPOSIT OR O!RWISE WR;G+ P AB M"OY2 = ^!
ACTS >E DUE 69JU/ICE4 ,AL1 HAV+ C>NAL
9T]C\RSE ) =BI45 P]SONS1 AT WR;G "TS1 OR
9 WR;G PLACES2 = ^! ?+S >E DUE
6LIC5TI\S;S4 ,AL1 MAK+ PR(IT 9 PETTY OR
4GRACE;L WAYS1 OR \ ( HELP.S P]SONS1
E4G4 ! POOR1 OR ! D1D-:;E ! PROV]B ,8,HE
WD PICK A CORPSE'S POCKET0'2 = ALL ? IS
DUE 6L[ GRE$ & M1N;S4 ,AL1 9 M"OY
MATT]S1 GIV+ LESS HELP ?AN Y MI<T1 OR
N"O AT ALL1 OR A3EPT+ HELP F ^? WORSE (F
?AN YRF2 S AL BORR[+ :5 X W SEEM L BE7+2
BE7+ :5 X W SEEM L ASK+ ! RETURN (A
FAV\R2 ASK+ S* A RETURN :5 X W SEEM L
BE7+2 PRAIS+ A MAN 9 ORD] T X MAY SEEM L
BE7+2 & GO+ ON BE7+ 9 SPITE ( FAILURE3
ALL S* AC;NS >E TOK5S ( M1N;S4 ,AL1
PRAIS+ P 6_! FACE1 & PRAIS+
EXTRAVAGANTLY A MAN'S GD PO9TS & GLOZ+
OV] 8 W1K;SES1 & %[+ EXTRAVAGANT SYMPA?Y
) 8 GRIEF :5 Y >E 9 8 PRES;E1 & ALL T
SORT ( ?+2 ALL ? %[S ! 4POSI;N (A
FLATT]]4 ,AL1 REFUS+ 65DURE H>D%IPS T >E
5DUR$ 0P :O >E OLD]1 M DELICATELY BR"\
UP1 ( HI<] RANK1 OR G5],Y LESS CAPA# (
5DUR.E ?AN \RVS3 = ALL ? %[S E6EM9ACY4
,AL1 A3EPT+ B5EFITS1 ESPECI,Y A3EPT+ !M
(T51 F ANO!R MAN1 & !N ABUS+ HM = 3F]R+
!M3 ALL ? %[S A M1N1 IGNO# 4POSI;N4 ,AL1
TALK+ 9CESSANTLY AB YRF1 MAK+ L\D
PROFES.NS1 & APPROPRIAT+ ! M]ITS ( O!RS2
= ? IS DUE 6BOA/;L;S4 ,! SAME IS TRUE (!
AC;NS DUE 6ANY (! O!R =MS ( BAD;S (
MORAL "*1 (! TOK5S ( S* BAD;S1 &C43 !Y
>E ALL 4GRACE;L & %AME.S4 ,ANO!R SORT (
BAD ?+ AT : WE FEEL %AME IS1 LACK+ A %>E
9 ! HON\RA# ?+S %>$ 0E "O ELSE1 OR 0ALL
OR NE>LY ALL :O >E L \RVS4 ,BY ,8^? L
\RVS0' ,I M1N ^? ( \R [N RACE OR C.TRY
OR AGE OR FAMILY1 & G5],Y ^? :O >E ON \R
[N LEVEL4 ,ONCE WE >E ON A LEVEL ) O!RS1
X IS A 4GRACE 6BE1 SAY1 LESS WELL $UCAT$
?AN !Y >E2 & S ) O!R ADVANTAGES3 ALL ! M
S1 9 EA* CASE1 IF X IS SE5 6BE \R [N
FAULT3 :]"E WE >E \RVS 6BLAME = \R
PRES5T1 PA/1 OR FUTURE CIRCUM/.ES1 X
FOLL[S AT ONCE T ? IS 6A GRT] EXT5T DUE
6\R MORAL BAD;S4 ,WE >E MOREOV] A%AM$ (
HAV+ D"O 6U1 HAV+ _H D"O1 OR 2+ AB 6H
D"O 6U ACTS T 9VOLVE U 9 4HON\R &
REPROA*2 Z :5 WE SURR5D] \R P]SONS1 OR
L5D \RVS 6VILE DE$S1 E4G4 :5 WE SUBMIT
6\TRAGE4 ,& ACTS ( YIELD+ 6! LU/ ( O!RS
>E %AME;L :E!R WILL+ OR UNWILL+ 7YIELD+
6=CE 2+ AN 9/.E ( UNWILL+;S71 S9CE
UNRESI/+ SUBMIS.N 6!M IS DUE 6UNMANLI;S
OR C[>DICE4
  ,^! ?+S1 & O!RS L !M1 >E :AT CAUSE !
FEEL+ ( %AME4 ,N[ S9CE %AME IS A M5TAL
PICTURE ( 4GRACE1 9 : WE %R9K F ! 4GRACE
XF & N F XS 3SEQU;ES1 & WE ONLY C>E :AT
OP9ION IS HELD ( U 2C (! P :O =M T
OP9ION1 X FOLL[S T ! P 2F :OM WE FEEL
%AME >E ^? ^: OP9ION ( U MATT]S 6U4 ,S*
P]SONS >E3 ^? :O ADMIRE U1 ^? :OM WE
ADMIRE1 ^? 0:OM WE WI% 6BE ADMIR$1 ^? )
:OM WE >E -PET+1 & ^? ^: OP9ION ( U WE
RESPECT4 ,WE ADMIRE ^?1 & WI% ^? 6ADMIRE
U1 :O POSSESS ANY GD ?+ T IS HI<LY
E/EEM$2 OR F :OM WE >E V ANXI\S 6GET
"S?+ T !Y >E A# 6GIVE U-Z A LOV] FEELS4
,WE -PETE ) \R EQUALS4 ,WE RESPECT1 Z
TRUE1 ! VIEWS ( S5SI# P1 S* Z \R ELD]S &
^? :O H BE5 WELL $UCAT$4 ,& WE FEEL M
%AME AB A ?+ IF X IS D"O OP5LY1 2F ALL
M5'S EYES4 ,H;E ! PROV]B1 ,8%AME DWELLS
9 ! EYES0'4 ,= ? R1SON WE FEEL MO/ %AME
2F ^? :O W ALW 2 ) U & ^? :O NOTICE :AT
WE D1 S9CE 9 BO? CASES EYES >E ^U U4 ,WE
AL FEEL X 2F ^? N OP5 6! SAME IMPUT,N Z
\RVS3 = X IS PLA9 T _! OP9IONS AB X >E !
OPPOSITE ( \RS4 ,AL 2F ^? :O >E H>D ON
ANY "O ^: 3DUCT !Y ?9K WR;G2 = :AT A MAN
DOES HMF1 HE IS SD N 6RES5T :5 8
NEI<B\RS D X3 S T ( C\RSE HE DOES RES5T
_! DO+ :AT HE DOES N D HMF4 ,& 2F ^? :O
>E LIKELY 6TELL "EYBODY AB Y2 N TELL+
O!RS IS Z GD Z N 2 LIEV+ Y WR;G4 ,P >E
LIKELY 6TELL O!RS AB Y IF Y H WR;G$ !M1
S9CE !Y >E ON ! LOOK \ 6H>M Y2 OR IF !Y
SP1K EVIL ( "EYBODY1 = ^? :O ATTACK !
9NOC5T W 2 / M R1DY 6ATTACK ! GUILTY4 ,&
2F ^? ^: MA9 O3UP,N IS ) _! NEI<B\RS'
FAIL+S-P L SATIRI/S & WRIT]S ( -$Y2 ^!
>E RE,Y A K9D ( EVIL-SP1K]S & TELL-
TALES4 ,& 2F ^? :O H N"E YET "KN U -E
6GRIEF1 S9CE _! ATTITUDE 6U HAS AM.T$
6ADMIR,N S F>3 T IS :Y WE FEEL A%AM$
6REFUSE ^? A FAV\R :O ASK "O =! F/ "T-WE
H N Z YET LO/ CR$IT ) !M4 ,S* >E ^? :O
>E J 2G9N+ 6WI% 6BE \R FRS2 = !Y H SE5
\R BE/ SIDE ONLY 7H;E ! APPROPRIATE;S (
,EURIPIDES0' REPLY 6! ,SYRACUSANS73 & S*
AL >E ^? AM;G \R OLD ACQUA9T.ES :O "K
NO?+ 6\R 4CR$IT4 ,& WE >E A%AM$ N M]ELY
(! ACTUAL %AME;L 3DUCT M5;N$1 B AL (!
EVID;ES ( X3 N M]ELY1 = EXAMPLE1 (
ACTUAL SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE1 B AL ( XS
EVID;ES2 & N M]ELY ( 4GRACE;L ACTS B AL
( 4GRACE;L TALK4 ,SIMIL>LY WE FEEL %AME
N M]ELY 9 PRES;E (! P]SONS M5;N$ B AL (
^? :O W TELL !M :AT WE H D"O1 S* Z _!
S]VANTS OR FRS4 ,&1 G5],Y1 WE FEEL NO
%AME 2F ^? ^U ^: OP9IONS WE Q LOOK D[N Z
UNTRU/WOR?Y 7NO "O FEELS %AME 2F SMALL
*N OR ANIMALS72 NOR >E WE A%AM$ (! SAME
?+S 2F 9TIMATES Z 2F /RANG]S1 B 2F ! =M]
( :AT SEEM G5U9E FAULTS1 2F ! LATT] (
:AT SEEM 3V5;NAL "OS4
  ,! 3DI;NS "U : WE % FEEL %AME >E ^!3
F/1 HAV+ P RELAT$ 6U L ^? 2F :OM1 Z HAS
BE5 SD1 WE FEEL %AME4 ,^! >E1 Z 0 /AT$1
P]SONS :OM WE ADMIRE1 OR :O ADMIRE U1 OR
0:OM WE WI% 6BE ADMIR$1 OR F :OM WE
DESIRE "S S]VICE T WE % N OBTA9 IF WE
=FEIT _! GD OP9ION4 ,^! P]SONS MAY 2
ACTU,Y LOOK+ ON 7Z ,CYDIAS REPRES5T$ !M
9 8 SPEE* ON L& ASSIGN;TS 9 ,SAMOS1 :5
HE TOLD ! ,A!NIANS 6IMAG9E ! ,GREEKS 6BE
/&+ ALL >.D !M1 ACTU,Y SEE+ ! WAY !Y
VOT$ & N M]ELY GO+ 6HE> AB X AFWS73 OR
AG !Y MAY 2 NE> AT H&1 OR MAY 2 LIKELY
6F9D \ AB :AT WE D4 ,? IS :Y 9 MIS=TUNE
WE D N WI% 6BE SE5 0^? :O ONCE WI%$ !MVS
L U2 = S* A FEEL+ IMPLIES ADMIR,N4 ,& M5
FEEL %AME :5 !Y H ACTS OR EXPLOITS 6_!
CR$IT ON : !Y >E BR++ 4HON\R1 :E!R ^! >E
_! [N1 OR ^? ( _! ANCE/ORS1 OR ^? ( O!R
P]SONS ) :OM !Y H "S CLOSE 3NEXION4
,G5],Y1 WE FEEL %AME 2F ^? = ^: [N
MISCONDUCT WE %D AL FEEL X-^? ALR M5;N$2
^? :O TAKE U Z _! MODELS2 ^? ^: T1*]S OR
ADVIS]S WE H BE52 OR O!R P1 X MAY BE1 L
\RVS1 ^: RIVALS WE >E4 ,= "! >E _M ?+S T
%AME 2F S* P MAKES U D OR L1VE UND"O4 ,&
WE FEEL M %AME :5 WE >E LIKELY 6BE
3T9U,Y SE5 BY1 & G AB "U ! EYES (1 ^? :O
"K ( \R 4GRACE4 ,H;E1 :5 ,ANTIPHON !
POET 0 6BE CUDGELL$ 6D1? 0ORD] (
,DIONYSIUS1 & SAW ^? :O 7 6P]I% ) HM
COV]+ _! FACES Z !Y W5T "? ! GATES1 HE
SD1 ,8,:Y D Y COV] YR FACES8 ,IS X LE/
"S ( ^! SPECTATORS %D SEE Y TO-MORR[80'
  ,S M* = ,%AME2 6"U/& ,%AME.S;S1 WE NE$
ONLY 3SID] ! 3V]SE CASES1 & PLA9LY WE %
H ALL WE NE$4

                   #G

  ,6TAKE ,K9D;S NEXT3 ! DEF9I;N ( X W %[
U T[>DS :OM X IS FELT1 :Y1 & 9 :AT
FRAMES ( M9D4 ,K9D;S-"U ! 9FLU;E ( : A
MAN IS SD TO ,8BE K9D0' MAY 2 DEF9$ Z
HELP;L;S T[>DS "S "O 9 NE$1 N 9 RETURN =
ANY?+1 NOR =! ADVANTAGE (! HELP] HMF1 B
= T (! P]SON HELP$4 ,K9D;S IS GRT IF %[N
6"O :O IS 9 GRT NE$1 OR :O NE$S :AT IS
IMPORTANT & H>D 6GET1 OR :O NE$S X AT AN
IMPORTANT & DI6ICULT CRISIS2 OR IF !
HELP] IS ! ONLY1 ! F/1 OR ! *IEF P]SON
6GIVE ! HELP4 ,NATURAL CRAV+S 3/ITUTE S*
NE$S2 & 9 "PICUL> CRAV+S1 A3OMPANI$
0PA91 = :AT IS N 2+ ATTA9$4 ,! APPETITES
>E CRAV+S = ? K9D3 SEXUAL DESIRE1 =
9/.E1 & ^? : >ISE DUR+ BODILY 9JURIES &
9 DANG]S2 = APPETITE IS ACTIVE BO? 9
DANG] & 9 PA94 ,H;E ^? :O /& 0U 9 POV]TY
OR 9 BANI%;T1 EV5 IF !Y D N HELP U M*1
>E YET RE,Y K9D 6U1 2C \R NE$ IS GRT &!
O3A.N PRESS+2 = 9/.E1 ! MAN :O GAVE !
MAT 9 ! ,LYCEUM4 ,! HELP;L;S M/ "!=E
MEET1 PREF]ABLY1 J ? K9D ( NE$2 & FAIL+
J ? K9D1 "S O!R K9D Z GRT OR GRT]4 ,WE
N[ SEE 6:OM1 :Y1 & "U :AT 3DI;NS K9D;S
IS %[N2 & ^! FACTS M/ =M ! BASIS ( \R
>GU;TS4 ,WE M/ %[ T ! P]SONS HELP$ >E1
OR H BE51 9 S* PA9 & NE$ Z HAS BE5
DESCRIB$1 & T _! HELP]S GAVE1 OR >E
GIV+1 ! K9D ( HELP DESCRIB$1 9 ! K9D (
NE$ DESCRIB$4 ,WE C AL SEE H[ 6ELIM9ATE
! IDEA ( K9D;S & MAKE \R OPPON5TS APPE>
UNK9D3 WE MAY MA9TA9 T !Y >E 2+ OR H BE5
HELP;L SIMPLY 6PROMOTE _! [N 9T]E/-?1 Z
HAS BE5 /AT$1 IS N K9D;S2 OR T _! AC;N 0
A3ID5TAL1 OR 0 =C$ ^U !M2 OR T !Y 7 N
DO+ A FAV\R1 B M]ELY RETURN+ "O1 :E!R !Y
"K ? OR N-IN EI CASE ! AC;N IS A M]E
RETURN1 & IS "!=E N A K9D;S EV5 IF ! DO]
DOES N "K H[ ! CASE /&S4 ,9 3SID]+ ?
SUBJECT WE M/ LOOK AT ALL ! CATEGORIES3
AN ACT MAY 2 AN ACT ( K9D;S 2C 7#A7 X IS
A "PICUL> ?+1 7#B7 X HAS A "PICUL>
MAGNITUDE OR 7#C7 QUAL;Y1 OR 7#D7 IS D"O
AT A "PICUL> "T OR 7#E7 PLACE4 ,Z EVID;E
(! WANT ( K9D;S1 WE MAY PO9T \ T A
SMALL] S]VICE _H BE5 REFUS$ 6! MAN 9
NE$2 OR T ! SAME S]VICE1 OR AN EQUAL OR
GRT] "O1 HAS BE5 GIV5 6HIS 5EMIES2 ^!
FACTS %[ T ! S]VICE 9 "Q 0 N D"O =! SAKE
(! P]SON HELP$4 ,OR WE MAY PO9T \ T ! ?+
DESIR$ 0 WOR?.S & T ! HELP] KNEW X3 NO
"O W ADMIT T HE IS 9 NE$ ( :AT IS
WOR?.S4

                   #H

  ,S M* = ,K9D;S & ,UNK9D;S4 ,LET U N[
3SID] ,P;Y1 ASK+ \RVS :AT ?+S EXCITE
P;Y1 &= :AT P]SONS1 & 9 :AT /ATES ( \R
M9D P;Y IS FELT4 ,P;Y MAY 2 DEF9$ Z A
FEEL+ ( PA9 CAUS$ 0! SI<T ( "S EVIL1
DE/RUCTIVE OR PA9;L1 : 2FALLS "O :O DOES
N DES]VE X1 & : WE MI<T EXPECT 62FALL
\RVS OR "S FR ( \RS1 & MOREOV] 62FALL U
SOON4 ,9 ORD] 6FEEL P;Y1 WE M/ OBVI\SLY
2 CAPA# ( SUPPOS+ T "S EVIL MAY HAPP5 6U
OR "S FR ( \RS1 & MOREOV] "S S* EVIL Z
IS /AT$ 9 \R DEF9I;N OR IS M OR LESS ( T
K9D4 ,X IS "!=E N FELT 0^? -PLETELY
RU9$1 :O SUPPOSE T NO FUR!R EVIL C 2FALL
!M1 S9CE ! WOR/ HAS 2FALL5 !M ALR2 NOR
0^? :O IMAG9E !MVS IMM5SELY =TUNATE-_!
FEEL+ IS R PRESUMPTU\S 9SOL;E1 = :5 !Y
?9K !Y POSSESS ALL ! GD ?+S ( LIFE1 X IS
CLE> T ! IMPOSSIBIL;Y ( EVIL 2FALL+ !M W
2 9CLUD$1 ? 2+ "O (! GD ?+S 9 "Q4 ,^? :O
?9K EVIL MAY 2FALL !M >E S* Z H ALR _H X
2FALL !M & H SAFELY ESCAP$ F X2 ELD]LY
M51 [+ 6_! GD S5SE & _! EXP]I;E2 W1K M51
ESPECI,Y M5 9CL9$ 6C[>DICE2 & AL $UCAT$
P1 S9CE ^! C TAKE L;G VIEWS4 ,AL ^? :O H
P>5TS LIV+1 OR *N1 OR WIVES2 = ^! >E \R
[N1 &! EVILS M5;N$ ABV MAY EASILY 2FALL
!M4 ,& ^? :O NEI MOV$ 0ANY C\RAGE\S
EMO;N S* Z ANG] OR 3FID;E 7^! EMO;NS
TAKE NO A3.T (! FUTURE71 NOR 0A 4POSI;N
6PRESUMPTU\S 9SOL;E 79SOL5T M51 TOO1
TAKE NO A3.T (! POSSIBIL;Y T "S?+ EVIL W
HAPP5 6!M71 NOR YET 0GRT FE> 7PANIC-
/RICK5 P D N FEEL P;Y1 2C !Y >E TAK5 UP
) :AT IS HAPP5+ 6!MVS72 ONLY ^? FEEL P;Y
:O >E 2T ^! TWO EXTREMES4 ,9 ORD] 6FEEL
P;Y WE M/ AL 2LIEVE 9 ! GD;S ( AT L1/ "S
P2 IF Y ?9K NOBODY GD1 Y W 2LIEVE T
"EYBODY DES]VES EVIL =TUNE4 ,&1 G5],Y1
WE FEEL P;Y :5"E WE >E 9 ! 3DI;N (
REMEMB]+ T SIMIL> MIS=TUNES H HAPP5$ 6U
OR \RS1 OR EXPECT+ !M 6HAPP5 9 ! FUTURE4
  ,S M* =! M5TAL 3DI;NS "U : WE FEEL
P;Y4 ,:AT WE P;Y IS /AT$ CLE>LY 9 !
DEF9I;N4 ,ALL UNPL1SANT & PA9;L ?+S
EXCITE P;Y IF !Y T5D 6DE/ROY PA9 &
ANNIHILATE2 & ALL S* EVILS Z >E DUE
6*.E1 IF !Y >E S]I\S4 ,! PA9;L &
DE/RUCTIVE EVILS >E3 D1? 9 XS V>I\S =MS1
BODILY 9JURIES & A6LIC;NS1 OLD AGE1
41SES1 LACK ( FOOD4 ,! EVILS DUE 6*.E
>E3 FR.S;S1 SC>C;Y ( FRS 7X IS A PITI;L
?+ 6BE TORN AWAY F FRS & -PANIONS71
DE=M;Y1 W1K;S1 MUTIL,N2 EVIL -+ F A
S\RCE F : GD "\ 6H -E2 &! FREQU5T
REPETI;N ( S* MIS=TUNES4 ,AL ! -+ ( GD
:5 ! WOR/ HAS HAPP5$3 E4G4 ! >RIVAL (!
,GRT ,K+'S GIFTS = ,DIOPEI!S AF 8 D1?4
,AL T EI NO GD %D H 2FALL5 A MAN AT ALL1
OR T HE %D N 2 A# 65JOY X :5 X HAS4
  ,! GR.DS1 !N1 ON : WE FEEL P;Y >E ^!
OR L ^!4 ,! P WE P;Y >E3 ^? :OM WE "K1
IF ONLY !Y >E N V CLOSELY RELAT$ 6U-IN T
CASE WE FEEL AB !M Z IF WE 7 9 DANG]
\RVS4 ,= ? R1SON ,AMASIS DID N WEEP1 !Y
SAY1 AT ! SI<T ( 8 SON 2+ L$ 6D1?1 B DID
WEEP :5 HE SAW 8 FR BE7+3 ! LATT] SI<T 0
PITI;L1 ! =M] T]RI#1 &! T]RI# IS DI6]5T
F ! PITI;L2 X T5DS 6CA/ \ P;Y1 & (T5
HELPS 6PRODUCE ! OPPOSITE ( P;Y4 ,AG1 WE
FEEL P;Y :5 ! DANG] IS NE> \RVS4 ,AL WE
P;Y ^? :O >E L U 9 AGE1 "*1 4POSI;N1
SOCIAL /&+1 OR BIR?2 = 9 ALL ^! CASES X
APPE>S M LIKELY T ! SAME MIS=TUNE MAY
2FALL U AL4 ,"H TOO WE H 6REMEMB] !
G5]AL PR9CIPLE T :AT WE FE> = \RVS
EXCITES \R P;Y :5 X HAPP5S 6O!RS4
,FUR!R1 S9CE X IS :5 ! SU6]+S ( O!RS >E
CLOSE 6U T !Y EXCITE \R P;Y 7WE _C
REMEMB] :AT 4A/]S HAPP5$ A HUNDR$
C5TURIES AGO1 NOR LOOK =W>D 6:AT W HAPP5
A HUNDR$ C5TURIES "HAF1 & "!=E FEEL LL
P;Y1 IF ANY1 = S* ?+S73 X FOLL[S T ^? :O
HEI<T5 ! E6ECT ( _! ^WS ) SUITA#
GE/URES1 T"OS1 DRESS1 & DRAMATIC AC;N
G5],Y1 >E ESPECI,Y SU3ESS;L 9 EXCIT+
P;Y3 !Y ?US PUT ! 4A/]S 2F \R EYES1 &
MAKE !M SEEM CLOSE 6U1 J -+ OR J PA/4
,ANY?+ T HAS J HAPP5$1 OR IS GO+ 6HAPP5
SOON1 IS "PICUL>LY PITE\S3 S TOO "!=E >E
! TOK5S &! AC;NS ( SU6]]S-! G>;TS &! L (
^? :O H ALR SU6]$2 ! ^WS &! L ( ^?
ACTU,Y SU6]+-( ^?1 = 9/.E1 :O >E ON !
PO9T ( D1?4 ,MO/ PITE\S ( ALL IS X :51 9
S* "TS ( TRIAL1 ! VICTIMS >E P]SONS (
NO# "*3 :5"E !Y >E S1 \R P;Y IS ESPECI,Y
EXCIT$1 2C _! 9NOC;E1 Z WELL Z ! SETT+ (
_! MIS=TUNES 2F \R EYES1 MAKES _!
MIS=TUNES SEEM CLOSE 6\RVS4

                   #I

  ,MO/ DIRECTLY OPPOS$ 6P;Y IS ! FEEL+
CALL$ ,9DIGN,N4 ,PA9 AT UNM]IT$ GD =TUNE
IS1 9 "O S5SE1 OPPOSITE 6PA9 AT UNM]IT$
BAD =TUNE1 & IS DUE 6! SAME MORAL
QUALITIES4 ,BO? FEEL+S >E ASSOCIAT$ ) GD
MORAL "*2 X IS \R DUTY BO? 6FEEL SYMPA?Y
& P;Y = UNM]IT$ 4TRESS1 & 6FEEL 9DIGN,N
AT UNM]IT$ PROSP];Y2 = :AT"E IS UNDES]V$
IS UNJU/1 & T IS :Y WE ASCRIBE 9DIGN,N
EV5 6! GODS4 ,X MI<T 9DE$ 2 ?"\ T 5VY IS
SIMIL>LY OPPOS$ 6P;Y1 ON ! GR.D T 5VY X
CLOSELY AK9 69DIGN,N1 OR EV5 ! SAME ?+4
,B X IS N ! SAME4 ,X IS TRUE T X AL IS A
4TURB+ PA9 EXCIT$ 0! PROSP];Y ( O!RS4 ,B
X IS EXCIT$ N 0! PROSP];Y (! UNDES]V+ B
0T ( P :O >E L U OR EQUAL ) U4 ,! TWO
FEEL+S H ? 9 -MON1 T !Y M/ 2 DUE N 6"S
UNT[>D ?+ 2+ LIKELY 62FALL \RVS1 B ONLY
6:AT IS HAPP5+ 6\R NEI<B\R4 ,! FEEL+
C1SES 6BE 5VY 9 ! "O CASE & 9DIGN,N 9 !
O!R1 & 2COMES FE>1 IF ! PA9 & 4TURB.E >E
DUE 6! PROSPECT ( "S?+ BAD = \RVS Z !
RESULT (! O!R MAN'S GD =TUNE4 ,! FEEL+S
( P;Y & 9DIGN,N W OBVI\SLY 2 ATT5D$ 0!
3V]SE FEEL+S ( SATISFAC;N4 ,IF Y >E PA9$
0! UNM]IT$ 4TRESS ( O!RS1 Y W 2 PL1S$1
OR AT L1/ N PA9$1 0_! M]IT$ 4TRESS4 ,?US
NO GD MAN C 2 PA9$ 0! PUNI%;T (
P>RICIDES OR MURD]]S4 ,^! >E ?+S WE >E
B.D 6RJC AT1 Z WE M/ AT ! PROSP];Y (!
DES]V+2 BO? ^! ?+S >E J1 & BO? GIVE
PL1SURE 6ANY H"O/ MAN1 S9CE HE _C HELP
EXPECT+ T :AT HAS HAPP5$ 6A MAN L HM W
HAPP5 6HM TOO4 ,ALL ^! FEEL+S >E
ASSOCIAT$ )! SAME TYPE ( MORAL "*4 ,& _!
3TR>IES >E ASSOCIAT$ )! 3TR>Y TYPE2 !
MAN :O IS DELI<T$ 0O!RS' MIS=TUNES IS
ID5TICAL )! MAN :O 5VIES O!RS' PROSP];Y4
,= ANY "O :O IS PA9$ 0! O3URR;E OR
EXI/;E (A GIV5 ?+ M/ 2 PL1S$ 0T ?+'S
NON-EXI/;E OR DE/RUC;N4 ,WE C N[ SEE T
ALL ^! FEEL+S T5D 6PREV5T P;Y 7?\< !Y
DI6] AM;G !MVS1 =! R1SONS GIV571 S T ALL
>E EQU,Y USE;L = NEUTRALIZ+ AN APP1L
6P;Y4
  ,WE W F/ 3SID] ,9DIGN,N-RES]V+ ! O!R
EMO;NS = SUBSEQU5T 4CUS.N-& ASK ) :OM1
ON :AT GR.DS1 & 9 :AT /ATES ( M9D WE MAY
2 9DIGNANT4 ,^! "QS >E RE,Y ANSW]$ 0:AT
HAS BE5 SD ALR4 ,9DIGN,N IS PA9 CAUS$ 0!
SI<T ( UNDES]V$ GD =TUNE4 ,X IS1 !N1
PLA9 62G9 ) T "! >E "S =MS ( GD ! SI<T (
: _C CAUSE X4 ,?US A MAN MAY 2 J OR
BRAVE1 OR ACQUIRE MORAL GD;S3 B WE % N 2
9DIGNANT ) HM = T R1SON1 ANY M ?AN WE %
P;Y HM =! 3TR>Y R1SON4 ,9DIGN,N IS R\S$
0! SI<T ( W1L?1 P[]1 &! L-BY ALL ^? ?+S1
R\<LY SP1K+1 : >E DES]V$ 0GD M5 & 0^? :O
POSSESS ! GDS ( NATURE-NO# BIR?1 B1UTY1
& S ON4 ,AG1 :AT IS L;G E/ABLI%$ SEEMS
AK9 6:AT EXI/S 0NATURE2 & "!=E WE FEEL M
9DIGN,N AT ^? POSSESS+ A GIV5 GD IF !Y H
Z A MATT] ( FACT ONLY J GOT X &!
PROSP];Y X BR+S ) X4 ,! NEWLY RI* GIVE M
(F;E ?AN ^? ^: W1L? IS ( L;G /&+ &
9H]IT$4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ^? :O H (FICE
OR P[]1 PL5TY ( FRS1 A F9E FAMILY1 &C4
,WE FEEL ! SAME :5 ^! ADVANTAGES ( _!S
SECURE !M O!RS4 ,= "H AG1 ! NEWLY RI*
GIVE U M (F;E 0OBTA9+ (FICE "? _! RI*ES
?AN D ^? ^: W1L? IS ( L;G /&+2 & S 9 ALL
O!R CASES4 ,! R1SON IS T :AT ! LATT] H
IS FELT 6BE RE,Y _! [N1 B :AT ! O!RS H
IS N2 :AT APPE>S 6H BE5 ALW :AT X IS IS
REG>D$ Z R1L1 & S ! POSSES.NS (! NEWLY
RI* D N SEEM 6BE RE,Y _! [N4 ,FUR!R1 X
IS N ANY & E MAN T DES]VES ANY GIV5 K9D
( GD2 "! IS A C]TA9 CORRESPOND;E &
APPROPRIATE;S 9 S* ?+S2 ?US X IS
APPROPRIATE = BRAVE M51 N = J M51 6H F9E
W1PONS1 &= M5 ( FAMILY1 N = P>V5US1
6MAKE 4T+UI%$ M>RIAGES4 ,9DIGN,N MAY
"!=E PROP]LY 2 FELT :5 ANY "O GETS :AT
IS N APPROPRIATE = HM1 ?\< HE MAY 2 A GD
MAN 5\<4 ,X MAY AL 2 FELT :5 ANY "O SETS
HMF UP AG/ 8 SUP]IOR1 ESPECI,Y AG/ 8
SUP]IOR 9 "S "PICUL> RESPECT-:;E ! L9ES

,ONLY F BATTLE HE %RANK ) ,AIAS
  ,TELAMON'S SON2
,ZEUS _H BE5 ANG]$ ) HM1
_H HE F"\ )A MI<TI] "O2

  B AL1 EV5 A"P F T1 :5 ! 9F]IOR 9 ANY
S5SE 3T5DS ) 8 SUP]IOR2 A MUSICIAN1 =
9/.E1 )A J MAN1 = JU/ICE IS A F9] ?+ ?AN
MUSIC4
  ,5 HAS BE5 SD 6MAKE CLE> ! GR.DS ON :1
&! P]SONS AG/ :OM1 ,9DIGN,N IS FELT-!Y
>E ^? M5;N$1 & O!RS L HM4 ,Z =! P :O
FEEL X2 WE FEEL X IF WE D \RVS DES]VE !
GRTE/ POSSI# GDS & MOREOV] H !M1 = X IS
AN 9JU/ICE T ^? :O >E N \R EQUALS %D H
BE5 HELD 6DES]VE Z M* Z WE H4 ,OR1
SECONDLY1 WE FEEL X IF WE >E RE,Y GD &
H"O/ P2 \R JUDGE;T IS !N S.D1 & WE LOA!
ANY K9D ( 9JU/ICE4 ,AL IF WE >E AMBITI\S
& EAG] 6GA9 "PICUL> 5DS1 ESPECI,Y IF WE
>E AMBITI\S = :AT O!RS >E GETT+ )\T
DES]V+ 6GET X4 ,&1 G5],Y1 IF WE ?9K T WE
\RVS DES]VE A ?+ & T O!RS D N1 WE >E
4POS$ 6BE 9DIGNANT ) ^? O!RS S F> Z T ?+
IS 3C]N$4 ,H;E S]VILE1 WOR?.S1
UNAMBITI\S P]SONS >E N 9CL9$ 6,9DIGN,N1
S9CE "! IS NO?+ !Y C 2LIEVE !MVS
6DES]VE4
  ,F ALL ? X IS PLA9 :AT SORT ( M5 ^? >E
AT ^: MIS=TUNES1 4TRESSES1 OR FAILURES
WE "\ 6FEEL PL1S$1 OR AT L1/ N PA9$3
03SID]+ ! FACTS DESCRIB$ WE SEE AT ONCE
:AT _! 3TR>IES >E4 ,IF "!=E \R SPEE*
PUTS ! JUDGES 9 S* A FRAME ( M9D Z T
9DICAT$ & %[S T ^? :O CLAIM P;Y ON C]TA9
DEF9ITE GR.DS D N DES]VE 6SECURE P;Y B D
DES]VE N 6SECURE X1 X W 2 IMPOSSI# =!
JUDGES 6FEEL P;Y4

                  #AJ

  ,6TAKE ,5VY NEXT3 WE C SEE ON :AT
GR.DS1 AG/ :AT P]SONS1 & 9 :AT /ATES (
M9D WE FEEL X4 ,5VY IS PA9 AT ! SI<T (
S* GD =TUNE Z 3SI/S (! GD ?+S ALR M5;N$2
WE FEEL X T[>DS \R EQUALS2 N )! IDEA (
GETT+ "S?+ = \RVS1 B 2C ! O!R P H X4 ,WE
% FEEL X IF WE H1 OR ?9K WE H1 EQUALS2 &
BY ,8EQUALS0' ,I M1N EQUALS 9 BIR?1
REL,N%IP1 AGE1 4POSI;N1 4T9C;N1 OR W1L?4
,WE FEEL 5VY AL IF WE FALL B A LL %ORT (
HAV+ "EY?+2 : IS :Y P 9 HI< PLACE &
PROSP];Y FEEL X-!Y ?9K E "O ELSE IS TAK+
:AT 2L;GS 6!MVS4 ,AL IF WE >E EXCEP;N,Y
4T+UI%$ = "S "PICUL> ?+1 & ESPECI,Y IF T
?+ IS WISDOM OR GD =TUNE4 ,AMBITI\S M5
>E M 5VI\S ?AN ^? :O >E N4 ,S AL ^? :O
PROFESS WISDOM2 !Y >E AMBITI\S 6BE ?"\
WISE4 ,9DE$1 G5],Y1 ^? :O AIM AT A
REPUT,N = ANY?+ >E 5VI\S ON ? "PICUL>
PO9T4 ,& SMALL-M9D$ M5 >E 5VI\S1 = "EY?+
SEEMS GRT 6!M4 ,! GD ?+S : EXCITE 5VY H
ALR BE5 M5;N$4 ,! DE$S OR POSSES.NS :
>\SE ! LOVE ( REPUT,N & HON\R &! DESIRE
= FAME1 &! V>I\S GIFTS ( =TUNE1 >E ALM
ALL SUBJECT 65VY2 & "PICUL>LY IF WE
DESIRE ! ?+ \RVS1 OR ?9K WE >E 5TITL$
6X1 OR IF HAV+ X PUTS U A LL ABV O!RS1
OR N HAV+ X A LL 2L !M4 ,X IS CLE> AL
:AT K9D ( P WE 5VY2 T 0 9CLUD$ 9 :AT HAS
BE5 SD ALR3 WE 5VY ^? :O >E NE> U 9 "T1
PLACE1 AGE1 OR REPUT,N4 ,H;E ! L9E3
  ,AY1 K9 C EV5 2 J1L\S ( _! K94
  ,AL \R FELL[-COMPETITORS1 :O >E 9DE$ !
P J M5;N$-WE D N -PETE ) M5 :O LIV$ A
HUNDR$ C5TURIES AGO1 OR ^? N YET BORN1
OR ! D1D1 OR ^? :O DWELL NE> ! ,PILL>S (
,H]CULES1 OR ^? :OM1 9 \R OP9ION OR T (
O!RS1 WE TAKE 6BE F> 2L U OR F> ABV U4
,S TOO WE -PETE ) ^? :O FOLL[ ! SAME 5DS
Z \RVS3 WE -PETE ) \R RIVALS 9 SPORT OR
9 LOVE1 & G5],Y ) ^? :O >E AF ! SAME
?+S2 & X IS "!=E ^! :OM WE >E B.D 65VY
2Y ALL O!RS4 ,H;E ! SAY+3
  ,POTT] AG/ POTT]4
  ,WE AL 5VY ^? ^: POSSES.N ( OR SU3ESS
9 A ?+ IS A REPROA* 6U3 ^! >E \R
NEI<B\RS & EQUALS2 = X IS CLE> T X IS \R
[N FAULT WE H MISS$ ! GD ?+ 9 "Q2 ?
ANNOYS U1 & EXCITES 5VY 9 U4 ,WE AL 5VY
^? :O H :AT WE "\ 6H1 OR H GOT :AT WE
DID H ONCE4 ,H;E OLD M5 5VY "Y] M51 & ^?
:O H SP5T M* 5VY ^? :O H SP5T LL ON !
SAME ?+4 ,& M5 :O H N GOT A ?+1 OR N GOT
X YET1 5VY ^? :O H GOT X QKLY4 ,WE C AL
SEE :AT ?+S & :AT P]SONS GIVE PL1SURE
65VI\S P1 & 9 :AT /ATES ( M9D !Y FEEL X3
! /ATES ( M9D 9 : !Y FEEL PA9 >E ^? "U :
!Y W FEEL PL1SURE 9 ! 3TR>Y ?+S4 ,IF
"!=E WE \RVS ) :OM ! DECI.N RE/S >E PUT
96AN 5VI\S /ATE ( M9D1 & ^? = :OM \R
P;Y1 OR ! AW>D ( "S?+ DESIRA#1 IS CLAIM$
>E S* Z H BE5 DESCRIB$1 X IS OBVI\S T !Y
W W9 NO P;Y F U4

                  #AA

  ,WE W NEXT 3SID] ,EMUL,N1 %[+ 9 :AT
FOLL[S XS CAUSES & OBJECTS1 &! /ATE (
M9D 9 : X IS FELT4 ,EMUL,N IS PA9 CAUS$
0SEE+ ! PRES;E1 9 P]SONS ^: NATURE IS L
\R [N1 ( GD ?+S T >E HI<LY VALU$ & >E
POSSI# = \RVS 6ACQUIRE2 B X IS FELT N 2C
O!RS H ^! GDS1 B 2C WE H N GOT !M \RVS4
,X IS "!=E A GD FEEL+ FELT 0GD P]SONS1
":AS 5VY IS A BAD FEEL+ FELT 0BAD
P]SONS4 ,EMUL,N MAKES U TAKE /EPS
6SECURE ! GD ?+S 9 "Q1 5VY MAKES U TAKE
/EPS 6/OP \R NEI<B\R HAV+ !M4 ,EMUL,N M/
"!=E T5D 6BE FELT 0P]SONS :O 2LIEVE !MVS
6DES]VE C]TA9 GD ?+S T !Y H N GOT1 X 2+
"U/OOD T NO "O ASPIRES 6?+S : APPE>
IMPOSSI#4 ,X IS ACLY FELT 0! "Y &
0P]SONS ( L(TY 4POSI;N4 ,AL 0^? :O
POSSESS S* GD ?+S Z >E DES]V$ 0M5 HELD 9
HON\R-^! >E W1L?1 ABUND.E ( FRS1 PUBLIC
(FICE1 &! L2 ON ! ASSUMP;N T !Y "\ 6BE
GD M51 !Y >E EMUL\S 6GA9 S* GDS 2C !Y
"\1 9 _! 2LIEF1 62L;G 6M5 ^: /ATE ( M9D
IS GD4 ,AL 0^? :OM ALL O!RS ?9K DES]V+4
,WE AL FEEL X AB ANY?+ = : \R ANCE/ORS1
RELATIVES1 P]SONAL FRS1 RACE1 OR C.TRY
>E SPECI,Y HON\R$1 LOOK+ ^U T ?+ Z RE,Y
\R [N1 & "!=E FEEL+ T WE DES]VE 6H X4
,FUR!R1 S9CE ALL GD ?+S T >E HI<LY
HON\R$ >E OBJECTS ( EMUL,N1 MORAL GD;S 9
XS V>I\S =MS M/ 2 S* AN OBJECT1 & AL ALL
^? GD ?+S T >E USE;L & S]VICEA# 6O!RS3 =
M5 HON\R ^? :O >E MOR,Y GD1 & AL ^? :O D
!M S]VICE4 ,S ) ^? GD ?+S \R POSSES.N (
: C GIVE 5JOY;T 6\R NEI<B\RS-W1L? &
B1UTY R ?AN H1L?4 ,WE C SEE1 TOO1 :AT
P]SONS >E ! OBJECTS (! FEEL+4 ,!Y >E ^?
:O H ^! & SIMIL> ?+S-^? ALR M5;N$1 Z
C\RAGE1 WISDOM1 PUBLIC (FICE4 ,HOLD]S (
PUBLIC (FICE-G5]ALS1 ORATORS1 & ALL :O
POSSESS S* P[]S-C D _M P A GD TURN4 ,AL
^? :OM _M P WI% 6BE L2 ^? :O H _M
ACQUA9T.ES OR FRS2 ^? :OM ADMIRE1 OR :OM
WE \RVS ADMIRE2 & ^? :O H BE5 PRAIS$ &
EULOGIZ$ 0POETS OR PROSE-WRIT]S4 ,P]SONS
(! 3TR>Y SORT >E OBJECTS ( 3TEMPT3 =!
FEEL+ & NO;N ( 3TEMPT >E OPPOSITE 6^? (
EMUL,N4 ,^? :O >E S* Z 6EMULATE OR 2
EMULAT$ 0O!RS >E 9EVITABLY 4POS$ 6BE
3TEMPTU\S ( ALL S* P]SONS Z >E SUBJECT
6^? BAD ?+S : >E 3TR>Y 6! GD ?+S T >E !
OBJECTS ( EMUL,N3 DESPIS+ !M = J T
R1SON4 ,H;E WE (T5 DESPISE ! =TUNATE1 :5
LUCK -ES 6!M )\T _! HAV+ ^? GD ?+S : >E
HELD 9 HON\R4
  ,? -PLETES \R 4CUS.N (! M1NS 0: !
S"EAL EMO;NS MAY 2 PRODUC$ OR 4SIPAT$1 &
^U : DEP5D ! P]SUASIVE >GU;TS 3NECT$ )!
EMO;NS4


                  #AB

  ,LET U N[ 3SID] ! V>I\S TYPES ( HUMAN
"*1 9 REL,N 6! EMO;NS & MORAL QUALITIES1
%[+ H[ !Y CORRESPOND 6\R V>I\S AGES &
=TUNES4 ,0EMO;NS ,I M1N ANG]1 DESIRE1 &!
L2 ^! WE H 4CUSS$ ALR4 ,0MORAL QUALITIES
,I M1N VIRTUES & VICES2 ^! AL H BE5
4CUSS$ ALR1 Z WELL Z ! V>I\S ?+S T V>I\S
TYPES ( M5 T5D 6W & 6D4 ,0AGES ,I M1N
Y\?1 ! PRIME ( LIFE1 & OLD AGE4 ,0=TUNE
,I M1N BIR?1 W1L?1 P[]1 & _! OPPOSITES-
IN FACT1 GD =TUNE & ILL =TUNE4
  ,62G9 )! ,Y\?;L TYPE ( "*4 ,"Y M5 H
/R;G PAS.NS1 & T5D 6GRATIFY !M
9DISCRIM9ATELY4 ,(! BODILY DESIRES1 X IS
! SEXUAL 0: !Y >E MO/ SWAY$ & 9 : !Y %[
ABS;E ( SELF-3TROL4 ,!Y >E *ANGEA# &
FICKLE 9 _! DESIRES1 : >E VIOL5T :ILE !Y
LA/1 B QKLY OV]3 _! IMPULSES >E KE5 B N
DEEP-ROOT$1 & >E L SICK P'S ATTACKS (
HUNG] & ?IR/4 ,!Y >E HOT-TEMP]$1 & QK-
TEMP]$1 & APT 6GIVE WAY 6_! ANG]2 BAD
TEMP] (T5 GETS ! BETT] ( !M1 = [+ 6_!
LOVE ( HON\R !Y _C BE> 2+ SLI<T$1 & >E
9DIGNANT IF !Y IMAG9E !MVS UNFAIRLY
TR1T$4 ,:ILE !Y LOVE HON\R1 !Y LOVE
VICTORY / M2 = Y\? IS EAG] = SUP]IOR;Y
OV] O!RS1 & VICTORY IS "O =M ( ?4 ,!Y
LOVE BO? M ?AN !Y LOVE M"OY1 : 9DE$ !Y
LOVE V LL1 N HAV+ YET LE>NT :AT X M1NS
6BE )\T X-? IS ! PO9T ( ,PITTACUS' REM>K
AB ,AMPHI>AUS4 ,!Y LOOK AT ! GD SIDE R
?AN ! BAD1 N HAV+ YET WIT;S$ _M 9/.ES (
WICK$;S4 ,!Y TRU/ O!RS R1DILY1 2C !Y H N
YET (T5 BE5 *1T$4 ,!Y >E SANGU9E2 NATURE
W>MS _! BLOOD Z ?\< ) EXCESS ( W9E2 &
2SS T1 !Y H Z YET MET ) FEW 4APPO9T;TS4
,_! LIVES >E MA9LY SP5T N 9 MEMORY B 9
EXPECT,N2 = EXPECT,N REF]S 6! FUTURE1
MEMORY 6! PA/1 & Y\? HAS A L;G FUTURE 2F
X &A %ORT PA/ 2H X3 ON ! F/ "D ( "O'S
LIFE "O HAS NO?+ AT ALL 6REMEMB]1 & C
ONLY LOOK =W>D4 ,!Y >E EASILY *1T$1 [+
6! SANGU9E 4POSI;N J M5;N$4 ,_! HOT
TEMP]S & HOPE;L 4POSI;NS MAKE !M M
C\RAGE\S ?AN OLD] M5 >E2 ! HOT TEMP]
PREV5TS FE>1 &! HOPE;L 4POSI;N CR1TES
3FID;E2 WE _C FEEL FE> S L;G Z WE >E
FEEL+ ANGRY1 & ANY EXPECT,N ( GD MAKES U
3FID5T4 ,!Y >E %Y1 A3EPT+ ! RULES (
SOCIETY 9 : !Y H BE5 TRA9$1 & N YET
2LIEV+ 9 ANY O!R /&>D ( HON\R4 ,!Y H
EXALT$ NO;NS1 2C !Y H N YET BE5 HUM#D
0LIFE OR LE>NT XS NEC LIMIT,NS2 MOREOV]1
_! HOPE;L 4POSI;N MAKES !M ?9K !MVS
EQUAL 6GRT ?+S-& T M1NS HAV+ EXALT$
NO;NS4 ,!Y WD ALW R D NO# DE$S ?AN USE;L
"OS3 _! LIVES >E REGULAT$ M 0MORAL FEEL+
?AN 0R1SON+2 & ":AS R1SON+ L1DS U 6*OOSE
:AT IS USE;L1 MORAL GD;S L1DS U 6*OOSE
:AT IS NO#4 ,!Y >E FOND] ( _! FRS1
9TIMATES1 & -PANIONS ?AN OLD] M5 >E1 2C
!Y L SP5D+ _! "DS 9 ! -PANY ( O!RS1 & H
N YET -E 6VALUE EI _! FRS OR ANY?+ ELSE
0_! USE;L;S 6!MVS4 ,ALL _! MISTAKES >E 9
! DIREC;N ( DO+ ?+S EXCESSIVELY &
VEHE;TLY4 ,!Y 4OBEY ,*ILON'S PRECEPT
0OV]DO+ "EY?+1 !Y LOVE TOO M* & HATE TOO
M*1 &! SAME ?+ ) "EY?+ ELSE4 ,!Y ?9K !Y
"K "EY?+1 & >E ALW Q SURE AB X2 ?1 9
FACT1 IS :Y !Y OV]DO "EY?+4 ,IF !Y D
WR;G 6O!RS1 X IS 2C !Y M1N 69SULT !M1 N
6D !M ACTUAL H>M4 ,!Y >E R1DY 6P;Y O!RS1
2C !Y ?9K E "O AN H"O/ MAN1 OR ANYH[
BETT] ?AN HE IS3 !Y JUDGE _! NEI<B\R 0_!
[N H>M.S NATURES1 & S _C ?9K HE DES]VES
6BE TR1T$ 9 T WAY4 ,!Y >E FOND ( FUN &
"!=E WITTY1 WIT 2+ WELL-BR$ 9SOL;E4

                  #AC

  ,S*1 !N IS ! "* (! ,"Y4 ,! "* (
,ELD]LY ,M5-M5 :O >E PA/ _! PRIME-MAY 2
SD 6BE =M$ =! MO/ "P ( ELE;TS T >E !
3TR>Y ( ALL ^!4 ,!Y H LIV$ _M YE>S2 !Y H
(T5 BE5 TAK5 IN1 & (T5 MADE MISTAKES2 &
LIFE ON ! :OLE IS A BAD BUSI;S4 ,!
RESULT IS T !Y >E SURE AB NO?+ & "U-D
"EY?+4 ,!Y ,8?9K0'1 B !Y N"E ,8"K0'2 &
2C ( _! HESIT,N !Y ALW ADD A
,8POSSIBLY'OR A ,8P]H0'1 PUTT+ "EY?+ ?
WAY & NO?+ POSITIVELY4 ,!Y >E CYNICAL2 T
IS1 !Y T5D 6PUT ! WORSE 3/RUC;N ON
"EY?+4 ,FUR!R1 _! EXP]I;E MAKES !M
4TRU/;L & "!=E SUSPICI\S ( EVIL4
,3SEQU5TLY !Y NEI LOVE W>MLY NOR HATE
BITT]LY1 B FOLL[+ ! H9T ( ,BIAS !Y LOVE
Z ?\< !Y W "S "D HATE & HATE Z ?\< !Y W
"S "D LOVE4 ,!Y >E SMALL-M9D$1 2C !Y H
BE5 HUM#D 0LIFE3 _! DESIRES >E SET ^U
NO?+ M EXALT$ OR UNUSUAL ?AN :AT W HELP
!M 6KEEP ALIVE4 ,!Y >E N G5]\S1 2C M"OY
IS "O (! ?+S !Y M/ H1 & AT ! SAME "T _!
EXP]I;E HAS TAU<T !M H[ H>D X IS 6GET &
H[ EASY 6LOSE4 ,!Y >E C[>DLY1 & >E ALW
ANTICIPAT+ DANG]2 UNLIKE T (! "Y1 :O >E
W>M-BLOOD$1 _! TEMP]A;T IS *ILLY2 OLD
AGE HAS PAV$ ! WAY = C[>DICE2 FE> IS1 9
FACT1 A =M ( *ILL4 ,!Y LOVE LIFE2 & ALL
! M :5 _! LA/ "D HAS -E1 2C ! OBJECT (
ALL DESIRE IS "S?+ WE H N GOT1 & AL 2C
WE DESIRE MO/ /R;GLY T : WE NE$ MO/
URG5TLY4 ,!Y >E TOO FOND ( !MVS2 ? IS "O
=M T SMALL-M9D$;S TAKES4 ,2C ( ?1 !Y
GUIDE _! LIVES TOO M* 03SID],NS ( :AT IS
USE;L & TOO LL 0:AT IS NO#-=! USE;L IS
:AT IS GD = "OF1 &! NO# :AT IS GD
ABSOLUTELY4 ,!Y >E N %Y1 B %AME.S R2 C>+
LESS = :AT IS NO# ?AN = :AT IS USE;L1 !Y
FEEL 3TEMPT = :AT P MAY ?9K ( !M4 ,!Y
LACK 3FID;E 9 ! FUTURE2 "PLY "? EXP]I;E-
= MO/ ?+S G WR;G1 OR ANYH[ TURN \ WORSE
?AN "O EXPECTS2 & "PLY 2C ( _! C[>DICE4
,!Y LIVE 0MEMORY R ?AN 0HOPE2 = :AT IS
LEFT 6!M ( LIFE IS B LL Z -P>$ )! L;G
PA/2 & HOPE IS (! FUTURE1 MEMORY (! PA/4
,?1 AG1 IS ! CAUSE ( _! LOQUAC;Y2 !Y >E
3T9U,Y TALK+ (! PA/1 2C !Y 5JOY REMEMB]+
X4 ,_! FITS ( ANG] >E SU45 B FEE#4 ,_!
S5SUAL PAS.NS H EI ALT G"O OR H LO/ _!
VIG\R3 3SEQU5TLY !Y D N FEEL _! PAS.NS
M*1 & _! AC;NS >E 9SPIR$ LESS 0:AT !Y D
FEEL ?AN 0! LOVE ( GA94 ,H;E M5 AT ? "T
( LIFE >E (T5 SUPPOS$ 6H A SELF-3TROLL$
"*2 ! FACT IS T _! PAS.NS H SLACK5$1 &
!Y >E SLAVES 6! LOVE ( GA94 ,!Y GUIDE _!
LIVES 0R1SON+ M ?AN 0MORAL FEEL+2 R1SON+
2+ DIRECT$ 6UTIL;Y & MORAL FEEL+ 6MORAL
GD;S4 ,IF !Y WR;G O!RS1 !Y M1N 69JURE
!M1 N 69SULT !M4 ,OLD M5 MAY FEEL P;Y1 Z
WELL Z "Y M51 B N =! SAME R1SON4 ,"Y M5
FEEL X \ ( K9D;S2 OLD M5 \ ( W1K;S1
IMAG9+ T ANY?+ T 2FALLS ANY "O ELSE MI<T
EASILY HAPP5 6!M1 :1 Z WE SAW1 IS A ?"\
T EXCITES P;Y4 ,H;E !Y >E QU]UL\S1 & N
4POS$ 6JE/+ OR LAU<T]-! LOVE ( LAU<T] 2+
! V OPPOSITE ( QU]UL\S;S4
  ,S* >E ! "*S ( ,"Y ,M5 & ,ELD]LY ,M54
,P ALW ?9K WELL ( SPEE*ES ADAPT$ TO1 &
REFLECT+1 _! [N "*3 & WE C N[ SEE H[
6-POSE \R SPEE*ES S Z 6ADAPT BO? !M &
\RVS 6\R AUDI;ES4

                  #AD

  ,Z = ,M5 9 _! ,PRIME1 CLE>LY WE % F9D
T !Y H A "* 2T T (! "Y & T (! OLD1 FREE
F ! EXTREMES ( EI4 ,!Y H NEI T EXCESS (
3FID;E : AM.TS 6RA%;S1 NOR TOO M*
TIMID;Y1 B ! "R AM.T ( EA*4 ,!Y NEI TRU/
"EYBODY NOR 4TRU/ "EYBODY1 B JUDGE P
CORRECTLY4 ,_! LIVES W 2 GUID$ N 0! SOLE
3SID],N EI ( :AT IS NO# OR ( :AT IS
USE;L1 B 0BO?2 NEI 0P>SIMONY NOR
0PRODIGAL;Y1 B 0:AT IS FIT & PROP]4 ,S1
TOO1 9 REG>D 6ANG] & DESIRE2 !Y W 2
BRAVE Z WELL Z TEMP]ATE1 & TEMP]ATE Z
WELL Z BRAVE2 ^! VIRTUES >E DIVID$ 2T !
"Y &! OLD2 ! "Y >E BRAVE B 9TEMP]ATE1 !
OLD TEMP]ATE B C[>DLY4 ,6PUT X G5],Y1
ALL ! VALUA# QUALITIES T Y\? & AGE
DIVIDE 2T !M >E UNIT$ 9 ! PRIME ( LIFE1
:ILE ALL _! EXCESSES OR DEFECTS >E
REPLAC$ 0MOD],N & FIT;S4 ,! BODY IS 9 XS
PRIME F ?IRTY 6FIVE-&-?IRTY2 ! M9D AB
=TY-N9E4
  #AE
  ,S M* =! TYPES ( "* T 4T+UI% Y\?1 OLD
AGE1 &! PRIME ( LIFE4 ,WE W N[ TURN 6^?
,GIFTS ( ,=TUNE 0: HUMAN "* IS A6ECT$4
,F/ LET U 3SID] ,GD ,BIR?4 ,XS E6ECT ON
"* IS 6MAKE ^? :O H X M AMBITI\S2 X IS !
WAY ( ALL M5 :O H "S?+ 6/>T ) 6ADD 6!
PILE1 & GD BIR? IMPLIES ANCE/RAL 4T9C;N4
,! WELL-BORN MAN W LOOK D[N EV5 ON ^? :O
>E Z GD Z 8 [N ANCE/ORS1 2C ANY F>-(F
4T9C;N IS GRT] ?AN ! SAME ?+ CLOSE 6U1 &
BETT] 6BOA/ AB4 ,2+ WELL-BORN1 : M1NS -+
(A F9E /OCK1 M/ 2 4T+UI%$ F NOBIL;Y1 :
M1NS 2+ TRUE 6! FAMILY NATURE-A QUAL;Y N
USU,Y F.D 9 ! WELL-BORN1 MO/ ( :OM >E
POOR CR1TURES4 ,9 ! G5],NS ( M5 Z 9 !
FRUITS (! E>?1 "! IS A V>Y+ YIELD2 N[ &
!N1 ": ! /OCK IS GD1 EXCEP;NAL M5 >E
PRODUC$ =A :ILE1 & !N DECAD;E SETS IN4
,A CL"E /OCK W DEG5]ATE T[>DS ! 9SANE
TYPE ( "*1 L ! DESC5DANTS ( ,ALCIBIADES
OR (! ELD] ,DIONYSIUS2 A /1DY /OCK T[>DS
! FATU\S & TORPID TYPE1 L ! DESC5DANTS (
,CIMON1 ,P]ICLES1 & ,SOCRATES4

                  #AF

  ,! TYPE ( "* PRODUC$ 0,W1L? LIES ON !
SURFACE = ALL 6SEE4 ,W1L?Y M5 >E 9SOL5T
& >ROGANT2 _! POSSES.N ( W1L? A6ECTS _!
"U/&+2 !Y FEEL Z IF !Y _H E GD ?+ T
EXI/S2 W1L? 2COMES A SORT ( /&>D ( VALUE
= "EY?+ ELSE1 & "!=E !Y IMAG9E "! IS
NO?+ X _C BUY4 ,!Y >E LUXURI\S &
O/5TATI\S2 LUXURI\S1 2C (! LUXURY 9 : !Y
LIVE &! PROSP];Y : !Y 4PLAY2 O/5TATI\S &
VULG>1 2C1 L O!R P'S1 _! M9DS >E
REGUL>LY O3UPI$ )! OBJECT ( _! LOVE &
ADMIR,N1 & AL 2C !Y ?9K T O!R P'S IDEA (
HAPPI;S IS ! SAME Z _! [N4 ,X IS 9DE$ Q
NATURAL T !Y %D 2 A6ECT$ ?US2 = IF Y H
M"OY1 "! >E ALW PL5TY ( P :O -E BE7+ F
Y4 ,H;E ! SAY+ ( ,SIMONIDES AB WISE M5 &
RI* M51 9 ANSW] 6,HI]O'S WIFE1 :O ASK$
HM :E!R X 0 BETT] 6GR[ RI* OR WISE4
,8,:Y1 RI*10' HE SD2 ,8= ,I SEE ! WISE
M5 SP5D+ _! "DS AT ! RI* M5'S DOORS40'
,RI* M5 AL 3SID] !MVS WOR?Y 6HOLD PUBLIC
(FICE2 = !Y 3SID] !Y ALR H ! ?+S T GIVE
A CLAIM 6(FICE4 ,9 A ^W1 ! TYPE ( "*
PRODUC$ 0W1L? IS T (A PROSP]\S FOOL4 ,"!
IS 9DE$ "O DI6];E 2T ! TYPE (! NEWLY-
5RI*$ & ^? :O H L;G BE5 RI*3 ! NEWLY-
5RI*$ H ALL ! BAD QUALITIES M5;N$ 9 AN
EXA7]AT$ & WORSE =M--6BE NEWLY-5RI*$
M1NS1 S 6SP1K1 NO $UC,N 9 RI*ES4 ,!
WR;GS !Y D O!RS >E N M1NT 69JURE _!
VICTIMS1 B SPR+ F 9SOL;E OR SELF-
9DULG;E1 E4G4 ^? T 5D 9 ASSAULT OR 9
ADULT]Y4

                  #AG

  ,Z 6,P[]3 "H TOO X MAY FAIRLY 2 SD T !
TYPE ( "* X PRODUCES IS MO/LY OBVI\S
5\<4 ,"S ELE;TS 9 ? TYPE X %>ES )! W1L?Y
TYPE1 O!RS >E BETT]4 ,^? 9 P[] >E M
AMBITI\S & M MANLY 9 "* ?AN ! W1L?Y1 2C
!Y ASPIRE 6D ! GRT DE$S T _! P[] P]MITS
!M 6D4 ,RESPONSIBIL;Y MAKES !M M S]I\S3
!Y H 6KEEP PAY+ ATT5;N 6! DUTIES _!
POSI;N 9VOLVES4 ,!Y >E DIGNIFI$ R ?AN
>ROGANT1 =! RESPECT 9 : !Y >E HELD
9SPIRES !M ) DIGN;Y & "!=E ) MOD],N-
DIGN;Y 2+ A MILD & 2COM+ =M ( >ROG.E4
,IF !Y WR;G O!RS1 !Y WR;G !M N ON A
SMALL B ON A GRT SCALE4
  ,GD =TUNE 9 C]TA9 ( XS BRAN*ES
PRODUCES ! TYPES ( "* 2L;G+ 6! 3DI;NS J
DESCRIB$1 S9CE ^! 3DI;NS >E 9 FACT M OR
LESS ! K9DS ( GD =TUNE T >E REG>D$ Z MO/
IMPORTANT4 ,X MAY 2 A4$ T GD =TUNE L1DS
U 6GA9 ALL WE C 9 ! WAY ( FAMILY HAPPI;S
& BODILY ADVANTAGES4 ,X DOES 9DE$ MAKE
M5 M SUP]CILI\S & M RECK.S2 B "! IS "O
EXCELL5T QUAL;Y T GOES ) X-PIETY1 &
RESPECT =! DIV9E P[]1 9 : !Y 2LIEVE 2C (
EV5TS : >E RE,Y ! RESULT ( *.E4
  ,? A3.T (! TYPES ( "* T CORRESPOND
6DI6];ES ( AGE OR =TUNE MAY 5D "H2 =
6>RIVE AT ! OPPOSITE TYPES 6^? DESCRIB$1
"NLY1 ^? (! POOR1 ! UN=TUNATE1 &! P[].S1
WE H ONLY 6ASK :AT ! OPPOSITE QUALITIES
>E4


                  #AH

  ,! USE ( P]SUASIVE SPEE* IS 6L1D
6DECI.NS4 7,:5 WE "K A ?+1 & H DECID$ AB
X1 "! IS NO FUR!R USE 9 SP1K+ AB X47 ,?
IS S EV5 IF "O IS A4RESS+ A S+LE P]SON &
URG+ HM 6D OR N 6D "S?+1 Z :5 WE SCOLD A
MAN = 8 3DUCT OR TRY 6*ANGE 8 VIEWS3 !
S+LE P]SON IS Z M* YR ,8JUDGE0' Z IF HE
7 "O ( _M2 WE MAY SAY1 )\T QUALIFIC,N1 T
ANY "O IS YR JUDGE :OM Y H 6P]SUADE4
,NOR DOES X MATT] :E!R WE >E >GU+ AG/ AN
ACTUAL OPPON5T OR AG/ A M]E PROPOSI;N2 9
! LATT] CASE WE / H 6USE SPEE* & OV]?R[
! OPPOS+ >GU;TS1 & WE ATTACK ^! Z WE %D
ATTACK AN ACTUAL OPPON5T4 ,\R PR9CIPLE
HOLDS GD ( C]EMONIAL SPEE*ES AL2 !
,8ONLOOK]S0' = :OM S* A SPEE* IS PUT TGR
>E TR1T$ Z ! JUDGES ( X4 ,BROADLY SP1K+1
H["E1 ! ONLY SORT ( P]SON :O C /RICTLY 2
CALL$ A JUDGE IS ! MAN :O DECIDES !
ISSUE 9 "S MATT] ( PUBLIC 3TROV]SY2 T
IS1 9 LAW SUITS & 9 POLITICAL DEBATES1 9
BO? ( : "! >E ISSUES 6BE DECID$4 ,9 !
SEC;N ON POLITICAL ORATORY AN A3.T HAS
ALR BE5 GIV5 (! TYPES ( "* T M>K !
DI6]5T 3/ITU;NS4
  ,! MANN] & M1NS ( 9VE/+ SPEE*ES )
MORAL "* MAY N[ 2 REG>D$ Z FULLY SET =?4
  ,EA* (! MA9 DIVI.NS ( ORATORY HAS1 WE
H SE51 XS [N 4T9CT PURPOSE4 ,) REG>D
6EA* DIVI.N1 WE H NOT$ ! A3EPT$ VIEWS &
PROPOSI;NS ^U : WE MAY BASE \R >GU;TS-=
POLITICAL1 = C]EMONIAL1 &= =5SIC SP1K+4
,WE H FUR!R DET]M9$ -PLETELY 0:AT M1NS
SPEE*ES MAY 2 9VE/$ )! REQUIR$ MORAL "*4
,WE >E N[ 6PROCE$ 64CUSS ! >GU;TS -MON
6ALL ORATORY4 ,ALL ORATORS1 2SS _!
SPECIAL L9ES ( >GU;T1 >E B.D 6USE1 =
9/.E1 ! TOPIC (! ,POSSI# & ,IMPOSSI#2 &
6TRY 6%[ T A ?+ HAS HAPP5$1 OR W HAPP5 9
FUTURE4 ,AG1 ! TOPIC ( ,SIZE IS -MON
6ALL ORATORY2 ALL ( U H 6>GUE T ?+S >E
BI7] OR SMALL] ?AN !Y SEEM1 :E!R WE >E
MAK+ POLITICAL SPEE*ES1 SPEE*ES ( EULOGY
OR ATTACK1 OR PROSECUT+ OR DEF5D+ 9 !
LAW-C\RTS4 ,HAV+ ANALYS$ ^! SUBJECTS1 WE
W TRY 6SAY :AT WE C AB ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES
( >GU+ BY ,85?YMEME0' & ,8EXAMPLE0'1 0!
A4I;N ( : WE MAY HOPE 6-PLETE ! PROJECT
) : WE SET \4 ,(! ABV-M5;N$ G5]AL L9ES (
>GU;T1 T 3C]N$ ) ,AMPLIFIC,N IS-Z HAS
BE5 ALR SD-MO/ APPROPRIATE 6C]EMONIAL
SPEE*ES2 T 3C]N$ )! ,PA/1 6=5SIC
SPEE*ES1 ": ! REQUIR$ DECI.N IS ALW AB !
PA/2 T 3C]N$ ) ,POSSIBIL;Y &! ,FUTURE1
6POLITICAL SPEE*ES4

                  #AI

  ,LET U F/ SP1K (! ,POSSI# & ,IMPOSSI#4
,X MAY PLAUSIBLY 2 >GU$3 ,T IF X IS
POSSI# = "O (A PAIR ( 3TR>IES 6BE OR
HAPP51 !N X IS POSSI# =! O!R3 E4G4 IF A
MAN C 2 CUR$1 HE C AL FALL ILL2 = ANY
TWO 3TR>IES >E EQU,Y POSSI#1 9 S F> Z !Y
>E 3TR>IES4 ,T IF ( TWO SIMIL> ?+S "O IS
POSSI#1 S IS ! O!R4 ,T IF ! H>D] ( TWO
?+S IS POSSI#1 S IS ! EASI]4 ,T IF A ?+
C -E 96EXI/;E 9 A GD & B1UTI;L =M1 !N X
C -E 96EXI/;E G5],Y2 ?US A H\SE C EXI/ M
EASILY ?AN A B1UTI;L H\SE4 ,T IF ! 2G9N+
(A ?+ C O3UR1 S C ! 5D2 = NO?+ IMPOSSI#
O3URS OR 2G9S 6O3UR2 ?US ! -M5SURABIL;Y
(! DIAGONAL (A SQU>E ) XS SIDE NEI O3URS
NOR C 2G9 6O3UR4 ,T IF ! 5D IS POSSI#1 S
IS ! 2G9N+2 = ALL ?+S T O3UR H A 2G9N+4
,T IF T : IS PO/]IOR 9 ESS;E OR 9 ORD] (
G5],N C -E 962+1 S C T : IS PRIOR3 ?US
IF A MAN C -E 962+1 S C A BOY1 S9CE !
BOY -ES F/ 9 ORD] ( G5],N2 & IF A BOY C1
S C A MAN1 =! MAN AL IS F/4 ,T ^? ?+S >E
POSSI# ( : ! LOVE OR DESIRE IS NATURAL2
= NO "O1 Z A RULE1 LOVES OR DESIRES
IMPOSSIBILITIES4 ,T ?+S : >E ! OBJECT (
ANY K9D ( SCI;E OR >T >E POSSI# & EXI/
OR -E 96EXI/;E4 ,T ANY?+ IS POSSI# ! F/
/EP 9 ^: PRODUC;N DEP5DS ON M5 OR ?+S :
WE C -PEL OR P]SUADE 6PRODUCE X1 0\R
GRT] /R5G?1 \R 3TROL ( !M1 OR \R FR%IP )
!M4 ,T ": ! "PS >E POSSI#1 ! :OLE IS
POSSI#2 & ": ! :OLE IS POSSI#1 ! "PS >E
USU,Y POSSI#4 ,= IF ! SLIT 9 FRONT1 !
TOE-PIECE1 &! UPP] L1!R C 2 MADE1 !N
%OES C 2 MADE2 & IF %OES1 !N AL ! FRONT
SLIT & TOE-PIECE4 ,T IF A :OLE G5US IS A
?+ T C O3UR1 S C ! SPECIES2 & IF !
SPECIES C O3UR1 S C ! G5US3 ?US1 IF A
SAIL+ VESSEL C 2 MADE1 S AL C A TRIREME2
& IF A TRIREME1 !N A SAIL+ VESSEL AL4 ,T
IF "O ( TWO ?+S ^: EXI/;E DEP5DS ON EA*
O!R IS POSSI#1 S IS ! O!R2 = 9/.E1 IF
,8D\#0'1 !N ,8HALF0'1 & IF ,8HALF0'1 !N
,8D\#0'4 ,T IF A ?+ C 2 PRODUC$ )\T >T
OR PREP>,N1 X C 2 PRODUC$ / M C]TA9LY 0!
C>E;L APPLIC,N ( >T 6X4 ,H;E ,AGA?ON HAS
SD3

,6"S ?+S WE 0>T M/ NE$S ATTA91
,O!RS 0DE/9Y OR LUCK WE GA94

  ,T IF ANY?+ IS POSSI# 69F]IOR1 W1K]1 &
/UPID] P1 X IS M S = _! OPPOSITES2 ?US
,ISOCRATES SD T X WD 2 A /RANGE ?+ IF HE
CD N 4COV] A ?+ T ,EU?YNUS _H F.D \4 ,Z
= ,IMPOSSIBIL;Y1 WE C CLE>LY GET :AT WE
WANT 0TAK+ ! 3TR>IES (! >GU;TS /AT$ ABV4
  ,"QS ( ,PA/ ,FACT MAY 2 LOOK$ AT 9 !
FOLL[+ WAYS3 ,F/1 T IF ! LESS LIKELY (
TWO ?+S HAS O3URR$1 ! M LIKELY M/ H
O3URR$ AL4 ,T IF "O ?+ T USU,Y FOLL[S
ANO!R HAS HAPP5$1 !N T O!R ?+ HAS
HAPP5$2 T1 = 9/.E1 IF A MAN HAS =GOTT5 A
?+1 HE HAS AL ONCE LE>NT X4 ,T IF A MAN
_H ! P[] &! WI% 6D A ?+1 HE HAS D"O X2 =
E "O DOES D :AT"E HE 9T5DS 6D :5"E HE C
D X1 "! 2+ NO?+ 6/OP HM4 ,T1 FUR!R1 HE
HAS D"O ! ?+ 9 "Q EI IF HE 9T5D$ X &
NO?+ EXT]NAL PREV5T$ HM2 OR IF HE _H !
P[] 6D X & 0 ANGRY AT ! "T2 OR IF HE _H
! P[] 6D X & 8 HE>T 0 SET ^U X-= P Z A
RULE D :AT !Y L;G 6D1 IF !Y C2 BAD P "?
LACK ( SELF-3TROL2 GD P1 2C _! HE>TS >E
SET ^U GD ?+S4 ,AG1 T IF A ?+ 0 ,8GO+
6HAPP50'1 X HAS HAPP5$2 IF A MAN 0 ,8GO+
6D "S?+0'1 HE HAS D"O X1 = X IS LIKELY T
! 9T5;N 0 C>RI$ \4 ,T IF "O ?+ HAS
HAPP5$ : NATUR,Y HAPP5S 2F ANO!R OR )A
VIEW 6X1 ! O!R HAS HAPP5$2 = 9/.E1 IF X
HAS LI<T5$1 X HAS AL ?"U$2 & IF AN AC;N
HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$1 X HAS BE5 D"O4 ,T IF
"O ?+ HAS HAPP5$ : NATUR,Y HAPP5S AF
ANO!R1 OR )A VIEW 6: T O!R HAPP5S1 !N T
O!R 7T : HAPP5S F/1 OR HAPP5S )A VIEW 6?
?+7 HAS AL HAPP5$2 ?US1 IF X HAS ?"U$ X
HAS LI<T5$1 & IF AN AC;N HAS BE5 D"O X
HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$4 ,( ALL ^! SEQU;ES "S
>E 9EVITA# & "S M]ELY USUAL4 ,! >GU;TS =
! NON-O3URR;E ( ANY?+ C OBVI\SLY 2 F.D
03SID]+ ! OPPOSITES ( ^? T H BE5 M5;N$4
  ,H[ "QS ( ,FUTURE ,FACT %D 2 >GU$ IS
CLE> F ! SAME 3SID],NS3 ,T A ?+ W 2 D"O
IF "! IS BO? ! P[] &! WI% 6D X2 OR IF
AL;G )! P[] 6D X "! IS A CRAV+ =!
RESULT1 OR ANG]1 OR CALCUL,N1 PROMPT+ X4
,T ! ?+ W 2 D"O1 9 ^! CASES1 IF ! MAN IS
ACTU,Y SETT+ AB X1 OR EV5 IF HE M1NS 6D
X LAT]-= USU,Y :AT WE M1N 6D HAPP5S R
?AN :AT WE D N M1N 6D4 ,T A ?+ W HAPP5
IF ANO!R ?+ : NATUR,Y HAPP5S 2F X HAS
ALR HAPP5$2 ?US1 IF X IS CL\D+ OV]1 X IS
LIKELY 6RA94 ,T IF ! M1NS 6AN 5D H
O3URR$1 !N ! 5D IS LIKELY 6O3UR2 ?US1 IF
"! IS A F.D,N1 "! W 2 A H\SE4
  ,= >GU;TS AB ! ,GRT;S & ,SMALL;S (
?+S1 ! GRT] &! LESS]1 & G5],Y GRT ?+S &
SMALL1 :AT WE H ALR SD W %[ ! L9E 6TAKE4
,9 4CUSS+ DELIB]ATIVE ORATORY WE H SPOK5
AB ! RELATIVE GRT;S ( V>I\S GDS1 & AB !
GRT] & LESS] 9 G5]AL4 ,S9CE "!=E 9 EA*
TYPE ORATORY ! OBJECT "U 4CUS.N IS "S
K9D ( GD-:E!R X IS UTIL;Y1 NO#;S1 OR
JU/ICE-X IS CLE> T E ORATOR M/ OBTA9 !
MAT]IALS ( AMPLIFIC,N "? ^! *ANNELS4 ,6G
FUR!R ?AN ?1 & TRY 6E/ABLI% AB/RACT LAWS
( GRT;S & SUP]IOR;Y1 IS 6>GUE )\T AN
OBJECT2 9 PRACTICAL LIFE1 "PICUL> FACTS
C.T M ?AN G5]ALIZ,NS4
  ,5 HAS N[ BE5 SD AB ^! "QS (
POSSIBIL;Y &! REV]SE1 ( PA/ OR FUTURE
FACT1 &(! RELATIVE GRT;S OR SMALL;S (
?+S4

                  #BJ

  ,! SPECIAL =MS ( ORATORICAL >GU;T HAV+
N[ BE5 4CUSS$1 WE H NEXT 6TR1T ( ^? : >E
-MON 6ALL K9DS ( ORATORY4 ,^! >E ( TWO
MA9 K9DS1 ,8,EXAMPLE0' & ,8,5?YMEME0'2 =
! ,8,MAXIM0' IS "P ( AN 5?YMEME4
  ,WE W F/ TR1T ( >GU;T 0,EXAMPLE1 = X
HAS ! NATURE ( 9DUC;N1 : IS ! F.D,N (
R1SON+4 ,? =M ( >GU;T HAS TWO V>IETIES2
"O 3SI/+ 9 ! M5;N ( ACTUAL PA/ FACTS1 !
O!R 9 ! 9V5;N ( FACTS 0! SP1K]4 ,(!
LATT]1 AG1 "! >E TWO V>IETIES1 !
ILLU/RATIVE P>ALLEL &! FA# 7E4G4 ! FA#S
( ,AESOP1 ^? F ,LIBYA74 ,Z AN 9/.E (!
M5;N ( ACTUAL FACTS1 TAKE ! FOLL[+4 ,!
SP1K] MAY >GUE ?US3 ,8,WE M/ PREP>E = W>
AG/ ! K+ ( ,P]SIA & N LET HM SUBDUE
,EGYPT4 ,= ,D>IUS ( OLD DID N CROSS !
,AEG1N UNTIL HE _H SEIZ$ ,EGYPT2 B ONCE
HE _H SEIZ$ X1 HE DID CROSS4 ,& ,X]XES1
AG1 DID N ATTACK U UNTIL HE _H SEIZ$
,EGYPT2 B ONCE HE _H SEIZ$ X1 HE DID
CROSS4 ,IF "!=E ! PRES5T K+ SEIZES
,EGYPT1 HE AL W CROSS1 & "!=E WE M/ N
LET HM40'
  ,! ILLU/RATIVE P>ALLEL IS ! SORT (
>GU;T ,SOCRATES US$3 E4G4 ,8,PUBLIC
(FICIALS "\ N 6BE SELECT$ 0LOT4 ,T IS L
US+ ! LOT 6SELECT A?LETES1 9/1D ( *OOS+
^? :O >E FIT =! 3TE/2 OR US+ ! LOT
6SELECT A /E]SMAN F AM;G A %IP'S CREW1 Z
IF WE "\ 6TAKE ! MAN ON :OM ! LOT FALLS1
& N ! MAN :O "KS MO/ AB X40'
  ,9/.ES (! FA# >E T ( ,/ESI*ORUS AB
,PHAL>IS1 & T ( ,AESOP 9 DEF;E (! POPUL>
L1D]4 ,:5 ! P ( ,HIM]A _H MADE ,PHAL>IS
MILIT>Y DICTATOR1 & 7 GO+ 6GIVE HM A
BODYGU>D1 ,/ESI*ORUS W.D UP A L;G TALK
0TELL+ !M ! FA# (! HORSE :O _H A FIELD
ALL 6HMF4 ,PRES5TLY "! CAME A /AG & 2GAN
6SPOIL 8 PA/URAGE4 ,! HORSE1 WI%+
6REV5GE HMF ON ! /AG1 ASK$ A MAN IF HE
CD HELP HM 6D S4 ,! MAN SD1 ,8,YES1 IF Y
W LET ME BRIDLE Y & GET ON 6YR BACK )
JAVEL9S 9 MY H&0'4 ,! HORSE AGRE$1 &!
MAN M.T$2 B 9/1D ( GETT+ 8 REV5GE ON !
/AG1 ! HORSE F.D HMF ! SLAVE (! MAN4
,8,Y TOO0'1 SD ,/ESI*ORUS1 ,8TAKE C>E
LE/ YR DESIRE = REV5GE ON YR 5EMIES1 Y
MEET ! SAME FATE Z ! HORSE4 ,0MAK+
,PHAL>IS MILIT>Y DICTATOR1 Y H ALR LET
YRVS 2 BRIDL$4 ,IF Y LET HM GET ON 6YR
BACKS 0GIV+ HM A BODYGU>D1 F T MO;T Y W
2 8 SLAVES40'
  ,AESOP1 DEF5D+ 2F ! ASSEMBLY AT ,SAMOS
A P\L> L1D] :O 0 2+ TRI$ = 8 LIFE1 TOLD
? /ORY3 ,A FOX1 9 CROSS+ A RIV]1 0 SWEPT
96A HOLE 9 ! ROCKS2 &1 N 2+ A# 6GET \1
SU6]$ MIS]IES =A L;G "T "? ! SW>MS (
FL1S T FA/5$ ON H]4 ,A H$GEHOG1 :ILE
ROAM+ >.D1 NOTIC$ ! FOX2 & FEEL+ SORRY =
H] ASK$ IF HE MI<T REMOVE ! FL1S4 ,B !
FOX DECL9$ ! (F]2 & :5 ! H$GEHOG ASK$
:Y1 %E REPLI$1 ,8,^! FL1S >E 0? "T FULL
( ME & N SUCK+ M* BLOOD2 IF Y TAKE !M
AWAY1 O!RS W -E ) FRE% APPETITES & DR9K
UP ALL ! BLOOD ,I H LEFT40' ,8,S1 M5 (
,SAMOS0'1 SD ,AESOP1 ,8MY CLI5T W D Y NO
FUR!R H>M2 HE IS W1L?Y ALR4 ,B IF Y PUT
HM 6D1?1 O!RS W -E AL;G :O >E N RI*1 &
_! PECUL,NS W EMPTY YR TR1SURY
-PLETELY40'
  ,FA#S >E SUITA# = A4RESSES 6POPUL>
ASSEMBLIES2 & !Y H "O ADVANTAGE-!Y >E
-P>ATIVELY EASY 69V5T1 ":AS X IS H>D
6F9D P>ALLELS AM;G ACTUAL PA/ EV5TS4 ,Y
W 9 FACT FRAME !M J Z Y FRAME
ILLU/RATIVE P>ALLELS3 ALL Y REQUIRE IS !
P[] ( ?9K+ \ YR ANALOGY1 A P[] DEVELOP$
09TELLECTUAL TRA9+4 ,B :ILE X IS EASI]
6SUPPLY P>ALLELS 09V5T+ FA#S1 X IS M
VALUA# =! POLITICAL SP1K] 6SUPPLY !M
0QUOT+ :AT HAS ACTU,Y HAPP5$1 S9CE 9 MO/
RESPECTS ! FUTURE W 2 L :AT ! PA/ HAS
BE54
  ,": WE >E UNA# 6>GUE 0,5?YMEME1 WE M/
TRY 6DEMON/RATE \R PO9T 0? ME?OD (
,EXAMPLE1 & 63V9CE \R HE>]S "!BY4 ,IF WE
C >GUE 0,5?YMEME1 WE %D USE \R ,EXAMPLES
Z SUBSEQU5T SUPPLE;T>Y EVID;E4 ,!Y %D N
PREC$E ! ,5?YMEMES3 T W GIVE ! >GU;T AN
9DUCTIVE AIR1 : ONLY R>ELY SUITS !
3DI;NS ( SPEE*-MAK+4 ,IF !Y FOLL[ !
5?YMEMES1 !Y H ! E6ECT ( WIT;SES GIV+
EVID;E1 & ? ALWAY TELLS4 ,=! SAME R1SON1
IF Y PUT YR EXAMPLES F/ Y M/ GIVE A L>GE
NUMB] ( !M2 IF Y PUT !M LA/1 A S+LE "O
IS SU6ICI5T2 EV5 A S+LE WIT;S W S]VE IF
HE IS A GD "O4 ,X HAS N[ BE5 /AT$ H[ _M
V>IETIES ( >GU;T 0,EXAMPLE "! >E1 & H[ &
:5 !Y >E 6BE EMPLOY$4

                  #BA

  ,WE N[ TURN 6! USE ( ,MAXIMS1 9 ORD]
6SEE ^U :AT SUBJECTS & O3A.NS1 &= :AT
K9D ( SP1K]1 !Y W APPROPRIATELY =M "P (A
SPEE*4 ,? W APPE> MO/ CLE>LY :5 WE H
DEF9$ A MAXIM4 ,X IS A /ATE;T2 N A
"PICUL> FACT1 S* Z ! "* ( LPHICRATES1 B
(A G5]AL K9D2 NOR IS X AB ANY & E
SUBJECT--E4G4 ,8/RAI<T IS ! 3TR>Y (
CURV$0' IS N A MAXIM--B ONLY AB "QS (
PRACTICAL 3DUCT1 C\RSES ( 3DUCT 6BE *OS5
OR AVOID$4 ,N[ AN ,5?YMEME IS A
SYLLOGISM D1L+ ) S* PRACTICAL SUBJECTS4
,X IS "!=E R\<LY TRUE T ! PREMISSES OR
3CLU.NS ( ,5?YMEMES1 3SID]$ A"P F ! RE/
(! >GU;T1 >E ,MAXIMS3 E4G4

  ,N"E %D ANY MAN ^: WITS >E S.D
  ,H 8 SONS TAU<T M WISDOM ?AN _!
FELL[S4
  ,"H WE H A ,MAXIM2 ADD ! R1SON OR
EXPLAN,N1 &! :OLE ?+ IS AN ,5?YMEME2
?US-
  ,X MAKES !M IDLE2 & "!) !Y E>N
  ,ILL-W & J1L\SY "?\T ! C;Y4

,AG1
  ,"! IS NO MAN 9 ALL ?+S PROSP]\S1
&
  ,"! IS NO MAN AM;G U ALL IS FREE1
>E MAXIMS2 B ! LATT]1 TAK5 ) :AT FOLL[S
X1 IS AN ,5?YMEME-
  ,= ALL >E SLAVES ( M"OY OR ( *.E4
  ,F ? DEF9I;N (A MAXIM X FOLL[S T "! >E
F\R K9DS ( MAXIMS4 ,9 ! F/ ,PLACE1 !
MAXIM MAY OR MAY N H A SUPPLE;T4 ,PRO(
IS NE$$ ": ! /ATE;T IS P>ADOXICAL OR
4PUTA#2 NO SUPPLE;T IS WANT$ ": ! /ATE;T
3TA9S NO?+ P>ADOXICAL1 EI 2C ! VIEW
EXPRESS$ IS ALR A "KN TRU?1 E4G4
  ,*IEFE/ ( B.S+S IS H1L? =A MAN1 Z X
SEEME? 6ME1
  ? 2+ ! G5]AL OP9ION3 OR 2C1 Z SOON Z !
VIEW IS /AT$1 X IS CLE> AT A GL.E1 E4G4
  ,NO LOVE IS TRUE SAVE T : LOVES = "E4
  ,(! ,MAXIMS T D H A SUPPLE;T ATTA*$1
"S >E "P ( AN ,5?YMEME1 E4G4
  ,N"E %D ANY MAN ^: WITS >E S.D1 &C4
  ,O!RS H ! ESS5TIAL "* ( ,5?YMEMES1 B
>E N /AT$ Z "PS ( ,5?YMEMES2 ^! LATT] >E
RECKON$ ! BE/2 !Y >E ^? 9 : ! R1SON =!
VIEW EXPRESS$ IS SIMPLY IMPLI$1 E4G4

  ,O MORTAL MAN1 NURSE N IMMORTAL WRA?4

  ,6SAY ,8X IS N "R 6NURSE IMMORTAL
WRA?0' IS A MAXIM2 ! A4$ ^WS ,8MORTAL
MAN0' GIVE ! R1SON4 ,SIMIL>LY1 )! ^WS

  ,MORTAL CR1TURES "\ 6*]I% MORTAL1 N
IMMORTAL ?"\S4

  ,:AT HAS BE5 SD HAS %[N U H[ _M K9DS (
,MAXIMS "! >E1 & 6:AT SUBJECTS ! V>I\S
K9DS >E APPROPRIATE4 ,!Y M/ N 2 GIV5 )\T
SUPPLE;T IF !Y EXPRESS 4PUT$ OR
P>ADOXICAL VIEWS3 WE M/1 9 T CASE1 EI
PUT ! SUPPLE;T F/ & MAKE A MAXIM (!
3CLU.N1 E4G4 Y MI<T SAY1 ,8,= MY "P1
S9CE BO? UNPOPUL>;Y & IDLE;S >E
UNDESIRA#1 ,I HOLD T X IS BETT] N 6BE
$UCAT$0'2 OR Y MAY SAY ? F/1 & !N ADD !
PREVI\S CLAUSE4 ,": A /ATE;T1 )\T 2+
P>ADOXICAL1 IS N OBVI\SLY TRUE1 ! R1SON
%D 2 A4$ Z 3CISELY Z POSSI#4 ,9 S* CASES
BO? LACONIC & 5IGMATIC SAY+S >E SUITA#3
?US "O MI<T SAY :AT ,/ESI*ORUS SD 6!
,LOCRIANS1 ,8,9SOL;E IS BETT] AVOID$1
LE/ ! CICALAS *IRP ON ! GR.D0'4
  ,! USE ( ,MAXIMS IS APPROPRIATE ONLY
6ELD]LY M51 & 9 H&L+ SUBJECTS 9 : !
SP1K] IS EXP]I;ED4 ,=A "Y MAN 6USE !M
IS-L TELL+ /ORIES-UNBECOM+2 6USE !M 9
H&L+ ?+S 9 : "O HAS NO EXP]I;E IS SILLY
& ILL-BR$3 A FACT SU6ICI5TLY PROV$ 0!
SPECIAL FOND;S ( C.TRY FELL[S = /RIK+ \
MAXIMS1 & _! R1DI;S 6AIR !M4
  ,6DCL A ?+ 6BE UNIV]S,Y TRUE :5 X IS N
IS MO/ APPROPRIATE :5 "W+ UP FEEL+S (
HORROR & 9DIGN,N 9 \R HE>]S2 ESPECI,Y
0WAY ( PREFACE1 OR AF ! FACTS H BE5
PROV$4 ,EV5 HACKNEY$ & -MONPLACE MAXIMS
>E 6BE US$1 IF !Y SUIT "O'S PURPOSE3 J
2C !Y >E -MONPLACE1 E "O SEEMS 6AGREE )
!M1 & "!=E !Y >E TAK5 = TRU?4 ,?US1 ANY
"O :O IS CALL+ ON 8 M5 6RISK AN 5GAGE;T
)\T OBTA9+ FAV\RA# OM5S MAY QUOTE
  ,"O OM5 ( ALL IS HE/1 T WE FI<T = \R
"FL&4
  ,OR1 IF HE IS CALL+ ON !M 6ATTACK A
/R;G] =CE-
  ,! ,W>-,GOD %[E? NO FAV\R4
  ,OR1 IF HE IS URG+ P 6DE/ROY ! 9NOC5T
*N ( _! 5EMIES-
  ,FOOL1 :O SLAYE? ! "F & L1VE? 8 SONS
6AV5GE HM4
  ,"S PROV]BS >E AL MAXIMS1 E4G4 !
PROV]B ,8,AN ,ATTIC NEI<B\R0'4 ,Y >E N
6AVOID UTT]+ MAXIMS T 3TRADICT S* SAY+S
Z H 2COME PUBLIC PROP]TY 7,I M1N S*
SAY+S Z ,8"K ?YF0' & ,8NO?+ 9 EXCESS0'7
IF DO+ S W RAISE YR HE>]S0' OP9ION ( YR
"*1 OR 3VEY AN E6ECT ( /R;G EMO;N--E4G4
AN ANGRY SP1K] MI<T WELL SAY1 ,8,X IS N
TRUE T WE "\ 6"K \RVS3 ANYH[1 IF ? MAN
_H "KN HMF1 HE WD N"E H ?"\ HMF FIT = AN
>MY -M&40' ,X W RAISE P'S OP9ION ( \R "*
6SAY1 = 9/.E1 ,8,WE "\ N 6FOLL[ ! SAY+ T
BIDS U TR1T \R FRS Z FUTURE 5EMIES3 M*
BETT] 6TR1T \R 5EMIES Z FUTURE FRS40' ,!
MORAL PURPOSE %D 2 IMPLI$ "PLY 0! V ^W+
( \R MAXIM4 ,FAIL+ ?1 WE %D ADD \R
R1SON3 E4G4 HAV+ SD ,8,WE %D TR1T \R
FRS1 N Z ! SAY+ ADVISES1 B Z IF !Y 7 GO+
6BE \R FRS ALW0'1 WE %D ADD ,8=! O!R
2HAVI\R IS T (A TRAITOR0'3 OR WE MI<T
PUT X1 ,I 4APPROVE ( T SAY+4 ,A TRUE FR
W TR1T 8 FR Z IF HE 7 GO+ 6BE 8 FR =
"E0'2 & AG1 ,8,NOR D ,I APPROVE (! SAY+
8NO?+ 9 EXCESS03 WE >E B.D 6HATE BAD M5
EXCESSIVELY40' ,"O GRT ADVANTAGE (
,MAXIMS 6A SP1K] IS DUE 6! WANT (
9TELLIG;E 9 8 HE>]S1 :O LOVE 6HE> HM
SU3E$ 9 EXPRESS+ Z A UNIV]SAL TRU? !
OP9IONS : !Y HOLD !MVS AB "PICUL> CASES4
,I W EXPLA9 :AT ,I M1N 0?1 9DICAT+ AT !
SAME "T H[ WE >E 6HUNT D[N ! MAXIMS
REQUIR$4 ,! MAXIM1 Z HAS BE5 ALR SD1 A
G5]AL /ATE;T & P LOVE 6HE> /AT$ 9 G5]AL
T]MS :AT !Y ALR 2LIEVE 9 "S "PICUL>
3NEXION3 E4G4 IF A MAN HAPP5S 6H BAD
NEI<B\RS OR BAD *N1 HE W AGREE ) ANY "O
:O TELLS HM1 ,8,NO?+ IS M ANNOY+ ?AN
HAV+ NEI<B\RS0'1 OR1 ,8,NO?+ IS M FOOLI%
?AN 6BE ! P>5T ( *N40' ,! ORATOR HAS
"!=E 6GUESS ! SUBJECTS ON : 8 HE>]S RE,Y
HOLD VIEWS ALR1 & :AT ^? VIEWS >E1 & !N
M/ EXPRESS1 Z G5]AL TRU?S1 ^! SAME VIEWS
ON ^! SAME SUBJECTS4 ,? IS "O ADVANTAGE
( US+ MAXIMS4 ,"! IS ANO!R : IS M
IMPORTANT-X 9VE/S A SPEE* ) MORAL "*4
,"! IS MORAL "* 9 E SPEE* 9 : ! MORAL
PURPOSE IS 3SPICU\S3 & MAXIMS ALW
PRODUCE ? E6ECT1 2C ! UTT].E ( !M AM.TS
6A G5]AL DECL>,N ( MORAL PR9CIPLES3 S T1
IF ! MAXIMS >E S.D1 !Y 4PLAY ! SP1K] Z A
MAN ( S.D MORAL "*4 ,S M* =! ,MAXIM-XS
NATURE1 V>IETIES1 PROP] USE1 &
ADVANTAGES4


                  #BB

  ,WE N[ -E 6! ,5?YMEMES1 & W 2G9 !
SUBJECT ) "S G5]AL 3SID],N (! PROP] WAY
( LOOK+ = !M1 & !N PROCE$ 6:AT IS A
4T9CT "Q1 ! L9ES ( >GU;T 6BE EMBODI$ 9
!M4 ,X HAS ALR BE5 PO9T$ \ T ! ,5?YMEME
IS A SYLLOGISM1 & 9 :AT S5SE X IS S4 ,WE
H AL NOT$ ! DI6];ES 2T X &! SYLLOGISM (
DIALECTIC4 ,?US WE M/ N C>RY XS R1SON+
TOO F> BACK1 OR ! L5G? ( \R >GU;T W
CAUSE OBSCUR;Y3 NOR M/ WE PUT 9 ALL !
/EPS T L1D 6\R 3CLU.N1 OR WE % WA/E ^WS
9 SAY+ :AT IS MANIFE/4 ,X IS ? SIMPLIC;Y
T MAKES ! UN$UCAT$ M E6ECTIVE ?AN !
$UCAT$ :5 A4RESS+ POPUL> AUDI;ES-MAKES
!M1 Z ! POETS TELL U1 ,8*>M ! CR[D'S E>S
M F9ELY0'4 ,$UCAT$ M5 LAY D[N BROAD
G5]AL PR9CIPLES2 UN$UCAT$ M5 >GUE F -MON
K & DRAW OBVI\S 3CLU.NS4 ,WE M/ N1 "!=E1
/>T F ANY & E A3EPT$ OP9ION1 B ONLY F ^?
WE H DEF9$-^? A3EPT$ 0\R JUDGES OR 0^?
^: AU?OR;Y !Y RECOGNIZE3 & "! M/1
MOREOV]1 2 NO D\BT 9 ! M9DS ( MO/1 IF N
ALL1 ( \R JUDGES T ! OP9IONS PUT =W>D
RE,Y >E ( ? SORT4 ,WE %D AL BASE \R
>GU;TS ^U PROBABILITIES Z WELL Z ^U
C]TA9TIES4
  ,! F/ ?+ WE H 6REMEMB] IS ?4 ,:E!R \R
>GU;T 3C]NS PUBLIC A6AIRS OR "S O!R
SUBJECT1 WE M/ "K "S1 IF N ALL1 (! FACTS
AB ! SUBJECT ON : WE >E 6SP1K & >GUE4
,O!RWISE WE C H NO MAT]IALS \ ( :
63/RUCT >GU;TS4 ,I M1N1 = 9/.E1 H[ CD WE
ADVISE ! ,A!NIANS :E!R !Y %D G 6W> OR N1
IF WE DID N "K _! /R5G?1 :E!R X 0 NAVAL
OR MILIT>Y OR BO?1 & H[ GRT X IS2 :AT _!
REV5UES AM.T TO2 :O _! FRS & 5EMIES >E2
:AT W>S1 TOO1 !Y H WAG$1 &) :AT SU3ESS2
& S ON8 ,OR H[ CD WE EULOGIZE !M IF WE
KNEW NO?+ AB ! SEA-FI<T AT ,SALAMIS1 OR
! BATTLE ( ,M>A?ON1 OR :AT !Y DID =!
,H]ACLEIDAE1 OR ANY O!R FACTS L T8 ,ALL
EULOGY IS BAS$ ^U ! NO# DE$S--R1L OR
IMAG9>Y--T /& 6! CR$IT ( ^? EULOGIZ$4
,ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 9VECTIVES >E BAS$
ON FACTS (! OPPOSITE K9D3 ! ORATOR LOOKS
6SEE :AT BASE DE$S--R1L OR IMAG9>Y--/&
6! 4CR$IT ( ^? HE IS ATTACK+1 S* Z
TR1*]Y 6! CAUSE ( ,HELL5IC FREEDOM1 OR !
5SLAVE;T ( _! GALLANT ALLIES AG/ !
B>B>IANS 7,AEG9A1 ,POTIDAEA1 &C471 OR
ANY O!R MISDE$S ( ? K9D T >E RECORD$ AG/
!M4 ,S1 TOO1 9 A C\RT ( LAW3 :E!R WE >E
PROSECUT+ OR DEF5D+1 WE M/ PAY ATT5;N 6!
EXI/+ FACTS (! CASE4 ,X MAKES NO DI6];E
:E!R ! SUBJECT IS ! ,LAC$AEMONIANS OR !
,A!NIANS1 A MAN OR A GOD2 WE M/ D ! SAME
?+4 ,SUPPOSE X 6BE ,A*ILLES :OM WE >E
6ADVISE1 6PRAISE OR BLAME1 6A3USE OR
DEF5D2 "H TOO WE M/ TAKE ! FACTS1 R1L OR
IMAG9>Y2 ^! M/ 2 \R MAT]IAL1 :E!R WE >E
6PRAISE OR BLAME HM =! NO# OR BASE DE$S
HE HAS D"O1 6A3USE OR DEF5D HM = 8 J OR
UNJU/ TR1T;T ( O!RS1 OR 6ADVISE HM AB
:AT IS OR IS N 6HIS 9T]E/4 ,! SAME ?+
APPLIES 6ANY SUBJECT :AT"E4 ,?US1 9 H&L+
! "Q :E!R JU/ICE IS OR IS N A GD1 WE M/
/>T )! R1L FACTS AB JU/ICE & GD;S4 ,WE
SEE1 !N1 T ? IS ! ONLY WAY 9 : ANY "O "E
PROVES ANY?+1 :E!R 8 >GU;TS >E /RICTLY
COG5T OR N3 N ALL FACTS C =M 8 BASIS1 B
ONLY ^? T BE> ON ! MATT] 9 H&3 NOR1
PLA9LY1 C PRO( 2 E6ECT$ O!RWISE 0M1NS (!
SPEE*4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 Z APPE>S 9 ! ,TOPICS1
WE M/ F/ ( ALL H 0U A SELEC;N ( >GU;TS
AB "QS T MAY >ISE & >E SUITA# = U 6H&LE2
& !N WE M/ TRY 6?9K \ >GU;TS (! SAME
TYPE = SPECIAL NE$S Z !Y EM]GE2 N
VAGUELY & 9DEF9ITELY1 B 0KEEP+ \R EYES
ON ! ACTUAL FACTS (! SUBJECT WE H 6SP1K
ON1 & GA!R+ 9 Z _M ( !M Z WE C T BE>
CLOSELY ^U X3 =! M ACTUAL FACTS WE H AT
\R -M&1 ! M EASILY WE PROVE \R CASE2 &!
M CLOSELY !Y BE> ON ! SUBJECT1 ! M !Y W
SEEM 62L;G 6T SPEE* ONLY 9/1D ( 2+
-MONPLACES4 ,BY ,8-MONPLACES0' ,I M1N1 =
EXAMPLE1 EULOGY ( ,A*ILLES 2C HE IS A
HUMAN 2+ OR A DEMI-GOD1 OR 2C HE JO9$ !
EXP$I;N AG/ ,TROY3 ^! ?+S >E TRUE ( _M
O!RS1 S T ? K9D ( EULOGY APPLIES NO
BETT] 6,A*ILLES ?AN 6,DIOM$E4 ,! SPECIAL
FACTS "H NE$$ >E ^? T >E TRUE ( ,A*ILLES
AL"O2 S* FACTS Z T HE SLEW ,HECTOR1 !
BRAVE/ (! ,TROJANS1 & ,CYCNUS !
9VULN]A#1 :O PREV5T$ ALL ! ,GREEKS F
L&+1 & AG T HE 0 ! "YE/ MAN :O JO9$ !
EXP$I;N1 & 0 N B.D 0OA? 6JO9 X1 & S ON4
  ,"H1 AG1 WE H \R F/ PR9CIPLE ( SELEC;N
( ,5?YMEMES-T : REF]S 6! L9ES ( >GU;T
SELECT$4 ,WE W N[ 3SID] ! V>I\S ELE;T>Y
CLASSES ( 5?YMEMES4 7,0AN ,8ELE;T>Y
CLASS0' ( 5?YMEME ,I M1N ! SAME ?+ Z A
,8L9E ( >GU;T0'47 ,WE W 2G91 Z WE M/
2G91 0OBS]V+ T "! >E TWO K9DS (
5?YMEMES4 ,"O K9D PROVES "S A6IRMATIVE
OR NEGATIVE PROPOSI;N2 ! O!R K9D 4PROVES
"O4 ,! DI6];E 2T ! TWO K9DS IS ! SAME Z
T 2T SYLLOGI/IC PRO( & 4PRO( 9
DIALECTIC4 ,! DEMON/RATIVE 5?YMEME IS
=M$ 0! 3JUNC;N ( -PATI# PROPOSI;NS2 !
REFUTATIVE1 0! 3JUNC;N ( 9COMPATI#
PROPOSI;NS4
  ,WE MAY N[ 2 SD 6H 9 \R H&S ! L9ES (
>GU;T =! V>I\S SPECIAL SUBJECTS T X IS
USE;L OR NEC 6H&LE1 HAV+ SELECT$ !
PROPOSI;NS SUITA# 9 V>I\S CASES4 ,WE H1
9 FACT1 ALR ASC]TA9$ ! L9ES ( >GU;T
APPLICA# 65?YMEMES AB GD & EVIL1 ! NO# &
! BASE1 JU/ICE & 9JU/ICE1 & AL 6^? AB
TYPES ( "*1 EMO;NS1 & MORAL QUALITIES4
,LET U N[ LAY HOLD ( C]TA9 FACTS AB !
:OLE SUBJECT1 3SID]$ F A DI6]5T & M
G5]AL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( \R
4CUS.N WE W TAKE NOTE (! 4T9C;N 2T L9ES
( PRO( & L9ES ( 4PRO(3 & AL ( ^? L9ES (
>GU;T US$ 9 :AT SEEMS 6BE 5?YMEMES1 B >E
N1 S9CE !Y D N REPRES5T VALID
SYLLOGISMS4 ,HAV+ MADE ALL ? CLE>1 WE W
PROCE$ 6CLASSIFY ,OBJEC;NS & ,REFUT,NS1
%[+ H[ !Y C 2 BR"\ 6BE> ^U 5?YMEMES4

                  #BC

  ,"O L9E ( POSITIVE PRO( IS BAS$ ^U
3SID],N (! OPPOSITE (! ?+ 9 "Q4 ,OBS]VE
:E!R T OPPOSITE HAS ! OPPOSITE QUAL;Y4
,IF X HAS N1 Y REFUTE ! ORIG9AL
PROPOSI;N2 IF X HAS1 Y E/ABLI% X4 ,E4G4
,8,TEMP].E IS B5EFICIAL2 = LIC5TI\S;S IS
HURT;L0'4 ,OR1 Z 9 ! ,MESS5IAN SPEE*1
,8,IF W> IS ! CAUSE ( \R PRES5T TR\#S1
P1CE IS :AT WE NE$ 6PUT ?+S "R AG0'4
,OR-

  ,= IF N EV5 EVIL-DO]S %D
  ,ANG] U IF !Y M1NT N :AT !Y DID1
  ,!N C WE [E NO GRATITUDE 6S*
  ,Z 7 3/RA9$ 6D ! GD !Y DID U4

,OR-

  ,S9CE 9 ? _W LI>S MAY W9 2LIEF1
  ,2 SURE (! OPPOSITE LIKEWISE-T ? _W
  ,HE>S _M A TRUE ^W & 2LIEVES X N4

  #B4 ,ANO!R L9E ( PRO( IS GOT 03SID]+
"S MODIFIC,N (! KEY-^W1 & >GU+ T :AT C
OR _C 2 SD (! "O1 C OR _C 2 SD (! O!R3
E4G4 ,8J0' DOES N ALW M1N ,8B5EFICIAL0'1
OR ,8JU/LY0' WD ALW M1N ,8B5EFICI,Y0'1
":AS X IS N DESIRA# 6BE JU/LY PUT 6D1?4
  ,ANO!R L9E ( PRO( IS BAS$ ^U
CORRELATIVE ID1S4 ,IF X IS TRUE T "O MAN
NO# OR J TR1T;T 6ANO!R1 Y >GUE T ! O!R
M/ H RCVD NO# OR J TR1T;T2 OR T ": X IS
"R 6-M& OB$I;E1 X M/ H BE5 "R 6OBEY !
-M&4 ,?US ,DIOM$ON1 ! TAX-F>M]1 SD (!
TAXES3 ,8,IF X IS NO 4GRACE = Y 6SELL
!M1 X IS NO 4GRACE = U 6BUY !M0'4
,FUR!R1 IF ,8WELL0' OR ,8JU/LY0' IS TRUE
(! P]SON 6:OM A ?+ IS D"O1 Y >GUE T X IS
TRUE (! DO]4 ,B X IS POSSI# 6DRAW A
FALSE 3CLU.N "H4 ,X MAY 2 J T ,A %D 2
TR1T$ 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 & YET N J T HE %D 2
S TR1T$ BY ;,B4 ,H;E Y M/ ASK YRF TWO
4T9CT "QS3 7#A7 ,IS X "R T ,A %D 2 ?US
TR1T$8 7#B7 ,IS X "R T ;,B %D ?US TR1T
HM8 & APPLY YR RESULTS PROP]LY1 AC Z YR
ANSW]S >E ,YES OR ,NO4 ,"S"TS 9 S* A
CASE ! TWO ANSW]S DI6]3 Y MAY Q EASILY H
A POSI;N L T 9 ! ,ALCMAEON ( ,!ODECTES3

  ,& 0 "! N"O 6LOA! ?Y "M'S CRIME8

6: "Q ,ALCMAEON 9 REPLY SAYS1

  ,:Y1 "! >E TWO ?+S 6EXAM9E "H4

,& :5 ,ALPHESIBOEA ASKS :AT HE M1NS1 HE
REJO9S3

  ,!Y JUDG$ H] FIT 6DIE1 N ME 6SLAY H]4

,AG "! IS ! LAWSUIT AB ,DEMOS!NES &! M5
:O KILL$ ,NICANOR2 Z !Y 7 JUDG$ 6H KILL$
HM JU/LY1 X 0 ?"\ T HE 0 KILL$ JU/LY4 ,&
9 ! CASE (! MAN :O 0 KILL$ AT ,!BES1 !
JUDGES 7 REQUE/$ 6DECIDE :E!R X 0 UNJU/
T HE %D 2 KILL$1 S9CE IF X 0 N1 X 0 >GU$
T X CD N H BE5 UNJU/ 6KILL HM4
  ,ANO!R L9E ( PRO( IS ! 'A =TIORI0'4
,?US X MAY 2 >GU$ T IF EV5 ! GODS >E N
OMNISCI5T1 C]TA9LY HUMAN 2+S >E N4 ,!
PR9CIPLE "H IS T1 IF A QUAL;Y DOES N 9
FACT EXI/ ": X IS M LIKELY 6EXI/1 X
CLE>LY DOES N EXI/ ": X IS LESS LIKELY4
,AG1 ! >GU;T T A MAN :O /RIKES 8 "F AL
/RIKES 8 NEI<B\RS FOLL[S F ! PR9CIPLE T1
IF ! LESS LIKELY ?+ IS TRUE1 ! M LIKELY
?+ IS TRUE AL2 =A MAN IS LESS LIKELY
6/RIKE 8 "F ?AN 6/RIKE 8 NEI<B\RS4 ,!
>GU;T1 !N1 MAY RUN ?US4 ,OR X MAY 2 URG$
T1 IF A ?+ IS N TRUE ": X IS M LIKELY1 X
IS N TRUE ": X IS LESS LIKELY2 OR T1 IF
X IS TRUE ": X IS LESS LIKELY1 X IS TRUE
": X IS M LIKELY3 AC Z WE H 6%[ T A ?+
IS OR IS N TRUE4 ,? >GU;T MI<T AL 2 US$
9 A CASE ( P>;Y1 Z 9 ! L9ES3

  ,?\ HA/ P;Y = ?Y SIRE1 :O HAS LO/ 8
SONS3
  ,HA/ N"O = ,OENEUS1 ^: BRAVE SON IS
D1D8

,&1 AG1 ,8IF ,!SEUS DID NO WR;G1 NEI DID
,P>IS0'2 OR ,8! SONS ( ,TYND>EUS DID NO
WR;G1 NEI DID ,P>IS0'2 OR ,8IF ,HECTOR
DID WELL 6SLAY ,PATROCLUS1 ,P>IS DID
WELL 6SLAY ,A*ILLES0'4 ,& ,8IF O!R
FOLL[]S ( AN >T >E N BAD M51 NEI >E
PHILOSOPH]S0'4 ,& ,8IF G5]ALS >E N BAD
M5 2C X (T5 HAPP5S T !Y >E 3DEMN$ 6D1?1
NEI >E SOPHI/S0'4 ,&! REM>K T ,8IF EA*
9DIVIDUAL AM;G Y "\ 6?9K ( 8 [N C;Y'S
REPUT,N1 Y "\ ALL 6?9K (! REPUT,N (
,GREECE Z A :OLE0'4
  ,ANO!R L9E ( >GU;T IS BAS$ ON 3SID],NS
( "T4 ,?US ,IPHICRATES1 9 ! CASE AG/
,H>MODIUS1 SD1 ,8IF 2F DO+ ! DE$ ,I _H
B>GA9$ T1 IF ,I DID X1 ,I %D H A /ATUE1
Y WD H GIV5 ME "O4 ,W Y N GIVE ME "O N[
T ,I H D"O ! DE$8 ,Y M/ N MAKE PROMISES
:5 Y >E EXPECT+ A ?+ 6BE D"O = Y1 &
REFUSE 6FULFIL !M :5 ! ?+ HAS BE5 D"O40'
,&1 AG1 69DUCE ! ,!BANS 6LET ,PHILIP
PASS "? _! T]RITORY 96,ATTICA1 X 0 >GU$
T ,8IF HE _H 9SI/$ ON ? 2F HE HELP$ !M
AG/ ! ,PHOCIANS1 !Y WD H PROMIS$ 6D X4
,X IS MON/R\S1 "!=E1 T J 2C HE ?REW AWAY
8 ADVANTAGE !N1 & TRU/$ _! HON\R1 !Y %D
N LET HM PASS "? N[0'4
  ,ANO!R L9E IS 6APPLY 6! O!R SP1K] :AT
HE HAS SD AG/ YRF4 ,X IS AN EXCELL5T
TURN 6GIVE 6A DEBATE1 Z MAY 2 SE5 9 !
,TEUC]4 ,X 0 EMPLOY$ 0,IPHICRATES 9 8
REPLY 6,>I/OPHON4 ,8,WD Y0'1 HE ASK$1
,8TAKE A BRIBE 62TRAY ! FLEET80'
,8,NO0'1 SD ,>I/OPHON2 & ,IPHICRATES
REPLI$1 ,8,V GD3 IF Y1 :O >E ,>I/OPHON1
WD N 2TRAY ! FLEET1 WD ,I1 :O AM
,IPHICRATES80' ,ONLY1 X M/ 2 RECOGNIZ$
2FH& T ! O!R MAN IS M LIKELY ?AN Y >E
6-MIT ! CRIME 9 "Q4 ,O!RWISE Y W MAKE
YRF RIDICUL\S2 X IS ,>I/EIDES :O IS
PROSECUT+1 Y _C SAY T SORT ( ?+ 6HM4 ,!
PURPOSE IS 64CR$IT ! PROSECUTOR1 :O Z A
RULE WD H X APPE> T 8 "* IS BETT] ?AN T
(! DEF5DANT1 A PRET5.N : X IS DESIRA#
6UPSET4 ,B ! USE ( S* AN >GU;T IS 9 ALL
CASES RIDICUL\S IF Y >E ATTACK+ O!RS =
:AT Y D OR WD D YRF1 OR >E URG+ O!RS 6D
:AT Y NEI D NOR WD D YRF4
  ,ANO!R L9E ( PRO( IS SECUR$ 0DEF9+ YR
T]MS4 ,?US1 ,8,:AT IS ! SUP]NATURAL8
,SURELY X IS EI A GOD OR ! "W (A GOD4
,WELL1 ANY "O :O 2LIEVES T ! "W (A GOD
EXI/S1 _C HELP AL 2LIEV+ T GODS EXI/40'
,OR TAKE ! >GU;T ( ,IPHICRATES1 ,8,GD;S
IS TRUE NOBIL;Y2 NEI ,H>MODIUS NOR
,>I/OGEITON _H ANY NOBIL;Y 2F !Y DID A
NO# DE$0'4 ,HE AL >GU$ T HE HMF 0 M AK9
6,H>MODIUS & ,>I/OGEITON ?AN 8 OPPON5T
WAS4 ,8,AT ANY RATE1 MY DE$S >E M AK9
6^? ( ,H>MODIUS & ,>I/OGEITON ?AN YRS
>E0'4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE MAY 2 F.D 9 !
,ALEX&]4 ,8,E "O W AGREE T 09CONT95T P
WE M1N ^? :O >E N SATISFI$ )! 5JOY;T (
"O LOVE40' ,A FUR!R EXAMPLE IS 6BE F.D 9
! R1SON GIV5 0,SOCRATES = N GO+ 6! C\RT
( ,>*ELAUS4 ,HE SD T ,8"O IS 9SULT$ 02+
UNA# 6REQUITE B5EFITS1 Z WELL Z 02+ UNA#
6REQUITE 9JURIES0'4 ,ALL ! P]SONS M5;N$
DEF9E _! T]M & GET AT XS ESS5TIAL M1N+1
& !N USE ! RESULT :5 R1SON+ ON ! PO9T AT
ISSUE4
  ,ANO!R L9E ( >GU;T IS F.D$ ^U ! V>I\S
S5SES (A ^W4 ,S* A ^W IS ,8"RLY0'1 Z HAS
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BAS$ ^U LOGICAL DIVI.N4 ,?US1 ,8,ALL M5
D WR;G F "O ( ?REE MOTIVES1 ;,A1 ;,B1 OR
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  ,ANO!R L9E IS BAS$ ^U 9DUC;N4 ,?US F !
CASE (! WOMAN ( ,PEP>E?US X MI<T 2 >GU$
T WOM5 "EY": C SETTLE CORRECTLY ! FACTS
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SON1 :5 ! BOY'S "M REV1L$ ! TRUE FACTS3
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H& OV] \R HORSES 6! C>E ( M5 :O H
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"EY?+ ELSE ALIKE1 !N M5 :O H FAIL$
6SECURE O!R P'S SAFETY >E N 6BE EMPLOY$
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6PROSP]4
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7 EXILES1 WE F"\ 9 ORD] 6RETURN2 N[ WE H
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ORD] N 6H 6FI<T40' "O O3A.N1 T IS1 !Y
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L9ES3

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F ! ,AJAX ( ,!ODECTES1 ": ,ODYSSEUS
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  ,H] "N & ,FOLLY'S 7APHROSUNS7 LI<TLY
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& ,*AEREMON WRITES

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  ,! ,REFUTATIVE ,5?YMEME HAS A GRT]
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                  #BD

  ,2SS G5U9E SYLLOGISMS1 "! MAY 2
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  ,/1 P]H ! TWO ?+S1 ONCE !Y >E PUT TGR1
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6BE DUE 6OMIS.N1 S9CE ! SP1K] FAILS 6SAY
0^: H& A HUSB&-SLAY] %D DIE4
  ,ANO!R L9E IS ! USE ( 9DIGNANT
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ACLY4
  ,ANO!R L9E IS 6USE A ,8,SIGN0'1 OR
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,DIONYSIUS IS A ?IEF1 S9CE HE IS A
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9SULT TOOK4
  ,ANO!R IS ! >GU;T F 3SEQU;E4 ,9 !
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>E 6SUPPOSE1 _H A L(TY S\L4 ,OR1 IF A
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  ,ANO!R L9E 3SI/S 9 REPRES5T+ Z CAUSES
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,8]I/ICAL0' 4CUS.NS1 2 BAS$ ON ! 3FU.N (
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RHETORIC A SPURI\S 5?YMEME MAY 2 BAS$ ON
! 3FU.N ( "S "PICUL> PROBABIL;Y )
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PROBABIL;Y IS UNIV]S,Y PROBA#3 Z ,AGA?ON
SAYS1

  ,"O MI<T P]*.E SAY T 0 PROBA#-
  ,T ?+S IMPROBA# (T W HAP 6M54

,= :AT IS IMPROBA# DOES HAPP51 & "!=E X
IS PROBA# T IMPROBA# ?+S W HAPP54
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IMPROBA# IS PROBA#0'4 ,B ? IS N TRUE
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F N A4+ ANY CLAUSE SPECIFY+ REL,N%IP OR
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PROBABIL;Y 9 "Q IS N G5]AL B SPECIFIC4
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6! *>GE-= 9/.E IF A W1KL+ 2 TRI$ =
VIOL5T ASSAULT-! DEF;E IS T HE 0 N
LIKELY 6D S* A ?+4 ,B IF HE IS OP5 6!
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/ T HE 0 N LIKELY 6D S* A ?+1 S9CE HE CD
2 SURE T P WD ?9K HE 0 LIKELY 6D X4 ,& S
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ASS]T$ 9 ! SPECIAL S5SE M5;N$4 ,? SORT (
>GU;T ILLU/RATES :AT IS M1NT 0MAK+ !
WORSE >GU;T SEEM ! BETT]4 ,H;E P 7 "R 9
OBJECT+ 6! TRA9+ ,PROTAGORAS "UTOOK
6GIVE !M4 ,X 0 A FRAUD2 ! PROBABIL;Y X
H&L$ 0 N G5U9E B SPURI\S1 & HAS A PLACE
9 NO >T EXCEPT ,RHETORIC & ,]I/IC4

                  #BE

  ,5?YMEMES1 G5U9E & APP>5T1 H N[ BE5
DESCRIB$2 ! NEXT SUBJECT IS _! ,REFUT,N4
  ,AN >GU;T MAY 2 REFUT$ EI 0A C.T]-
SYLLOGISM OR 0BR++ AN OBJEC;N4 ,X IS
CLE> T C.T]-SYLLOGISMS C 2 BUILT UP F !
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! ORD9>Y OP9IONS ( M51 & S* OP9IONS (T5
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! ,TOPICS1 MAY 2 RAIS$ 9 F\R WAYS-EI
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0QUOT+ PREVI\S DECI.NS4
  #A4 ,BY ,8ATTACK+ YR OPPON5T'S [N
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WELL Z GD "OS4
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MAN DOES N D EVIL 6ALL 8 FRS0'4
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  #D4 ,! ,8DECI.NS0' M5;N$ >E ^? PROCE$+
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:AT !Y 7 DO+0'1 ! OBJEC;N W BE1
,8,PITTACUS1 !N1 DES]VES NO APPROVAL1 OR
HE WD N H PRESCRIB$ SPECI,Y SEV]E
P5ALTIES = (F;ES DUE 6DRUNK5;S0'4
  ,5?YMEMES >E BAS$ ^U "O OR O!R ( F\R
K9DS ( ALLEG$ FACT3 7#A7 ,PROBABILITIES1
7#B7 ,EXAMPLES1 7#C7 ,9FALLI# ,SIGNS1
7#D7 ,ORD9>Y ,SIGNS4
  7#A7 ,5?YMEMES BAS$ ^U ,PROBABILITIES
>E ^? : >GUE F :AT IS1 OR IS SUPPOS$
6BE1 USU,Y TRUE4
  7#B7 ,5?YMEMES BAS$ ^U ,EXAMPLE >E ^?
: PROCE$ 09DUC;N F "O OR M SIMIL> CASES1
>RIVE AT A G5]AL PROPOSI;N1 & !N >GUE
DEDUCTIVELY 6A "PICUL> 9F];E4
  7#C7 ,5?YMEMES BAS$ ^U ,9FALLI# ,SIGNS
>E ^? : >GUE F ! 9EVITA# & 9V>IA#4
  7#D7 ,5?YMEMES BAS$ ^U ORD9>Y ,SIGNS
>E ^? : >GUE F "S UNIV]SAL OR "PICUL>
PROPOSI;N1 TRUE OR FALSE4
  ,N[ 7#A7 Z A ,PROBABIL;Y IS T : HAPP5S
USU,Y B N ALW1 ,5?YMEMES F.D$ ^U
,PROBABILITIES C1 X IS CLE>1 ALW 2
REFUT$ 0RAIS+ "S OBJEC;N4 ,! REFUT,N IS
N ALW G5U9E3 X MAY 2 SPURI\S3 = X 3SI/S
9 %[+ N T YR OPPON5T'S PREMISS IS N
PROBA#1 B ,ONLY 9 %[+ T X IS N 9EVITABLY
TRUE4 ,H;E X IS ALW 9 DEF;E R ?AN 9
A3US,N T X IS POSSI# 6GA9 AN ADVANTAGE
0US+ ? FALLACY4 ,=! A3US] USES
PROBABILITIES 6PROVE 8 CASE3 & 6REFUTE A
3CLU.N Z IMPROBA# IS N ! SAME ?+ Z
6REFUTE X Z N 9EVITA#4 ,ANY >GU;T BAS$
^U :AT USU,Y HAPP5S IS ALW OP5 6OBJEC;N3
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9V>IA# & NEC TRU?4 ,B ! JUDGES ?9K1 IF !
REFUT,N TAKES ? =M1 EI T ! A3US]'S CASE
IS N PROBA# OR T !Y M/ N DECIDE X2 :1 Z
WE SD1 IS A FALSE PIECE ( R1SON+4 ,= !Y
"\ 6DECIDE 03SID]+ N M]ELY :AT M/ 2 TRUE
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! M1N+ ( ,8GIV+ A V]DICT 9 A3ORD.E )
"O'S H"O/ OP9ION0'4 ,"!=E X IS N 5 =!
DEF5DANT 6REFUTE ! A3US,N 0PROV+ T !
*>GE IS N F.D 6BE TRUE3 HE M/ D S 0%[+ T
X IS N LIKELY 6BE TRUE4 ,= ? PURPOSE 8
OBJEC;N M/ /ATE :AT IS M USU,Y TRUE ?AN
! /ATE;T ATTACK$4 ,X MAY D S 9 EI ( TWO
WAYS3 EI 9 RESPECT ( FREQU5CY OR 9
RESPECT ( EXACT;S4 ,X W 2 MO/ 3V9C+ IF X
DOES S 9 BO? RESPECTS2 = IF ! ?+ 9 "Q
BO? HAPP5S (T5] Z WE REPRES5T X & HAPP5S
M Z WE REPRES5T X1 ! PROBABIL;Y IS
"PICUL>LY GRT4
  7#B7 ,FALLI# ,SIGNS1 & ,5?YMEMES BAS$
^U !M1 C 2 REFUT$ EV5 IF ! FACTS >E
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9 ! ,ANALYTICS T NO ,FALLI# ,SIGN C =M
"P (A VALID LOGICAL PRO(4
  7#C7 ,5?YMEMES DEP5D+ ON EXAMPLES MAY
2 REFUT$ 9 ! SAME WAY Z PROBABILITIES4
,IF WE H A NEGATIVE 9/.E1 ! >GU;T IS
REFUT$1 9 S F> Z X IS PROV$ N 9EVITA#1
EV5 ?\< ! POSITIVE EXAMPLES >E M SIMIL>
& M FREQU5T4 ,& IF ! POSITIVE EXAMPLES
>E M NUM]\S & M FREQU5T1 WE M/ 3T5D T !
PRES5T CASE IS 4SIMIL>1 OR T XS 3DI;NS
>E 4SIMIL>1 OR T X IS DI6]5T 9 "S WAY OR
O!R4
  7#D7 ,X W 2 IMPOSSI# 6REFUTE ,9FALLI#
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ANY WAY T !Y D N =M A VALID LOGICAL
PRO(3 ?1 TOO1 WE SEE F ! ,ANALYTICS4
,ALL WE C D IS 6%[ T ! FACT ALLEG$ DOES
N EXI/4 ,IF "! IS NO D\BT T X DOES1 & T
X IS AN ,9FALLI# ,SIGN1 REFUT,N N[
2COMES IMPOSSI#3 = ? IS EQUIVAL5T 6A
DEMON/R,N : IS CLE> 9 E RESPECT4

                  #BF

  ,AMPLIFIC,N & ,DEPRECI,N >E N AN ELE;T
( 5?YMEME4 ,BY ,8AN ELE;T ( 5?YMEME0' ,I
M1N ! SAME ?+ Z A L9E ( 5?YMEMATIC
>GU;T-A G5]AL CLASS EMBRAC+ A L>GE NUMB]
( "PICUL> K9DS ( 5?YMEME4 ,AMPLIFIC,N &
,DEPRECI,N >E "O K9D ( 5?YMEME1 VIZ4 !
K9D US$ 6%[ T A ?+ IS GRT OR SMALL2 J Z
"! >E O!R K9DS US$ 6%[ T A ?+ IS GD OR
BAD1 J OR UNJU/1 & ANY?+ ELSE (! SORT4
,ALL ^! ?+S >E ! SUBJECT-MATT] (
SYLLOGISMS & 5?YMEMES2 N"O ( ^! IS ! L9E
( >GU;T ( AN 5?YMEME2 NO M1 "!=E1 >E
,AMPLIFIC,N & ,DEPRECI,N4 ,NOR >E
,REFUTATIVE ,5?YMEMES A DI6]5T SPECIES F
,3/RUCTIVE4 ,= X IS CLE> T REFUT,N 3SI/S
EI 9 (F]+ POSITIVE PRO( OR 9 RAIS+ AN
OBJEC;N4 ,9 ! F/ CASE WE PROVE !
OPPOSITE ( \R ADV]S>Y'S /ATE;TS4 ,?US1
IF HE %[S T A ?+ HAS HAPP5$1 WE %[ T X
HAS N2 IF HE %[S T X HAS N HAPP5$1 WE %[
T X HAS4 ,?1 !N1 CD N 2 ! 4T9C;N IF "! 7
"O1 S9CE ! SAME M1NS >E EMPLOY$ 0BO?
"PIES1 5?YMEMES 2+ A4UC$ 6%[ T ! FACT IS
OR IS N S-&-S4 ,AN OBJEC;N1 ON ! O!R H&1
IS N AN 5?YMEME AT ALL1 Z 0 SD 9 !
,TOPICS1 3SI/S 9 /AT+ "S A3EPT$ OP9ION F
: X W 2 CLE> T \R OPPON5T HAS N R1SON$
CORRECTLY OR HAS MADE A FALSE ASSUMP;N4
  ,?REE PO9TS M/ 2 /UDI$ 9 MAK+ A SPEE*2
& WE H N[ -PLET$ ! A3.T ( 7#A7
,EXAMPLES1 ,MAXIMS1 ,5?YMEMES1 & 9 G5]AL
! ?"\-ELE;T ! WAY 69V5T & REFUTE >GU;TS4
,WE H NEXT 64CUSS 7#B7 ,/YLE1 & 7#C7
,>RANGE;T4


