    ,,*APT] ,,XV3 ,,RECAPITUL,N ,,&
                ,,3CLU.N
  ,Z ? :OLE VOLUME IS "O L;G >GU;T1 X
MAY 2 3V5I5T 6! R1D] 6H ! L1D+ FACTS &
9F];ES BRIEFLY RECAPITULAT$4
  ,T _M & S]I\S OBJEC;NS MAY 2 ADV.ED
AG/ ! !ORY ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N "? V>I,N
& NATURAL SELEC;N1 ,I D N D5Y4 ,I H
5D1V\R$ 6GIVE 6!M _! FULL =CE4 ,NO?+ AT
F/ C APPE> M DI6ICULT 62LIEVE ?AN T ! M
-PLEX ORGANS & 9/9CTS H BE5 P]FECT$1 N
0M1NS SUP]IOR TO1 ?\< ANALOG\S )1 HUMAN
R1SON1 B 0! A3UMUL,N ( 9NUM]A# SLI<T
V>I,NS1 EA* GD =! 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSOR4
,N"E!.S1 ? DI6ICULTY1 ?\< APPE>+ 6\R
IMAG9,N 9SUP]ABLY GRT1 _C 2 3SID]$ R1L
IF WE ADMIT ! FOLL[+ PROPOSI;NS1 "NLY1 T
ALL "PS (! ORGANIS,N & 9/9CTS (F]1 AT
L1/1 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES- T "! IS A /RU7LE
= EXI/;E L1D+ 6! PRES]V,N ( PR(ITA#
DEVI,NS ( /RUCTURE OR 9/9CT- &1 LA/LY1 T
GRAD,NS 9 ! /ATE ( P]FEC;N ( EA* ORGAN
MAY H EXI/$1 EA* GD ( XS K9D4 ,! TRU? (
^! PROPOSI;NS _C1 ,I ?9K1 2 4PUT$4
  ,X IS1 NO D\BT1 EXTREMELY DI6ICULT EV5
63JECTURE 0:AT GRAD,NS _M /RUCTURES H
BE5 P]FECT$1 M ESPECI,Y AM;G/ BROK5 &
FAIL+ GR\PS ( ORGANIC 2+S1 : H SU6]$ M*
EXT9C;N1 B WE SEE S _M /RANGE GRAD,NS 9
NATURE1 T WE "\ 6BE EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9
SAY+ T ANY ORGAN OR 9/9CT1 OR ANY :OLE
/RUCTURE1 CD N H >RIV$ AT XS PRES5T /ATE
0_M GRADUAT$ /EPS4 ,"! >E1 X M/ 2
ADMITT$1 CASES ( SPECIAL DI6ICULTY
OPPOS$ 6! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N2 & "O (
! MO/ CURI\S ( ^! IS ! EXI/;E 9 ! SAME
-MUN;Y ( TWO OR ?REE DEF9$ CA/ES ( "W]S
OR /]ILE FEMALE ANTS2 B ,I H ATTEMPT$
6%[ H[ ^! DI6ICULTIES C 2 MA/]$4
  ,) RESPECT 6! ALM UNIV]SAL /]IL;Y (
SPECIES :5 F/ CROSS$1 : =MS S REM>KA# A
3TRA/ )! ALM UNIV]SAL F]TIL;Y ( V>IETIES
:5 CROSS$1 ,I M/ REF] ! R1D] 6!
RECAPITUL,N (! FACTS GIV5 AT ! 5D (! N9?
*APT]1 : SEEM 6ME 3CLUSIVELY 6%[ T ?
/]IL;Y IS NO M A SPECIAL 5D[;T ?AN IS !
9CAPAC;Y ( TWO 4T9CT K9DS ( TREES 6BE
GRAFT$ TGR2 B T X IS 9CID5TAL ON DI6];ES
3F9$ 6! REPRODUCTIVE SY/EMS (! 9T]CROSS$
SPECIES4 ,WE SEE ! TRU? ( ? 3CLU.N 9 !
VA/ DI6];E 9 ! RESULTS ( CROSS+ ! SAME
TWO SPECIES RECIPROC,Y1- T IS1 :5 "O
SPECIES IS F/ US$ Z ! "F & !N Z ! "M4
,ANALOGY F ! 3SID],N ( DIMORPHIC &
TRIMORPHIC PLANTS CLE>LY L1DS 6! SAME
3CLU.N1 = :5 ! =MS >E ILLEGITIMATELY
UNIT$1 !Y YIELD FEW OR NO SE$1 & _!
(FSPR+ >E M OR LESS /]ILE2 & ^! =MS 2L;G
6! SAME UND\BT$ SPECIES1 & DI6] F EA*
O!R 9 NO RESPECT EXCEPT 9 _!
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS & FUNC;NS4
  ,AL? ! F]TIL;Y ( V>IETIES :5 9T]CROSS$
&( _! M;GREL (FSPR+ HAS BE5 ASS]T$ 0S _M
AU?ORS 6BE UNIV]SAL1 ? _C 2 3SID]$ Z Q
CORRECT AF ! FACTS GIV5 ON ! HI< AU?OR;Y
( ,G>TN] & ,KOLREUT]4 ,MO/ (! V>IETIES :
H BE5 EXP]I;T$ ON H BE5 PRODUC$ "U
DOME/IC,N2 & Z DOME/IC,N 7,I D N M1N M]E
3F9E;T7 ALM C]TA9LY T5DS 6ELIM9ATE T
/]IL;Y :1 JUDG+ F ANALOGY1 WD H A6ECT$ !
P>5T-SPECIES IF 9T]CROSS$1 WE "\ N
6EXPECT T DOME/IC,N WD LIKEWISE 9DUCE
/]IL;Y 9 _! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS :5
CROSS$4 ,? ELIM9,N ( /]IL;Y APP>5TLY
FOLL[S F ! SAME CAUSE : ALL[S \R DOME/IC
ANIMALS 6BRE$ FREELY "U DIV]SIFI$
CIRCUM/.ES2 & ? AG APP>5TLY FOLL[S F _!
HAV+ BE5 GRADU,Y A3U/OM$ 6FREQU5T *ANGES
9 _! 3DI;NS ( LIFE4
  ,A D\# & P>ALLEL S]IES ( FACTS SEEMS
6?R[ M* LI<T ON ! /]IL;Y ( SPECIES1 :5
F/ CROSS$1 &( _! HYBRID (FSPR+4 ,ON ! "O
SIDE1 "! IS GD R1SON 62LIEVE T SLI<T
*ANGES 9 ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE GIVE VIG\R &
F]TIL;Y 6ALL ORGANIC 2+S4 ,WE "K AL T A
CROSS 2T ! 4T9CT 9DIVIDUALS (! SAME
V>IETY1 & 2T 4T9CT V>IETIES1 9CR1SES !
NUMB] ( _! (FSPR+1 & C]TA9LY GIVES 6!M
9CR1S$ SIZE & VIG\R4 ,? IS *IEFLY [+ 6!
=MS : >E CROSS$ HAV+ BE5 EXPOS$ 6"S:AT
DI6]5T 3DI;NS ( LIFE2 = ,I H ASC]TA9$ 0A
LABORI\S S]IES ( EXP]I;TS T IF ALL !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME V>IETY 2 SUBJECT$
DUR+ S"EAL G5],NS 6! SAME 3DI;NS1 ! GD
DERIV$ F CROSS+ IS (T5 M* DIM9I%$ OR
:OLLY 4APPE>S4 ,? IS "O SIDE (! CASE4
,ON ! O!R SIDE1 WE "K T SPECIES : H L;G
BE5 EXPOS$ 6NE>LY UNI=M 3DI;NS1 :5 !Y >E
SUBJECT$ "U 3F9E;T 6NEW & GRTLY *ANG$
3DI;NS1 EI P]I%1 OR IF !Y SURVIVE1 >E
R5D]$ /]ILE1 ?\< RETA9+ P]FECT H1L?4 ,?
DOES N O3UR1 OR ONLY 9 A V SLI<T DEGREE1
) \R DOME/ICAT$ PRODUC;NS1 : H L;G BE5
EXPOS$ 6FLUCTUAT+ 3DI;NS4 ,H;E :5 WE F9D
T HYBRIDS PRODUC$ 0A CROSS 2T TWO 4T9CT
SPECIES >E FEW 9 NUMB]1 [+ 6_! P]I%+
SOON AF 3CEP;N OR AT A V E>LY AGE1 OR IF
SURVIV+ T !Y >E R5D]$ M OR LESS /]ILE1 X
SEEMS HI<LY PROBA# T ? RESULT IS DUE 6_!
HAV+ BE5 9 FACT SUBJECT$ 6A GRT *ANGE 9
_! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 F 2+ -P.D$ ( TWO 4T9CT
ORGANIS,NS4 ,HE :O W EXPLA9 9 A DEF9ITE
MANN] :Y1 = 9/.E1 AIR ELEPHANT OR A FOX
W N BRE$ "U 3F9E;T 9 XS NATIVE C.TRY1
:IL/ ! DOME/IC PIG OR DOG W BRE$ FREELY
"U ! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ 3DI;NS1 W AT ! SAME
"T 2 A# 6GIVE A DEF9ITE ANSW] 6! "Q :Y
TWO 4T9CT SPECIES1 :5 CROSS$1 Z WELL Z
_! HYBRID (FSPR+1 >E G5],Y R5D]$ M OR
LESS /]ILE1 :IL/ TWO DOME/ICAT$ V>IETIES
:5 CROSS$ & _! M;GREL (FSPR+ >E P]FECTLY
F]TILE4
  ,TURN+ 6GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N1 !
DI6ICULTIES 5C.T]$ ON ! !ORY ( DESC5T )
MODIFIC,N >E S]I\S 5\<4 ,ALL !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES1 & ALL !
SPECIES (! SAME G5US1 OR EV5 HI<] GR\P1
>E DESC5D$ F -MON P>5TS2 & "!=E1 9 H["E
4TANT & ISOLAT$ "PS (! _W !Y MAY N[ 2
F.D1 !Y M/ 9 ! C\RSE ( SU3ESSIVE G5],NS
H TRAVELL$ F "S "O PO9T 6ALL ! O!RS4 ,WE
>E (T5 :OLLY UNA# EV5 63JECTURE H[ ? CD
H BE5 E6ECT$4 ,YET1 Z WE H R1SON 62LIEVE
T "S SPECIES H RETA9$ ! SAME SPECIFIC =M
= V L;G P]IODS ( "T1 IMM5SELY L;G Z
M1SUR$ 0YE>S1 TOO M* /RESS "\ N 6BE LAID
ON ! O3A.NAL WIDE DI6U.N (! SAME
SPECIES2 = DUR+ V L;G P]IODS "! W ALW H
BE5 A GD *.E = WIDE MIGR,N 0_M M1NS4 ,A
BROK5 OR 9T]RUPT$ RANGE MAY (T5 2 A3.T$
= 0! EXT9C;N (! SPECIES 9 ! 9T]M$IATE
REGIONS4 ,X _C 2 D5I$ T WE >E Z YET V
IGNORANT Z 6! FULL EXT5T (! V>I\S
CLIMATAL & GEOGRAPHICAL *ANGES : H
A6ECT$ ! E>? DUR+ MOD]N P]IODS2 & S*
*ANGES W (T5 H FACILITAT$ MIGR,N4 ,Z AN
EXAMPLE1 ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[ H[ POT5T HAS
BE5 ! 9FLU;E (! ,GLACIAL P]IOD ON !
4TRIBU;N (! SAME &( ALLI$ SPECIES "?\T !
_W4 ,WE >E Z YET PROF.DLY IGNORANT (! _M
O3A.NAL M1NS ( TRANSPORT4 ,) RESPECT
64T9CT SPECIES (! SAME G5US 9HABIT+
4TANT & ISOLAT$ REGIONS1 Z ! PROCESS (
MODIFIC,N HAS NECESS>ILY BE5 SL[1 ALL !
M1NS ( MIGR,N W H BE5 POSSI# DUR+ A V
L;G P]IOD2 & 3SEQU5TLY ! DI6ICULTY (!
WIDE DI6U.N (! SPECIES (! SAME G5US IS 9
"S DEGREE LESS5$4
  ,Z AC 6! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N AN
9T]M9A# NUMB] ( 9T]M$IATE =MS M/ H
EXI/$1 L9K+ TGR ALL ! SPECIES 9 EA* GR\P
0GRAD,NS Z F9E Z >E \R EXI/+ V>IETIES1 X
MAY 2 ASK$3 ,:Y D WE N SEE ^! L9K+ =MS
ALL >.D U8 ,:Y >E N ALL ORGANIC 2+S
BL5D$ TGR 9 AN 9EXTRICA# *AOS8 ,)
RESPECT 6EXI/+ =MS1 WE %D REMEMB] T WE H
NO "R 6EXPECT 7EXCEPT+ 9 R>E CASES7
64COV] DIRECTLY 3NECT+ L9KS 2T !M1 B
ONLY 2T EA* & "S EXT9CT & SUPPLANT$ =M4
,EV5 ON A WIDE >EA1 : HAS DUR+ A L;G
P]IOD REMA9$ 3T9U\S1 &( : ! CLIMATIC &
O!R 3DI;NS ( LIFE *ANGE 9S5SIBLY 9
PROCE$+ F A 4TRICT O3UPI$ 0"O SPECIES
96ANO!R 4TRICT O3UPI$ 0A CLOSELY ALLI$
SPECIES1 WE H NO J "R 6EXPECT (T5 6F9D
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES 9 ! 9T]M$IATE Z"OS4
,= WE H R1SON 62LIEVE T ONLY A FEW
SPECIES (A G5US "E "UGO *ANGE2 ! O!R
SPECIES 2COM+ UTT]LY EXT9CT & L1V+ NO
MODIFI$ PROG5Y4 ,(! SPECIES : D *ANGE1
ONLY A FEW )9 ! SAME C.TRY *ANGE AT !
SAME "T2 & ALL MODIFIC,NS >E SL[LY
E6ECT$4 ,I H AL %[N T ! 9T]M$IATE
V>IETIES : PROBABLY AT F/ EXI/$ 9 !
9T]M$IATE Z"OS1 WD 2 LIA# 6BE SUPPLANT$
0! ALLI$ =MS ON EI H&2 =! LATT]1 F EXI/+
9 GRT] NUMB]S1 WD G5],Y 2 MODIFI$ &
IMPROV$ AT A QK] RATE ?AN ! 9T]M$IATE
V>IETIES1 : EXI/$ 9 LESS] NUMB]S2 S T !
9T]M$IATE V>IETIES WD1 9 ! L;G RUN1 2
SUPPLANT$ & EXT]M9AT$4
  ,ON ? DOCTR9E (! EXT]M9,N ( AN
9F9ITUDE ( 3NECT+ L9KS1 2T ! LIV+ &
EXT9CT 9HABITANTS (! _W1 & AT EA*
SU3ESSIVE P]IOD 2T ! EXT9CT & / OLD]
SPECIES1 :Y IS N E GEOLOGICAL =M,N *>G$
) S* L9KS8 ,:Y DOES N E COLLEC;N (
FOSSIL REMA9S AF=D PLA9 EVID;E (! GRAD,N
& MUT,N (! =MS ( LIFE8 ,AL? GEOLOGICAL
RESE>* HAS UND\BT$LY REV1L$ ! =M] EXI/;E
( _M L9KS1 BR++ NUM]\S =MS ( LIFE M*
CLOS] TGR1 X DOES N YIELD ! 9F9ITELY _M
F9E GRAD,NS 2T PA/ & PRES5T SPECIES
REQUIR$ ON ! !ORY2 & ? IS ! MO/ OBVI\S (
! _M OBJEC;NS : MAY 2 URG$ AG/ X4 ,:Y1
AG1 D :OLE GR\PS ( ALLI$ SPECIES APPE>1
?\< ? APPE>.E IS (T5 FALSE1 6H -E 9
SU45LY ON ! SU3ESSIVE GEOLOGICAL /AGES8
,AL? WE N[ "K T ORGANIC 2+S APPE>$ ON ?
GLOBE1 AT A P]IOD 9CALCULABLY REMOTE1
L;G 2F ! L[E/ B$ (! ,CAMBRIAN SY/EM 0
DEPOSIT$1 :Y D WE N F9D 2N ? SY/EM GRT
PILES ( /RATA /OR$ )! REMA9S (!
PROG5ITORS (! ,CAMBRIAN FOSSILS8 ,= ON !
!ORY1 S* /RATA M/ "S": H BE5 DEPOSIT$ AT
^! ANCI5T & UTT]LY UN"KN EPO*S (! _W'S
HI/ORY4
  ,I C ANSW] ^! "QS & OBJEC;NS ONLY ON !
SUPPOSI;N T ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD IS F> M
IMP]FECT ?AN MO/ GEOLOGI/S 2LIEVE4 ,!
NUMB] ( SPECIM5S 9 ALL \R MUSEUMS IS
ABSOLUTELY Z NO?+ -P>$ )! C.T.S G5],NS (
C.T.S SPECIES : H C]TA9LY EXI/$4 ,!
P>5T-=M ( ANY TWO OR M SPECIES WD N 2 9
ALL XS "*S DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 2T XS
MODIFI$ (FSPR+1 ANY M ?AN ! ROCK-PIGEON
IS DIRECTLY 9T]M$IATE 9 CROP & TAIL 2T
XS DESC5DANTS1 ! P\T] & FANTAIL PIGEONS4
,WE %D N 2 A# 6RECOGNISE A SPECIES Z !
P>5T ( ANO!R & MODIFI$ SPECIES1 IF WE 7
6EXAM9E ! TWO "E S CLOSELY1 UN.S WE
POSSESS$ MO/ (! 9T]M$IATE L9KS2 & [+ 6!
IMP]FEC;N (! GEOLOGICAL RECORD1 WE H NO
J "R 6EXPECT 6F9D S _M L9KS4 ,IF TWO OR
?REE1 OR EV5 M L9K+ =MS 7 4COV]$1 !Y WD
SIMPLY 2 RANK$ 0_M NATURALI/S Z S _M NEW
SPECIES1 M ESPECI,Y IF F.D 9 DI6]5T
GEOLOGICAL SUB-/AGES1 LET _! DI6];ES 2
"E S SLI<T4 ,NUM]\S EXI/+ D\BT;L =MS CD
2 "ND : >E PROBABLY V>IETIES2 B :O W
PRET5D T 9 FUTURE AGES S _M FOSSIL L9KS
W 2 4COV]$1 T NATURALI/S W 2 A# 6DECIDE
:E!R OR N ^! D\BT;L =MS "\ 6BE CALL$
V>IETIES8 ,ONLY A SMALL POR;N (! _W HAS
BE5 GEOLOGIC,Y EXPLOR$4 ,ONLY ORGANIC
2+S ( C]TA9 CLASSES C 2 PRES]V$ 9 A
FOSSIL 3DI;N1 AT L1/ 9 ANY GRT NUMB]4
,_M SPECIES :5 ONCE =M$ N"E "UGO ANY
FUR!R *ANGE B 2COME EXT9CT )\T L1V+
MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS2 &! P]IODS1 DUR+ :
SPECIES H "UG"O MODIFIC,N1 ?\< L;G Z
M1SUR$ 0YE>S1 H PROBABLY BE5 %ORT 9
-P>ISON )! P]IODS DUR+ : !Y RETA9 ! SAME
=M4 ,X IS ! DOM9ANT & WIDELY RANG+
SPECIES : V>Y MO/ FREQU5TLY & V>Y MO/1 &
V>IETIES >E (T5 AT F/ LOCAL- BO? CAUSES
R5D]+ ! 4COV]Y ( 9T]M$IATE L9KS 9 ANY "O
=M,N LESS LIKELY4 ,LOCAL V>IETIES W N
SPR1D 96O!R & 4TANT REGIONS UNTIL !Y >E
3SID]ABLY MODIFI$ & IMPROV$2 & :5 !Y H
SPR1D1 & >E 4COV]$ 9 A GEOLOGICAL =M,N1
!Y APPE> Z IF SU45LY CR1T$ "!1 & W 2
SIMPLY CLASS$ Z NEW SPECIES4 ,MO/ =M,NS
H BE5 9T]MITT5T 9 _! A3UMUL,N2 & _!
DUR,N HAS PROBABLY BE5 %ORT] ?AN !
AV]AGE DUR,N ( SPECIFIC =MS4 ,SU3ESSIVE
=M,NS >E 9 MO/ CASES SEP>AT$ F EA* O!R
0BLANK 9T]VALS ( "T ( GRT L5G?2 =
FOSSILIF]\S =M,NS ?ICK 5 6RESI/ FUTURE
DEGRAD,NS C Z A G5]AL RULE 2 A3UMULAT$
ONLY ": M* S$I;T IS DEPOSIT$ ON !
SUBSID+ B$ (! SEA4 ,DUR+ ! ALT]NATE
P]IODS ( ELEV,N &( /,N>Y LEVEL ! RECORD
W G5],Y 2 BLANK4 ,DUR+ ^! LATT] P]IODS
"! W PROBABLY 2 M V>IABIL;Y 9 ! =MS (
LIFE2 DUR+ P]IODS ( SUBSID;E1 M EXT9C;N4
  ,) RESPECT 6! ABS;E ( /RATA RI* 9
FOSSILS 2N ! ,CAMBRIAN =M,N1 ,I C RECUR
ONLY 6! HYPO!SIS GIV5 9 ! T5? *APT]2
"NLY1 T ?\< \R 3T95TS & OC1NS H 5DUR$ =
AN ENORM\S P]IOD 9 NE>LY _! PRES5T
RELATIVE POSI;NS1 WE H NO R1SON 6ASSUME
T ? HAS ALW BE5 ! CASE2 3SEQU5TLY =M,NS
M* OLD] ?AN ANY N[ "KN MAY LIE BURI$ 2N
! GRT OC1NS4 ,) RESPECT 6! LAPSE ( "T N
HAV+ BE5 SU6ICI5T S9CE \R PLANET 0
3SOLIDAT$ =! ASSUM$ AM.T ( ORGANIC
*ANGE1 & ? OBJEC;N1 Z URG$ 0,SIR
,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 IS PROBABLY "O (!
GRAVE/ Z YET ADV.ED1 ,I C ONLY SAY1
F/LY1 T WE D N "K AT :AT RATE SPECIES
*ANGE Z M1SUR$ 0YE>S1 & SECONDLY1 T _M
PHILOSOPH]S >E N Z YET WILL+ 6ADMIT T WE
"K 5 (! 3/ITU;N (! UNIV]SE &(! 9T]IOR (
\R GLOBE 6SPECULATE ) SAFETY ON XS PA/
DUR,N4
  ,T ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD IS IMP]FECT ALL
W ADMIT2 B T X IS IMP]FECT 6! DEGREE
REQUIR$ 0\R !ORY1 FEW W 2 9CL9$ 6ADMIT4
,IF WE LOOK 6L;G 5 9T]VALS ( "T1 GEOLOGY
PLA9LY DCLS T SPECIES H ALL *ANG$2 & !Y
H *ANG$ 9 ! MANN] REQUIR$ 0! !ORY1 = !Y
H *ANG$ SL[LY & 9 A GRADUAT$ MANN]4 ,WE
CLE>LY SEE ? 9 ! FOSSIL REMA9S F
3SECUTIVE =M,NS 9V>IABLY 2+ M* M CLOSELY
RELAT$ 6EA* O!R1 ?AN >E ! FOSSILS F
WIDELY SEP>AT$ =M,NS4
  ,S* IS ! SUM (! S"EAL *IEF OBJEC;NS &
DI6ICULTIES : MAY 2 JU/LY URG$ AG/ !
!ORY2 & ,I H N[ BRIEFLY RECAPITULAT$ !
ANSW]S & EXPLAN,NS :1 Z F> Z ,I C SEE1
MAY 2 GIV54 ,I H FELT ^! DI6ICULTIES F>
TOO H1VILY DUR+ _M YE>S 6D\BT _! WEI<T4
,B X DES]VES ESPECIAL NOTICE T ! M
IMPORTANT OBJEC;NS RELATE 6"QS ON : WE
>E 3FESS$LY IGNORANT2 NOR D WE "K H[
IGNORANT WE >E4 ,WE D N "K ALL ! POSSI#
TRANSI;NAL GRAD,NS 2T ! SIMPLE/ &! MO/
P]FECT ORGANS2 X _C 2 PRET5D$ T WE "K
ALL ! V>I$ M1NS ( ,4TRIBU;N DUR+ ! L;G
LAPSE ( YE>S1 OR T WE "K H[ IMP]FECT IS
! ,GEOLOGICAL ,RECORD4 ,S]I\S Z ^! S"EAL
OBJEC;NS >E1 9 MY JUDG;T !Y >E 0NO M1NS
SU6ICI5T 6OV]?R[ ! !ORY ( DESC5T )
SUBSEQU5T MODIFIC,N4
  ,N[ LET U TURN 6! O!R SIDE (! >GU;T4
,"U DOME/IC,N WE SEE M* V>IABIL;Y1
CAUS$1 OR AT L1/ EXCIT$1 0*ANG$ 3DI;NS (
LIFE2 B (T5 9 S OBSCURE A MANN]1 T WE >E
TEMPT$ 63SID] ! V>I,NS Z SPONTANE\S4
,V>IABIL;Y IS GOV]N$ 0_M -PLEX LAWS1-
0CORRELAT$ GR[?1 -P5S,N1 ! 9CR1S$ USE &
4USE ( "PS1 &! DEF9ITE AC;N (! SURR.D+
3DI;NS4 ,"! IS M* DI6ICULTY 9 ASC]TA9+
H[ L>GELY \R DOME/IC PRODUC;NS H BE5
MODIFI$2 B WE MAY SAFELY 9F] T ! AM.T
HAS BE5 L>GE1 & T MODIFIC,NS C 2 9H]IT$
= L;G P]IODS4 ,Z L;G Z ! 3DI;NS ( LIFE
REMA9 ! SAME1 WE H R1SON 62LIEVE T A
MODIFIC,N1 : HAS ALR BE5 9H]IT$ = _M
G5],NS1 MAY 3T9UE 6BE 9H]IT$ = AN ALM
9F9ITE NUMB] ( G5],NS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE
H EVID;E T V>IABIL;Y :5 X HAS ONCE -E
96PLAY1 DOES N C1SE "U DOME/IC,N =A V
L;G P]IOD2 NOR D WE "K T X "E C1SES1 =
NEW V>IETIES >E / O3A.N,Y PRODUC$ 0\R
OLDE/ DOME/ICAT$ PRODUC;NS4
  ,V>IABIL;Y IS N ACTU,Y CAUS$ 0MAN2 HE
ONLY UN9T5;N,Y EXPOSES ORGANIC 2+S 6NEW
3DI;NS ( LIFE1 & !N NATURE ACTS ON !
ORGANIS,N & CAUSES X 6V>Y4 ,B MAN C &
DOES SELECT ! V>I,NS GIV5 6HM 0NATURE1 &
?US A3UMULATES !M 9 ANY DESIR$ MANN]4
,HE ?US ADAPTS ANIMALS & PLANTS = 8 [N
B5EFIT OR PL1SURE4 ,HE MAY D ?
ME?ODIC,Y1 OR HE MAY D X UNCONSCI\SLY
0PRES]V+ ! 9DIVIDUALS MO/ USE;L OR PL1S+
6HM )\T ANY 9T5;N ( ALT]+ ! BRE$4 ,X IS
C]TA9 T HE C L>GELY 9FLU;E ! "* (A BRE$
0SELECT+1 9 EA* SU3ESSIVE G5],N1
9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES S SLI<T Z 6BE
9APPRECIA# EXCEPT 0AN $UCAT$ EYE4 ,?
UNCONSCI\S PROCESS ( SELEC;N HAS BE5 !
GRT AG5CY 9 ! =M,N (! MO/ 4T9CT & USE;L
DOME/IC BRE$S4 ,T _M BRE$S PRODUC$ 0MAN
H 6A L>GE EXT5T ! "* ( NATURAL SPECIES1
IS %[N 0! 9EXTRICA# D\BTS :E!R _M ( !M
>E V>IETIES OR ABORIG9,Y 4T9CT SPECIES4
  ,"! IS NO R1SON :Y ! PR9CIPLES : H
ACT$ S E6ICI5TLY "U DOME/IC,N %D N H
ACT$ "U NATURE4 ,9 ! SURVIVAL ( FAV\R$
9DIVIDUALS & RACES1 DUR+ ! 3/ANTLY-
RECURR5T ,/RU7LE = ,EXI/;E1 WE SEE A
P[];L & "E-ACT+ =M ( ,SELEC;N4 ,! /RU7LE
= EXI/;E 9EVITABLY FOLL[S F ! HI<
GEOMETRICAL RATIO ( 9CR1SE : IS -MON1
6ALL ORGANIC 2+S4 ,? HI< RATE ( 9CR1SE
IS PROV$ 0CALCUL,N1- 0! RAPID 9CR1SE (
_M ANIMALS & PLANTS DUR+ SU3ES.N (
PECULI> S1SONS1 & :5 NATURALIS$ 9 NEW
C.TRIES4 ,M 9DIVIDUALS >E BORN ?AN C
POSSIBLY SURVIVE4 ,A GRA9 9 ! BAL.E MAY
DET]M9E : 9DIVIDUALS % LIVE & : % DIE1-
: V>IETY OR SPECIES % 9CR1SE 9 NUMB]1 &
: % DECR1SE1 OR F9,Y 2COME EXT9CT4 ,Z !
9DIVIDUALS (! SAME SPECIES -E 9 ALL
RESPECTS 96! CLOSE/ -PETI;N ) EA* O!R1 !
/RU7LE W G5],Y 2 MO/ SEV]E 2T !M2 X W 2
ALM EQU,Y SEV]E 2T ! V>IETIES (! SAME
SPECIES1 & NEXT 9 SEV];Y 2T ! SPECIES (!
SAME G5US4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! /RU7LE W (T5 2
SEV]E 2T 2+S REMOTE 9 ! SCALE ( NATURE4
,! SLI<TE/ ADVANTAGE 9 C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS1
AT ANY AGE OR DUR+ ANY S1SON1 OV] ^? ) :
!Y -E 96-PETI;N1 OR BETT] ADAPT,N 9 H["E
SLI<T A DEGREE 6! SURR.D+ PHYSICAL
3DI;NS1 W1 9 ! L;G RUN1 TURN ! BAL.E4
  ,) ANIMALS HAV+ SEP>AT$ SEXES1 "! W 2
9 MO/ CASES A /RU7LE 2T ! MALES =!
POSSES.N (! FEMALES4 ,! MO/ VIGOR\S
MALES1 OR ^? : H MO/ SU3ESS;LLY /RU7L$ )
_! 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 W G5],Y L1VE MO/
PROG5Y4 ,B SU3ESS W (T5 DEP5D ON ! MALES
HAV+ SPECIAL W1PONS1 OR M1NS ( DEF;E1 OR
*>MS2 ADD A SLI<T ADVANTAGE W L1D
6VICTORY4
  ,Z GEOLOGY PLA9LY PROCLAIMS T EA* L&
HAS "UG"O GRT PHYSICAL *ANGES1 WE MI<T H
EXPECT$ 6F9D T ORGANIC 2+S H V>I$ "U
NATURE1 9 ! SAME WAY Z !Y H V>I$ "U
DOME/IC,N4 ,& IF "! HAS BE5 ANY
V>IABIL;Y "U NATURE1 X WD 2 AN UNA3.TA#
FACT IF NATURAL SELEC;N _H N -E 96PLAY4
,X HAS (T5 BE5 ASS]T$1 B ! ASS];N IS
9CAPA# ( PRO(1 T ! AM.T ( V>I,N "U
NATURE IS A /RICTLY LIMIT$ QUANT;Y4
,MAN1 ?\< ACT+ ON EXT]NAL "*S AL"O & (T5
CAPRICI\SLY1 C PRODUCE )9 A %ORT P]IOD A
GRT RESULT 0A4+ UP M]E 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES
9 8 DOME/IC PRODUC;NS2 & E "O ADMITS T
SPECIES PRES5T 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES4 ,B1
2SS S* DI6];ES1 ALL NATURALI/S ADMIT T
NATURAL V>IETIES EXI/1 : >E 3SID]$
SU6ICI5TLY 4T9CT 6BE WOR?Y ( RECORD 9
SY/EMATIC "WS4 ,NO "O HAS DRAWN ANY CLE>
4T9C;N 2T 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES & SLI<T
V>IETIES2 OR 2T M PLA9LY M>K$ V>IETIES &
SUB-SPECIES1 & SPECIES4 ,ON SEP>ATE
3T95TS1 & ON DI6]5T "PS (! SAME 3T95T :5
DIVID$ 0B>RI]S ( ANY K9D1 & ON \TLY+
ISL&S1 :AT A MULTITUDE ( =MS EXI/1 : "S
EXP]I;ED NATURALI/S RANK Z V>IETIES1
O!RS Z GEOGRAPHICAL RACES OR SUB-
SPECIES1 & O!RS Z 4T9CT1 ?\< CLOSELY
ALLI$ SPECIES6
  ,IF1 !N1 ANIMALS & PLANTS D V>Y1 LET X
2 "E S SLI<TLY OR SL[LY1 :Y %D N V>I,NS
OR 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES1 : >E 9 ANY WAY
B5EFICIAL1 2 PRES]V$ & A3UMULAT$ "?
NATURAL SELEC;N1 OR ! SURVIVAL (!
FITTE/8 ,IF MAN C 0PATI;E SELECT V>I,NS
USE;L 6HM1 :Y1 "U *ANG+ & -PLEX 3DI;NS (
LIFE1 %D N V>I,NS USE;L 6NATURE'S LIV+
PRODUCTS (T5 >ISE1 & 2 PRES]V$ OR
SELECT$8 ,:AT LIMIT C 2 PUT 6? P[]1 ACT+
DUR+ L;G AGES & RIGIDLY SCRUT9IS+ ! :OLE
3/ITU;N1 /RUCTURE1 & HABITS ( EA*
CR1TURE1- FAV\R+ ! GD & REJECT+ ! BAD8
,I C SEE NO LIMIT 6? P[]1 9 SL[LY &
B1UTI;LLY ADAPT+ EA* =M 6! MO/ -PLEX
REL,NS ( LIFE4 ,! !ORY ( NATURAL
SELEC;N1 EV5 IF WE LOOK NO F>!R ?AN ?1
SEEMS 6BE 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE PROBA#4 ,I H
ALR RECAPITULAT$1 Z FAIRLY Z ,I CD1 !
OPPOS$ DI6ICULTIES & OBJEC;NS2 N[ LET U
TURN 6! SPECIAL FACTS & >GU;TS 9 FAV\R (
! !ORY4
  ,ON ! VIEW T SPECIES >E ONLY /R;GLY
M>K$ & P]MAN5T V>IETIES1 & T EA* SPECIES
F/ EXI/$ Z A V>IETY1 WE C SEE :Y X IS T
NO L9E ( DEM>C,N C 2 DRAWN 2T SPECIES1
-MONLY SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 PRODUC$ 0SPECIAL
ACTS ( CRE,N1 & V>IETIES : >E AC"KL$G$
6H BE5 PRODUC$ 0SECOND>Y LAWS4 ,ON ?
SAME VIEW WE C "U/& H[ X IS T 9 A REGION
": _M SPECIES (A G5US H BE5 PRODUC$1 &
": !Y N[ FL\RI%1 ^! SAME SPECIES %D
PRES5T _M V>IETIES2 = ": ! MANUFACTORY (
SPECIES HAS BE5 ACTIVE1 WE MI<T EXPECT1
Z A G5]AL RULE1 6F9D X / 9 AC;N2 & ? IS
! CASE IF V>IETIES 2 9CIPI5T SPECIES4
,MOREOV]1 ! SPECIES (! L>G] G5]A1 : AF=D
! GRT] NUMB] ( V>IETIES OR 9CIPI5T
SPECIES1 RETA9 6A C]TA9 DEGREE ! "* (
V>IETIES2 = !Y DI6] F EA* O!R 0A LESS
AM.T ( DI6];E ?AN D ! SPECIES ( SMALL]
G5]A4 ,! CLOSELY ALLI$ SPECIES AL (!
L>G] G5]A APP>5TLY H RE/RICT$ RANGES1 &
9 _! A69ITIES !Y >E CLU/]$ 9 LL GR\PS
R.D O!R SPECIES- 9 BO? RESPECTS RESEMBL+
V>IETIES4 ,^! >E /RANGE REL,NS ON ! VIEW
T EA* SPECIES 0 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 B >E
9TELLIGI# IF EA* EXI/$ F/ Z A V>IETY4
  ,Z EA* SPECIES T5DS 0XS GEOMETRICAL
RATE ( REPRODUC;N 69CR1SE 9ORD9ATELY 9
NUMB]2 & Z ! MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS ( EA*
SPECIES W 2 5A#D 69CR1SE 0Z M* Z !Y
2COME M DIV]SIFI$ 9 HABITS & /RUCTURE1 S
Z 6BE A# 6SEIZE ON _M & WIDELY DI6]5T
PLACES 9 ! ECONOMY ( NATURE1 "! W 2 A
3/ANT T5D5CY 9 NATURAL SELEC;N 6PRES]VE
! MO/ DIV]G5T (FSPR+ ( ANY "O SPECIES4
,H;E1 DUR+ A L;G-3T9U$ C\RSE (
MODIFIC,N1 ! SLI<T DI6];ES1 "*I/IC (
V>IETIES (! SAME SPECIES1 T5D 6BE AUG;T$
96! GRT] DI6];ES "*I/IC (! SPECIES (!
SAME G5US4 ,NEW & IMPROV$ V>IETIES W
9EVITABLY SUPPLANT & EXT]M9ATE ! OLD]1
LESS IMPROV$1 & 9T]M$IATE V>IETIES2 &
?US SPECIES >E R5D]$ 6A L>GE EXT5T DEF9$
& 4T9CT OBJECTS4 ,DOM9ANT SPECIES 2L;G+
6! L>G] GR\PS )9 EA* CLASS T5D 6GIVE
BIR? 6NEW & DOM9ANT =MS2 S T EA* L>GE
GR\P T5DS 62COME / L>G]1 & AT ! SAME "T
M DIV]G5T 9 "*4 ,B Z ALL GR\PS _C ?US G
ON 9CR1S+ 9 SIZE1 =! _W WD N HOLD !M1 !
M DOM9ANT GR\PS B1T ! LESS DOM9ANT4 ,?
T5D5CY 9 ! L>GE GR\PS 6G ON 9CR1S+ 9
SIZE & DIV]G+ 9 "*1 TGR )! 9EVITA#
3T+5CY ( M* EXT9C;N1 EXPLA9S ! >RANGE;T
( ALL ! =MS ( LIFE 9 GR\PS SUBORD9ATE
6GR\PS1 ALL )9 A FEW GRT CLASSES1 : HAS
PREVAIL$ "?\T ALL "T4 ,? GR& FACT (!
GR\P+ ( ALL ORGANIC 2+S "U :AT IS CALL$
! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM1 IS UTT]LY 9EXPLICA#
ON ! !ORY ( CRE,N4
  ,Z NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS SOLELY
0A3UMULAT+ SLI<T1 SU3ESSIVE1 FAV\RA#
V>I,NS1 X C PRODUCE NO GRT OR SU45
MODIFIC,NS2 X C ACT ONLY 0%ORT & SL[
/EPS4 ,H;E1 ! CANON ( 8,NATURA NON FACIT
SALTUM10 : E FRE% A4I;N 6\R K T5DS
63FIRM1 IS ON ? !ORY 9TELLIGI#4 ,WE C
SEE :Y "?\T NATURE ! SAME G5]AL 5D IS
GA9$ 0AN ALM 9F9ITE DIV]S;Y ( M1NS1 = E
PECULI>;Y :5 ONCE ACQUIR$ IS L;G 9H]IT$1
& /RUCTURES ALR MODIFI$ 9 _M DI6]5T WAYS
H 6BE ADAPT$ =! SAME G5]AL PURPOSE4 ,WE
C1 9 %ORT1 SEE :Y NATURE IS PRODIGAL 9
V>IETY1 ?\< NI7>D 9 9NOV,N4 ,B :Y ? %D 2
A LAW ( NATURE IF EA* SPECIES HAS BE5
9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$ NO MAN C EXPLA94
  ,_M O!R FACTS >E1 Z X SEEMS 6ME1
EXPLICA# ON ? !ORY4 ,H[ /RANGE X IS T A
BIRD1 "U ! =M (A WOODPECK]1 %D PREY ON
9SECTS ON ! GR.D2 T UPL& GEESE : R>ELY
OR N"E SWIM1 %D POSSESS WE2$ FEET2 T A
?RU%-L BIRD %D DIVE & FE$ ON SUB-AQUATIC
9SECTS2 & T A PETREL %D H ! HABITS &
/RUCTURE FITT+ X =! LIFE ( AN AWK6 & S 9
5D.S O!R CASES4 ,B ON ! VIEW ( EA*
SPECIES 3/ANTLY TRY+ 69CR1SE 9 NUMB]1 )
NATURAL SELEC;N ALW R1DY 6ADAPT ! SL[LY
V>Y+ DESC5DANTS ( EA* 6ANY UNO3UPI$ OR
ILL-O3UPI$ PLACE 9 NATURE1 ^! FACTS C1SE
6BE /RANGE1 OR MI<T EV5 H BE5
ANTICIPAT$4
  ,WE C 6A C]TA9 EXT5T "U/& H[ X IS T "!
IS S M* B1UTY "?\T NATURE2 = ? MAY 2
L>GELY ATTRIBUT$ 6! AG5CY ( SELEC;N4 ,T
B1UTY1 AC 6\R S5SE ( X1 IS N UNIV]SAL1
M/ 2 ADMITT$ 0E "O :O W LOOK AT "S
V5OM\S SNAKES1 AT "S FI%ES1 & AT C]TA9
HIDE\S BATS )A 4TORT$ RESEMBL.E 6! HUMAN
FACE4 ,SEXUAL SELEC;N HAS GIV5 ! MO/
BRILLIANT COL\RS1 ELEGANT PATT]NS1 & O!R
ORNA;TS 6! MALES1 & "S"TS 6BO? SEXES (
_M BIRDS1 BUTT]FLIES1 & O!R ANIMALS4 ,)
BIRDS X HAS (T5 R5D]$ ! VOICE (! MALE
MUSICAL 6! FEMALE1 Z WELL Z 6\R E>S4
,FL[]S & FRUIT H BE5 R5D]$ 3SPICU\S
0BRILLIANT COL\RS 9 3TRA/ )! GRE5
FOLIAGE1 9 ORD] T ! FL[]S MAY 2 R1DILY
SE51 VISIT$ & F]TILIS$ 09SECTS1 &! SE$S
4SEM9AT$ 0BIRDS4 ,H[ X -ES T C]TA9
COL\RS1 S.DS1 & =MS %D GIVE PL1SURE 6MAN
&! L[] ANIMALS1- T IS1 T IS1 H[ ! S5SE (
B1UTY 9 XS SIMPLE/ =M 0 F/ ACQUIR$1- WE
D N "K ANY M ?AN H[ C]TA9 OD\RS &
FLAV\RS 7 F/ R5D]$ AGREEA#4
  ,Z NATURAL SELEC;N ACTS 0-PETI;N1 X
ADAPTS & IMPROVES ! 9HABITANTS ( EA*
C.TRY ONLY 9 REL,N 6_! CO-9HABITANTS2 S
T WE NE$ FEEL NO SURPRISE AT ! SPECIES (
ANY "O C.TRY1 AL? ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW
SUPPOS$ 6H BE5 CR1T$ & SPECI,Y ADAPT$ =
T C.TRY1 2+ B1T5 & SUPPLANT$ 0!
NATURALIS$ PRODUC;NS F ANO!R L&4 ,NOR "\
WE 6M>VEL IF ALL ! 3TRIV.ES 9 NATURE 2
N1 Z F>4 Z WE C JUDGE1 ABSOLUTELY
P]FECT1 Z 9 ! CASE EV5 (! HUMAN EYE2 OR
IF "S ( !M 2 ABHORR5T 6\R ID1S ( FIT;S4
,WE NE$ N M>VEL AT ! /+ (! BEE1 :5 US$
AG/ AN 5EMY1 CAUS+ ! BEE'S [N D1?2 AT
DR"OS 2+ PRODUC$ 9 S* GRT NUMB]S = "O
S+LE ACT1 & 2+ !N SLAU<T]$ 0_! /]ILE
SI/]S2 AT ! A/ONI%+ WA/E ( POLL5 0\R
FIR-TREES2 AT ! 9/9CTIVE HATR$ (! QUE5-
BEE = H] [N F]TILE DAU<T]S2 AT !
,I*NEUMONIDAE FE$+ )9 ! LIV+ BODIES (
CAT]PILL>S2 OR AT O!R S* CASES4 ,! WOND]
9DE$ IS1 ON ! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 T
M CASES (! WANT ( ABSOLUTE P]FEC;N H N
BE5 DETECT$4
  ,! -PLEX & LL "KN LAWS GOV]N+ !
PRODUC;N ( V>IETIES >E ! SAME1 Z F> Z WE
C JUDGE1 )! LAWS : H GOV]N$ ! PRODUC;N (
4T9CT SPECIES4 ,9 BO? CASES PHYSICAL
3DI;NS SEEM 6H PRODUC$ "S DIRECT &
DEF9ITE E6ECT1 B H[ M* WE _C SAY4 ,?US1
:5 V>IETIES 5T] ANY NEW /,N1 !Y O3A.N,Y
ASSUME "S (! "*S PROP] 6! SPECIES ( T
/,N4 ,) BO? V>IETIES & SPECIES1 USE &
4USE SEEM 6H PRODUC$ A 3SID]A# E6ECT2 =
X IS IMPOSSI# 6RESI/ ? 3CLU.N :5 WE
LOOK1 = 9/.E1 AT ! LO7]-H1D$ DUCK1 : HAS
W+S 9CAPA# ( FLI<T1 9 NE>LY ! SAME 3DI;N
Z 9 ! DOME/IC DUCK2 OR :5 WE LOOK AT !
BURR[+ TUCU-TUCU1 : IS O3A.N,Y BL1 & !N
AT C]TA9 MOLES1 : >E HABITU,Y BL & H _!
EYES COV]$ ) SK92 OR :5 WE LOOK AT ! BL
ANIMALS 9HABIT+ ! D>K CAVES ( ,AM]ICA &
,EUROPE4 ,) V>IETIES & SPECIES1
CORRELAT$ V>I,N SEEMS 6H PLAY$ AN
IMPORTANT "P1 S T :5 "O "P HAS BE5
MODIFI$ O!R "PS H BE5 NECESS>ILY
MODIFI$4 ,) BO? "PIES &4SPECIES1 REV].NS
6L;G-LO/ "*S O3A.N,Y O3UR4 ,H[ 9EXPLICA#
ON ! !ORY ( CRE,N IS ! O3A.NAL APPE>.E (
/RIPES ON ! %\LD]S & LEGS (! S"EAL
SPECIES (! HORSE-G5US &( _! HYBRIDS6 ,H[
SIMPLY IS ? FACT EXPLA9$ IF WE 2LIEVE T
^! SPECIES >E ALL DESC5D$ F A /RIP$
PROG5ITOR1 9 ! SAME MANN] Z ! S"EAL
DOME/IC BRE$S (! PIGEON >E DESC5D$ F !
BLUE & B>R$ ROCK-PIGEON6
  ,ON ! ORD9>Y VIEW ( EA* SPECIES HAV+
BE5 9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$1 :Y %D SPECIFIC
"*S1 OR ^? 0: ! SPECIES (! SAME G5US
DI6] F EA* O!R1 2 M V>IA# ?AN G5]IC "*S
9 : !Y ALL AGREE8 ,:Y1 = 9/.E1 %D !
COL\R (A FL[] 2 M LIKELY 6V>Y 9 ANY "O
SPECIES (A G5US1 IF ! O!R SPECIES
POSSESS DI6]5TLY COL\R$ FL[]S1 ?AN IF
ALL POSSESS$ ! SAME COL\R$ FL[]S8 ,IF
SPECIES >E ONLY WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES1 ( :
! "*S H 2COME 9 A HI< DEGREE P]MAN5T1 WE
C "U/& ? FACT2 = !Y H ALR V>I$ S9CE !Y
BRAN*$ (F F A -MON PROG5ITOR 9 C]TA9
"*S1 0: !Y H -E 6BE SPECIFIC,Y 4T9CT F
EA* O!R2 "!=E ^! SAME "*S WD 2 M LIKELY
AG 6V>Y ?AN ! G5]IC "*S : H BE5 9H]IT$
)\T *ANGE = AN IMM5SE P]IOD4 ,X IS
9EXPLICA# ON ! !ORY ( CRE,N :Y A "P
DEVELOP$ 9 A V UNUSUAL MANN] 9 SPECIES
AL"O (A G5US1 & "!=E1 Z WE MAY NATUR,Y
9F]1 ( GRT IMPORT.E 6T SPECIES1 %D 2
EM95TLY LIA# 6V>I,N2 B1 ON \R VIEW1 ? "P
HAS "UG"O1 S9CE ! S"EAL SPECIES BRAN*$
(F F A -MON PROG5ITOR1 AN UNUSUAL AM.T (
V>IABIL;Y & MODIFIC,N1 & "!=E WE MI<T
EXPECT ! "P G5],Y 6BE / V>IA#4 ,B A "P
MAY 2 DEVELOP$ 9 ! MO/ UNUSUAL MANN]1 L
! W+ (A BAT1 & YET N 2 M V>IA# ?AN ANY
O!R /RUCTURE1 IF ! "P 2 -MON 6_M
SUBORD9ATE =MS1 T IS1 IF X HAS BE5
9H]IT$ =A V L;G P]IOD2 = 9 ? CASE1 X W H
BE5 R5D]$ 3/ANT 0L;G-3T9U$ NATURAL
SELEC;N4
  ,GLANC+ AT 9/9CTS1 M>VELL\S Z "S >E1
!Y (F] NO GRT] DI6ICULTY ?AN D CORPOR1L
/RUCTURES ON ! !ORY (! NATURAL SELEC;N (
SU3ESSIVE SLI<T1 B PR(ITA# MODIFIC,NS4
,WE C ?US "U/& :Y NATURE MOVES 0GRADUAT$
/EPS 9 5D[+ DI6]5T ANIMALS (! SAME CLASS
) _! S"EAL 9/9CTS4 ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[ H[
M* LI<T ! PR9CIPLE ( GRAD,N ?R[S ON !
ADMIRA# >*ITECTURAL P[]S (! HIVE-BEE4
,HABIT NO D\BT (T5 -ES 96PLAY 9 MODIFY+
9/9CTS2 B X C]TA9LY IS N 9DISP5SA#1 Z WE
SEE 9 ! CASE ( NEUT] 9SECTS1 : L1VE NO
PROG5Y 69H]IT ! E6ECTS ( L;G-3T9U$
HABIT4 ,ON ! VIEW ( ALL ! SPECIES (!
SAME G5US HAV+ DESC5D$ F A -MON P>5T1 &
HAV+ 9H]IT$ M* 9 -MON1 WE C "U/& H[ X IS
T ALLI$ SPECIES1 :5 PLAC$ "U WIDELY
DI6]5T 3DI;NS ( LIFE1 YET FOLL[ NE>LY !
SAME 9/9CTS2 :Y ! ?RU%ES ( TROPICAL &
TEMP]ATE ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 = 9/.E1 L9E _!
NE/S ) MUD L \R ,BRITI% SPECIES4 ,ON !
VIEW ( 9/9CTS HAV+ BE5 SL[LY ACQUIR$ "?
NATURAL SELEC;N1 WE NE$ N M>VEL AT "S
9/9CTS 2+ N P]FECT & LIA# 6MISTAKES1 &
AT _M 9/9CTS CAUS+ O!R ANIMALS 6SU6]4
  ,IF SPECIES 2 ONLY WELL-M>K$ & P]MAN5T
V>IETIES1 WE C AT ONCE SEE :Y _! CROSS$
(FSPR+ %D FOLL[ ! SAME -PLEX LAWS 9 _!
DEGREES & K9DS ( RESEMBL.E 6_! P>5TS1- 9
2+ ABSORB$ 96EA* O!R 0SU3ESSIVE CROSSES1
& 9 O!R S* PO9TS1- Z D ! CROSS$ (FSPR+ (
AC"KL$G$ V>IETIES4 ,? SIMIL>;Y WD 2 A
/RANGE FACT1 IF SPECIES _H BE5
9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$ & V>IETIES _H BE5
PRODUC$ "? SECOND>Y LAWS4
  ,IF WE ADMIT T ! GEOLOGICAL RECORD IS
IMP]FECT 6AN EXTREME DEGREE1 !N ! FACTS1
: ! RECORD DOES GIVE1 /R;GLY SUPPORT !
!ORY ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N4 ,NEW SPECIES
H -E ON ! /AGE SL[LY & AT SU3ESSIVE
9T]VALS2 &! AM.T ( *ANGE1 AF EQUAL
9T]VALS ( "T1 IS WIDELY DI6]5T 9 DI6]5T
GR\PS4 ,! EXT9C;N ( SPECIES &( :OLE
GR\PS ( SPECIES : HAS PLAY$ S 3SPICU\S A
"P 9 ! HI/ORY (! ORGANIC _W ALM
9EVITABLY FOLL[S F ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL
SELEC;N2 = OLD =MS >E SUPPLANT$ 0NEW &
IMPROV$ =MS4 ,NEI S+LE SPECIES NOR GR\PS
( SPECIES REAPPE> :5 ! *A9 ( ORD9>Y
G5],N IS ONCE BROK54 ,! GRADUAL DI6U.N (
DOM9ANT =MS1 )! SL[ MODIFIC,N ( _!
DESC5DANTS1 CAUSES ! =MS ( LIFE1 AF L;G
9T]VALS ( "T1 6APPE> Z IF !Y _H *ANG$
SIMULTANE\SLY "?\T ! _W4 ,! FACT (!
FOSSIL REMA9S ( EA* =M,N 2+ 9 "S DEGREE
9T]M$IATE 9 "* 2T ! FOSSILS 9 ! =M,NS
ABV & 2L1 IS SIMPLY EXPLA9$ 0_!
9T]M$IATE POSI;N 9 ! *A9 ( DESC5T4 ,!
GR& FACT T ALL EXT9CT 2+S C 2 CLASS$ )
ALL REC5T 2+S1 NATUR,Y FOLL[S F ! LIV+ &
! EXT9CT 2+ ! (FSPR+ ( -MON P>5TS4 ,Z
SPECIES H G5],Y DIV]G$ 9 "* DUR+ _! L;G
C\RSE ( DESC5T & MODIFIC,N1 WE C "U/& :Y
X IS T ! M ANCI5T =MS1 OR E>LY
PROG5ITORS ( EA* GR\P1 S (T5 O3UPY A
POSI;N 9 "S DEGREE 9T]M$IATE 2T EXI/+
GR\PS4 ,REC5T =MS >E G5],Y LOOK$ ^U Z
2+1 ON ! :OLE1 HI<] 9 ! SCALE (
ORGANIS,N ?AN ANCI5T =MS2 & !Y M/ 2
HI<]1 9SOF> Z ! LAT] & M IMPROV$ =MS H
3QU]$ ! OLD] & LESS IMPROV$ =MS 9 !
/RU7LE = LIFE2 !Y H AL G5],Y _H _!
ORGANS M SPECIALIS$ = DI6]5T FUNC;NS4 ,?
FACT IS P]FECTLY -PATI# ) NUM]\S 2+S /
RETA9+ SIMPLE & B LL IMPROV$ /RUCTURES1
FITT$ = SIMPLE 3DI;NS ( LIFE2 X IS
LIKEWISE -PATI# ) "S =MS HAV+ RETROGRAD$
9 ORGANIS,N1 0HAV+ 2COME AT EA* /AGE (
DESC5T BETT] FITT$ = NEW & DEGRAD$
HABITS ( LIFE4 ,LA/LY1 ! WOND];L LAW (!
L;G 5DUR.E ( ALLI$ =MS ON ! SAME 3T95T1-
( M>SUPIALS 9 ,AU/RALIA1 ( ,ED5TATA 9
,AM]ICA1 & O!R S* CASES1- IS 9TELLIGI#1
= )9 ! SAME C.TRY ! EXI/+ &! EXT9CT W 2
CLOSELY ALLI$ 0DESC5T4
  ,LOOK+ 6GEOGRAPHICAL 4TRIBU;N1 IF WE
ADMIT T "! HAS BE5 DUR+ ! L;G C\RSE (
AGES M* MIGR,N F "O "P (! _W 6ANO!R1 [+
6=M] CLIMATAL & GEOGRAPHICAL *ANGES & 6!
_M O3A.NAL & UN"KN M1NS ( 4P]SAL1 !N WE
C "U/&1 ON ! !ORY ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1
MO/ (! GRT L1D+ FACTS 9 ,4TRIBU;N4 ,WE C
SEE :Y "! %D 2 S /RIK+ A P>ALLELISM 9 !
4TRIBU;N ( ORGANIC 2+S "?\T SPACE1 & 9
_! GEOLOGICAL SU3ES.N "?\T "T2 = 9 BO?
CASES ! 2+S H BE5 3NECT$ 0! BOND (
ORD9>Y G5],N1 &! M1NS ( MODIFIC,N H BE5
! SAME4 ,WE SEE ! FULL M1N+ (! WOND];L
FACT1 : HAS /RUCK E TRAVELL]1 "NLY1 T ON
! SAME 3T95T1 "U ! MO/ DIV]SE 3DI;NS1 "U
H1T & COLD1 ON M.TA9 & L[L&1 ON DES]TS &
M>%ES1 MO/ (! 9HABITANTS )9 EA* GRT
CLASS >E PLA9LY RELAT$2 = !Y >E !
DESC5DANTS (! SAME PROG5ITORS & E>LY
COLONI/S4 ,ON ? SAME PR9CIPLE ( =M]
MIGR,N1 -B9$ 9 MO/ CASES ) MODIFIC,N1 WE
C "U/&1 0! AID (! ,GLACIAL P]IOD1 !
ID5T;Y ( "S FEW PLANTS1 &! CLOSE ALLI.E
( _M O!RS1 ON ! MO/ 4TANT M.TA9S1 & 9 !
NOR!RN & S\!RN TEMP]ATE Z"OS2 & LIKEWISE
! CLOSE ALLI.E ( "S (! 9HABITANTS (! SEA
9 ! NOR!RN & S\!RN TEMP]ATE LATITUDES1
?\< SEP>AT$ 0! :OLE 9T]TROPICAL OC1N4
,AL? TWO C.TRIES MAY PRES5T PHYSICAL
3DI;NS Z CLOSELY SIMIL> Z ! SAME SPECIES
"E REQUIRE1 WE NE$ FEEL NO SURPRISE AT
_! 9HABITANTS 2+ WIDELY DI6]5T1 IF !Y H
BE5 =A L;G P]IOD -PLETELY S"U$ F EA*
O!R2 = Z ! REL,N ( ORGANISM 6ORGANISM IS
! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL REL,NS1 & Z ! TWO
C.TRIES W H RCVD COLONI/S AT V>I\S
P]IODS & 9 DI6]5T PROPOR;NS1 F "S O!R
C.TRY OR F EA* O!R1 ! C\RSE ( MODIFIC,N
9 ! TWO >1S W 9EVITABLY H BE5 DI6]5T4
  ,ON ? VIEW ( MIGR,N1 ) SUBSEQU5T
MODIFIC,N1 WE SEE :Y OC1NIC ISL&S >E
9HABIT$ 0ONLY FEW SPECIES1 B ( ^!1 :Y _M
>E PECULI> OR 5DEMIC =MS4 ,WE CLE>LY SEE
:Y SPECIES 2L;G+ 6^? GR\PS ( ANIMALS :
_C CROSS WIDE SPACES (! OC1N1 Z FROGS &
T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS1 D N 9HABIT OC1NIC
ISL&S2 & :Y1 ON ! O!R H&1 NEW & PECULI>
SPECIES ( BATS1 ANIMALS : C TRAV]SE !
OC1N1 >E F.D ON ISL&S F> 4TANT F ANY
3T95T4 ,S* CASES Z ! PRES;E ( PECULI>
SPECIES ( BATS ON OC1NIC ISL&S &! ABS;E
( ALL O!R T]RE/RIAL MAMMALS1 >E FACTS
UTT]LY 9EXPLICA# ON ! !ORY ( 9DEP5D5T
ACTS ( CRE,N4
  ,! EXI/;E ( CLOSELY ALLI$ OR
REPRES5TATIVE SPECIES 9 ANY TWO >1S1
IMPLIES1 ON ! !ORY ( DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N1
T ! SAME P>5T-=MS =M]LY 9HABIT$ BO? >1S2
& WE ALM 9V>IABLY F9D T :]"E _M CLOSELY
ALLI$ SPECIES 9HABIT TWO >1S1 "S
ID5TICAL SPECIES >E / -MON 6BO?4 ,:]"E
_M CLOSELY ALLI$ YET 4T9CT SPECIES O3UR1
D\BT;L =MS & V>IETIES 2L;G+ 6! SAME
GR\PS LIKEWISE O3UR4 ,X IS A RULE ( HI<
G5]AL;Y T ! 9HABITANTS ( EA* >EA >E
RELAT$ 6! 9HABITANTS (! NE>E/ S\RCE :;E
IMMIGRANTS MI<T H BE5 DERIV$4 ,WE SEE ?
9 ! /RIK+ REL,N ( NE>LY ALL PLANTS &
ANIMALS (! ,GALAPAGOS ,>*IPELAGO1 (
,JUAN ,F]N&EZ1 &(! O!R ,AM]ICAN ISL&S1
6! PLANTS & ANIMALS (! NEI<B\R+ ,AM]ICAN
MA9L&2 &( ^? (! ,CAPE DE ,V]DE
,>*IPELAGO1 &(! O!R ,AFRICAN ISL&S 6!
,AFRICAN MA9L&4 ,X M/ 2 ADMITT$ T ^!
FACTS RCV NO EXPLAN,N ON ! !ORY ( CRE,N4
  ,! FACT1 Z WE H SE51 T ALL PA/ &
PRES5T ORGANIC 2+S C 2 >RANG$ )9 A FEW
GRT CLASSES1 9 GR\PS SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS1
&)! EXT9CT GR\PS (T5 FALL+ 9 2T ! REC5T
GR\PS1 IS 9TELLIGI# ON ! !ORY ( NATURAL
SELEC;N ) XS 3T+5CIES ( EXT9C;N &
DIV]G;E ( "*4 ,ON ^! SAME PR9CIPLES WE
SEE H[ X IS1 T ! MUTUAL A69ITIES (! =MS
)9 EA* CLASS >E S -PLEX & CIRCUIT\S4 ,WE
SEE :Y C]TA9 "*S >E F> M S]VICEA# ?AN
O!RS = CLASSIFIC,N2- :Y ADAPTIVE "*S1
?\< ( P>AM.T IMPORT.E 6! 2+S1 >E ( H>DLY
ANY IMPORT.E 9 CLASSIFIC,N2 :Y "*S
DERIV$ F RUDI;T>Y "PS1 ?\< ( NO S]VICE
6! 2+S1 >E (T5 ( HI< CLASSIFICATORY
VALUE2 & :Y EMBRYOLOGICAL "*S >E (T5 !
MO/ VALUA# ( ALL4 ,! R1L A69ITIES ( ALL
ORGANIC 2+S1 9 3TRADIST9C;N 6_! ADAPTIVE
RESEMBL.ES1 >E DUE 69H]IT.E OR -MUN;Y (
DESC5T4 ,! ,NATURAL ,SY/EM IS A
G5EALOGICAL >RANGE;T1 )! ACQUIR$ GRADES
( DI6];E1 M>K$ 0! T]MS1 V>IETIES1
SPECIES1 G5]A1 FAMILIES1 &C42 & WE H
64COV] ! L9ES ( DESC5T 0! MO/ P]MAN5T
"*S :AT"E !Y MAY 2 &( H["E SLI<T VITAL
IMPORT.E4
  ,! SIMIL> FRAME"W ( B"OS 9 ! H& (A
MAN1 W+ (A BAT1 F9 (! PORPOISE1 & LEG (!
HORSE1- ! SAME NUMB] ( V]TEBRAE =M+ !
NECK (! GIRA6E &(! ELEPHANT1- & 9NUM]A#
O!R S* FACTS1 AT ONCE EXPLA9 !MVS ON !
!ORY ( DESC5T ) SL[ & SLI<T SU3ESSIVE
MODIFIC,NS4 ,! SIMIL>;Y ( PATT]N 9 ! W+
& 9 ! LEG (A BAT1 ?\< US$ = S* DI6]5T
PURPOSE1- 9 ! JAWS & LEGS (A CRAB1- 9 !
PETALS1 /AM5S1 & PI/ILS (A FL[]1 IS
LIKEWISE1 6A L>GE EXT5T1 9TELLIGI# ON !
VIEW (! GRADUAL MODIFIC,N ( "PS OR
ORGANS1 : 7 ABORIG9,Y ALIKE 9 AN E>LY
PROG5ITOR 9 EA* ( ^! CLASSES4 ,ON !
PR9CIPLE ( SU3ESSIVE V>I,NS N ALW
SUP]V5+ AT AN E>LY AGE1 & 2+ 9H]IT$ AT A
CORRESPOND+ N E>LY P]IOD ( LIFE1 WE
CLE>LY SEE :Y ! EMBRYOS ( MAMMALS1
BIRDS1 REPTILES1 & FI%ES %D 2 S CLOSELY
SIMIL>1 & S UNLIKE ! ADULT =MS4 ,WE MAY
C1SE M>VELL+ AT ! EMBRYO ( AN AIR-BR1?+
MAMMAL OR BIRD HAV+ BRAN*IAL SLITS &
>T]IES RUNN+ 9 LOOPS1 L ^? (A FI% : HAS
6BR1! ! AIR 4SOLV$ 9 WAT] 0! AID ( WELL-
DEVELOP$ BRAN*IAE4
  ,4USE1 AID$ "S"TS 0NATURAL SELEC;N1 W
(T5 H REDUC$ ORGANS :5 R5D]$ USE.S "U
*ANG$ HABITS OR 3DI;NS ( LIFE2 & WE C
"U/& ON ? VIEW ! M1N+ ( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS4
,B 4USE & SELEC;N W G5],Y ACT ON EA*
CR1TURE1 :5 X HAS -E 6MATUR;Y & HAS
6PLAY XS FULL "P 9 ! /RU7LE = EXI/;E1 &
W ?US H LL P[] ON AN ORGAN DUR+ E>LY
LIFE2 H;E ! ORGAN W N 2 REDUC$ OR R5D]$
RUDI;T>Y AT ? E>LY AGE4 ,! CALF1 = 9/.E1
HAS 9H]IT$ TEE?1 : N"E CUT "? ! GUMS (!
UPP] JAW1 F AN E>LY PROG5ITOR HAV+ WELL-
DEVELOP$ TEE?2 & WE MAY 2LIEVE1 T ! TEE?
9 ! MATURE ANIMAL 7 =M]LY REDUC$ 04USE1
[+ 6! T;GUE & PALATE1 OR LIPS1 HAV+
2COME EXCELL5TLY FITT$ "? NATURAL
SELEC;N 6BR[SE )\T _! AID2 ":AS 9 !
CALF1 ! TEE? H BE5 LEFT UNA6ECT$1 & ON !
PR9CIPLE ( 9H]IT.E AT CORRESPOND+ AGES H
BE5 9H]IT$ F A REMOTE P]IOD 6! PRES5T
"D4 ,ON ! VIEW ( EA* ORGANISM ) ALL XS
SEP>ATE "PS HAV+ BE5 SPECI,Y CR1T$1 H[
UTT]LY 9EXPLICA# IS X T ORGANS BE>+ !
PLA9 /AMP ( 9UTIL;Y1 S* Z ! TEE? 9 !
EMBRYONIC CALF OR ! %RIVELL$ W+S "U !
SOLD]$ W+COV]S ( _M BEETLES1 %D S
FREQU5TLY O3UR4 ,NATURE MAY 2 SD 6H TAK5
PA9S 6REV1L H] S*EME ( MODIFIC,N1 0M1NS
( RUDI;T>Y ORGANS1 ( EMBRYOLOGICAL &
HOMOLOG\S /RUCTURES1 B WE >E TOO BL
6"U/& H] M1N+4
  ,I H N[ RECAPITULAT$ ! FACTS &
3SID],NS : H ?OR\<LY 3V9C$ ME T SPECIES
H BE5 MODIFI$1 DUR+ A L;G C\RSE (
DESC5T4 ,? HAS BE5 E6ECT$ *IEFLY "? !
NATURAL SELEC;N ( NUM]\S SU3ESSIVE1
SLI<T1 FAV\RA# V>I,NS2 AID$ 9 AN
IMPORTANT MANN] 0! 9H]IT$ E6ECTS (! USE
& 4USE ( "PS2 & 9 AN UNIMPORTANT MANN]1
T IS 9 REL,N 6ADAPTIVE /RUCTURES1 :E!R
PA/ OR PRES5T1 0! DIRECT AC;N ( EXT]NAL
3DI;NS1 & 0V>I,NS : SEEM 6U 9 \R IGNOR.E
6>ISE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,X APPE>S T ,I =M]LY
"URAT$ ! FREQU5CY & VALUE ( ^! LATT] =MS
( V>I,N1 Z L1D+ 6P]MAN5T MODIFIC,NS (
/RUCTURE 9DEP5D5TLY ( NATURAL SELEC;N4
,B Z MY 3CLU.NS H LATELY BE5 M*
MISREPRES5T$1 & X HAS BE5 /AT$ T ,I
ATTRIBUTE ! MODIFIC,N ( SPECIES
EXCLUSIVELY 6NATURAL SELEC;N1 ,I MAY 2
P]MITT$ 6REM>K T 9 ! F/ EDI;N ( ? "W1 &
SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,I PLAC$ 9 A MO/ 3SPICU\S
POSI;N- "NLY1 AT ! CLOSE (! ,9TRODUC;N-
! FOLL[+ ^WS3 8,I AM 3V9C$ T NATURAL
SELEC;N HAS BE5 ! MA9 B N ! EXCLUSIVE
M1NS ( MODIFIC,N40 ,? HAS BE5 ( NO
AVAIL4 ,GRT IS ! P[] ( /1DY
MISREPRES5T,N2 B ! HI/ORY ( SCI;E %[S T
=TUNATELY ? P[] DOES N L;G 5DURE4
  ,X C H>DLY 2 SUPPOS$ T A FALSE !ORY WD
EXPLA91 9 S SATISFACTORY A MANN] Z DOES
! !ORY ( NATURAL SELEC;N1 ! S"EAL L>GE
CLASSES ( FACTS ABV SPECIFI$4 ,X HAS
REC5TLY BE5 OBJECT$ T ? IS AN UNSAFE
ME?OD ( >GU+2 B X IS A ME?OD US$ 9 JUDG+
(! -MON EV5TS ( LIFE1 & HAS (T5 BE5 US$
0! GRTE/ NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!
UNDULATORY !ORY ( LI<T HAS ?US BE5 >RIV$
AT2 &! 2LIEF 9 ! REVOLU;N (! E>? ON XS
[N AXIS 0 UNTIL LATELY SUPPORT$ 0H>DLY
ANY DIRECT EVID;E4 ,X IS NO VALID
OBJEC;N T SCI;E Z YET ?R[S NO LI<T ON !
F> HI<] PRO#M (! ESS;E OR ORIG9 ( LIFE4
,:O C EXPLA9 :AT IS ! ESS;E (! ATTRAC;N
( GRAV;Y8 ,NO "O N[ OBJECTS 6FOLL[+ \ !
RESULTS 3SEQU5T ON ? UN"KN ELE;T (
ATTRAC;N2 NOT)/&+ T ,LEIBNITZ =M]LY
A3US$ ,NEWTON ( 9TRODUC+ 8O3ULT
QUALITIES & MIRACLES 96PHILOSOPHY40
  ,I SEE NO GD R1SON :Y ! VIEWS GIV5 9 ?
VOLUME %D %OCK ! RELIGI\S FEEL+S ( ANY
"O4 ,X IS SATISFACTORY1 Z %[+ H[
TRANSI5T S* IMPRES.NS >E1 6REMEMB] T !
GRTE/ 4COV]Y "E MADE 0MAN1 "NLY1 ! LAW (
! ATTRAC;N ( GRAV;Y1 0 AL ATTACK$
0,LEIBNITZ1 8Z SUBV]SIVE ( NATURAL1 &
9F]5TI,Y ( REV1L$1 RELIGION40 ,A
CELEBRAT$ AU?OR & DIV9E HAS WRITT5 6ME T
8HE HAS GRADU,Y LE>NT 6SEE T X IS J Z
NO# A 3CEP;N (! ,DE;Y 62LIEVE T ,HE
CR1T$ A FEW ORIG9AL =MS CAPA# ( SELF-
DEVELOP;T 96O!R & NE$;L =MS1 Z 62LIEVE T
,HE REQUIR$ A FRE% ACT ( CRE,N 6SUPPLY !
VOIDS CAUS$ 0! AC;N ( ,8 LAWS40
  ,:Y1 X MAY 2 ASK$1 UNTIL REC5TLY DID
NE>LY ALL ! MO/ EM95T LIV+ NATURALI/S &
GEOLOGI/S 4BELIEVE 9 ! MUTABIL;Y (
SPECIES8 ,X _C 2 ASS]T$ T ORGANIC 2+S 9
A /ATE ( NATURE >E SUBJECT 6NO V>I,N2 X
_C 2 PROV$ T ! AM.T ( V>I,N 9 ! C\RSE (
L;G AGES IS A LIMIT$ QUAL;Y2 NO CLE>
4T9C;N HAS BE51 OR C BE1 DRAWN 2T
SPECIES & WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES4 ,X _C 2
MA9TA9$ T SPECIES :5 9T]CROSS$ >E
9V>IABLY /]ILE1 & V>IETIES 9V>IABLY
F]TILE2 OR T /]IL;Y IS A SPECIAL 5D[;T &
SIGN ( CRE,N4 ,! 2LIEF T SPECIES 7
IMMUTA# PRODUC;NS 0 ALM UNAVOIDA# Z L;G
Z ! HI/ORY (! _W 0 ?"\ 6BE ( %ORT DUR,N2
& N[ T WE H ACQUIR$ "S IDEA (! LAPSE (
"T1 WE >E TOO APT 6ASSUME1 )\T PRO(1 T !
GEOLOGICAL RECORD IS S P]FECT T X WD H
AF=D$ U PLA9 EVID;E (! MUT,N ( SPECIES1
IF !Y _H "UG"O MUT,N4
  ,B ! *IEF CAUSE ( \R NATURAL UNWILL+;S
6ADMIT T "O SPECIES HAS GIV5 BIR? 6CLE>
& 4T9CT SPECIES1 IS T WE >E ALW SL[ 9
ADMITT+ GRT *ANGES ( : WE D N SEE !
/EPS4 ,! DI6ICULTY IS ! SAME Z T FELT 0S
_M GEOLOGI/S1 :5 ,LYELL F/ 9SI/$ T L;G
L9ES ( 9L& CLI6S _H BE5 =M$1 & GRT
VALLEYS EXCAVAT$1 0! AG5CIES : WE SEE /
AT "W4 ,! M9D _C POSSIBLY GRASP ! FULL
M1N+ (! T]M ( EV5 A MILLION YE>S2 X _C
ADD UP & P]CV ! FULL E6ECTS ( _M SLI<T
V>I,NS1 A3UMULAT$ DUR+ AN ALM 9F9ITE
NUMB] ( G5],NS4
  ,AL? ,I AM FULLY 3V9C$ (! TRU? (!
VIEWS GIV5 9 ? VOLUME "U ! =M ( AN
AB/RACT1 ,I 0NO M1NS EXPECT 63V9CE
EXP]I;ED NATURALI/S ^: M9DS >E /OCK$ )A
MULTITUDE ( FACTS ALL VIEW$1 DUR+ A L;G
C\RSE ( YE>S1 F A PO9T ( VIEW DIRECTLY
OPPOSITE 6M9E4 ,X IS S EASY 6HIDE \R
IGNOR.E "U S* EXPRES.NS Z ! 8PLAN (
CRE,N0 OR 8UN;Y ( DESIGN10 &C41 & 6?9K T
WE GIVE AN EXPLAN,N :5 WE ONLY RE/ATE A
FACT4 ,ANY "O ^: 4POSI;N L1DS HM 6ATTA*
M WEI<T 6UNEXPLA9$ DI6ICULTIES ?AN 6!
EXPLAN,N (A C]TA9 NUMB] ( FACTS W
C]TA9LY REJECT ! !ORY4 ,A FEW
NATURALI/S1 5D[$ ) M* FLEXIBIL;Y ( M9D1
& :O H ALR 2GUN 6D\BT ! IMMUTABIL;Y (
SPECIES1 MAY 2 9FLU;ED 0? VOLUME2 B ,I
LOOK ) 3FID;E 6! FUTURE1- 6"Y & RIS+
NATURALI/S1 :O W 2 A# 6VIEW BO? SIDES (!
"Q ) IM"PIAL;Y4 ,:O"E IS L$ 62LIEVE T
SPECIES >E MUTA# W D GD S]VICE
03SCI5TI\SLY EXPRESS+ 8 3VIC;N2 = ?US
ONLY C ! LOAD ( PREJUDICE 0: ? SUBJECT
IS OV]:ELM$ 2 REMOV$4
  ,S"EAL EM95T NATURALI/S H ( LATE
PUBLI%$ _! 2LIEF T A MULTITUDE ( REPUT$
SPECIES 9 EA* G5US >E N R1L SPECIES2 B T
O!R SPECIES >E R1L1 T IS1 H BE5
9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$4 ,? SEEMS 6ME A /RANGE
3CLU.N 6>RIVE AT4 ,!Y ADMIT T A
MULTITUDE ( =MS1 : TILL LATELY !Y !MVS
?"\ 7 SPECIAL CRE,NS1 & : >E / ?US LOOK$
AT 0! MAJOR;Y ( NATURALI/S1 & :
3SEQU5TLY H ALL ! EXT]NAL "*I/IC F1TURES
( TRUE SPECIES1- !Y ADMIT T ^! H BE5
PRODUC$ 0V>I,N1 B !Y REFUSE 6EXT5D !
SAME VIEW 6O!R & SLI<TLY DI6]5T =MS4
,N"E!.S !Y D N PRET5D T !Y C DEF9E1 OR
EV5 3JECTURE1 : >E ! CR1T$ =MS ( LIFE1 &
: >E ^? PRODUC$ 0SECOND>Y LAWS4 ,!Y
ADMIT V>I,N Z A V]A CAUSA 9 "O CASE1 !Y
>BITR>ILY REJECT X 9 ANO!R1 )\T ASSIGN+
ANY 4T9C;N 9 ! TWO CASES4 ,! "D W -E :5
? W 2 GIV5 Z A CURI\S ILLU/R,N (! BL;S (
PRECONCEIV$ OP9ION4 ,^! AU?ORS SEEM NO M
/>TL$ AT A MIRACUL\S ACT ( CRE,N ?AN AT
AN ORD9>Y BIR?4 ,B D !Y RE,Y 2LIEVE T AT
9NUM]A# P]IODS 9 ! E>?'S HI/ORY C]TA9
ELE;TAL ATOMS H BE5 -M&$ SU45LY 6FLA%
96LIV+ TISSUES8 ,D !Y 2LIEVE T AT EA*
SUPPOS$ ACT ( CRE,N "O 9DIVIDUAL OR _M 7
PRODUC$8 ,7 ALL ! 9F9ITELY NUM]\S K9DS (
ANIMALS & PLANTS CR1T$ Z E7S OR SE$1 OR
Z FULL GR[N8 & 9 ! CASE ( MAMMALS1 7 !Y
CR1T$ BE>+ ! FALSE M>KS ( N\RI%;T F !
"M'S WOMB8 ,UND\BT$LY "S ( ^! SAME "QS
_C 2 ANSW]$ 0^? :O 2LIEVE 9 ! APPE>.E OR
CRE,N ( ONLY A FEW =MS ( LIFE1 OR ( "S
"O =M AL"O4 ,X HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ 0S"EAL
AU?ORS T X IS Z EASY 62LIEVE 9 ! CRE,N (
A MILLION 2+S Z ( "O2 B ,MAUP]TUIS'
PHILOSOPHICAL AXIOM 8( L1/ AC;N0 L1DS !
M9D M WILL+LY 6ADMIT ! SMALL] NUMB]2 &
C]TA9LY WE "\ N 62LIEVE T 9NUM]A# 2+S )9
EA* GRT CLASS H BE5 CR1T$ ) PLA91 B
DECEPTIVE1 M>KS ( DESC5T F A S+LE P>5T4
  ,Z A RECORD (A =M] /ATE ( ?+S1 ,I H
RETA9$ 9 ! =EGO+ P>AGRAPHS1 & ELSE":1
S"EAL S5T;ES : IMPLY T NATURALI/S 2LIEVE
9 ! SEP>ATE CRE,N ( EA* SPECIES2 & ,I H
BE5 M* C5SUR$ = HAV+ ?US EXPRESS$ MYF4
,B UND\BT$LY ? 0 ! G5]AL 2LIEF :5 ! F/
EDI;N (! PRES5T "W APPE>$4 ,I =M]LY
SPOKE 6V _M NATURALI/S ON ! SUBJECT (
EVOLU;N1 & N"E ONCE MET ) ANY SYMPA!TIC
AGREE;T4 ,X IS PROBA# T "S DID !N 2LIEVE
9 EVOLU;N1 B !Y 7 EI SIL5T1 OR EXPRESS$
!MVS S AMBIGU\SLY T X 0 N EASY 6"U/& _!
M1N+4 ,N[ ?+S >E :OLLY *ANG$1 & ALM E
NATURALI/ ADMITS ! GRT PR9CIPLE (
EVOLU;N4 ,"! >E1 H["E1 "S :O / ?9K T
SPECIES H SU45LY GIV5 BIR?1 "? Q
UNEXPLA9$ M1NS1 6NEW & TOT,Y DI6]5T =MS3
B1 Z ,I H ATTEMPT$ 6%[1 WEI<TY EVID;E C
2 OPPOS$ 6! ADMIS.N ( GRT & ABRUPT
MODIFIC,NS4 ,"U A SCI5TIFIC PO9T ( VIEW1
& Z L1D+ 6FUR!R 9VE/IG,N1 B LL ADVANTAGE
IS GA9$ 02LIEV+ T NEW =MS >E SU45LY
DEVELOP$ 9 AN 9EXPLICA# MANN] F OLD &
WIDELY DI6]5T =MS1 OV] ! OLD 2LIEF 9 !
CRE,N ( SPECIES F ! DU/ (! E>?4
  ,X MAY 2 ASK$ H[ F> ,I EXT5D ! DOCTR9E
(! MODIFIC,N ( SPECIES4 ,! "Q IS
DI6ICULT 6ANSW]1 2C ! M 4T9CT ! =MS >E :
WE 3SID]1 0S M* ! >GU;TS 9 FAV\R (
-MUN;Y ( DESC5T 2COME FEW] 9 NUMB] &
LESS 9 =CE4 ,B "S >GU;TS (! GRTE/ WEI<T
EXT5D V F>4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( :OLE CLASSES
>E 3NECT$ TGR 0A *A9 ( A69ITIES1 & ALL C
2 CLASS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 9 GR\PS
SUBORD9ATE 6GR\PS4 ,FOSSIL REMA9S "S"TS
T5D 6FILL UP V WIDE 9T]VALS 2T EXI/+
ORD]S4
  ,ORGANS 9 A RUDI;T>Y 3DI;N PLA9LY %[ T
AN E>LY PROG5ITOR _H ! ORGAN 9 A FULLY
DEVELOP$ 3DI;N2 & ? 9 "S CASES IMPLIES
AN ENORM\S AM.T ( MODIFIC,N 9 !
DESC5DANTS4 ,"?\T :OLE CLASSES V>I\S
/RUCTURES >E =M$ ON ! SAME PATT]N1 & AT
A V E>LY AGE ! EMBRYOS CLOSELY RESEM#
EA* O!R4 ,"!=E ,I _C D\BT T ! !ORY (
DESC5T ) MODIFIC,N EMBRACES ALL ! MEMB]S
(! SAME GRT CLASS OR K+DOM4 ,I 2LIEVE T
ANIMALS >E DESC5D$ F AT MO/ ONLY F\R OR
FIVE PROG5ITORS1 & PLANTS F AN EQUAL OR
LESS] NUMB]4
  ,ANALOGY WD L1D ME "O /EP F>!R1 "NLY1
6! 2LIEF T ALL ANIMALS & PLANTS >E
DESC5D$ F "S "O PROTOTYPE4 ,B ANALOGY
MAY 2 A DECEIT;L GUIDE4 ,N"E!.S ALL LIV+
?+S H M* 9 -MON1 9 _! *EMICAL -POSI;N1
_! CELLUL> /RUCTURE1 _! LAWS ( GR[?1 &
_! LIABIL;Y 69JURI\S 9FLU;ES4 ,WE SEE ?
EV5 9 S TRIFL+ A FACT Z T ! SAME POISON
(T5 SIMIL>LY A6ECTS PLANTS & ANIMALS2 OR
T ! POISON SECRET$ 0! GALLFLY PRODUCES
MON/R\S GR[?S ON ! WILD ROSE OR OAK-
TREE4 ,) ALL ORGANIC 2+S EXCEPT+ P]H "S
(! V L[E/1 SEXUAL PRODUC;N SEEMS 6BE
ESS5TI,Y SIMIL>4 ,) ALL1 Z F> Z IS AT
PRES5T "KN ! G]M9AL VESICLE IS ! SAME2 S
T ALL ORGANISMS />T F A -MON ORIG94 ,IF
WE LOOK EV5 6! TWO MA9 DIVI.NS- "NLY1 6!
ANIMAL & VEGETA# K+DOMS- C]TA9 L[ =MS >E
S F> 9T]M$IATE 9 "* T NATURALI/S H 4PUT$
6: K+DOM !Y %D 2 REF]R$4 ,Z ,PROFESSOR
,ASA ,GRAY HAS REM>K$1 8,! SPORES & O!R
REPRODUCTIVE BODIES ( _M (! L[] ALGAE
MAY CLAIM 6H F/ A "*I/IC,Y ANIMAL1 & !N
AN UNEQUIVOC,Y VEGETA# EXI/;E40 ,"!=E1
ON ! PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL SELEC;N )
DIV]G;E ( "*1 X DOES N SEEM 9CR$I# T1 F
S* L[ & 9T]M$IATE =M1 BO? ANIMALS &
PLANTS MAY H BE5 DEVELOP$2 &1 IF WE
ADMIT ?1 WE M/ LIKEWISE ADMIT T ALL !
ORGANIC 2+S : H "E LIV$ ON ? E>? MAY 2
DESC5D$ F "S "O PRIMORDIAL =M4 ,B ?
9F];E IS *IEFLY GR.D$ ON ANALOGY & X IS
IMMAT]IAL :E!R OR N X 2 A3EPT$4 ,NO D\BT
X IS POSSI#1 Z ,MR4 ,G4 ,H4 ,LEWES HAS
URG$1 T AT ! F/ -M;E;T ( LIFE _M DI6]5T
=MS 7 EVOLV$2 B IF S WE MAY 3CLUDE T
ONLY A V FEW H LEFT MODIFI$ DESC5DANTS4
,=1 Z ,I H REC5TLY REM>K$ 9 REG>D 6!
MEMB]S ( EA* GRT K+DOM1 S* Z !
,V]TEBRATA1 ,>TICULATA1 &C41 WE H 4T9CT
EVID;E 9 _! EMBRYOLOGICAL HOMOLOG\S &
RUDI;T>Y /RUCTURES T )9 EA* K+DOM ALL !
MEMB]S >E DESC5D$ F A S+LE PROG5ITOR4
  ,:5 ! VIEWS ADV.ED 0ME 9 ? VOLUME1 &
0,MR4 ,WALLACE1 OR :5 ANALOG\S VIEWS ON
! ORIG9 ( SPECIES >E G5],Y ADMITT$1 WE C
DIMLY =ESEE T "! W 2 A 3SID]A# REVOLU;N
9 NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,SY/EMATI/S W 2 A#
6PURSUE _! LAB\RS Z AT PRES5T2 B !Y W N
2 9CESSANTLY HAUNT$ 0! %AD[Y D\BT :E!R ?
OR T =M 2 A TRUE SPECIES4 ,?1 ,I FEEL
SURE & ,I SP1K AF EXP]I;E1 W 2 NO SLI<T
RELIEF4 ,! 5D.S 4PUTES :E!R OR N "S
FIFTY SPECIES ( ,BRITI% BRAM#S >E GD
SPECIES W C1SE4 ,SY/EMATI/S W H ONLY
6DECIDE 7N T ? W 2 EASY7 :E!R ANY =M 2
SU6ICI5TLY 3/ANT & 4T9CT F O!R =MS1 6BE
CAPA# ( DEF9I;N2 & IF DEF9A#1 :E!R !
DI6];ES 2 SU6ICI5TLY IMPORTANT 6DES]VE A
SPECIFIC "N4 ,? LATT] PO9T W 2COME A F>
M ESS5TIAL 3SID],N ?AN X IS AT PRES5T2 =
DI6];ES1 H["E SLI<T1 2T ANY TWO =MS IF N
BL5D$ 09T]M$IATE GRAD,NS1 >E LOOK$ AT
0MO/ NATURALI/S Z SU6ICI5T 6RAISE BO?
=MS 6! RANK ( SPECIES4
  ,"HAF WE % 2 -PELL$ 6AC"KL$GE T ! ONLY
4T9C;N 2T SPECIES & WELL-M>K$ V>IETIES
IS1 T ! LATT] >E "KN1 OR 2LIEV$1 6BE
3NECT$ AT ! PRES5T "D 09T]M$IATE
GRAD,NS1 ":AS SPECIES 7 =M]LY ?US
3NECT$4 ,H;E1 )\T REJECT+ ! 3SID],N (!
PRES5T EXI/;E ( 9T]M$IATE GRAD,NS 2T ANY
TWO =MS WE % 2 L$ 6WEI< M C>E;LLY &
6VALUE HI<] ! ACTUAL AM.T ( DI6];E 2T
!M4 ,X IS Q POSSI# T =MS N[ G5],Y
AC"KL$G$ 6BE M]ELY V>IETIES MAY "HAF 2
?"\ WOR?Y ( SPECIFIC "NS2 & 9 ? CASE
SCI5TIFIC & -MON LANGUAGE W -E
96A3ORD.E4 ,9 %ORT1 WE % H 6TR1T SPECIES
9 ! SAME MANN] Z ^? NATURALI/S TR1T
G5]A1 :O ADMIT T G5]A >E M]ELY >TIFICIAL
-B9,NS MADE = 3V5I;E4 ,? MAY N 2 A *E]+
PROSPECT2 B WE % AT L1/ 2 FREE F ! VA9
SE>* =! UNDISCOV]$ & UNDISCOV]A# ESS;E (
! T]M SPECIES4
  ,! O!R & M G5]AL DE"P;TS ( NATURAL
HI/ORY W RISE GRTLY 9 9T]E/4 ,! T]MS US$
0NATURALI/S1 ( A69;Y1 REL,N%IP1 -MUN;Y (
TYPE1 PAT]N;Y1 MORPHOLOGY1 ADAPTIVE "*S1
RUDI;T>Y & ABORT$ ORGANS1 &C41 W C1SE
6BE METAPHORICAL1 & W H A PLA9
SIGNIFIC,N4 ,:5 WE NO L;G] LOOK AT AN
ORGANIC 2+ Z A SAVAGE LOOKS AT A %IP1 Z
"S?+ :OLLY 2Y 8 -PREH5.N2 :5 WE REG>D E
PRODUC;N ( NATURE Z "O : HAS _H A L;G
HI/ORY2 :5 WE 3TEMPLATE E -PLEX /RUCTURE
& 9/9CT Z ! SUMM+ UP ( _M 3TRIV.ES1 EA*
USE;L 6! POSSESSOR1 9 ! SAME WAY Z ANY
GRT ME*ANICAL 9V5;N IS ! SUMM+ UP (!
LAB\R1 ! EXP]I;E1 ! R1SON1 & EV5 ! BL"US
( NUM]\S "WM52 :5 WE ?US VIEW EA*
ORGANIC 2+1 H[ F> M 9T]E/+- ,I SP1K F
EXP]I;E- DOES ! /UDY ( NATURAL HI/ORY
2COME6
  ,A GR& & ALM UNTRO45 FIELD ( 9QUIRY W
2 OP5$1 ON ! CAUSES & LAWS ( V>I,N1 ON
CORREL,N1 ON ! E6ECTS ( USE & 4USE1 ON !
DIRECT AC;N ( EXT]NAL 3DI;NS1 & S =?4 ,!
/UDY ( DOME/IC PRODUC;NS W RISE IMM5SELY
9 VALUE4 ,A NEW V>IETY RAIS$ 0MAN W 2 A
M IMPORTANT & 9T]E/+ SUBJECT = /UDY ?AN
"O M SPECIES A4$ 6! 9F9ITUDE ( ALR
RECORD$ SPECIES4 ,\R CLASSIFIC,NS W -E
6BE1 Z F> Z !Y C 2 S MADE1 G5EALOGIES2 &
W !N TRULY GIVE :AT MAY 2 CALL$ ! PLAN (
CRE,N4 ,! RULES = CLASSIFY+ W NO D\BT
2COME SIMPL] :5 WE H A DEF9ITE OBJECT 9
VIEW4 ,WE POSSESS NO P$IGREES OR >MORIAL
BE>+S2 & WE H 64COV] & TRACE ! _M DIV]G+
L9ES ( DESC5T 9 \R NATURAL G5EALOGIES1
0"*S ( ANY K9D : H L;G BE5 9H]IT$4
,RUDI;T>Y ORGANS W SP1K 9FALLIBLY )
RESPECT 6! NATURE ( L;G-LO/ /RUCTURES4
,SPECIES & GR\PS ( SPECIES : >E CALL$
AB]RANT1 & : MAY FANCI;LLY 2 CALL$ LIV+
FOSSILS1 W AID U 9 =M+ A PICTURE (!
ANCI5T =MS ( LIFE4 ,EMBRYOLOGY W (T5
REV1L 6U ! /RUCTURE1 9 "S DEGREE
OBSCUR$1 (! PROTOTYPE ( EA* GRT CLASS4
  ,:5 WE FEEL ASSUR$ T ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS
(! SAME SPECIES1 & ALL ! CLOSELY ALLI$
SPECIES ( MO/ G5]A1 H )9 A N V REMOTE
P]IOD DESC5D$ F "O P>5T1 & H MIGRAT$ F
"S "O BIR?-PLACE2 & :5 WE BETT] "K ! _M
M1NS ( MIGR,N1 !N1 0! LI<T : GEOLOGY N[
?R[S1 & W 3T9UE 6?R[1 ON =M] *ANGES (
CLIMATE &(! LEVEL (! L&1 WE % SURELY 2
5A#D 6TRACE 9 AN ADMIRA# MANN] ! =M]
MIGR,NS (! 9HABITANTS (! :OLE _W4 ,EV5
AT PRES5T1 0-P>+ ! DI6];ES 2T !
9HABITANTS (! SEA ON ! OPPOSITE SIDES (A
3T95T1 &! NATURE (! V>I\S 9HABITANTS ON
T 3T95T1 9 REL,N 6_! APP>5T M1NS (
IMMIGR,N1 "S LI<T C 2 ?R[N ON ANCI5T
GEOGRAPHY4
  ,! NO# SCI;E ( ,GEOLOGY LOSES GLORY F
! EXTREME IMP]FEC;N (! RECORD4 ,! CRU/ (
! E>? ) XS IMB$D$ REMA9S M/ N 2 LOOK$ AT
Z A WELL-FILL$ MUSEUM1 B Z A POOR
COLLEC;N MADE AT HAZ>D & AT R>E 9T]VALS4
,! A3UMUL,N ( EA* GRT FOSSILIF]\S =M,N W
2 RECOGNIS$ Z HAV+ DEP5D$ ON AN UNUSUAL
3CURR;E ( FAV\RA# CIRCUM/.ES1 &! BLANK
9T]VALS 2T ! SU3ESSIVE /AGES Z HAV+ BE5
( VA/ DUR,N4 ,B WE % 2 A# 6GAUGE ) "S
SECUR;Y ! DUR,N ( ^! 9T]VALS 0A -P>ISON
(! PREC$+ & SU3E$+ ORGANIC =MS4 ,WE M/ 2
CAUTI\S 9 ATTEMPT+ 6CORRELATE Z /RICTLY
3TEMPORANE\S TWO =M,NS1 : D N 9CLUDE _M
ID5TICAL SPECIES1 0! G5]AL SU3ES.N (!
=MS ( LIFE4 ,Z SPECIES >E PRODUC$ &
EXT]M9AT$ 0SL[LY ACT+ & / EXI/+ CAUSES1
& N 0MIRACUL\S ACTS ( CRE,N2 & Z ! MO/
IMPORTANT ( ALL CAUSES ( ORGANIC *ANGE
IS "O : IS ALM 9DEP5D5T ( ALT]$ & P]H
SU45LY ALT]$ PHYSICAL 3DI;NS1 "NLY1 !
MUTUAL REL,N ( ORGANISM 6ORGANISM1- !
IMPROVE;T ( "O ORGANISM 5TAIL+ !
IMPROVE;T OR ! EXT]M9,N ( O!RS2 X
FOLL[S1 T ! AM.T ( ORGANIC *ANGE 9 !
FOSSILS ( 3SECUTIVE =M,NS PROBABLY S]VES
Z A FAIR M1SURE (! RELATIVE ?\< N ACTUAL
LAPSE ( "T4 ,A NUMB] ( SPECIES1 H["E1
KEEP+ 9 A BODY MI<T REMA9 =A L;G P]IOD
UN*ANG$1 :IL/ )9 ! SAME P]IOD S"EAL ( ^!
SPECIES 0MIGRAT+ 96NEW C.TRIES & -+ 96-
PETI;N ) =EIGN ASSOCIATES1 MI<T 2COME
MODIFI$2 S T WE M/ N OV]RATE ! A3URACY (
ORGANIC *ANGE Z A M1SURE ( "T4
  ,9 ! FUTURE ,I SEE OP5 FIELDS = F> M
IMPORTANT RESE>*ES4 ,PSY*OLOGY W 2
SECURELY BAS$ ON ! F.D,N ALR WELL LAID
0,MR4 ,H]B]T ,SP;ER1 T (! NEC ACQUIRE;T
( EA* M5TAL P[] & CAPAC;Y 0GRAD,N4 ,M*
LI<T W 2 ?R[N ON ! ORIG9 ( MAN & 8
HI/ORY4
  ,AU?ORS (! HI<E/ EM9;E SEEM 6BE FULLY
SATISFI$ )! VIEW T EA* SPECIES HAS BE5
9DEP5D5TLY CR1T$4 ,6MY M9D X A3ORDS
BETT] ) :AT WE "K (! LAWS IMPRESS$ ON
MATT] 0! ,CR1TOR1 T ! PRODUC;N & EXT9C;N
(! PA/ & PRES5T 9HABITANTS (! _W %D H
BE5 DUE 6SECOND>Y CAUSES1 L ^? DET]M9+ !
BIR? & D1? (! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,:5 ,I VIEW ALL
2+S N Z SPECIAL CRE,NS1 B Z ! L91L
DESC5DANTS ( "S FEW 2+S : LIV$ L;G 2F !
F/ B$ (! ,CAMBRIAN SY/EM 0 DEPOSIT$1 !Y
SEEM 6ME 62COME 5NO#D4 ,JUDG+ F ! PA/1
WE MAY SAFELY 9F] T N "O LIV+ SPECIES W
TRANSMIT XS UNALT]$ LIKE;S 6A 4TANT
FUTUR;Y4 ,&(! SPECIES N[ LIV+ V FEW W
TRANSMIT PROG5Y ( ANY K9D 6A F> 4TANT
FUTUR;Y2 =! MANN] 9 : ALL ORGANIC 2+S >E
GR\P$1 %[S T ! GRT] NUMB] ( SPECIES 9
EA* G5US1 & ALL ! SPECIES 9 _M G5]A1 H
LEFT NO DESC5DANTS1 B H 2COME UTT]LY
EXT9CT4 ,WE C S F> TAKE A PROPHETIC GL.E
96FUTUR;Y Z 6=ETELL T X W 2 ! -MON &
WIDELY-SPR1D SPECIES1 2L;G+ 6! L>G] &
DOM9ANT GR\PS )9 EA* CLASS1 : W
ULTIMATELY PREVAIL & PROCR1TE NEW &
DOM9ANT SPECIES4 ,Z ALL ! LIV+ =MS (
LIFE >E ! L91L DESC5DANTS ( ^? : LIV$
L;G 2F ! ,CAMBRIAN EPO*1 WE MAY FEEL
C]TA9 T ! ORD9>Y SU3ES.N 0G5],N HAS N"E
ONCE BE5 BROK51 & T NO CATACLYSM HAS
DESOLAT$ ! :OLE _W4 ,H;E WE MAY LOOK )
"S 3FID;E 6SECURE FUTURE ( GRT L5G?4 ,&
Z NATURAL SELEC;N "WS SOLELY 0&=! GD (
EA* 2+1 ALL CORPOR1L & M5TAL 5D[;TS W
T5D 6PROGRESS T[>DS P]FEC;N4
  ,X IS 9T]E/+ 63TEMPLATE A TANGL$ BANK1
CLO!D ) _M PLANTS ( _M K9DS1 ) BIRDS S++
ON ! BU%ES1 ) V>I\S 9SECTS FLITT+ AB1 &)
WORMS CRAWL+ "? ! DAMP E>?1 & 6REFLECT T
^! ELABORATELY 3/RUCT$ =MS1 S DI6]5T F
EA* O!R1 & DEP5D5T ^U EA* O!R 9 S -PLEX
A MANN]1 H ALL BE5 PRODUC$ 0LAWS ACT+
>.D U4 ,^! LAWS1 TAK5 9 ! L>GE/ S5SE1 2+
,GR[? ) ,REPRODUC;N2 ,9H]IT.E : IS ALM
IMPLI$ 0REPRODUC;N2 ,V>IABIL;Y F !
9DIRECT & DIRECT AC;N (! 3DI;NS ( LIFE &
F USE & 4USE3 A ,RATIO ( ,9CR1SE S HI< Z
6L1D 6A ,/RU7LE = ,LIFE1 & Z A 3SEQU;E
6,NATURAL ,SELEC;N1 5TAIL+ ,DIV]G;E (
,"* &! ,EXT9C;N ( LESS-IMPROV$ =MS4
,?US1 F ! W> ( NATURE1 F FAM9E & D1?1 !
MO/ EXALT$ OBJECT : WE >E CAPA# ( 3CVG1
"NLY1 ! PRODUC;N (! HI<] ANIMALS1
DIRECTLY FOLL[S4 ,"! IS GR&EUR 9 ? VIEW
( LIFE1 ) XS S"EAL P[]S1 HAV+ BE5
ORIG9,Y BR1!D 0! ,CR1TOR 96A FEW =MS OR
96"O2 & T1 :IL/ ? PLANET HAS G"O CYCL+
ON AC 6! FIX$ LAW ( GRAV;Y1 F S SIMPLE A
2G9N+ 5D.S =MS MO/ B1UTI;L & MO/ WOND];L
H BE51 & >E 2+ EVOLV$4
                ,,! ,,5D
              ------------
